2.Vowels in English(II)

Vowels in English (II)

Main aims of the lesson:

To let the students know the classification and description of English vowels and articulate them correctly

Contents of the lesson & Purposes

The characteristics of the monophthongs

To consider the characteristics of the ‘pure’vowel sounds and to produce them with no movement of the articulators throughout.

The characteristics of the diphthongs

To considere the characteristics of the diphthongs and to describe them in terms of a movement (or ‘glide’) from one vowel position to another.

Activities and Procedures

1. Raise students’awareness of vowel sounds which seem central to the success of communiction.

2. Design a variety of classroom activities for focusing on vowel sounds in the classroom.

3. Involve the students in deciding on priorities for classroom pronunciation work, through helping them to be aware of their pronunciation difficulties.

4. Have the students listen to the tapes, imitate the sound in focus and make a good discrimination of the sounds.

5. Deal with a sound in isolation, if necessary, in the classroom and help students towards more successful pronunciation of the particular vowel which is having an effect on communication and intelligibility.

6. Have the students listen to the conversations recorded by native speakers of English and try to get the sounds in focus correct in their pronunciation.

7. Ask the students to do more practice after class and get ready for presentation during the next session.

3. The characteristics of the monophthongs

Monophthongs, also known as pure vowel sounds, are used to differentiate from diphthongs. They are made with a stable tongue and lip position and vowel quality over time. English speakers usually use twelve monophthongs.

3.1 Front vowels

There are four front vowels in English: /i:/, / /, / / and / /. The reason these are called front vowels is that the tongue body is shifted forward, causing the vowels to be produced in the front of the mouth. In addition, the front vowels may be

subdivided into those that are high (or close), like /i:/ and / /, mid, like / /, and low

(or open), like / /. For the two vowels in the high front space, /i:/ and / /, the tongue is close to the hard palate. Likewise, for the low vowel / / the tongue is nearly flat and the lower jaw more open than for the other front vowels. It has become traditional to locate vowels on a four-sided figure. The following is a description of the four English front vowels.

Characteristics: The front of the tongue is slightly behind and below the close front position. (The ‘close’position is where the tongue is closest to the roof of the mouth.) Lips are spread. The tongue is tense, and the sides of the tongue touch the upper molars. As in…bead, key, cheese, scene, police, people, quay Characteristics: The part of the tongue slightly nearer the centre is

raised to just above the half-close position (not as high as in /i:/). The

lips are spread loosely, and the tongue is more relaxed. The sides of

the tongue may just touch the upper molars. As in…bit, sausage, biggest, rhythm, mountain, busy, women, sieve

Characteristics

The front of the tongue is between the half-open and half-close positions. Lips are loosely spread. The tongue is tenser than for / /, and the sides of the tongue may

touch the upper molars. As in …egg, left, said, head, read (past), instead, any, leisure,leopard

Characteristics: The front of the tongue is raised to just below the half-open position. Lips are neutrally open. As in …hat, attack, antique, plait

/i:/ & / /

/i:/ is a very common sound in the world's languages. It is made by raising the body of the tongue from its rest position and shifting it forward. The / / sound is made by lowering the tongue slightly from the high-front position for /i:/. Besides, /i:/ is a much more tense sound than / /. The fact that English has these two high front vowels, differentiated by muscle tension in the root of the tongue, sets it apart from Chinese and many languages of the world. Both /i:/ and / / can occur in initial, medial, and final position in words.Very little difficulty should be encountered by the Chinese learners in the pronunciation of /i:/, but / / is a problem sound. It is easy for

the learners to detect the difference in length. What counts here, however, is the difference in quality. It is therefore important to point out the fact that to pronounce a

correct / /, you need to

1) lower you tongue a little bit from the position for /i:/, and

2) make it a lax sound instead of a tense sound like /i:/.

The importance of correct pronunciation of / / lies in the fact that it is the second most frequent vowel in English.

3.2 Central vowels

There are three central vowels in English: / :/ / / and / /. They are called central vowels because they tend to be produced at a point midway between the front and back vowels and between the high and low vowels.

Characteristics: The centre of the tongue is between the half-close and half-open position. Lips are relaxed, and neutrally spread. As in …s hirt, her, word, further, pearl, serve, myrtle

Characteristics: The centre of the tongue is between the half-close and half-open positions. Lips are relaxed, and neutrally spread. As in …about, paper, banana,

nation, the (before consonants) Commest vowel sound in English. Never stressed, and many unstressed vowels tend towards this sound. Differs from other phonemes, in that its contrast with similarly articulated long sound

Characteristics: The centre of the tongue is raised to just above the fully open position. Lips are neutrally open. As in …run, uncle, front, nourish, does, come, flood

