翻译入门A_Brief_Introduction_to_Transition

A Brief introduction to Translation

翻译原理入门

I. Definition翻译的定义

Translation, speaking, implies rendering from one language into another of something written or spoken. It is, essentially the faithful representation, in one language of what is written or spoken in another. It is the replacement of textual material in one language (SL-the source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL-target language).

II. Qualifications of a translator翻译者必备的素质

1) A translator must be well acquainted with the source language.

We are inclined to feel too confident of our comprehension when we are reading foreign literary works. We think we know it from A to Z, yet, when we start translating it we find it difficult and there are many points misunderstood. We are playing the fool with ourselves because of careless reading, Therefore, translation serves as the best possible approach to the study of foreign languages.

2) A translator must be well acquainted with the target language.

Let's take Yan Fu for instance: When Yan Fu, a famous translator in the Qing Dynasty, was translating "Evolution and Ethics and other Essays", the title turned out to be the crux（症结）that caused him to cudgel his brains （绞尽脑汁）day and night and look pale for it. His wife worried very much representation of the title for quite time and eventually had it translated into《天演论》which has since deserved high praise up till now.

3) A translator must be armed with necessary professional knowledge.

4) A translator must be armed with the ability to live his part.

As famous play writer Maryann pointed out: "a translator must enter into the spirit of character (regard himself as one that plays a role in a play). That is to say, he seems

1. Present at the very spot.（亲临其境）

2. Involved in the very occurrence.（亲历其事）

3. Witnessing the very parties concerned.（亲睹其人）

4. Interating the very utterances.（亲道其法）

5. Experiencing the very joy and annoy.（亲尝其甘，亲领其苦）

6. Sharing the very weal and woe.（亲享其福，亲受其哀）

7. Partaking of the glee and grief.（亲得其乐，亲感其悲）

5) A translator must be armed with the excellent ability of expressiveness and vivid imagination.

"Toiling yourself and endure hardship for obtaining a well-chosen word" just as the famous poet Du Fu did "Never give up until an amazing poetic masterpiece is gained". （“为求一字稳，耐得五更寒”，象诗圣杜甫那样具有“语不惊人死不休”得精神与毅力）

III. Criteria of Translation 翻译的标准

Speaking of criteria of translation, as early as in the Tang Dynasty, the learned Monk Xuan Zhuang designed criteria of translation with emphasis placed on accuracy and general knowledge. In the Qing Dynasty, Yan Fu established a three character standard in translation：“信”faithfulness,“达”expressiveness and “雅”elegance, which are similar to "triness" by Herbert Rotheinstein（赫伯特·罗森斯坦）。Faithfulness, expressiveness and gracefulness which are considered the golden rule（金科玉律）in the field of translation.

After the May 4 th Movement, Lu Xun proposed: faithfulness“信”and smoothness“顺”as the criteria of translation.

Shortly after the birth of New China, quite a lot of translators put forward various criteria, such as “忠实”、“通顺”、“准确”、流畅，重神韵而不是行貌（沈雁冰），“神似”与“形似”（许渊冲）and so on ...

Still, some people made diverse interpretations to Yan Fu's three-character criteria of translation as: “信”—being faithful

“达”—being explicit

“雅”—elegant in words

This is different from Yan’s own definition:

“信”—达旨（将原文说明）

“达”—前后引衬，以显其意

“雅”—尔雅（用汉以前字法，句法）

IV. Methods of Translation 翻译的方法

In translation from English into Chinese, the principal methods used are:

1. Literal translation (metaphase)

2. Literal translation (paraphrase)

3. Transliteration (translation according to pronunciation)

The last one, however, is scarcely used unless it is absolutely necessary. Transliteration is mainly used in translating proper nouns, such as names of persons, places, scientific terms and etc. Whether a translation will be faithful to be the original in all the aspects depends on the possibility of finding the closest, the most natural equivalence（为原文在文体上找到最切近、最自然的对等语）depends on to a great extent a good command of the transformation of the key sentence and the choice of surface structure by a translator （在很大程度上取决于译者能否准确地掌握核心句的转化以及对表层形式的选择）.

heartbreaking 令人心碎的

eye-popping 使人膛目的

a belt-tightening 勒紧裤带的政策

a wait-and-see attitude 等着瞧的态度crack the case 破案

thirst to learn 渴望学习令人心碎的

使人膛目的

勒紧裤带的政策等着瞧的态度破案

渴望学习

These examples are comparatively ideal sentence with great affinity, which can be translated by way of metaphase.

eat (swallow) the leek lie on one's back kiss-me

kiss-me-quick

see with half an eye have a cigar

forget-me-not （吃芹菜）→忍受耻辱

（躺在背上）→仰卧

（吻我）（野生）→三色紫罗兰

（快来吻我吧）→额发

（睁一只眼，闭一只眼）→一望便知（请抽烟！）→你好！

（不要忘记我）→勿忘我

V. PRACTICE:

1. He bent solely upon profit.

A. Surface：他只屈身于利润之前。

B. Shallow：只有利润才使他低头。

C. Deep：他惟利是图。

2. We are here today and gone tomorrow.

A. Surface：我今天在这里，明天就到别处了。

B. Shallow：今日在世，明日辞世（死去）。

C. Deep：人生朝露。

3. John is tall like I am the queen of Sheba.

A. Surface：约翰高得像我是Sheba皇后。

B. Shallow：约翰高的话，我就是Sheba皇后。

C. Deep：要说约翰个头高，没那回事。

Translation C, however, not only breakes the crust of the original, but gains an insight into the deep structure through the surface structure.

That's to say when essence（内容）is in contradiction with form（形式）in translation and to harmonize the two, essence should be stressed.（在神与形矛盾而又无法同一时，应重神似，有时不得不牺牲形式）

4. Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker. 当地人一听口音，就知道他们是外地人。

5. Truth lies at the bottom of the decanter（酒瓶）. 酒后露真言。

6. Darkness released him from his last restraints. 一到天黑，他就原形毕露。

7. How much did you suffer?

“Plenty,” the old man said. —The Old Man and Sea

“你吃了多少苦头？”

“一言难尽。”老头说。

—《老人与海》

8. How many winter days have I seen him, standing blue-nosed in the snow and east wind!

在许多个冬日我都看见他，鼻子冻得发紫，站在飞雪和寒风中。

9. The thought that Huck might have failed was intolerable, agonizing.

一想到哈克可能失败了，（我们）就难以忍受，痛苦不堪。

VI. The process of Translation 翻译的步骤

A formal translation must be completed through five steps:

1. Preparation

2. analysis & understanding of the original

3. expression in target language

4. proofreading校正

5. finalization 定稿

●Preparation implies that we need to lay our hands on the reference materials which are relevant to the works.

