论文正文1

Introduction 400

1．Public signs

1．1 definition of public signs

1．2 classification of public signs

1．3 characteristics of public signs 500

2．公示语翻译中的归化和异化理论和方法

2．a brief introduction of foreignization and domestication and methods employed in foreignization and domestication

2．1 foreignization

2．2 domestication

2．3 translation strategies of public signs 1200

2．3．1 four specific translation methods often employed in foreignization

2．3．2 four specific translation methods often employed in domestication 3．foreignization and domestication in the course of translating public signs 1200

3．1 actual use of domestication among the current accepted translation of public signs from Chinese to English

3．2 actual use of foreignization among the current accepted translation of public signs from Chinese to English

4．error analysis and some suggestions

4．1 several typical errors 1200

4．2 some feasible suggestions

Conclusion 400

1．Public signs

Public sings is a kind of special style, which usually refer to the public bulletins, instructions, and warning notices. Public signs are most widely used in public facilities, public institution, zone name, scenic spots, important military police, manufacturing base and so on..

1．1 definition of public signs

The so-called public signs refer to the language used in public places. Public signs are used extensively in many fields, including business promotion, signs of public facilities, administrative

division, transportation, shopping, sightseeing, organization names etc.

1．2 classification of public signs

Classifying public signs facilitate us to find out the universality of the same kind of public signs, and to grasp the universal law of writing and translation of public signs. Public signs can be classified in many ways, this paper tend to classify public signs according to their functions into four categories: indicating public signs; prompting public signs; restricting public signs and compelling public signs，because this four functions cover the majority of public signs.

1．3 characteristics of public signs

Public signs are supposed to have the characteristics of simplic ity, conventionality, and purpose for the function of giving a sign to public. The words of language used for public signs should be concise, accurate, normative, practical, and courteous. Extensive use of content words, key words, phrases and abbreviations, words and logo combination constitutes a unique language style of public signs. Public signs generally use the terms commonly used to avoid the use of uncommon words, such as the old saying, and slang.

First, simplicity means that whether words or sentences must be concise, and strive to obtain the best practical effect of making people understand that the most accurate and direct information in the shortest time to the most concise form. For instance,单行道One Way, 外币兑换Foreign Exchange, 施工现场，严禁入内等Construction Site Keep Out. In addition，abbreviation is often used in public signs for example 贵宾会员VIP, 停车场P, 餐饮F＆B and so on..

Second, by conventionality is meant the rules in the course of public signs translation, that is to say, some public signs? translations that have been the convention, can not be changed at will, or will cause ambiguity. For instance 中山路Zhongshan Road, 禁止转弯No Turn, 结算Check Out etc. all of these expressions are concise and conform to the convention in full compliance with the Anglo-American language habits.

Third, purpose here refers to that the information conveyed by public signs should be understood and let them act. English public signs should meet the social, behavioral, and psychological need of foreigners. If an English public can accurately give a sign to foreign friends, it can be called a good English public sign. For instance 右侧行驶Keep Right, 禁止停车No Parking, and so on.

2．foreignization and domestication and translation strategies and methods of public signs

Domestication designates the type of translation in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted to minimize the strangeness of the foreign text for target language readers; while foreignization means a target text is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. In the contemporary international translation field, Eugene Nida is regarded as the representative of those who favor domesticating translation, whereas the Italian scholar Lawrence Venuti is regarded to be the spokesman for those who favour foreignizing translation. Domestication and foreignization, however, are concerned with the two cultures, the former meaning replacing the source culture with the target culture and the latter preserving the differences of the source culture. Only when there are differences in both linguistic presentation and cultural connotation, domestication and foreignization exist.

2．1 foreignization

It is the Italian scholar Lawrence Venuti who has can be regarded as the spokesman for those who favour foreignizing translation. Venuti…s foreignizing strategy is put forward in the “aggressive monolingual” cultural background such as t he Anglo-American culture. As a staunch advocate of foreignization, Venuti believes there is violence residing in the very purpose and activity of domestication. He holds that the phenomenon of domestication involves …an ethnocentric reduction of the foreign text to [Anglo-American] target-language cultural values?. This entails translating in a transparent, fluent, …invisible… style in order to minimize the foreignness of the TT (Jeremy 2001:146). Venuti proposes the strategy of “resistant translation”( i.e. foreignization) against the tradition of “smooth translation”. He argues that foreignization ―entails choosing a foreign text and developing a translation method along lines which are excluded by dominant cultural values in the target language (Venuti 1997: 242).

Foreignization produces something that cannot be confused with either the source-language text or a text written originally in the target language. V enuti (1995: 20) considers the foreinizing method to be …an ethnodeviant pressure on [target-language culture] values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad?. It is …highly desirable?, he says, in an effort to …restrain the ethnocentric violence of translation?. In other words, the foreign izing method can restrain the …violently… domesticating cultural values of the English-language world (Jeremy 2001:147). In summary, foreignization advocated by V enuti and his followers is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the presence of the translator by highlighting the foreign identity of the ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture.

2．2 domestication

In the contemporary international translation field, the person who has initiated the controversy between domestication and foreignization is Eugene Nida, whom is regarded as the representative of those who favor domesticating translation. Nida differentiates between two types of equivalences: formal and dynamic (or functional) as basic translation orientations. Formal equivalence focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. It is a means of providing some insight into the lexical, grammatical or structural form of a source text, which is similar to literal translation. Functional equivalence, however, is based on the principle of equivalent effect, i.e. the relationship between receiver and message should aim at being the same as that between the original receivers and the SL message. In language, Culture and Translating, a minimal definition of functional equivalence is stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to comprehend it to the point that they can conceive of how the original readers of the text must have understood and appreciated it”. The maximal, ideal definition is stated as “the readers of a translated text should be able to understand and appreciate it in essentially the same manner as the original readers did”. (Nida 1995: 118)

In fact Nida…s functional equivalence is based on and is used to guide the translation of Bible. His translation work, splendid though it is, comes out of a specific purpose: the translation of a Christian text with the goal of converting non-Christians to a different spiritual viewpoint. In order to entail a good understanding and operative function for the receptors of the target language, the message in the Bible with the meaning in Latin “do not let your left han d know what your right hand is doing” can be rendered in English as “do it in such a way that even your closest friend will not know about it”. Nida points out that this translation first avoids the possible misunderstanding by the receptors and thus makes clear the tangible reference to present-day circumstances of life.

This practice may be acceptable in translating Bible, but in handling cultural factors in texts other than Biblical one, functional equivalence is inadequate and even misleading.

