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西电软院印三复习题4

西电软院印三复习题4
西电软院印三复习题4

Chapter 4: Project Integration Management

TRUE/FALSE

1. In project integration management, directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the

project management plan by performing the activities included in it.

ANS: T

Directing and managing project work involves carrying out the project management plan by

performing the activities included in it. The outputs of this process are deliverables, work performance information, change requests, project management plan updates, and project documents updates.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.140

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension

2. Interface management involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various

elements of a project.

ANS: F

Interface management nvolves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various

elements of a project.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.142

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension

3. The number of interfaces in a single project is limited, and does not depend on the number of people

involved in the project.

ANS: F

Project integration management includes interface management, which involves identifying

and managing the points of interaction between various elements of a project. The number of

interfaces can increase exponentially as the number of people involved in a project increases.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.142

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension

4. Project integration management must occur just within the context of a particular project.

ANS: F

Project integration management must occur within the context of the entire organization, not just

within a particular project.The project manager must integrate the work of the project with the ongoing operations of the organization.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.142

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. A SWOT analysis, being a linear process, cannot be performed using the nonlinear mind mapping

technique.

ANS: F

Some people like to perform a SWOT analysis by using mind mapping, a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.144

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Analytic

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

6. An organization’s information technology project selection process should guide the strategic plan.

ANS: F

Aligning IT projects with business strategy is consistently a top concern for CIOs. Most organizations face thousands of problems and opportunities for improvement. Therefore, an organization’s strategic plan should guide the IT project selection process.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.146

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

7. Information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

ANS: T

Many information systems are classified as “strategic” because they directly s upport key business strategies. For example, information systems can help an organization support a strategy of being a low-cost producer.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.147

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

8. Projects that address broad organizational needs are likely to fail.

ANS: F

Projects that address broad organizational needs are much more likely to be successful because they will be important to the organization.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.148

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 9. As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to

determine if the project should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

ANS: T

As projects progress, the organization must reevaluate the need, funding, and will for each project to determine if it should be continued, redefined, or terminated.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.148

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 10. Opportunities and directives are essentially the same thing.

ANS: F

Opportunities are chances to improve the organization.Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 11. Projects that arise as a result of problems and directives must be resolved quickly to avoid hurting an

organization’s business.

ANS: T

It is often easier to get approval and funding for projects that address problems or directives because the organization must respond to these categories to avoid hurting their business.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2` NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 12. The organization should complete low-priority projects before high-priority ones, if the low-priority

ones take less time.

ANS: F

Organizations can also categorize IT projects as having high, medium, or low priority based on the current business environment. An organization should always complete high-priority projects first, even if a low- or medium-priority project could be finished in less time.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 13. An organization should consider only projects with a negative NPV if financial value is a key criterion

for project selection.

ANS: F

An organization should consider only projects with a positive NPV if financial value is a key criterion for project selection.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 14. NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects.

ANS: T

NPV analysis is a method for making equal comparisons between cash flows for multi-year projects.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

15. An annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

ANS: T

The annual discount factor is a multiplier for each year based on the discount rate and year.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.152

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

16. The ROI is always positive.

ANS: F

The ROI is always a percentage. It can be positive or negative.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.152

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

17. Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup, in the form of net cash inflows, the total

dollars invested in a project.

ANS: T

Payback analysis is another important financial tool when selecting projects. Payback period is the amount of time it will take to recoup the total dollars invested in a project, in terms of net cash inflows.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.153

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

18. A project charter typically does not authorize the project manager to use organizational resources to

complete the project.

ANS: F

A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides

direction on the project’s objectives and management. It authorizes the project manager to use

organizational resources to complete the project.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.157

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

19. Some organizations initiate projects using a contract in place of a project charter.

ANS: T

Instead of project charters, some organizations initiate projects using a simple letter of agreement, while others use much longer documents or formal contracts.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.157-158

OBJ: LO: 4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

20. The introduction or overview of a project must only include a list of definitions and acronyms.

ANS: F

The introduction or overview of the project should include the following information: the project name;

a brief description of the project and the need it addresses; the sponsor’s name; the names of the

project manager and key team members; deliverables of the project; a list of important reference

materials; and a list of definitions and acronyms.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.161-162

OBJ: LO: 4-5 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

21. A Gantt chart is the same as a project management plan.

ANS: F

The project management plan is much more than a Gantt chart.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.164

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 22. It is necessary that IT project managers have prior technical experience in creating and managing IT

products.

ANS: F

It is often helpful for IT project managers to have prior technical experience or at least a working

knowledge of IT products.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.167

OBJ: LO:4-5 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Directing And Managing Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 23. Corrective actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks, while

preventive actions should result in improvements in project performance.

ANS: F

Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance. Preventive actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.171

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 24. Change requests are always made in writing.

ANS: T

Change requests are common on projects and occur in many different forms. They can be oral or

written, formal or informal.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.171

OBJ: LO:4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 25. Organizational process asset updates are an important output of the closing process of a project.