●Comprehension is the key step of a translation; therefore, a translator must read the original time and again.

1) Glancing (skimming) over the original text you are going to translate.

2) Consulting your dictionary to make sure the exact meaning and implication of the new words found in original text through the first reading and the contextual relationship.

3) The third reading of the original should be emphasized on the understanding of the author's ideological content, artistic quality, writing technique and style.

*linguistic analysis in combination with logical analysis of the original.

*The process of comprehension is that of unity between thinking in source language and that in target language

*Penetration into the artistic conception of the original through the linguistic form and crust.

●Expression implies the change of the original from one language into another. This depends on how well you digest the original and how good your accomplishment of the target language are.

Every Chinese character should be well-chosen, every sentence well-organized and every paragraph carefully polished.

精心选词，苦心炼句，细心润色每个段落

The English speaking people are proud of the compactness（严谨）of their language, while we Chinese are proud of the conciseness（简洁）of our mother tongue.

English syntax（句法）emphasizes on hypotaxis “形合”which means that clauses, sentences, even parts of phrases are connected by connectives（连接词）. Thus, English sentence structure is well-knit. Unlike English, Chinese language is stressed on parataxis（意合）which means that sentences and the various parts of them are joined by meaning instead of connectives.

VII. Contextual Relationship

The following linguistic terms are of some importance in the understanding of this aspect.

1. Syntactic marking: The marked worked words that determine the specific meaning of a word.

2. Semotactic marking: The collocation and the relationship of the juxtaposed words（紧邻相连的词）governs the specific meaning a word.

3. Referential clusters: All those words that mean a great help to understanding and judging the specific meaning of a word.

Example:

●If when I tell you, dearest dear, that your agony is over, and that I have come here to take you from it, and that we go to England to be at peace and at rest, I cause you to think of your useful life laid waste, and of our native France so wicked to you, weep for it, weep for it!

亲爱的宝贝儿，我要告诉你，你的痛苦已经结束，我来此把你带出海，同往英格兰共享人间清平，这会（如果这样做）使你想起你那虚度的年华，想起你的故土法兰西对你如此不公。（倘若果真如此），（那么）亲爱的，你就哭吧，尽情的哭吧！

With the help“倘若果真如此”，“那么”，“如果这样做，……那么”，the logical relationship of the context is clearly shown in the translation.

*But the actual achievement of this campaign, which is still misunderstood, should never be underestimated. It brought about the first defeat of a German army in the Second World War.

这一战役的实际成果，至尽仍为被人们准确理解，但决不应低估，因为在这场战役中，德国军队遭到了第二次世界大战开始以来的首次失败。

Polysemy（歧义）inEnglish-ChineseTranslation

（英汉翻译中的歧义）

The difference shown in words of the two languages lies in the following aspects: English words are characteristic of a great vacillation（游移性）and flexibility（灵活性与可塑性）；the meaning of a word may range widely and depends much on the contextual relationship as is said "Words do not have meaning, people have meaning for words（词本无义，义随人生）".

Consequently, we sometimes find it difficult to make appropriate adaptations from English into Chinese words and Yan Fu put it "A new term established, ten days or a month spent."

Let's start with the word "identity".

The word "identity" is elucidated（阐明）in dictionary as follows:

●sameness of essential or generic character in different instance;

●sameness in all that constitutes the objective reality of a thing; oneness;

●thecondition of being the same with something described or asserted;

However, in the modem English, the meaning of "identity" varies with the changing contexts.

1. He also had been demanding that all Irishmen living in Britain be required to carry identity cards.

当时，他还一直在要求所有居住在不列颠的爱尔兰人必须携带身份证。

2. Their sexual identity, like that of all women competitors, had been officially confined by the Olympic "femininity control clinic."

她们的性别鉴定，像所有的女运动员的性别鉴定一样，已由奥林匹克“女性医务监察部”正式核

实。

3. Lee has again and again stressed the need for his tiny nation to develop its own Singaporean —as opposed to Chinese —identity.

李光耀再三强调他的这个小小的国家有必要发展新加坡人自己的特点，以有别于中国人。

4. The Europe Communists are in the middle of an identity crisis and are taking up the mask of a certain reformism

欧洲共产党人现处在党性转变的十字路口，她们现在正戴上某种改良主义的面具。

5. In Poland, loyalty to the church became the only means of defending national identity.

在波兰，效忠教会成为保卫民族意识的唯一手段。

6. Hongkong thus enjoy the identity, the wealth and the trapping of a city-state-without a state's responsibility for its long-range destiny.

这样，香港就具备了一个城市国家的身份、财富和外貌，但却不必对自己的长远命运负一个国家应负的责任。

7. A young nation struggling to establish its identity produced leaders, such as Jefferson and Jackson, dedicated to a democratic process which, however, excluded Indians and blacks.

年轻的美国在奋力确定国家体制之际，产生了诸如杰弗逊和杰克逊那样的领袖人物，他们致力于民主制度的建立，却排斥印度人和黑人。

8. But investigators say they have no clues to the whereabouts of the alleged accomplices and are not even certain of their identities.

然而，负责调查的官员说，他们还未获得任何有关这些所谓同谋下落的线索，他们甚至还不知道这些人姓甚名谁。

9. Since I had said good-bye to him on Thursday, we had gone through greater emotions than any mystery story could provide. The unusual thing about this thriller was that the villain changed his identity.