2．3 translation strategies of public signs

Translation strategies of foreignization and domestication refer to the translation strategies selected by translators depending on the cultural position of translators. The so-called translation strategy of domestication means that translation should adhere to the target language ,abide by the cultural language traditions of the target language readers, return to the authentic target language expression, requiring the translator using the target language readers?accustomed expression to convey the contents of the original, and the translation should try to adapt, to take care of the target language and cultural factors for the readers? sak e to eliminate linguistic and cultural barriers. On the contrary, the so-called translation strategy of domestication means that translators should adopt and pay more attention to cultural factors in source language and the original author?s wording.

2．3．1 four methods of translation strategy of foreignization

Foreignization means to accept foreign culture, and its main purpose is to try to preserve the cultural characteristics of source language and let readers know exoticism. There are several methods of the translation of public signs as following.

(1)literal translation

literal translation means to try to keep the meaning of vocabulary, sentence structure, and the tone of translation consistent with the source language. For example, “打破铁饭碗”translated into “to break the iron ricebowl”.“铁饭碗” is an idiom in Chinese. “饭碗” is a metaphor of making a living in Chinese. And “铁” refers to a stable work.. There is no doubt that using the method of literal translation to translate such words of obvious Chinese characteristics is not only beneficial to retain the image of source language but also to introduce China?s unique culture. Moreover, such words as “the year of dragon龙年, “Confucianism 儒家, “Three Represents三个代表” have gradually been accepted by foreigners

(2) transliteration

Transliteration is a method that can not ignored in the course of translation of public signs. Not only must the translation of the proper terms (names and places etc.) be a transliteration, but also the translation of many words that can not find the exact corresponding word in the source language. Such as “logic” has been translated into “逻辑”. In one word, transliteration is a practice method to absorb foreign words.

(3) amplification

It is inevitable to add some words in the course of translation from one language to another language because of the disparity between the languages. For simplicity or conventionality, it is quite normal to omit some words, so translators have to add some words in order to translate accurately. For instance, “发展才是硬道理”, here “发展”can not be translated into “development” simply, but to translate as “Economic growth is most important”.

(4) not to translate

In fact, some public signs need not to be translate into English. Because some western slogan public signs are designed to call people up to act, while the counterparts in China are designed to inform people of the information. Westerners often feel uncomfortable when see this kind of slogan public signs in China, because they feel that someone are ordering them to do something. Moreover, some public signs is limited in the publicity of Chinese people, for instance “只生一个

好”, “军车免费”, “禁止在公园内大小便” and so on.

2．3．1 four methods of translation strategy of domestication

Domestication try to regard language as a tool of communication and make translation read like a mother tongue to minimize the cultural differences, Which is a reader-centered translation. There are several methods of the translation of public signs as following.

(1) free translation

The so-called free translation refers to a translation method of only retain the contents but not the form of the original work. during the translation. For instance, the slogan of

China International Travel Service “在家靠自己，出门靠国旅” has been translated into “At ho me you are your own boss. In China your Aladdin?S Lamp is CITS”. This translation take into full consideration of cultural difference.

(2) “borrow” from foreign public signs

There are many public signs in English-speaking countries, some of them can be used directly in China. For example, “请勿触摸Hands off”, “小心地滑Wet floor”, “不收门票Admission is Free”, “专用车位Authorized personnel only”, “数量有限,售完为止Subject to availability”, “老弱病残专座handicapped”.

(3) rewriting

Chinese tend to be magnificent while English straightforward and simple. In the translation of public signs should sometimes adopt the method of rewriting. For instance, “鼓山风景区，美化靠大家” are supposed to translated into “Environmental protection starts from you and me”. “走近世界地质公园．感受中国灵秀泰宁” translated into “Welcome to Taining World Geopark”.

(4) omission

Many of public signs in Chinese are concise slogan. If they are translated literally, the simplicity of the slogan will be undermined. In order to keep the simplicity of slogan, some contents that is not necessary for foreigners to know can be omitted. For example, “永葆先进性,建设新农村” can be translated into “Working together towards a New Socialist Countryside”. 3．公示语翻译中归化和异化现象actual use of foreignization and domestication in the course of translating public signs (from Chinese to English)

Walking in the streets we can see a dazzling variety of public signs, and its English translation can be described as dazzling, some of which make people can not but laugh. When we translate Chinese public signs into English, we should use the strategy of

domestication ,adhere to the language tradition of English readers. Translators are supposed to convey the contents of public signs in the way in which English-readers are accustomed to and make them have accoding action. If a translator use the strategy of foreignization, that is to say, convey the contents of Chinsee public signs in "Chinese way" and do not take foreigner's feeling into consideration ,the public signs can not function well, even worse, which may cause misunderstanding or danger to foreigners.

3．1 actual use of domestication in the translation of public signs (from Chinese to English) There comes several examples with explainations as following to have a general understanding of actual use of domestication in translation of public signs from Chinese to English.

Example 1

"欢迎再来！Welcome again!"

"欢迎再次乘坐12路公交welcome to ride Line 12 again!"

"欢迎收听我的新闻welcome wo listen to my news".

The Chinese word "欢迎" is often used in restaurants, hotels, public service places. We often follow Chinese habits of expression, then finding out the according English phrase “welcome to”to translate “欢迎”. There are no grammatical errors in the above translation, even no expression errors, but they are not correct expressions in English. The above public signs can be translated as following:

“欢迎再来! Please come again!”

“欢迎再次乘坐13路公交车! Thank you for riding Line 13 and we would be pleased to welcome you back aboard at any time!”

“欢迎收听我的新闻Thanks for tuning in”

Example 2

“有困难，找警察If you have trouble，ask for the policeman”

Almost every city has this public sign, most of them are translated literrally word to word, failing wo meet the English expression habit.So we can translate it as following:

“有困难, 找警察In case of trouble dial the police”

Example 3

“开车前五分钟停止检票check in stops 5 minutes before train departure”

This is a public sign in realway station. At the first glance there is no grammatical mistake in the translation. But when the phrase “check in”function as a noun ,it should be written as “chick-in”; Moreover “chick-in”is only used in airport but not in realway under normal circumstances. So we can translate it as following:

“开车前五分钟停止检票Gates close 5minutes before departure”

3．2 现行可行性公示语翻译中的异化现象actual use of domestication in translation of public signs (from Chinese to English)

When translating the public signs that contain the vocabulary of Chinese characteristics, translators can use the strategy of foreignization. And there are some successful precedents, for example, “柔道Judo”.

When there are unique things of Chinese chracteristics in the public signs, they can be translated into Hanyu Pinyin, maximing the reserves of the characteristics of traditional Chinese culture and national language style. For example, jiaozi(饺子), kungfu(功夫)，yin＆yang(阴阳)，kowtow(叩头)，qipao(旗袍)，mantou(馒头) can be used for cultural exchange in the form of Hanyu Pinyin. Introducing the oriental culture to the world through translation will be a meaningful work.

