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文体学考试大题分析

文体学考试大题分析
文体学考试大题分析

一.期末考试分析题思路以及材料

The checklist of linguistic and stylistic categories:(看到文章,从这四个方面分析)

A: Lexical categories

B: Grammatical categories

C: Figures of speech

D. Cohesion and context

细则:A: Lexical categories:

.

Is the vocabulary simple or complex formal or colloquial descriptive or evaluative general or specific

How far does the writer make use of the emotive and other associations of words, as opposed to their referential meaning

Does the text contain idiomatic phrases, and if so, with what kind of dialect or register语域 are these idioms associated

Is there any use of rare or specialized vocabulary Are any particular morphological categories noteworthy . compound words, words with particular suffixes)

To what semantic fields. do words belong

The checklist of lexical categories and their stylistic functions:

1)NOUNS

abstract *(抽象)society/idea, or concrete(具体) house/cat

What kinds of abstract nouns occur

events: war/eruption,

perceptions: understanding/consciousness,

processes: development,

moral: virtue

social: responsibility,

qualities: bravery

What use is made of proper names Are there any collective nouns people/staff

2)Adjective

referring to what attribute

Physical: woolen

psychological :joyful

Visual: hilly square/snowy

Auditory: bubbling/sizzling

sensory: slippery/smooth

Color: dark/red

referential:big dog/white house

Emotive: exited/happy

Evaluative: good/fat/ bad/lazy

Gradable: young/tall/useful

or non-gradable: atomic/British

Attributive: an utter fool

or predicative he is ashore

Restrictive the exact answer

Intensifying the simple truth /

a complete victory/a slight effort

stative tall/long

or dynamic abusive/ambitious

3)Verbs

Are they stative cost/believe/remain, or dynamic walk/arrive

Do they refer to movements climb/jump/slide, physical acts spread/smell/taste/laugh,

or speech acts persuade/decline/beg, psychological states or activities think/feel/imagine/know/love. or perceptions see/hear/feel

Are they transitive shut the door, intransitive the door shuts, or linking be/sound/seem/taste/ smell

Are they factive know/regret/forget/remember or non-factive believe/assume/consider/suppose/ think/ imagine

4)Adverbs

5)What semantic functions do they perform

Manner anxiously/ carefully/ loudly/ willingly

place away/along/across/upstairs/elsewhere?

direction backwards/forward/up/down/in/out

time ago/already/finally/shortly/immediately

degree almost/completely/partly/deeply/much

Are there any significant use of sentence adverbs

1) adjuncts like happily, proudly, now, outside?

2) conjuncts like so, therefore, however

3) disjuncts like certainly, obviously, frankly

B: Grammatical categories

1. SENTENCE TYPES

Does the author use only statements (declarative sentences), or does he also use questions, commands, exclamations. or minor sentence types (such as sentences with no verb)

If these other types are used, what is their function

2.SENTENCE COMPLEXITY.

Do sentences on the whole have a simple or a complex structure

What is the average sentence length (in number of words)

What is the ratio of dependent to independent clauses

Does complexity vary strikingly from one sentence to another

Is complexity mainly due to (i) coordination, (ii) subordination, (iii) parataxis (juxtaposition of clauses or other equivalent structures)

In what parts of a sentence does complexity tend to occur

For instance, is there any notable occurrence of anticipatory structure . of complex subjects preceding the verbs, of dependent clauses preceding the subject of a main clause)

3 CLAUSE TYPES

What types of dependent clause are favored: relative clauses, adverbial clauses, different types of nominal clauses (that—clauses, wh—clauses, etc)

Are reduced or non-finite clauses commonly used, and if so, of what type are they (infinitive clauses, —ing clauses, —ed clauses, verbless clauses)

. STRUCTURE.

Is there anything significant about clause elements (eg frequency of objects, complements, adverbials; of transitive or intransitive verb constructions)

Are there any unusual orderings (initial adverbials, fronting of object or complement, etc)

Do special kinds of clause construction occur (Such as those with preparatory it or there)

5 NOUN PHRASES

Are they relatively simple or complex

Where does the complexity lie (in pre-modification by adjectives, nouns, etc, or in post-modification by prepositional phrases, relative clauses, etc)

Note occurrence of listings (eg sequences of adjectives), coordination, or apposition.