自从星期四向他告别之后，我们经历了比任何惊险小说所描写的都更为激动人心的场面，这种经历的异乎寻常之处就是反派角色变化了本来面目。

10. But politics would be his life from then on. In politics, and politics alone, he would find his identity.

从那时起，政治成为他的生命，他打算在政治生涯中，也只打算在政治生涯中，确立其名声。Note the different meanings "story" shares in the different contexts:

1. This war is becomingthe most important story of his generation.（最重要的事件）

2. It is quiteanother story now.（另一回事）

3. Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused toconfirm the story.（证实这件事）

4. Some reporters who were not included in the sessionbroke the story.

5. He'll be very happy if that storyholds up.

6. Thestory about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television.

7. The Rita Hay worth story is one of the saddest.

8. A young man came to Scott's office with a story.

9. Tell me the story of what happened to you.

10. Thestory of the opera was printed in the program.

Word Discrimination & Translation

Generally speaking, almost all of English words share meanings in three aspects.

1. The structural meaning 结构意义

2. The referential meaning 指示意义

3. The situational meaning 语境意义

Since an English word may share a lot of meaning such as extended meaning（引申意义）, intentional meaning（内含意义）, connotative meaning（内涵意义）and denotative meaning（外延意义), the most reliable way is to distinguish by means of situational meaning.

Please weigh the various meaning of "green" collocated with different words.

a green eye

a green wound

a green winter

Green corn

Green corp

Green feed

Green-fingered

Green hand

Green tea

Green with envy Green thumb

Green as grass

In the green wood (tree) 嫉妒的

未愈合的伤口

温暖的冬天

嫩玉米穗，甜玉米

青饲料作物

青绿饲料

具有高超种植花木蔬菜技能的生手

绿茶

十分嫉妒

园艺技能

幼稚，无经验

处于佳境

Many English words possess synonyms which express more or less the same meaning. For example: wife —woman, better half, helpmate, helpmeet, grey mare and squaw.

The same is true with Chinese

妻子，夫人，太太，老婆，老伴，屋里人，媳妇，那口子，内人，内子，内助，内当家，内掌柜的，婆姨，娘子，浑家，娇气，仁妻，良人，玉雪，敞房，荆房，荆布，拙荆等等。

Similarly, there are a lot of synonyms to "laugh" as follows:

smile

grin chuckle giggle chortle laugh/titter snigger guffaw cackle roar 微笑

咧嘴而笑，露齿笑暗笑，轻声笑

痴笑，吃吃地笑哈哈大笑

傻笑，嗤嗤地笑嬉皮笑脸地笑

哄笑，放声大笑尖声笑，咯咯地笑狂笑

All these words share the meaning of "laugh", but they are different from one another in manner, volume, degree, mood, connotation, passion, and appeal（方式，音量，程度，心情，涵义，感情，以及感染力）.

*To have one's translation faithful to the original in accuracy, one must be well acquainted with the shades of difference of synonyms.

Translate the following sentences, paying attention to the shades of difference of the underlined words.

1. The child cried himself to sleep.

那孩子哭着哭着就睡着了。

2. She sobbed herself to sleep.

她抽抽咽咽地睡着了。

3. The girls wept with joy after their volleyball team won.

女排获胜后，姑娘们流下了高兴的热泪。

4. Her eyes are always weeping for the loss of her beauty.

因为美貌不在，她的眼里总是黯然神伤。

5. She wept copiously over the loss of her lover.

心上人离她而去，她悲痛欲绝。

6. A child your age shouldn't sit about blubbering over a lost toy.

像你这么大（岁数）的小孩，不应该因为丢了玩具，就坐在地上哭哭啼啼。

7. There she collects the force of female lungs, sighs, sobs and passions.

她极尽女性之能事，长吁短叹，泣不成声，悲愤不已。

8. The films ends with the heroine sobbing desperately as her lover walks away resolutely.

影片结尾，当她的心上人义无返顾地远去时，女主人公悲痛欲绝，伤心而泣。

9. The headmaster said to her, "If you have something to say, have it out clearly. It's no use weeping and wailing endlessly."

校长对她说：“你要是有什么，明明白白地说出来吧。你这样无休止地哭哭啼啼有什么用呢？”

10. The wind was wailing in the woods.

风在树林中呼啸。

Distinguish the shades of meaning of the underlined words or phrases and translate the sentences into proper Chinese.

1. Come to the theater with me and laugh off your worries.

我们一起去剧院，来它个一笑解千愁。

2. At this moment another smile of deep meaning passed between her and her.

此时此刻两人会意地一笑。

3. Spring awakened, all nature smiled.

春回大地，万物复苏。

4. The wasters of a brook are limpid and laughing in the summer's sun.

夏日的阳光下，小溪清清，流水淙淙。

5. He chuckled at himself for having worn his wife's shirt.

看到自己错穿了妻子的衬衫，他不禁哑然失笑。

6. The girls couldn't stop giggling when the boy answered that Cao Cao was an outstanding tennis player.

当这个男孩回答曹操是个杰出的网球运动员时，姑娘们吃吃地笑个不停。

7. Why do teenage girls giggle so much?

为什么十几岁的女孩那么喜欢傻笑？

8. Father used to chortle over such funny jokes.

父亲以前一听到这样的笑话，总会哈哈大笑。

9. We whisper, and hint, and chuckle, and grin at a brother's shame.

（一旦）看到那个兄弟出了洋相，我们大家或者是窃窃私语，要不就是指指点点；或者暗自发笑：要不就是笑得合不拢嘴。

10. Since the famous portrait, the Mona Lisa was painted people have been fascinated by the mysterious smile on the face and by the strange background of fantastic rocks.

自从著名的《蒙娜丽莎》问世以来，人们就对她脸上神秘的微笑，奇形怪状的岩石所构成的非

同寻常的背景而心驰神往。

Choice of Words

English words are characteristic of polysemy and polysemous words often share more than one part of ten share more than one part of speech, which takes time to determine the fixed meaning and its given part of speech in the certain context, and even more time to makes final decision of the Chinese equivalence to the original word. After the through analysis of the original syntax and the general idea of the original text, choice of words becomes the determining factor to a good translation.

The word "and" seems easy enough, the actual practice, however, is very different from what as one might imagine.