Domestication and foreignization are not only not incompatible, but should complment with each other. They are just two different strategies of translation, we should not bring them to extremes: domestication does not mean translators can make adaptations at will, while foreignization does not equal word-for-word translation or static translation. What we should do is to draw a balance between the two sides, choosing one does not negate the application of another. Even if the translator takes domestication as the dominating strategy in order for the translation to be easily understood by the receivers, he/she can also reserve the original images concerning specific culturally loaded expressions; on the other hand, even if the translation is to preserve the exoticism to import foreign cultures into the target language, changes must be made on certain points which appear quite unnatural or even unaccepted by the target readers and language. 4．several typical mistakes and some suggestions

4．1 several typical mistakes in the translation of public signs

This paper aims to summarize the common errors in translation of public signs. The translation of public signs of the common errors can be divided into the following four categories.

(1) spelling mistakes

This is the most common type of error. As long as people who has some basic knowledge of English are careful enough, this kind of mistake can be avoided. However, this kind of error is everywhere. For example, “Domestic Arrivas (Arrival) 国内到达（某国际机场）”, “Purking (Parking) Lot 停车场（成都蓝色加勒比广场）”, “General Snrgery (Surgery) （某大学校医院）”.

(2) grammatical mistakes

This type of error is largely due to translator capacity, often resulting in translation does not meet the English habits, and even unintelligible. For example, in some tourism attractions, “请勿游泳”and “请勿戏水”translated into “Don’t Swimming”and “Don’t Playing in the Water". Obviously, they are not correct. “No Swimming”and“Don’t Play in the Water”are more proper translations.

(3) verbal errors

A misnomer is also very common in the translation of public signs. This kind of error may not only bring foreigners the obstacle to understanding the public signs, even worse, it may cause their misunderstanding. For example, “某地民族公园”has been translated into “Racist Park”. Racist is often related to racial discrimination, so “National Park” is a more proper translation. “药房” sometimes is translated into “medicine store”, which is not proper. And it can be translated into “pharmacy”.

(4) cultural understandings

Any language is not only a tool of communication, but also a carrier of culture. According to culture background, Chinese tent to be implied and tactful, and do not want to say or do something directly, so such kind of public signs as “请勿吸烟”, “请主动为老弱病残让座” is every where. While westerners tend to be straightforward and strict in public signs, Such words of “don?t”, “must” frequently appear in their public signs. For example, translating the public sign of “爱护花木” into “Don?t pick flowers” is more proper than “Please cherish flowers and trees”.

4．2 some suggestions for reducing the errors in the translation of public signs Those mistakes in the translation of public signs not only bring inconvenience to foreigners, but also affect China?s international image negatively. Therefore, how to improve the translation of public signs from Chinese to English has become an urgent and serious issue. Some suggestions are made in this paper.

First, translations of public signs are vital to improve the overall quality of the city and to change the image of city. Relevant authorities are supposed to set up a special working group responsible for setting standards to make translations of public signs standardized and have rules to follow. Moreover the popularity of translations of public signs requires the active participation of the general public.

Second, Strengthening the supervision of Public Signs sign publication is helpful to decrease the number of mistakes in the translation of public signs. Public signs should be translated by experts according to relevant national standards to prevent the errors in the translation of public signs. In addition, the manufacturing staff of public signs should be trained systematically about the translation of public signs to avoid the spelling mistakes in public signs.

Third, currently, the work of translation of public signs is too randomly, and the professional team has not been set up. Many public signs have been translated by some people who do not

receive a professional training about translation of public signs, then putting into use without the validation and approval of authorities or experts. So translations of public signs are in need of professional team.

10-毕业论文正文范本

前言[前言另起一页，“前言”二字为三号黑体，居中，字间空2格；下空一行。 论文正文内容：小4号宋体行间距选固定值25磅（下同）两端对齐（下同）段首行缩进2格（下同）] 知识产权质押贷款是我国近年来发展起来的一种新型融资模式，它打破了传统的担保贷款模式，是一种符合科技型中小企业发展的融资模式，因此自它出现以来，便得到了许多关注。多年来，国内政府及金融机构在业务开展方面不断探索和实践，知识产权质押贷款取得了很大的进展，并形成了一些典型的模式。 一、知识产权质押贷款首现[标题：3号黑体，上下各空一行，两端对齐。（不使用自动生成格式）] （一）知识产权质押贷款[次标题：小4号宋体，行间距固定值25磅（下同），段首行缩进2格。（不使用自动生成格式）] 1、知识产权质押贷款的出现，给科技型中小企业的发展带来了曙光。 2006年10月31 日，我国首例科技型中小企业知识产权质押贷款在北京诞生。北京科瑞生物医药技术有限公司不是用厂房、土地作抵押物，而是凭借其蛋白多糖生物活性物质的发明专利权从交通银行北京分行成功获得了150万的贷款，由此打破了传统的 担保贷款模式，为科技型中小企业解决融资难问题提供了新的思路，新的途径。【论文正文内容：小4号宋体行间距选固定值25磅（下同）两端对齐（下同）段首行缩进2格（下同）】 二、知识产权质押贷款的概念 知识产权是指人们对于自己的智力成果和经营管理活动中的标记、信誉依法享有的权利。[1]【文章中的注释一律用宋体小四加粗右上标】知识产权质押贷款则是指以知识

产权作为担保物的质押方式，即以知识产权作为质押的标的物，向金融机构申请贷款，在债务人到期不履行还贷义务时，金融机构作为债权人有权将该知识产权以折价、拍卖或变卖方式转让而优先受偿的一种新型质押融资方式。 结论[“结论”二字为三号黑体，居中，字间空2格；上下各空一行。内容：小4号宋体，行间距固定值25磅（下同），段首行缩进2格] 知识产权质押贷款突破了传统实物质押模式，是适应科技型中小企业自身发展特点的融资形式。实践证明，这是缓解科技型中小企业融资难题的一种行之有效的融资形式。由于这些模式都有一些难以克服的基本问题未得到有效解决，各模式都存在这样或那样的局限性，导致知识产权质押贷款不能真正有效发挥它的作用。如何化解知识产权质押贷款中面临的风险，需要政府、金融机构、企业多方的不断探索与实践。 致谢[“结论”二字为三号黑体，居中，字间空2格；上下各空一行。内容：小4号宋体，行间距固定值25磅（下同），段首行缩进2格] 本文在选题及进行过程中得到老师的悉心指导。论文行文过程中，刘老师多次帮助我分析思路，开拓视角，对论文进行多次细致入微的修改，使本文得以顺利完成。 感谢所有论文答辩的评委老师，感谢各位老师不辞辛苦来参加我的答辩。