3.3 Back vowels

There are five back vowels in English. The back vowels are produced by shifting the body of the tongue back from its central position. The tip of the tongue remains at the level of the lower teeth. The front and back vowels have several features in common as well as some differences. Characteristics: The back of the tongue is raised just below the close position. Lips are rounded. The tongue is tense. As in …food, rude,

true, who, fruit, soup

Characteristics: The part of the tongue just behind the centre is raised, just above the half-close position. The lips are rounded, but loosely so. The tongue is relatively relaxed. As in …book, good, woman, push, pull

Characteristics: The back of the tongue is raised to between the half-open and

half-close positions. Lips are loosely rounded. As in …fork, call, snore, taught,

bought, board, saw, pour, broad,all, law, horse, hoarse

Characteristics: The back of the tongue is in the fully open position.

Lips are lightly rounded. As in …dog, often, cough, want, because, knowledge, Australia

Characteristics: The tongue, between the centre and the back, is in

the fully open position. Lips are neutrally open. As in …far, part, half, class, command, clerk, memoir, aunty, hearth

4. The characteristics of the diphthongs

A diphthong is combined with two vowel sounds, and is produced with a glide (or movement of the tongue, lips and jaw) from one part of the vowel space to another during which the quality changes. Diphthongs normally have the following characteristics:

? In English all the diphthongs are known as falling diphthongs, namely, the first sound in each phoneme is uttered longer and louder than the second, but in Chinese diphthongs are categorized into both falling and rising ones.

? Although a diphthing is a combination of two sounds, they are perceived as one sound, and are treated as one syllable only.

? The duration of a diphthong is similar to that of a long vowel. English is usually described as having eight diphthongs.

they all end with a glide towards a closer vowel. Because the second part of the diphthong is weak, they often do not reach a position that could be called close. The important thing is that a glide from a relatively more open towards a relatively more close vowel is produced.

Pronunciation difficulties with the diphthongs

Most Chinese EFL learners have little problem with most of the diphthongs, but the following two are particularly important to ensure correct pronunciation.

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Lesson 1 1 private ['praivit] a.私人的 2 conversation [k?nv?'sei??n] n.谈话 3 theatre ['θi?t?] n.剧场，戏院 4 seat [si:t] n.座位 5 play [plei] n.戏 6 loudly ['laudli] ad.大声地 7 angry ['??gri] a.生气的 8 angrily ['??grili] ad.生气地 9 attention [?'ten??n] n.注意 10 bear [be?] v.容忍 11 business ['biznis] n.事 12 rudely ['ru:dli] ad.无礼地，粗鲁地 Lesson 2 1 until [?n'til, ?n'til] prep.直到 2 outside [aut'said] ad.外面 3 ring [ri?] v.(铃、电话等)响 4 aunt [ɑ:nt] n.姑，姨，婶，舅妈 5 repeat [ri'pi:t] v.重复 Lesson 3 1 send [send] v.寄，送 2 postcard ['p?ustkɑ:d] n.明信片 3 spoil [sp?il] v.使索然无味，损坏 4 museum [mju:'zi?m] n.博物馆 5 public ['p?blik] a.公共的 6 friendly ['frendli] a.友好的 7 waiter ['weit?] n.服务员，招待员 8 lend [lend] v.借给 9 decision [di'si??n] n.决定 10 whole [h?ul] a.整个的 11 single ['si?g?l] a.唯一的，单一的 Lesson 4 1 exciting [ik'saiti?] a.令人兴奋的 2 receive [ri'si:v] v.接受，收到 3 firm [f?:m] n.商行，公司 4 different ['difr?nt] a.不同的 5 centre ['sent?] n.中心 6 abroad [?'br?:d] ad.在国外 Lesson 5 1 pigeon [pid?in] n.鸽子 2 message ['mesid?] n.信息 3 over ['?uv?] v.越过 4 distance ['dist?ns] n.距离 5 request [ri'kwest] n.要求，请求 6 spare [spe?] 备件 7 service ['s?:vis] n.业务，服务 Lesson 6 1 beggar ['beg?] n.乞丐 2 food [fu:d] n.食物 3 pocket ['p?kit] n.衣服口袋 4 call [k?:l] v.拜访，光顾 Lesson 7 1 detective [di'tektiv] n.侦探 2 airport ['e?p?:t] n.机场 3 expect [ik'spekt] v.期待，等待 4 valuable ['v?lju?b?l, -jub?l] a.贵重的 5 parcel ['pɑ:sl] n.包裹 6 diamond ['dai?m?nd] n.钻石 7 steal [sti:l] v.偷 8 main [mein] a.主要的 9 airfield ['e?fi:ld] n.飞机起落的场地 10 guard [gɑ:d] n.警戒，守卫 11 precious ['pre??s] a.珍贵的 12 stone [st?un] n.石子 13 sand [s?nd] n.沙子

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