1. War and Peace

战争与和平

2. eat and drink 吃吃喝喝

3. to work arduously and skillfully

苦干加巧干

4. The girls came over talking and laughing

姑娘们有说有笑（又说又笑）地走过来。

5. She is the Party Secretary and manager as well.

她是党委书记兼经理。

6. It was not easy to carry such a heavy load, and during the dog days.

扛这么重的东西很不容易，更何况这么热的天呢。

7. The earth rotates and it revolves.

地球一面自转，一面公转。

8. The sun came out and the grass dried.

日出草干

9. Reading the text many times and you will be able to recite it.

课文多读几遍，你就会背了

10. He came here by bike and I walked here.

他是骑车来的，而我是步行来的。

11. He did it, and did it well.

他做了，而且做得不错。

12. They talked and talked until small hours.

他们谈啊谈啊，一直谈到次日凌晨。

13. many and many a time.

三番五次，许多次。

14. They walked two and two.

他们成双成对走过。

15. There are men and men (booksand books).

各式各样的人（书）

To have every word well expressed in Chinese, one must acquaint himself with rhetoric, especially the passive rhetoric whose essential work is to have words well-chosen which is just in agreement with the key link of expression in translation. Whether a word is well-chosen affects greatly the accuracy of expression. For example:

good will good wife good mother good gold good teacher good friend good neighbor good heart good sense good year good match good deeds good points good husband good look 善意

贤妻

慈母

真金

良师

好友

高邻

好心

褒义

丰年

劲敌，匹敌善举，善事优点，长处尽职的丈夫美貌

The following is designed to practice your translation technique on the choice of words. Work carefully, try to vary your diction in the Chinese version.

Although schoolmistresses letters are to be trusted no more nor less than churchyard epitaphs, yet as it sometimes happens that a person departs this life, who is really deserving of all the praises the stone-cutter carves over his bones; who is a good Christian, a good parent, child, wife or husband; who actually does leave a disconsolate family to mourn his less; so academies of the male and female sex it occurs every now and then, that then pupil is fully worthy of the praises bestowed by the disinterested instructor.

一般说来，校长的信和墓志铭一样靠不住，不过偶然也有几个死去的人当得起石匠们在他们朽骨上的好话，的确是虔诚的教徒，慈爱的母亲，孝顺的儿女，尽职的丈夫，贤良的妻子，他们的家人也的确哀思绵绵地追悼他。同样，不论在男生还是女生校园，偶然也有一两个学生当得起老师毫无私心的称赞。

Translation should turn out to be faithful the original but not rigid, flexible but not excessive.

翻译应该是忠实而不呆板，灵活而不过分。

A good translation, generally speaking, is a bit longer than the original (it does not necessarily mean that good translation must be longer than the original) primarily because translation must faithfully turn the obvious form of the original language into target language, and at the same time, must convey what implied in the original context, especially that closely connected with the background of the original culture and history in the target language.

The difficulties to readers of translation lie in what's implied in the original, translator should make some adaptations in the light of specific conditions to enable readers to understand more easily.

The words added in translation must be indispensable (absolutely necessary) either syntactically or semantically.

I. Words supplied for syntactic construction

II. Words supplied for semantic completion

1．人民犯了法，也要受处罚，也要坐班房，也有死刑。

When anyone among the people breaks the law, he too should be punished, imprisoned or even sentenced to death.

2．其实地上本来没有路，走的人多了，也便成了路。

For actually the earth had no roads to begin with, but when many men pass one way, a road is made.

3. You got a prejudice all right—against a race that's black. That's why I called you white racist that night. But when you deal with a black person, I don't feel any bad vices.

你这个人确有偏见。你（结构性增补）对整个（语义性增补）黑人种族抱有偏见（结构性增补）那天晚上，我说骂你是个白人种族主义者，道理就在这儿。但是，当你跟一个具体的（语义性增补）黑人打交道时，我倒（修辞性增补；语气补足词）觉得你没有什么恶意。

4. The V sign itself is a challenge, for the famous Churchillian invention that used to mean Allied Victory is no longer valid. Instead of having to do with War, V today is made to mean peace.

V 形手势(语义性增补）本身就是一种挑战。因为丘吉尔的这个著名的发明，当年（语义性增补）曾作为盟国胜利的标志。这层意思现已不复存在，今天（修辞性重复）V 形手势语是被用来表示和平。

5. My audiences vary from tens to thousands. I expected opposition but got hardly any.

我的听众从几十人到几千人不等（修饰性增补），我希望有持有异议的人站起来跟我辩论（语义性增补），但几乎没有遇到过（结构性增补）。

6. But, if this world is not merely a bad joke, life a vulgar flare amid the cool radiance of the stars, and existence an empty laugh braying across the mysteries; if there intimations of something behind and behind are not evil humor born of madden us; if, in a word, beauty means something, yet we must not seek to interpret the meaning.

——From New Concept English 《新概念英语》(Book 4)

lesson 29

但是，即使这个世界不仅仅是个拙劣的玩笑，生命不仅仅是（结构性重复）星体交织的寒光中的一点平庸的火花。人生也不仅仅是（结构性重复）喧噪于神秘之乡的空虚的一笑；即使这一切发自那既不渴望也不可及的某种事物的启示，不是由于内在的失调而迸发的邪恶之念，也不是（结构性重复）魔鬼用来嘲弄和激怒我们的奇谈怪论。一句话，倘若美具有某种意义，我们还是不要试图去了解它的意义为好。（修辞性增补：语气补足词，落在句尾，使句子更完整）。

7. What is feared as failure in American society, is, above all, aloneness, And aloneness is terrifying because it means that there is no one, no group, no approved cause to submit to.

在美国社会中作为失败而为人们所（语气及结构上的增补）恐惧的，莫过于孤独了。而孤独之所以可怕，就因为没有一个可服从的人，没有一个可服从的群体，没有一个可服从的可公认的事业（“可服从的”重复了三次，皆因结构上的需要）。

8. Long, anxious days passed, during which I hope that Dave would see that white was not always white nor black always totally black. Time was running out; his decision could not be indefinitely postponed.