公共管理学院本科生毕业论文正文及附件规范实施细则

公共管理学院本科生毕业论文正文及附件规范实施细则 【规范提示】 （一）按照学校教务处和学院关于本科生毕业论文正文的有关规定，特制定《公共管理学院本科生毕业论文正文规范实施细则》，以供学生和指导教师参考。 （二）在运用本规范过程中，同学们可以根据具体内容，对部分行间距或字体等进行灵活调整，力求美观。 （三）用纸及打印规格：论文正本封面使用A3浅蓝皮纹纸，附件封面使用A3橙色皮纹纸，正文及附件的尺寸规格为A4(210X297mm)。页面设置：上边距和左距为2.5厘米，下边距和右边距为2厘米。 （四）各班班长于6月中旬到教学办统一领取毕业资料袋，资料袋封面由同学按规定内容填写，“材料项目”则统一内容与格式 编号材料项目件数 1 毕业论文 2 2 毕业论文附件 1 3 诚信承诺书 1 4 中期检查表 1 5 指导教师评审表 1 6 评阅教师评审表 2 7 答辩委员会诀议书 1 8 光盘 1 （五）论文正文打印2本，附件打印1本。论文正文与附件必须在6月20号以前装订完毕，并刻录成光盘，连同诚信承诺书、论文中期检查表一并放入档案袋中，并由同学分别交给各自论文指导教师，然后由老师亲自交到系办公室（班级不统一收）。第（四）项所提的指导教师评审表、评阅教师评审表与答辩委员会诀议书由各系教学秘书在收齐本专业学生毕业资料袋后统一装入。 注：上述所有表格均可以学校教务处网页“下载专区”中的“实践教学”栏目中下载。所有要求签字的地方均要求手写。 第一部分论文正文规范及示范 一、封面 本科生毕业论文的封面采用全校统一格式。 （一）中文题目 三号黑体（不加粗）。标题应该简短、明确、有概括性。标题字数要适当，主标题不宜超过20个字，如果有些细节必须放进标题，可以分成主标题和副标题。 （二）学生姓名、学号、学院、专业、年级 四号宋体。

毕业论文范文模板

毕业论文范文模板 届毕业生毕业论文 论新疆农村土地流转法律问题研究 学生姓名马某某学号 1234567890 所属学院经济与管理学院专业法学 班级法学10-2 指导教师徐某某 塔里木大学教务处制 目录 摘 要 ..................................................................... .......... 1 关键 词 ..................................................................... ........ 1 1.新疆农村土地流转概况及独特 性 ..................................................... 1 1.1新疆农村 土地流转概况 ........................................................... 1 1.2新疆土地流转的独特 性 ........................................................... 1 2.新疆农村土地流转法律制度及其不 足 ................................................. 2 2.1我国及新疆土 地流转制度相关立法 (2)

2.2新疆农村土地流转法律制度中存在的不 足 (3) ................... 4 3.新疆农村土地流转法律制度的完 善 ................................ 3.1立法上的完 善 (4) 3.2执法上的完 善 ................................................................... 5 .3司法监督上的完 善 ............................................................... 6 3 结 语 ..................................................................... .......... 6 致 谢 ..................................................................... .......... 6 参考文 献 ..................................................................... (6) 塔里木大学毕业论文 新疆农村土地流转法律问题研究 马某某 (塔里木大学经济与管理学院新疆阿拉尔市843300) 摘要:新疆土地流转过程中出现了农地流转程序不规范，没有专门的土地流转法，流转的市场化管理制度不完

论文正文格式及字体要求

摘要（中文）：（宋体五号） 摘要（宋体三号） ####################################################################### ########################（宋体小四） 关键词：######; #####; ######; ########（黑体小四） 摘要（英文）：(另起一页)（宋体五号） Abstract （三号） ######################################################################## #######################（宋体小四） Keywords: ###### ; ##### ; ###### ; ########（小四） 目录：(另起一页)（宋体五号） 目录（黑体三号） 第一章（黑体小四）……………………………………………………… 1（页码） ##### (1) 1.1.1 #####……….…………………………………………………………… 1.1.1.1 ####………………………….…………………………………………. 第二章 ##…………….…………………………………………………………. #####……………….……………………………………………………….. 2.1.1 #####…………………………….……………………………………… . 2.1.1.1 ####…………………………….……………………………….…… . 参考文献……………………………….………………………………………. . 附录…………………………….………………………………………………. . 谢辞…………………………….………………………………………………. . 正文：(另起一页) 第一章 ###（黑体三号） ##################################################################################### ##########（宋体五号） ###（宋体四号加粗）

1.1论文正文格式

本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2011 届 ) 题 目： 分 院: 电子信息分院 专 业: 信息管理与信息系统 班 级: 06信管本1 姓 名: 陈** 学 号: 06301023308 指导老师: 张** 完成时间: 2010年4月 中文黑体，英文和数字Times New Roman 、小二号、如果一行 水平居中排版，两行则左对齐， 垂直为顶端对齐，表格宽度不 能自行调整 中文宋体， 英文和数字 Times New Roman 、三 号、居中 专业名用全称 班级名用简称

摘要(黑体，五号，加粗，首行缩进2字符，段前0行，段后0行，行间距1.25倍)：近年来，我国在引进FDI的过程中，出现了中外合资企业数量扩张减缓，发生产权普支和独资历化的倾向。本文在概述相关的理信纸研究成果的基础上，分析了外国投资者通过对中外合资企业公司治理结构的设计、技术和品牌控制、合资企业数量控制以及销售区域控制等手段的共同使用，基本上能够实现在控制权不完整条件下对合资企业的实质性控制。作者认为，除资本产权与管理技能外，技术资源优势也是控制权的一个重要来源，并且可能架空资本产权权利。凡此种种，决定了外商独资企业将成为我国引进FDI 的主要形式。合资企业正在不可避免地融入国外跨国公司所建立的全球生产体系之中，这一趋势对我国现行的政策体系构成了严峻挑战。(中文宋体，英文和数字Times New Roman，五号) [注：字数不超过300个汉字] 关键词(黑体五号加粗，首行缩进2字符，段前段后0行，行间距1.25倍)：中外合资企业；非股权优势；实质性控制；独资化倾向(中文宋体，英文和数字Times New Roman,五号) 注： 页面设置上、下、左2.5，右2.0，封面不能有页码，页码居中，页码数字格式用“Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ…”，论文部分页码数字格式用“1，2，3…”，页码居中 页眉1.5cm，宋体，小五，居中 3–6个关键词，关键词之间用“；”