6. VERB PHRASES.

Are there any significant departures from the use of the simple past tense

For example, notice occurrences and the functions of the present tense; of the progressive aspect (eg was lying); of the perfective aspect (eg has/had appeared);modal auxiliaries (eg can, must, would).

7 OTHER PHRASE TYPES.

Is there anything to be said about other phrase types: prepositional phrases, adverb phrases adjective phrases

8 WORD CLASSES.

Having already considered major or lexical word classes, we may here consider minor word classes (‘function words’):

prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns, determiners, auxiliaries, interjections. Are particular words of these types used for particular effect (eg the definite or indefinite article; first person pronouns I, we, etc; demonstratives such as this and that; negative words such as not, nothing, no)

9 GENERAL.

Note here whether any general types of grammatical construction are used to special effect

. comparative or superlative constructions; coordinative or listing constructions; parenthetical. constructions; appended or interpolated structures such as occur in casual speech.

Do lists and co-ordinations . lists of nouns) tend to occur with two, three or more than three members

C: Figures of speech

Here we consider the incidence of features which are fore-grounded by virtue of departing in some way from general norms of communication by means of the language code;

for example, exploitation of regularities of formal patterning, or of deviations from the linguistic code. For identifying such features, the traditional figures of speech (schemes and tropes) are often useful categories.

1 GRAMMATICAL AND LEXICAL SCHEMES. (这一部分会和稍后说的第四部分略有重合)

Are there any cases of formal and structural repetition (anaphora, parallelism, etc) or of mirror—image patterns (chiasmus)

Is the rhetorical effect of these one of antithesis, reinforcement, climax, anticlimax, etc.

2 PHONOLOGICAL SCHEMES.

Are there any phonological patterns of rhyme, alliteration, assonance, etc

Are there any salient rhythmical patterns

Do vowel and consonant sounds pattern or cluster in particular ways

How do these phonological features interact with meaning

3 TROPES修辞.

Are there any obvious violations of, or departures from the linguistic code

For example, are there any neologisms (such as Americanly)

deviant lexical collocations (such as portentous怪异的 infants)

semantic, syntactic, phonological, or graphological deviations

Such deviations will often be the clue to special interpretations associated with traditional figures of speech such as metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, paradox, irony.

If such tropes occur, what kind of special interpretation is involved (eg metaphor can be classified as personifying, animizing, concretizing, synaesthetic, etc) D: Context and cohesion

Under COHESION衔接 ways in which one part of a text is linked to another are considered: for example, the ways in which sentences are connected.

This is the internal organization of the text.

Under CONTEXT we consider the external relations of a text or a part of a text, seeing it as a discourse presupposing a social relation between its participants (author and reader; character and character, etc), and a sharing by participants of knowledge and assumptions.

.

Does the text contain logical or other links between sentences (eg coordinating conjunctions, or linking adverbials)

Or does it tend to rely on implicit connections of meaning

What sort of use is made of cross—reference by pronouns (she, it, they, etc) by substitute forms (do, so, etc), or ellipsis

Alternatively, is any use made of elegant variation — the avoidance of repetition by the substitution of a descriptive phrase

(as, for example, ‘the old lawyer’ or ‘her uncle’ may substitute for the rep -etition of an earlier ‘Mr. Jones’)

Are meaning connections reinforced by repetition of words and phrases or by repeatedly using words from the same semantic field

.