我过着漫长，焦急的日子，一直（语义增补词）希望戴夫能明白世事（语义结构上的需要）并非

处处都是皂白分明。时光流逝，他不能无限期地拖下去，迟迟不作决定（结构性增补）。

III. Supply overlapping words or numerals to express the plural form of nouns.

Unlike the English language which has the change of plural form of nouns as well as that of verb tenses, the Chinese language has no change of plural form. It is usually expressed by supplying overlapping words or numerals, such as“朵朵鲜花”，“百花齐放”，“阵阵寒风”，“徐徐凉风”，“微风习习”，“们”，“诸位”，“大家”，“大伙”。

songs

flowers

ripples

cheers

a chilly wind

a murmuring stream (book) deadly still

galloping horses

a golden opportunity throughout ages 阵阵歌声鲜花朵朵层层涟漪阵阵喝彩凉风习习淙淙流水万籁俱寂万马奔腾天赐良机千秋万代

Even Homer sometimes nods.

Flowers of all sorts are blooming in a riot of color.

The audience left one after another.

In spring, a gentle wind rippled the tranquil lake. 智者千里，必有一失。百花争艳，万紫千红。听众鱼贯而出。

风乍起，吹皱一池春水。

Relative & Connectives

（关系词与连接词的翻译）

Relatives include relative pronouns and relative adverbs, such as who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why and how used to connect main clause and subordinate clauses. White connectives include coordinate and subordinate conjunctions, such as and, or, but, yet, so, however, as well as, (n)either ... (n)or ..., when, while, as, since, until, so ... that, unless, lest and so on.

1. All was cleared up some time later when news came from a distant place that an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.

过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。这一切终于得到了澄清。

2. When I try to understand what it is that prevent so many Americans from being as happy as one might expect, it seems to me that there are two causes, of which one goes much deeper than the other.

为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两个原因之间又有深浅之分。

3. It has been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.

那是个天气晴朗、黄金可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的已丧失了生命。

4. It is flattering to believe that they are too profound to be expressed so clearly that all who run may read,

and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.

认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚并让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力。

5. It was what sentimentalists，who deal in very big words，call a yearning after the ideal，and simply means that woman are not satisfied until they have husbands and children on whom they may center affections, which are spent elsewhere, as it were, in small change. (W. Thackeray: Vanity Fair) 一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。换言之，他们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必须有了丈夫和孩子，情感收聚起来有了归宿，自己才能得到满足。

英汉互译中的对等结构

一．直译

作乐

笑柄

梦乡

门外汉

皮包骨

祸不单行

一眼看穿

看穿把戏

混水摸鱼

半途而废s

保住面子

铁石心肠

趁热打铁.

花钱如水

一个耳朵进，一个耳朵出实事求是

眼高手底

欲盖弥彰to make merry

a laughing stock

in one's dream land

an outsider

all skin and bones/skinny/bony

It never rains but pour

to seethrough the trickery

to see through at a glance

to fish in troubled waters

to do something by halve

save one's face;（lose face 丢脸）

a heart of stone/stone—hearted

Strike while the iron is hot

to spend money like water

to go in at one ear and out at the other

to seek truth fromfacts

to want to grasp what is beyond one's reach

The more one tries to hide, the more one is exposed

二．意译

自立

说实话倾盆大雨一视同仁同舟共济镜花水月火上加油三心二意一模一样人山人海欲速不达字里行间业精于勤白纸黑字一知半解沽名钓誉心直口快To stand on one's own feet

Call a spade a spade

It rains cats and dogs.

fair field and no favour

To be in the same boat

Moonshine in water

To pour oil on the flames

To be in two minds

As alike as two peas

a sea of faces

Haste makes waste

To read between the lines

Practice makes perfect

In black and white

A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. To fish for compliments

To wear one's heart on one's sleeves

一箭双雕；一举两得谦受益，满招损

闯祸

开夜车

对牛弹琴

害群之马

不伦不类

雨后春笋

掌上明珠

乱七八糟

千载难逢

进退两难，进退维谷骑墙

伤感情

见世面

智穷才尽

醉翁之意不在酒To kill two birds with one stone Pride goes before fall

A bull in a china shop

To burn the midnight oil

To cast pearls to the swine

A black sheep

Neither fish nor flesh

To spring up like mushrooms

The apple of one's eye

To be at sixes and sevens

Once in a blue moon

On the horns of a dilemma

To sit on the fence

To wound one's feelings

To see the world

At one's wits end

Many kiss a baby for the nurse's sake.

ADDITIONAL READING MATERIALS

The Dreamer

1. When I was nine years old living in a small town in North Carolina I found an ad for selling greeting cards in the back of a children's magazine. I though to myself, I can do this, I begged my mother to let me send for the kit. Two weeks later when the kit arrived, I ripped off the brown paper wrapper, grabbed the cards and dashed from the house. Three hours later, I returned home with no card and a pocket full of money proclaiming. "Mama, all the people couldn't wait to buy my cards!". A salesperson was born.

2. When I was twelve years old, my father took me to see Zig Ziegler. I remember sitting in that dark auditorium listening to Mr. Zigler raise everyone's up to the ceiling. I left there feeling like I could do

anything. When we got to the car, I turned to my father and said, "Dad, I want to make people feel like that." My father asked me what I meant. "I want to be a motivational speaker just like Mr. Zigler," I replied. A dream was born.

3. Recently, I began pursuing my dream of motivating other. After a four-year relationship with a major fortune 100 company beginning as a salestrainer and ending as a regional sales manager, I left the company at the height of my career. Many people were astounded that I would leave after earning a six-figure income. And they asked why I would risk everything for a dream.

4. I made my decision to start my own company and leave my secure position after attending a regional sales meeting. The vice-president of our company delivered a speed that changed my life. He asked us," If a genie would grant you three wishes what would they be?" After giving us a moment to write down the three wishes, he then asked us, "Why do you need a genie?" I would never forget the empowerment I felt at that moment.