本科生毕业论文(设计)规范

本科生毕业论文（设计）规范 一、基本规范 （一）毕业论文（设计）文本结构规范及装订顺序： 1．毕业论文（设计）任务书 2．毕业论文（设计）题目、摘要、关键词（中英文） 3．毕业论文（设计）目录 4．毕业论文（设计）正文（理工类）： （1）选题背景； （2）方案论证； （3）过程（设计或实验）论述； （4）结果分析； （5）结论或总结。 注：文科及其他学科，可根据学科特点，参照上述结构制定统一的正文结构规范。 5．致谢 6．附录 7．参考文献 （二）内容要求 1．任务书、题目、摘要、关键词、目录等项内容由指导教师把关。 2．论文文本每页右下角必须有页码，目录中必须标明页码。 3．毕业论文（设计）正文： 正文内容层次结构序数为：一、二、三、……；（一）（二）（三）……；1.2.3.……；（1）（2）（3）……。 （1）选题背景：说明本设计课题的来源、目的、意义、应解决的主要问题及应达到的技术要求；简述本课题在国内外发展概况及存在的问题，本设计的指导思想。 （2）方案论证：说明设计原理并进行方案选择，阐明为什么要选择这个设计方案（包括各种方案的分析、比较）以及所采用方案的特点。 （3）过程（设计或实验）论述：指作者对自己研究工作的详细表述。要求

论理正确、论据确凿、逻辑性强、层次分明、表达确切。 （4）结果分析：对研究过程中所获得的主要数据、现象进行定性或定量分析，得出结论和推论。 （5）结论或总结：对整个研究工作进行归纳和综合，阐述本课题研究中尚存在的问题及进一步开展研究的见解和建议。 4．致谢：简述自己完成论文（设计）的体会，并对指导教师以及协助完成论文（设计）的有关人员表示谢意。 5．附录：包括与论文有关的图表、计算机程序、运行结果，主要设备、仪器仪表的性能指标和测试精度等。 6．参考文献：为了反映论文的科学依据和作者尊重他人研究成果的严肃态度以及向读者提出有关信息的出处，正文中应按顺序在引用参考文献处的文字右上角用［］标明，［］中序号应与“参考文献”中序号一致，正文之后则应刊出参考文献，并列出只限于作者亲自阅读过的发表在公开出版物上的最主要文献。 参考文献的著录，按著录/题名/出版事项顺序排列： 期刊——著者，题名，期刊名称，出版年，卷号（期号），起始页码。 书籍——著者，书名、版次（第一版不标注），出版地，出版者，出版年，起始页码。 7．文字要求：文字通顺，语言流畅，无错别字，采用计算机打印成文。 8．图纸要求：图面整洁，布局合理，线条粗细均匀，圆弧连接光滑，尺寸标注规范，文字注释必须使用工程字书写。提倡学生使用计算机绘图。 9．曲线图表要求：所有曲线、图表、线路图、流程图、程序框图、示意图等不准徒手画，必须按国家规定标准或工程要求采用计算机或手工绘制。 10．译文要求：内容必须与课题（或专业内容）有联系，并说明出处。 11．论文字数要求： 毕业论文（设计）字数文科0.8—1.2万（其中外语专业不少于3000个单词），理工科不少于1.5万字（含图表）；外文翻译不少于1.5万印刷符号、外文参考资料阅读量不少于10万印刷符号。文科各专业的文献综述必须单独写，其字数应在2千汉字以上，要求与译文相同。 12．毕业论文（设计说明书）用A4开纸打印，并使用学校统一制作的封面

英语专业毕业论文范文(仅供参考)_1

英语专业毕业论文范文（仅供参考） 英语专业毕业论文范文（仅供参考） Hester Prynne---Resurrection Abstract: The Scarlet Letter makes the American writer Nathaniel Hawthorne known all around the world. Hawthorne is a pious Christian, and is deeply influenced by the theology. He’s so much indulged in the religious doctrine that people can find the reflection of the God almost everywhere in his works. After reading The Scarlet Letter, one is mostly impressed by the spirit of The Bible the story depicted. The book chiefly discusses sin and how to atone for it. Hester Prynne is the heroine of the fiction. This paper researches her fate to illustrate the influence of The Bible to Hawthorne. Hester Prynne commits adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet letter “A” on her breast. At the beginning, she encounters all kinds of sufferings, both from the society and from her own soul. However, she realizes her sin and tries her best to atone for it. And she dose not choose to avoid her fault. Finally, through her endeavor, God forgives her. In short, sin and atoning for sin, that is the purpose of this paper. Keywords: The Scarlet Letter., Hester Prynne, The Bible, sin and atonement. 摘要：《红字》使美国作家纳撒尼尔霍桑誉满全球。霍桑是一个虔诚的基督徒，并深受神学的影响。他是如此沉迷于宗教的教义之中，人们几乎可以发现神在他的每部作品中无处不在。读完《红字》，给人印象最深的莫过于故事描绘的《圣经》的精神。该书主要讨论了关于罪与赎罪的问题。海丝特白兰是小说的女主人公。本文主要研究她的一生以说明《圣经》对霍桑的影响。海丝特白兰犯了通奸罪，并被迫在胸口上带一个大写的红色字母“A”。一开始，她遭遇了各种各样的磨难，既有来自社会的也有来自她自己精神上的。然而，她认识到了自己的罪行并尽最大努力去赎罪，并且她并没有选择逃避责罚。最后，通过她的努力，神原谅了她。简言之，本文的主要目的就是罪行以及赎罪。 关键字：《红字》，海丝特白兰，《圣经》,罪行以及赎罪。 Chapter One: Biography of Nathaniel Hawthorne With the publication of The Scarlet Letter in 1850, Nathaniel Hawthorne became one of the greatest writer at that time and built his reputation as a major American author. Since that time on, people began

论文正文主要引用格式

Chapter One Origins of Bronte Sisters’ Female Consciousness Every writer belongs to a specific period of history though his/her compositions may have a much longer standing, and hence the social conditions of his/her living time have an inevitable influence on him or her. The Bronte sisters are no exceptional, they were born in an age of reforms and the tremendous changes in Victorian time rooted in these reforms. 1.1 Victorian Background The Victorian Age in which they lived was featured with the cleavage between the wealthy and the poor. With the accomplishment of the industrialization and the development of capitalism in this era, the class antagonism between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie became acute and prominent. Even since the thirties of the 19th century, the struggle between the workers and capitalists became the contradiction in English social life. …… It is impossible to say when women begin to write fiction. Obviously, however, women are not supposed to pursue writing as the professional activity, as reviewed in Robert Southey’s letter to Charlotte Bronte “literature can not be the business of a women life, and it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure will she have for it, even as an accomplishment and recreation” (Beer, 1980: 330) . The Bronte sisters are insisting on their dream and career, paving a way for awakening of women. Among the major social development of the Victorian Age, the change of the women’s status should not be overlooked especially