Does the writer address the reader directly, or through the words or thoughts of some fictional character

What linguistic clues (first-person pronouns I, me, my, mine) are there of the addresser-addressee relationship

What attitude does the author imply towards his subject

If a character’s words or thoughts are represented, is this done by direct quotation: direct speech), or by some other method (eg indirect speech. free indirect speech) Are there significant changes of style according to who is supposedly speaking or thinking the words on the page

以下这篇是老师给的一个例子:(咱们可以当作模版来用,但如果题目不一样,照上面)

题目:From Joseph Conrad, The Secret Sharer

On my right hand there were lines of fishing stakes resembling a mysterious system of half-submerged bamboo fences, incomprehensible in its division of the domain of tropical fishes, and crazy of aspect as if abandoned for ever by some nomad tribe of fishermen now gone to the other end of the ocean; for there was no sign of human habitation as far as the eye could reach(1). To the left a group of barren islets, suggesting ruins of stone walls, towers, and blockhouses, had its foundations set in a blue sea that itself looked solid, so still and stable did it lie below my feet; even the track of light from the westering, sun shone smoothly, without that animated glitter which tells of an imper-ceptible ripple(2). And when I turned my head to take a parting glance at the tug which had just left us anchored outside the bar, I saw the straight line of the flat shore joined to the stable sea, edge to edge, with a perfect and unmarked closeness, in one leveled floor half brown, half blue under the enormous dome of the sky(3). Corresponding in their insignificance to the islets of the sea, two small clumps of trees, one on each side of the only fault in the impeccable joint, marked the mouth of the river Meinam we had just left on the first preparatory stage of our homeward journey; and, far back on the inland level, a larger and loftier mass, the grove surrounding the great Paknam pagoda, was the only thing on which the eye could rest from the vain task of exploring the monotonous sweep of the horizon(4). Here and there gleams as of a few scattered pieces of silver marked the windings of the great river; and on the nearest of them, just within the bar, the tug steaming right into the land became lost to my sight, hull and funnel and masts, as though the impassive earth had swallowed her up without an effort, without a tremor(5). My eye followed the light cloud of her smoke, now here, now there, above the plain, according to the devious curves of the stream, but always fainter and farther away, till I lost it at last behind the miter-shaped

hill of the great pagodas(6). And then I was left alone. with my ship, anchored at the head of the Gulf of Siam.

Analysis: features

nouns

1)almost half the concrete nouns refer to things which divide the field of vision into geographical areas: domain, ocean, islets, sea, shore, sky, river, earth and so on.

2)abstract lovative nouns, indicating geometrical features: lines, division, end, track, head, line, edge, joint and so on.

All these nouns refer to objects of vision.

General:an account of the relation between the visual world and its observer, who tries to comprehend and interpret it.

the word "eye" is used repetedly in abstract nouns implying perception (aspect, sign, glitter, ripple, glance)

and verbs like see, mark and look

Therefore, the passage is not only with objects of perception, but with the process of perceiving them.

The writer avoids using verbs with a human agent, the "eye" instead as if had a will of its own. This evokes the feeling that the narrator is detached and powerless in the face of this immensity.

The adjectives express strangeness or lack of definition, like half-submerged, mysterious, incomprehensible, unmarked.

These all suggest a congruity between the eye which things are "imperceptible" and the mind to which things are "incomprehensible".

2.Grammatical features

Sentence length:in words: 66-59-6

Only after we have felt the isolation of the speaker in all its details and have

seen the last vestige of human life disappear over the horizon, that we can understand the force of the simple statement.

Sentence structure imitates the movement from the observer's eye towards the distance.

Sentences tend to end in a evocation of vastness and remoteness, as the eye reaches its limit of vision.

Prepositions:Unusually large number of prepositions (9), particularly those of place and direction.

The role of "of" is to relate two noun expressions together, and the former always an abstract noun and collecve noun,"a group of barren islets","two small clumps of trees".

This suggests that perception and cognition go hand in hand.

of speech:Simile,metaphor

and context:No conspicuous use of logical and referential sentences begin with a reference to the first-person narrator. In the final sentence attention is abruptly brought back from the remote horizon to the observer himself.

二.其它题使用材料

(1)修辞手法有以下10种:

1. Simile 明喻

1). as…..as

as white as a sheet /snow; as bold/brave as a lion

as cool as a cucumber; as free as a bird

as hungry as a hunter/hawk/bear/wolf

as happy as a prince

Jim looks like his brother Bill. (not simile)

Jim and Bill are as alike as two peas in a pod. (simile)

As innocent as a baby; as light as a feather

As poor as a church mouse; as stubborn as a mule

As quick as a lightning/a flash

Hurry up! You walk as slow a snail.