译文

1．我九岁的时候住在北卡罗来纳州的一个小镇上，一次在一本儿童杂志的背面发现了一则招聘明信片推销员的广告。我对自己说，我能干这事。我恳求妈妈让我去叫人送来全套货物。两个星期后，货送来了，我一把撕下明信片棕色的包装纸，冲出了家门。三个小时候，我的卡片已经一张不剩，倒是带着满满一口袋钱回到了家，大叫：“妈妈，所有的人都迫不及待地想买我的卡片！”。一个推销员诞生了。

2．我十二岁的时候，父亲带我去见齐格·齐格勒先生。我还记得当时坐在昏暗的礼堂里听着齐格勒先生的演说，他把每个人都说得热情高涨，跃跃欲试。离开的时候我觉得自己可以做任何事情。我们上了车，我转过身对父亲说道：“爸爸，我也想让人们这样。”爸爸问我的话是什么意思。“我想当一个像齐格勒先生这样的鼓动演说者。”我回答到。一个梦想诞生了。

3．最近，我开始鼓舞他人，努力实现自己的梦想。在此之前的四年里，我在一个拥有100家公司的财团做事，从一个销售培训员做到地区销售经理，在我事业达到颠峰时我离开了这家公司。许多人都十分惊讶，在收入达到六位数时我却选择了离开。他们问我为什么要为了梦想而去冒险。4．我是在参加了一次地区销售会议后，才拿定主意离开自己的安全港湾，去开自己的公司的。在那次会议上，我们公司的副总裁所说的话从而改变了我的命运。他问我们：“如果一个神仙会满足你的三个愿望，那么你将会希望得到什么？”他让我们写下自己的愿望，然后却问我们：“为什么你们会需要神仙呢？”，我永远也忘不了这句话在那一刻对我的震撼。

Straw Hat In The Wind

Mama, that summer, on the way to 1) Klitsemi, my straw hat flew down the mountains. Mama, do you remember, the old straw hat you gave to me? I lost that hat long ago, it flew to the 2) foggy canyon. Mama, I wonder what happened to that old straw hat which fell down the mountain-side and 3) whirled out of my reach like your heart. Suddenly that wind came up, stealing my hat from me. 4) Swirling gust of wind blew it higher, and higher ... Mama, that old straw hat was the only one I really love. But I lost it, no one could bring it back, like the life you give me.

Mama, that summer, on the way to Klitsemi, I lost my straw hat. The 5) lilies along the road 6) wilted. And under that straw hat, the 7) crickets wept every night ...

译文

妈妈，就在那年夏天，在去克里兹米的路上，我的那顶草帽，掉进了山谷。妈妈，你还记得吗？记得你给我的那顶草帽吗？很久以前我遗落了，它飘向了雾霭的深谷。

妈妈，那顶旧草帽不知怎么了，掉进了山谷，就像你的心，我抓也抓不到。忽然，吹起一阵风，抢走了我那草帽，把他卷得越来越高……妈妈，那顶旧草帽，是我唯一的爱，就像是你给我的生命，丢失了，再也找不到。

妈妈，就在那年夏天，在往克里兹米的路上，我的草帽掉了。路边的百合都枯萎了。在那草帽下面，每天晚上都有蟋蟀在哭泣……

NOTES: 1）Klitsemi 日本一地名

2）foggy adj. 有雾的，起雾的

3）whirl v. 回旋，旋转

4）swirl v. 旋涡，回旋

5）lily n. 百合，百合花

6）wilt v. 枯萎，凋谢7）cricket n. 蟋蟀

Youth

By Samuel Erman 1. Youth is not a time of life, it is a state of mind, it is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red lips and supple knees, it is a matter of the will, a quality of the imagination, a vigor of the emotions, it is the freshness of the deep spring of life.

2. Youth means a temperamental predominance of courage over timidity, of the appetite for adventure over the love of ease. This often exits in a man of 60 more than a boy of 20. Nobody grows merely by a number of years, we grow old by deserting our idea.

3. Years may wrinkle the skin, but to give up enthusiasm wrinkles the soul. Worry, fear, self-distrust bows the heart and turns the spirit back to dust.

4. Whether 60 or 16, there is in every human being's heart the lure of wonders, the unfailing childlike appetite of what's next and the joy of the game of living. In the center of your heart and my heart thereis a wireless station: so long as it receives messages of beauty, hope, cheer, courage and power from the infinite, so long as you are young.

5. When the aerials are down, and your spirit is covered with snows of cynicism and the ice of pessimism. Then you've grown old, even at 20, but as long as your aerials are up to catch waves of optimism, there's hope you may die young at 80.

青春

［美］塞缪·俄尔曼1．青春不是生命的一段时光，不是指红润的脸颊、红扑扑的嘴唇和柔软的双膝；它是一种精神状

态，是指不懈的干劲、丰富的想象力和滚烫的情怀。它是生命春意正浓时鲜活的记忆。

2．它是生命之源勃勃生机的涌泉。青春意味着战胜懦弱的那股大丈夫气慨和摈弃安逸的那种冒险精神。往往一个60 岁的老者比一个20 岁的青年更多一点这种劲头。人老不仅仅是岁月流逝所致，更主要的是懒惰、不思进取的结果。

3．光阴可以在颜面上留下印记，而热情之火的熄灭则在心灵上刻下皱纹。遗憾、恐惧、缺乏自信，会扭曲人的灵魂，并将青春化为灰烬。

4．无论是60 岁还是16 岁，你需要保持永不衰竭的好奇心，永不熄灭的孩提般求知的渴望和追求事业成功的欢乐与热情。在你我的心底，都有一座无线电台；它能在多长时间里接收到人间万物传递来的美好、希望、欢乐、鼓舞和力量信息，你就会年轻多长时间。

5．当天线倒塌时，你的精神就被玩世不恭和悲观厌世的冰雪所覆盖，你就会衰老下去，即使你只是20 岁；而你的无线巍然矗立着的时候，凭着高昂的乐观主义，你就有希望在80岁死去时仍然韶华不逝。

Be a Queen

By Oprah Winfrey Be a queen. Dare to be different. Be a pioncer. Be a leader. Be the kind of woman who in the face of diversity will continue to embrace life and walk fearlessly toward the challenge. Take it on! Be a truth seeker and rule your domain, whatever it is - your home, your office, your family - with a loving heart. Be a queen. Be tender. Continue to give birth to new ideas and rejoice in your womanhood ... My prayer is

that we will stop wasting time being mundane and mediocre ... It doesn't matter what you've been through, where you come from, who your parents are - nor your social or economic status. None of that matters. What matters is how you choose to love, how you choose to express that love through your work through your family, through what you have to give to the world. Be a queen, Own your power and your glory!

［美句拾贝］：

●Bethe kind of woman who in the face of diversity will continue to embrace life and walk fearlessly toward the challenge.

●Be a truth seeker and rule your domain.