毕业论文正文部分文本格式示范

摘 要：法律强制力是法律得以实施的保障之一。随着社会文明程 “命令——服从”向“服务——合作”转变。法律不再单纯以强烈的约束作用为依托，公安行政指导的广泛运用以及取得的成效便能很好地说明这一点。关键词：强制力；行政指导；有限性；协调作用；指导前置 Abstract : Compulsoriness is one of the characteristics of the law that guarantees its implementation. Improvement of the civilization of the society seen the government function switching from “ordering-obeying” to With the narrowing of the function scope of the law no longer simply relies on strong restraint, but more proportion on the roles of coordination and guidance, weakening compulsoriness of the law. In public security extensive use of administrative guidance and effect achieved are good of that point. In order to adjust social order and maintain social the main mission of public security is to obtain a correct words: compulsoriness ；administrative guidance ；in guiding the prearrangement 20世纪50的运用不是法律存在和法律实施的本质特征。那么，我国是否存在这种法律强制力弱化的现象，这种现象在公安工作中有什么指导意义呢？本文将以公安行政指导在治安方面的具体运用来分

毕业论文范文模板

以下黄色背景文字均为格式说明文字，调整完格式后应予 删除。本模板已经设置好页面格式，不得改动。其中页面设置参数为，A4纸张；页边距为上 2.5 厘米、下 2.5 厘米、左 2.5 厘米、右 2.5 厘米。 目录 目录居中，自动生成， 4 号宋体，双面打印 , 若不够双页则独立成页 一、当前新闻教育存在的几个矛盾 (3) （一）粗放式的发展规模与媒体对新闻院校毕业生需求日益减少的矛盾 . (3) （二）融媒体的媒介技术环境与传统的新闻传播专业教育分类的矛盾3二、当前新闻教育的调整 (4) （一）控制规模，准确定位，推进差异化的办学理念 (4) （二）调整专业分类和课程结构，应对融媒体的时代要求 (4) 三、开门办学，加强实践教学建设 (4) （一）实践教学是 ,, (4) （二）做好宏观上的规模控制和微观上的专业分类、课程设置 (5) 四、结语 (5) 参考文献 (5) 1

文章正文字体为 4 号宋体， 1.5 倍行间距，双面打印。 [ 摘要 ]（“摘要”应是对全文内容的准确、简明的概括，是对全文内 容的创新的浓缩， 200-300 字。以下为范例）近年来高速、大规模扩张的高校新闻教育，与媒体对新闻专业毕业生需求日益减少的矛盾越来越突出， 暴露出当前高校新闻人才培养的诸多问题。 [ 关键词 ] （关键词是反映论文最主要内容的术语，每篇论文一般可选3—6 个关键词，关键词之间应以分号隔开。以下为例文）新闻教育；发展规模；课程结构；实践教学 以下为正文，此处应空一行，删除此处黄色说明字体即可 进入 21 世纪以来，中国的新闻学教育进入了一个全新高潮期，同时也 不可否认，中国新闻学教育也进入了无法回避的危机期。在这场新闻教育 的危机中，高校教育的危机体现得也最为明显。高校的新闻学教育在整个 新闻学教育体系中占据着无可争议的主体性地位，①在新闻教育活动当中，能够承担设计和教学组织任务的最重要的主体无疑是新闻学专业的院系机 构，新闻专业教育目标的制定、整体教育内容的确定、不同教育方法的选 择以及整体教育程序的设计都取决于院系机构的决策。所以从某种意义上 说，新闻学教育的整体规范都要通过新闻院系的专业决策来实现。然而随 着新闻媒体的强劲发展，新闻学专业的教育机构却陷入了难以克服的矛盾 之中。而正是这些难以克服的诸多矛盾把高校新闻教育推向了整个新闻教 育危机的风口浪尖。 ①注释采用小五号宋体。注释是对论著正文中某一特定内容的进一步解释或补充说明,以及未公开发表的私人通信、内部资料、书稿和仅有中介文献信息的“转引自”等类文献的引用著录。参考文献序号用方括号标注( 如 [1] 、 [2] , ) , 一般集中列表于文末；而注释用数字加圆圈标注(如①、②,)，一般排印在该页底脚。 2

毕业论文正文部分格式规范

毕业论文正文部分格式规范摘要： 1.页眉：宋体5号，中间空1格，居中 2.大标题：黑体小3号，中间空1格，居中；段前30磅、段后30磅、行距固定值20磅 3.正文部分：宋体小4号；段前6磅，行距固定值20磅，首行缩进2字符 4.关键字：关键字前需空一行，顶格写；“关键字：”需加粗；宋体小4号；段前6磅，行距固定值20磅 5.页脚：罗马字符 ABSTRACT： 1.页眉：Times New Roman5号，居中 2.大标题：Times New Roman小3号，居中；段前30磅、段后30磅、行距固定值20磅 3.正文部分：Times New Roman小4号；段前6磅，行距固定值20磅，首行缩进1字符 4.key words：key words前需空一行，顶格写；“key words：”需加粗；Times New Roman 小4号；段前6磅，行距固定值20磅 5.页脚：罗马字符 目录： 1.页眉：宋体5号，中间空1格，居中 2.大标题：宋体小2号，中间空1格，居中；段前30磅、段后30磅、行距固定值20磅 3.目录部分：必须是自动生成且点击能进入对应章节；宋体小4号；行距固定值20磅；左右两端顶格；毕业设计需要有参考文献、致谢、附录（可选）、外文资料原文、翻译文稿，课程设计和项目制开发需要有参考文献、致谢、附录（可选） 4.页脚：罗马字符 正文： 1.页眉：宋体5号，居中；奇数页按照“第1章绪论”的形式书写章号和章题目，章号和章题目间需空一格；偶数页毕业设计的学生书写“电子科技大学成都学院本科毕业设计论文”、课程设计的学生书写“电子科技大学成都学院课程设计”、项目制开发的学生书写“电子科技大学成都学院项目制开发” 2.大标题：黑体小3号，居中；段前30磅、段后30磅、行距固定值20磅，章号和章题目间需空一格 3.一级节标题：黑体4号；段前18磅、段后18磅、行距固定值20磅 4.二级节标题：黑体小4号；段前12磅、段后12磅、行距固定值20磅