2). Like/as

My heart is like a singing bird

whose nest is in a watered shoot.

我的心像只鸣啼的小鸟

在柔润的技条上筑着巢

Wit without learning is like a tree without fruit.

有天资而无学识,好比树木不结果实。

Her happiness vanished like the morning dew.

I wandered lonely as a cloud.

Beauty is as summer fruits, which are easy to corrupt and cannot last.

3). As if (as though)

It rained as if the flood-gates of Heaven were opened, and it lighted awfully. He was a beautiful horse that looked as though he had come out of a painting by Velasquez.

4). Liken…to…

Doctors usually liken the heart to a pump.

Life has often been likened to a journey.

5). Compare…to…

Shakespeare compared the world to a stage.

Life is poetically compared to the morning dew

6). The way (in which)

I should smell it the way a cat smells a mouse.

7). Might as well…as

You might as well throw your money into the ditch as give it to him.

8). A is to B what C is to D

Wit and humor are to conversation what salt is to food. (What salt is to food, that wit and humor are to conversation.)

What lungs are to the body, what parks are to the city.

9) No more… than

He had no more idea of money than a cow.

10). A and B

Love and cough cannot be hid.

A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled.

Fish and visitors stink in three days.

Truth and roses have thorns about them.

Old friends and old wine are best.

11). to eat like a horse—狼吞虎咽

to drink like a fish—牛饮

like a drowned rat—像落汤鸡一样

like a peacock among sparrows—鹤立鸡群

like a hen on a hot girdle—像热锅上的蚂蚁

as drunk as a rat—烂醉如泥

as merry as a cricket—快乐得像百灵鸟

as poor as a church mouse—一贫如洗

as thin as a lath—骨瘦如柴

as close as an oyster—守口如瓶

as stupid as a goose—愚蠢如猪

12).verbs and verbal phrases

crawl like a snail; drink like a fish

run like a hare; speak like a book

sleep like a top/log

They spent money like water.

He is pitiless as steel, cold as frost.

When in a fury, she is more savage than a tigress.

Her face resembled a silver moon.

She is as thin as a rake

2.Metaphor 暗喻:

1). 喻体直陈式

A book that is shut is but a block.

College is a comma of a sentence of life.

Age is my alarm o'clock.

A carpet of green grass cornered the slopes of the mountain.

She was an angel of my life.

2). 喻体半隐式

We bubbled over with questions.

The corridor was flooded with boys and girls.

Don't monkey with the TV set.

He doesn't have an idea of his own. He just parrots what other people say.

A heavy silence blanketed the room.

They stormed the speaker with questions.

3). 喻体全隐式

Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed and some few to be chewed and digested.

His present hunger awoke and gnawed at him.

Also he had money in his pocket, and as in the old days when a pay day, he made the money fly.

4) Idioms:Teach a fish to swim—班门弄斧 feather one's nest—中饱私囊

beard the lion in his den—虎口拔牙 add insult to injury—雪上加霜

cast pearl before swine—对牛弹琴 hold the candle to the devil—助纣为虐

cry up wine and sell vinegar—挂羊头,卖狗肉 fish in the air—水中捞月

lock the stable door after the horse is stolen 亡羊补牢

kill two birds with one stone—一箭双雕 set a fox to keep one's geese—引狼入室

let sleeping dogs lie—不要打草惊蛇 kick against pricks—以卵击石

hold the wolf by the ears/take the bull by the horns—骑虎难下

a flash in the pan—昙花一现

sit on two chairs/stand between two boats/ride two horses at the same time -脚踩两只船

3. Personification拟人:Flowers peeped out from among the leaves.

The buffalo comes down to the bank and subsides with a groan of satisfaction into the mud.

I watched the moonlight dancing on the ripples of the lake.

The fields breathes sweet, the daisies kiss our feet.

All day long the sea sobbed with sorrow

借代换喻:1). A container for its content

The kettle is boiling.