●We will stop wasting time being mundane and mediocre.

●What matters is how you choose to love, how you choose to express that love through your workthrough your family, through what you have to give to the world.

Ode to October

By Russell Baker（拉塞尔·贝克尔）Aside from a minor body of sentiment in favor of May, there is little disagreement that October is the best month of the year. It is the one month when man and nature are mist nearly in harmony. Temperatures, moderate in the daytime and invigorating by evening, are conducive to reflective thought, exhilaratingexercise, outdoor labor, charitable endeavor, courtship and pleasant romps with babies and small children.

October surpasses all the summer months by virtue of being the first in nearly half a year to clear the streets of college-age people. And it does so without diminishing the pleasure of life for the departed young. They are back at school, marking new friendships and renewing old ones, and in October —blessed October — they are not yet haunted by prospects of failure.

There are few moments in life that bring husband and wife closer in reflective communion than the first October moment by a blazing hearth when they inhale the odor of mothballs in each other's sweaters and agree it's time they once again had a long talk. This cannot be enjoyed in November, December, January or February because most people get bored with making fires in the fireplace after the first few in October.

The physical beauty of October affects the most insensitive natures, if only subconsciously, with a heightened appreciation of esthetic satisfactions. You don't see millions of people gaping from slowmoving automobiles to look at trees in January of March or even May.

No other month concludes with such dramatic charm and wit. In Halloween, October has come up withthe perfect way to end the unbeatable month. It is the ideal holiday, for it lasts only a few hours and requires very little preparation. Its ingredients are bright color, gaiety, noise and a suspension of disbelief that justifies persons of all ages behaving childishly for three or four hours, which is just about long enough.

Hail, October! March thou never wert, much less February.

From Reader's Digest

十月颂

拉塞尔·贝克

除了少数多愁善感的人赞美五月以外，对于十月是一年中最好的月份几乎没有异议。就在这个十月，人类与大自然处于最近乎和谐的境界。气候，白天温和宜人，入晚则令人心旷神怡，宜于沉思冥想，宜于做令人振奋的运动，宜于室外劳作，宜于为慈善事业操劳，宜于谈情说爱和逗引幼小孩子们蹦跳嬉闹。

十月胜过整个夏季，因为它是将近半年的时间里街头见不到大学生的第一个月。虽然街上没有了大学生，但离去的青年们并没有因此而减少生活的乐趣。他们回到了学校，结识新友，重温旧谊。十月——幸福的十月里，他们尚未被失败的阴影所笼罩。

十月初临时，夫妻依傍着融融的炉火，他们闻到对方毛衣散发出的卫生球气味，默契地认为该是他们再一次促膝长谈的时候了。如此亲密无间沉浸在感情交流之中，一生中能有几回！而在十一月、十二月、一月或二月却无此享受，因为十月头几无几番融融炉火之后，大多数人对生火已感到厌烦了。

十月的自然美景会感染那些即使感觉最迟钝的人，哪怕无意识地也会增强他们对美的欣赏。你不会在一月或三月甚至在五月，见到数以百万计的人从缓缓行驶的汽车里凝视路旁的树木。没有哪一个月份结束的那一天，具有如此戏剧性的魅力和风趣。万圣节前夕*，十月以无瑕的方式宣告这个无与伦比之月的结束。这个节是最理想的节，因为它只持续几个小时，也无需做什么准备。它的特征是：色彩明亮，气氛欢乐，三四个小时恰到好处。

万岁，十月！汝非三月，更非二月。Halloween

注：万圣节前夕：Halloween 10 月31 日

January Wind

By Hal Borland The January wind has a hundred voices. It can scream, it can bellow, it can whisper, and it can sing a lullaby. It can roar through the leafless oaks and shout down the hillside, and it can murmur in the white pines rooted among the granite ledges where lichen makes strange hieroglyphics. It can whistle down a chimney and set the hearth-flames to dancing. On a sunny day it can pause in a sheltered spot and breathe a promise of spring and violets. In the cold of a lonely night it can rattle the sash and stay there muttering of ice and snow-banks and deep-frozen ponds.

Sometimes the January wind seems to come from the farthest star in the outer darkness, so remote and so impersonal is its voice. That is the wind of a January dawn, in the half-light that trembles between day night. It is a wind that merely quivers the trees, its force sensed but not seen, a force that might almost hold back the day if it were so directed. Then the east brightens, and the wind relaxes —— the stars, its source, grown dim.

And sometimes the January wind is so intimate that you know it came only from the next hill, a little wind that plays with leaves and puffs at chimney smoke and whistle like a little boy with puckered lips. It makes the little cedar trees quiver, as with delight. It shadow-boxes with the weather-vane. It tweaks an ear, and whispers laughing words about crocuses and daffodils, and nips the nose and dances off.

But you never know, until you hear its voice, which wind is here today. Or, more important, which will be here tomorrow.

一月的风

一月的风有千种声音，万种风情。它时而尖声呼啸，时而大声咆哮，时而柔声细语，时而哼唱一首摇篮曲；它时而怒吼着冲过秃枝的橡树，呐喊着掠下山坡，时而攀上花岗岩壁，在银白色的松林中沙沙私语。在那里青苔描画出奇形怪状的象形文字；它时而钻进烟囱呼呼作响，惹得炉膛内火飞焰舞。阳光明媚的时候，它去找个角落栖息，轻声细语地吟唱着温暖的春光和甜蜜的紫罗兰花香的到来；而在夜寒寂静之际，它又会抖动窗棂，咕哝着冰冻、雪丘和池溏深冻的降临。

有时，一月的风好似来自最为深邃的外层星空，它的声音是那么遥远，那么不可捉摸。这就是那晨曦微露时，幽暗在昼夜间飘摆不定的微光中的一月的风。正是这股一月的晨风，它只能使树枝

抖动，它的风力只可感觉到却看不见。如果你愿意，它或许能够挽住白昼的步履，一旦东方破晓，群星——风之源泉渐渐暗淡，风便也停息。

有时，一月的风是那么的令人亲切可爱，仿佛就象来自自家屋旁的小山坡，它在叶丛中玩耍，或抚弄袅袅炊烟，或像小孩一样撅起小嘴吹响口哨。它能使低矮的雪松欣喜地招手，或与旋转的风标切磋拳术，或拧住你的耳朵细诉藏红花和黄水仙的趣事，然后捏捏你的鼻头，轻轻地飞去。