本科毕业论文正文

本科毕业论文正文

本科毕业论文正文

序言 微分中值定理，作为微分学中的重要定理，是微分学应用的理论基础，是微分学的核心理 论。微分中值定理，包括罗尔定理、拉格朗日 定理、柯西定理、泰勒定理。它们是沟通倒数 值与函数值的桥梁，是利用倒数的局部性质推 断函数的整体性质的工具。其中拉格朗日中值 定理是核心，从这些定理条件和结论可以看出 罗尔定理是其特殊情况，柯西定理和泰勒定理 是其推广。本文着重讨论的就是拉格朗日中值 定理的证明 人们对微分中值定理的研究，大约经历了两百多年的时间。从费马定理开始，经历了从 特殊到一般，从直观到抽象，从强条件到弱条 件的发展阶段。人们正式在这一过程中，逐渐 认识到微分中值定理的普遍性。 一、利用构造函数方法证明 (一)利用构造函数方法证明（小四号黑体） 微分中值定理的证明方法很多，一般来说都是通过构造辅助函数来完成的，但是如何构造辅助函数却是一个难点问题。下面针对构造辅助函数的方法分别从几何和分析角度加以分析。 1.分析法（五号黑体） 由于柯西、拉格朗日中值定理和罗尔中值定理之间存在着一般与特殊的关系，所以证明拉格朗日和柯西中值定理的方法可以利用罗尔中值定理来实现。下面就从分析的角度构造出辅助函数的若干方法。

（1）原函数构造法（五号宋体） 为了利用罗尔定理来推证，以从后向前推得思路，构造一个函数使它满足罗尔定理的第三个条件，同时又能从罗尔定理结论中推导出来拉格朗日中值定理的结论。 要从罗尔定理的结论 ()0='ξF 中推出拉格朗日定理的结论 ()()()a b a f b f f --='ξ， 显然只需要 ()()()()ξξF a b a f b f f '=---' 由于一次函数的倒数是常数，可以猜想出（或通过 两边积分）得到辅助函数应为 ()()()c x a b a f b f x f x F +--+=)( 其中c 为常数。由验证可知。它满足罗尔定理三个条 件。为计算方便起见，可取0=c 。 （2）参数变异法 目的仍然是构造一个函数)(x F 且满足 )()(b F a F =. 这时若令 )()()(B x k A x f x F ---= 其中A 和B 是任意实数，那么 )()()(B a k A a f a F ---= )()()(B b k A b f b F ---= 要使以上两式相等，只需 kb b f ka a f -=-)()(. 故仍然可设参数 a b a f b f k --=)()(

毕业论文全套

开题报告、文献综述、外文翻译、论文反抄袭软件、论文目录，就差论文正文了，其他都全了！！ 开题报告主要包括以下几个方面： （一）论文名称 论文名称就是课题的名字 第一，名称要准确、规范。准确就是论文的名称要把论文研究的问题是什么，研究的对象是什么交待清楚，论文的名称一定要和研究的内容相一致，不能太大，也不能太小，要准确地把你研究的对象、问题概括出来。 第二，名称要简洁，不能太长。不管是论文或者课题，名称都不能太长，能不要的字就尽量不要，一般不要超过20个字。 （二）论文研究的目的、意义 研究的目的、意义也就是为什么要研究、研究它有什么价值。这一般可以先从现实需要方面去论述，指出现实当中存在这个问题，需要去研究，去解决，本论文的研究有什么实际作用，然后，再写论文的理论和学术价值。这些都要写得具体一点，有针对性一点，不能漫无边际地空喊口号。主要内容包括：⑴研究的有关背景(课题的提出)：即根据什么、受什么启发而搞这项研究。⑵通过分析本地（校）的教育教学实际，指出为什么要研究该课题，研究的价值，要解决的问题。（三）本论文国内外研究的历史和现状（文献综述）。 规范些应该有，如果是小课题可以省略。一般包括：掌握其研究的广度、深度、已取得的成果；寻找有待进一步研究的问题，从而确定本课题研究的平台(起点)、

研究的特色或突破点。 （四）论文研究的指导思想 指导思想就是在宏观上应坚持什么方向，符合什么要求等，这个方向或要求可以是哲学、政治理论，也可以是政府的教育发展规划，也可以是有关研究问题的指导性意见等。 （五）论文写作的目标 论文写作的目标也就是课题最后要达到的具体目的,要解决哪些具体问题，也就是本论文研究要达到的预定目标：即本论文写作的目标定位，确定目标时要紧扣课题,用词要准确、精练、明了。 常见存在问题是：不写研究目标；目标扣题不紧；目标用词不准确；目标定得过高, 对预定的目标没有进行研究或无法进行研究。 确定论文写作目标时，一方面要考虑课题本身的要求，另一方面要考率实际的工作条件与工作水平。 （六）论文的基本内容 研究内容要更具体、明确。并且一个目标可能要通过几方面的研究内容来实现，他们不一定是一一对应的关系。大家在确定研究内容的时候，往往考虑的不是很具体，写出来的研究内容特别笼统、模糊，把写作的目的、意义当作研究内容。基本内容一般包括：⑴对论文名称的界说。应尽可能明确三点：研究的对象、研究的问题、研究的方法。⑵本论文写作有关的理论、名词、术语、概念的界说。（七）论文写作的方法

英语专业毕业论文范文1

关于论文结构和格式规范的有关问题，请认真阅读“外国语学院英语本科毕业论文撰写要求”，同时可查阅“MLA格式学位论文写作规范（供查询用）”。（建议：以本范文作为模板，把自己论文的相应部分复制后，以“选择性粘贴”—“无格式文本”的方式，粘贴到范文的相应位置，以保持与范文格式完全一致。） 论文单面打印1份，左侧装订（两个钉子）。（这些说明打印时删除） 请文学方向的参考范文2。 山东财经大学 本科毕业论文(设计) 范文1 题目：论转换法在英汉翻译中的应用 学院外国语学院 专业英语 班级英语0802（注意原山经、原山财班级名称不同） 姓名刘潇 指导教师李文涛 山东财经大学教务处制 二Ｏ一二年五月

山东财经大学学士学位论文原创性声明 本人郑重声明：所呈交的学位论文，是本人在导师的指导下进行研究工作所取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在论文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。本声明的法律结果由本人承担。 日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 学位论文作者签名： 年月日 山东财经大学关于论文使用授权的说明本人完全了解山东财经大学有关保留、使用学士学位论文的规定，即：学校有权保留、送交论文的复印件，允许论文被查阅，学校可以公布论文的全部或部分内容，可以采用影印或其他复制手段保存论文。日期填写定稿日期5月1日。教师学生都要手写签名 指导教师签名：论文作者签名： 年月日年月日

On Application of Conversion in English-Chinese Translation by Liu Xiao Under the Supervision of Li Wentao Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Arts School of Foreign Studies Shandong University of Finance and Economics May 2012