After her husband left her, Wendy took to the bottle.

Mrs. Reed was so hospitable that she entertained her guests with a good table from time to time.

This film star has a large wardrobe.

Sorry, my pocket can't afford such a pair of shoes.

2). A place for the people

The minute Presley took the stage, the museum hall burst into cheers.

普雷斯利一登台,整个音乐厅爆发出一片欢呼声。

The whole town attended the funeral.

If the grave were perceivable, it would be weeping in grief.

3). A location for the institution or organization

Downing Street—the British cabinet, the British government

Fleet Street—the British press

the White House—the US government

Kremlin—government of the former Soviet Union

4). An instrument for its user

The pen is mightier than the sword.

The surgeon convinced her that she could only be saved by a timely scalpel.

He believed that the gun was not so much as the plough.

5. Synecdoche提喻法:1). A part for the whole

Many hands make light work.

This famous port used to be a harbour which was crowded with masts.

During my stay in Rwanda, when I came across the hungry mouths, big or small, I felt quite sympathetic and helpless as well.

Walls have ears.

Grey hair is taken good care of.

Uncle Sam山姆大叔

—the United States of America

John Bull约翰牛—England; English people

His ruddy countenance and stout figure made him look a genuine John Bull.

2). The whole for the part

China beat South Korea 3 to 1 at badminton, Kuala Lumpur.

The TV is out of order.

Then he cut me and took the appendix and stitched me up again.

3). Material for the thing made

Nowadays more and more people have a liking for cotton.

At dinner, I would have some grape.

6. Euphemism委婉

1). Euphemisms for "die”

He is gone. He is no more. Pass away.

close one’s life, be departed from us.

Breathed one’s last, fell a sleep, closed one’s eyes. Went to his last home. Paid the debt of nature

Joined his ancestors, took his last sleep, be finished. Went out like the snuff of a candle.

2). Euphemism for “drunk”.

He is in his cups. He is merry. He is smelling of the cork. He had a drop too much. He is glorious.

He is reeling摇摆,蹒跚.

3) All music is alike to him. 不懂

Success is yet for to seek.远没成功

4). 使用带否定前缀或后缀的反义词

foolish—unwise

false—untruthful

rude—impolite

blind—sightless

bald—hair disadvantaged

5).通过简写省掉某些音节

cancer—Ca, big C

lavatory厕所—lav

call girl—C-girl

garbage man—G-man

queer—Q(男同行恋)

drunk and disorderly (酒后滋事)—D & D

Fat: plump, stout, mighty, chubby, heavyset, heavyside, outsize, full-figure 7. Irony:This hard-working boy seldom reads more than an hour per week.

If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, don't listen…They're probably Trying to trick you into living.

Robbing a widow of her savings is really a noble act.

Epithet 移就:shifting a modifier from the animate to the inanimate, as in the phrases "cheerful money," "sleepless night," and "suicidal sky."

The girl maintained a silent hostility and avoided looking at me.

His coward lips died from their colour fly.

She watched him in trembling silence.

She tossed on her sleepless bed all last night.

and understatement:In the dock, she found scores of arrows piercing her chest.站在被告席上,她感到万箭穿心。

His anger nearly burst his belly. 他气得肚子简直炸裂了。

Everybody was clapping their hands off.每人都把手掌拍掉了。

矛盾修辞法:

1). adj. + n.

living death, hating love, a vanquished victor, a cheerful pessimist ,

lever fool, cruel kindness, delicious pain, beautiful tyrant, honorable villain.