然而，在你听到它的声音之前，你无法知道今天的风会带来哪种风情，更不知道明天的风又会是怎样一番情趣。

ADog's Eye View of Man (1)

JAMES THURBER If Man has benefited (1) immeasurably by his association ith the dog, what, you may ask, has the dog got out of it? His scroll (3) has, of course, been heavily charged with punishments: he has known the muzzle (4), the leash (5), and the tether; (6) he has suffered the indignities of the show bench (7), the tin can on the tail, the ribbon in the hair; his love life with the other sex of his species has been regulated by the frigid hand of authority, his digestion ruined by the macaroons (8) and marshmallows (9) of doting (10) women. The list of his woes (11) could be continued indefinitely. But he has also had his fun, for he has been privileged to live with and study at close range (12) they only creature with reason, the most unreasonable of creatures.

The dog has got more fun out of Man than Man has got out of the dog, for the clearly demonstrable reason that Man is the more laughable of the two animals. The dog has long been bemused (13) by the singular activities and the curious practices of men, cocking (14) his head inquiringly to one side, intently watching and listening to the strangest goings-on (15) in the world. He has seen men sing together and fight one another in the same evening. He has watched them go to bed when it is time to get up, and get up when it is time to go to bed. He has observed them destroying the soil in vast areas, and nurturing (16) it in small patches. He has stood by white men built strong and solid houses for rest and quiet, and the filled them with lights and bells and machinery. His sensitive nose, which can detect what cooking in the next township, has caught at one and the same time the bewildering smells of the hospital and the munitions factory (17). He has seen men raise up great cities to heaven and then blow them to hell.

[Selected from The Norton Reader] Notes:

1．詹姆斯瑟伯（1894—1961）：美国作家漫画家创作了大量的随笔小品文代表作有My Life and Hard Times, Men, Women and Dogs以及Fables for Our Times。本文便是一篇优秀的小品文作者巧妙地运用Abird's view这个短语把bird换成dog。但题目让人耳目一新。

狗瞰人类

詹伯斯·瑟伯倘若人类与狗交往则受益无穷，君则要问，狗与人交往有何所得？毫无疑问，狗之周身受刑累累：他领教了口套，皮带与链绳之约束；畜犬展览会的陈列台，尾巴上的洋铁罐，毛发中的装饰带，皆使他尊严丧尽，有苦难言；他与同类异性的恋爱生活，也被主人那冷若冰霜之手牢牢控制；那溺爱成性的女人，又用饼干糖果败坏了他的消化功能。其苦其痛，可谓罄竹难书矣，但他亦自得其乐因为能与万物之中独有理智又最不讲情理的生灵同吃同住，而且可就近观察研究，也算其受惠非浅矣。

狗之乐取之于人，多于人之乐取之于狗，其故显而易见：两种动物相比，人类更为可笑。长期以来，狗被人类那些异常活动和古怪做法弄得迷离茫然，他翘起脑袋，若有所询地倾向一边，专心致志地观看，聆听天下最奇最怪之事。他亲眼目睹过人类齐声欢唱，而就在同天晚上大打出手。他亦曾见过人们该起床时却睡觉，或是该睡觉时却起床。他还见过人类恣意毁掉广袤之壤，却对弹丸之地精心照料。他曾经袖手旁观，看人类建造用之歇息和安宁的坚固房屋之后却装上电灯，安上钟铃，再塞进各式机器设备。他那只能嗅出邻区何物之炊香的敏锐之鼻，却在某一时刻闻到了医院和

军火工厂散发出的令人困惑的臭气。他目睹人类筑起高耸云霄的座座巨城，然后再把它们兀然炸毁，送入地狱。

A TRIBUTE TO THE DOG

By George Graham West The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.

The money that a man has he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man's reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of malice when failure settles its cloud upon our heads. The one absolute, unselfish friend a man may have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous, is his dog.

A man's dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep on the cold ground when the wintry winds blow and the snow drives fiercely, if only he can be near his master's side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer. He will lick the sores and wounds that come in the encounter with the roughness of the world. He guards the sleep of his pauper master as if he were a prince.

When all other friends desert, he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth, an outcast in the world, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of all comes and death takes its master in its embrace and the body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by his graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness faithful and true even to death.

参考译文

义犬颂

世上的莫逆之交可能反目为仇。一心钟爱养育成人的儿女到头来可能变成忘恩负义的冤家。我们的亲朋挚友，我们以幸福和荣誉相托的人，也许会背叛其旦旦信誓。人的金钱会丢失。可能在最需要的时候，不翼而飞。片刻考虑欠周的言行，会招致声名狼藉，我们飞黄腾达时，那些善于屈膝下跪，阿谀逢迎的人，在失败的阴云笼罩我们的时候，可能就是首先恶意投井下石的人。在这自私自利的人世，一个人所能够得到的完全舍已为人永不抛弃他，永不忘恩负义和永不欺诈他的唯一的朋友。那就是他的狗。

不管他是富裕还是贫困，是健壮还是多病，寸步不离他的还是他的狗。尽管寒风呼啸，雨雪霏霏，只要能贴近主人的身边，它甘愿睡卧在冰冷的地上，它愿意亲吻主人那只没有食物可施的空手，它愿舔主人在这险恶的人世斗争中遭受的创伤，它保护着一贫如洗的主人安睡，就象保护一位王子一样。

所有其他朋友都纷纷离去时，它却安然不动。主人财尽名裂时，它永远爱他，热爱之情就象太阳在天空中运行那永恒不变如果受命运之神的捉弄，主人在世上颠沛流离无亲可投，无家可归，那忠贞不渝的义犬除了希图伴随主人，保卫主人免受危险，同主人的敌人作斗争外，别无他图当人生最终的一幕降临时，死神夺去它的主人，尸体埋葬在冰冷的地下。不管是否所有其他友人都纷纷离去，我们仍会发现那品德高尚的犬，守候在他的墓旁，两只前足托着头部忧伤而圆睁的双眼在机警地提防着—虔诚忠贞死而后已。

新概念四册原文的补充材料１