论文正文格式模板

对于不爱举手发言孩子的教学方法和技巧 [摘要]在进行教学活动时，我发现有的孩子总是举手发言，而有的孩子却是默默地坐在小椅子上从不举手回答问题。而在集体活动中的我也总是喜欢叫举手的孩子，而很少让不举手的孩子回答，但在这之后我发现无形中导致这些不举手的孩子对活动的兴趣越来越淡，注意力不集中。于是我分析了这些不爱举手孩子的原因。在上课的时候，为了活跃课堂气氛，同时也是为了检查孩子们的听课情况，我会经常提出一些问题，让同学们回答。面对这种情况，有些孩子能够积极主动地发言，有些孩子却畏手畏脚，不敢举手，即使偶尔举起手来，说起话来也是吞吞吐吐，说了上句忘了下句。这样就形成了"爱举手的孩子更加踊跃，不举手的孩子总是沉默"的两极格局。对于举手发言，不同的孩子会有不同的想法，需要具体分析孩子的心理。 [关键词]缺乏自信；举手发言；表达能力；鼓励

目 录 引 言 (1) 一、自助旅游特征.......................................................................................1 （一）自助旅游成长的动力机制.....................................................................1 （二）自助旅游与大众旅游的区别 (4) 二、大学生自助旅游需求分析 (4) （一）需求调查 (4) （二）调查结果 (4) （三）市场需求原因透视..............................................................................7 结 论...................................................................................................13 参考文献 (13) 3号黑体 居中 上、下各空一行 小4号黑体 顶格 小4号宋体 缩进二格 小4号黑体 顶格

南京工业大学本科生毕业设计(论文)撰写规范

南京工业大学本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范 (2006年修订) 南工校教[2006]28号 为了加强学生创新能力和工程实践能力的培养，提高本科生毕业设计（论文）的质量，使学生论文撰写更加规范化，对2003年制订的《南京工业大学本科生毕业设计（论文）撰写规范》予以修订。 一、毕业设计（论文）资料的组成、填写与装订 （一）毕业设计（论文）资料的组成 1.毕业设计（论文）任务书； 2.毕业设计（论文）开题报告； 3.毕业设计（论文）评语； 4.毕业设计（论文）答辩纪录； 5.毕业论文或毕业设计技术报告（包括：封面、中英文摘要、目录、正文、参考文献、附录(可选)、致谢(可选)等）； 6.毕业设计（论文）中期检查表； 7.外文资料及原文复印件； 8.工程图纸、程序及光盘等。 （二）毕业设计（论文）资料的填写 毕业设计（论文）按要求认真填写，字体要工整，版面要整洁，手写一律用黑或兰黑墨水。 （三）毕业设计（论文）资料的装订 毕业设计（论文）按统一顺序装订：封面、中外文摘要、目录、正文、参考文献、附录、致谢，装订成册后与任务书、开题报告、评语、答辩记录、进程记录、外文资料及原文复印件、工程图纸、程序及光盘等一起放入填写好的资料袋内上交学院。 二、毕业设计（论文）撰写的内容与要求 一份完整的毕业设计（论文）应由以下部分组成： 1.封面： 由学院统一格式（在继续教育学院网下载），按要求填写。 2.论文题目 论文题目应该用简短、明确的文字写成，通过标题把毕业设计（论文）的内容、专业特点概括出来。题目字数要适当，一般不宜超过20个字。如果有些细节必须放进标题，为避免冗长，可以设副标题，把细节放在副标题里。 3.摘要(中文在前，英文在后，样式见附录1、2） 摘要应反映论文的精华，概括地阐述课题研究的基本观点、主要研究内容、研究方法、取得的成果和结论。摘要字数要适当，中文摘要一般以300字左右，并有相应的英文摘要。

毕业论文正文

毕业论文正文文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

继续教育学院毕业论文 题目：汇率波动对外商直接投资影响分析：基于中日数据 教学形式：专升本 专业：金融管理 学号： 学生姓名： 指导教师：方霞 二○一六年八月 汇率波动对外商直接投资影响分析：基于中日数据摘要：汇率在国际金融市场和国际经济贸易交易中发挥着举足轻重的作用，它的波动对一国经济有着深刻的影响。本文首先对相关汇率与外商直接投资的文献研究做了一定的梳理，然后运用相关官方统计数据对近二十年间中日兑美元汇率及其获得外商直接投资等相关资料进行一定的整理，以此来分析汇率对外商直接投资的影响。分析得出：汇率的不确定性波动对东道国FDI的流入有负面的影响。另外，东道国货币的贬值可能会增加成本导向型的FDI流入，贬值亦可能会减少市场导向型FDI的流入。 关键词：汇率波动；外商直接投资；成本导向型FDI；市场导向型FDI 目录 1. 人民币兑美元汇率波动 (3) 2. 人民币汇率与FDI (4) 四、

（一）日元兑美元汇率波动 (6) （二）日元汇率与FDI (6) 一、引言 （一）研究背景与意义 汇率是不同货币之间的兑换比率，其制度的选择直接关系到一国经济的发展。自布雷顿森林体系崩溃以来，多数发达国家都开始逐步实行浮动汇率制，也越发关注其对FDI的影响。传统理论认为，国际直接投资是一种金融资产，而回报率是投资的动力源，认为多数人发展海外投资不会考虑汇率这一影响因素。而上述观点越来越遭到质疑，汇率的波动究竟是“促进”还是“阻碍”FDI呢一直以来都是争论的话题。故本从中日两国数据分析汇率波动对FDI的影响。 （二）本文主要研究内容 本文主要可以分为四个部分。其中第一部分是引言，大致地对汇率发展背景做了一个介绍；第二部分是文献综述，通过阅读大量汇率与FDI的相关文献从而进行梳理总计；第三部分是一个关于汇率与FDI的描述性分析，通过相关数据从而制得相关数据图，以此分析判断汇率与FDI的关系；第四部分是结论和建议，通过分析所得结论，并提出若干建议。 二、文献回顾 一般来说，汇率波动带来的影响主要涉及两个方面：汇率水平的波动及汇率波动的幅度，这两个方面对外商直接投资都会产生不同的影响，下面对关于这两方面的具体文献做一简单的阐述。 （一）汇率水平的波动与FDI 关于汇率的波动水平与FDI之间的关系，Blonigen（1997）、Xing（2002）和Klein&Rosengren（1994）等人的实证研究认为：当货币升值时，FDI流入量会下降；当货币贬值时，FDI的流入量会上升。即一国货币贬值，投资者所持本币相对价值将上升，意味着其可以以原先等同的资金购买到更多的东道国资产，这势必会促进对外FDI 的增加。 （二）汇率波动幅度与FDI 关于汇率波动幅度与FDI的关系，Amuendo-Dorantes&Pozo（2001）认为汇率波动越剧烈，外商直接投资面临的风险越大。故汇率波动幅度过大对风险回避型投资主体是不利的。但与上述研究结果不同，Campa（1993）采用Dixit（1989）的实物期权理论模