2). adj. + adj. + n.

a cool warm embrace, an honest unscrupulous merchant, a stormy tranquil night 三.Linguistic Variation

Language varies according to users and uses

? User-related variation: dialect (region),

sociolect (social group)

? Use-related (or functional) variation:

register; languages for special purposes

(LSP), ., language of science

Key words:

1. register (field, tenor and mode):Register: "a variety of language distinguished according to use." (Halliday) .It consists of various situational features ---- especially those related to field,tenor and mode.”(Halliday)。Subset of language as defined by purpose and setting

2. Genre:All of these can determine or be defined, to greater or lesser extent, in terms of

Vocabulary

Syntax

Phonology

Morphology

Pragmatics

Paralinguistic features

(Non-linguistic correlates)

Tenor relates to degree of formality:

Formality

Appropriateness of more or less formal phonology, lexis, syntax

Intimacy

Use of private, shared meanings

Including intonation, syntax, pragmatic and paralinguistic elements

Impression

Speaker’s/writer’s intention to portray themselves in a certain way: speaker can

control what they say/write

Less control over how audience interpret this

Non-linguistic elements particularly relate to tenor

Dress code, stance, gestures, …

3. text type

4. Style

四.I. Sentence Types

1. Long and short sentences

2. Branching Sentences

1) Right-branching or Loose sentences

2) Left-branching or periodic sentences

3) Mid-branching:Mid-branch, as the name implies, is to have major parts of a main clause (main assertion) separated (cleft) by the insertion of supportive or qualifying information

4) Multi-branching

II. Syntactic Schemes of Balance

1.Parallelism

2.Repetition:1) to intensify the utterance. 2) Repetition may also stress monotony of action, suggest fatigue, despair, hopelessness or doom:

(首语重复法)

3.Epiphora

五.诗歌类题答法:

1. What is the literal sense of the poem

Can it be broken down into sentences

What is the meaning of each sentence

How could the poem be paraphrased: restated in prose form

In what ways is the poem different from a prose paraphrase

2. What is the diction of the poem

What sort of language does the poem use: formal or colloquial, abstract or concrete, vivid or vague, obsolete words, slang

Does it create vivid expressions or innovative ideas by manipulating syntax (word order), semantics (word meaning), structure, effects or associations of normal language

Do any words have other connotations: associations beyond the standard denotation, or definition

Is the etymology (the history of a word's meaning) of any word important to the meaning of the poem

3. What is the tone of the poem

What sort of attitude, mood or emotion does it convey

Is it happy, sad, humorous, angry, nostalgic, serious, frivolous, sarcastic, ecstatic, grotesque

Is there irony: a discrepancy between what is stated and what is meant, conveyed through a tone of voice or contradiction between words and the matter at hand 4. What is the rhetorical situation implied by the poem

Who is speaking to whom on what occasion for what purpose

What is the speaker's relationship to you, the reader Are you being spoken to directly Are you being ignored Are you overhearing the speaker

5. Does the poem use figurative language

Does it contain simile: the comparison of one thing with something else using "like" or "as"

Does it use metaphor: a comparison made by direct association, through substitution of one thing or idea for another

Does it use personification: attributing human qualities to an inanimate object or an abstract concept

分析工考试题

分析工考试题库(1) 一、填空: 1.计量检定必须执行(计量检定)规程。 2.计量器具的计量检定分为(强制检定)和(非强制检定)。 3.气体试样取样前必须用(被测气体)多次置换(取样器)。 4.天平、滴定管等计量仪器,使用前必须经过(计量鉴定)后才能使用。 5.试验中误差的种类有(系统误差)、(随机误差)和(过失误差)。 6.减少随机误差的方法有(增加测定次数)。 7.抽样必须遵循的通则是(真实可靠)、(随机抽样),而且要具有一定的数 量。 8.常压下采取气体试样,通常用改变(封闭液液面)位置的方法引入气体 试样。 9.采取气体试样时,常用的封闭液是(氯化钠)和(硫酸钠)的酸性溶液。 10.液体物料比较均匀,对于静止液体应在(不同部位)采取,流动液体应 在(不同时间)采取。 11.“物质的量”的单位为(摩尔),符号为(mol)。 12.在分析工作中,不准使用(过期的)、(无标志的)或标志不清的试剂或 溶液。 13.做动火分析时,现场氧含量应在(18%-22%)范围内,超过(21%)时不 准动火。 14.氢气钢瓶瓶体是(深绿色),氮气钢瓶瓶体是(黑色)。 15.采样的基本原则是使采得的样品具有充分的(代表性)。

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