ANS: T

The project team should provide a list of project documentation, project closure documents, and

historical information produced by the project in a useful format. This information is considered a process asset.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.175

OBJ: LO:4-8 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology TOP: Closing Projects Or Phases KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. _____ involves working with stakeholders to create the document that formally authorizes a project.

a. Developing the project charter

b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement

c. Developing the project management plan

d. Performing integrated change control

ANS: A

Developing the project charter involves working with stakeholders to create the document that

formally authorizes a project —the charter.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.140

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

2. _____ involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a consistent, coherent document.

a. Developing the project charter

b. Developing the preliminary project scope statement

c. Developing the project management plan

d. Developing the organizational process assets updates

ANS: C

Developing the project management plan involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a

consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.140

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

3. The outputs of the _____ process include change request status updates, project management plan

updates, and project document updates.

a. initiating

b. planning

c. executing

d. monitoring and controlling

ANS: D

The outputs of the monitoring and controlling process include change request status updates, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.141

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

4. The first step in the planning process is _____.

a. to tie the information technology strategic

plan to the organization’s overall strategic plan c. to start defining potential IT projects in

terms of their scope, benefits, and

constraints

b. to perform a business area analysis d. to choose which projects to do and

assigning resources to work on them ANS: A

The first step in the planning process, starting at the top of the hierarchy, is to tie the IT strategic plan to the organization’s overall strategic plan.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.145

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. The _____ stage of information technology planning outlines business processes that are central to

achieving strategic goals and helps determine which ones could most benefit from information

technology.

a. project planning

b. business area analysis

c. resource allocation

d. information technology strategy planning

ANS: B

The business area analysis outlines business processes that are central to achieving strategic goals and helps determine which processes could most benefit from IT.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.145

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

6. In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope,

benefits, and constraints.

a. project planning

b. business area analysis

c. resource allocation

d. information technology strategy planning

ANS: A

In the project planning stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations define project scope, benefits, and constraints.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.146

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

7. In the _____ stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information

technology projects.

a. project planning

b. business area analysis

c. resource allocation

d. information technology strategy planning

ANS: C

In the resource allocation stage of selecting information technology projects, organizations select information technology projects.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.146

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

8. _____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

a. Opportunities c. Problems

b. Charters d. Directives

ANS: D

Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

9. _____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by

discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

a. Cost of capital c. Cash flow

b. Net present value d. Payback

ANS: B

Net present value (NPV) analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.149-150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

10. Benefits minus costs is known as the _____.

a. cost of capital c. discount factor

b. cash flow d. opportunity cost of capital

ANS: B

Cash flow is the benefits minus costs or income minus expenses.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p. 150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

11. The first step in determining the NPV is to _____.

a. determine the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it

produces

b. determine the discount rate

c. calculate the net present value

d. determine the cash flow

ANS: A

The first step in determining the NPV is to calculate the estimated costs and benefits for the life of the project and the products it creates.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.151

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

12. Which of the following is true of return on investment or ROI?

a. It is always a percentage. c. It is the result of adding the project costs

to the profits.

b. It is always a positive number. d. The lower it is, the better.

ANS: A

The ROI is always a percentage. It can be positive or negative.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.152

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension

13. The _____ is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment.

a. capitalization rate c. discount rate

b. internal rate of return d. required rate of return

ANS: D

The required rate of return is the minimum acceptable rate of return on an investment.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.153

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 14. Payback occurs when:

a. the net cumulative benefits minus costs

equal one. c. the net costs are lower than the cumulative

benefits.

b. the net cumulative benefits equal the net

cumulative costs. d. the cumulative benefits are double the

cumulative costs.

ANS: B

Payback occurs when the net cumulative benefits equal the net cumulative costs, or when the net

cumulative benefits minus costs equal zero.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.153

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

15. A project’s internal rate of return can be determined by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of

_____ for the project.

a. zero c. a hundred percent

b. one d. fifty percent

ANS: A

You can determine a project’s internal rate of return (IRR) by finding what discount rate results in an NPV of zero for the project.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.153

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

16. In a weighted scoring model, the sum of the weights of all the criteria must total _____ percent.

a. 10 c. 100

b. 50 d. 150

In a weighted scoring model, a weight is assigned to each criterion based on its importance to the project. Determining weights requires consultation and final agreement. You can assign weights based on percentages; the weights of the criteria must total 100 percent.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.155

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

17. A _____ is a document that recognizes the existence of a project and provides direction on the

project’s objectives and management.

a. stakeholder register c. directive

b. risk register d. project charter

ANS: D

A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides

direction on the project’s objectives and management.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.157

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

18. The business case includes information on _____.

a. the business need for the project c. the project objective, high-level

requirements, and time and cost goals

b. relevant government or industry standards d. policies, procedures, guidelines, and

systems that influence a project’s success ANS: C

Many projects require a business case to justify their investment. Information in the business case, such as the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals, is included in the

project charter.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.158

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

19. Which of the following are organizational process assets?

a. Management systems c. Government standards

b. The organization’s infrastructure d. Marketplace conditions

ANS: A

Organizational process assets include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems, financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical

information that can influence a project’s success.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.158

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 20. A _____ is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help guide a project’s

execution and control.

a. project management plan c. scope statement

b. statement of work d. business case

A project management plan is a document used to coordinate all project planning documents and help

guide a project’s execution and control.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.161

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

21. The _____ section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and

identify those individuals who are in charge of them.

a. organizational charts

b. other organizational or process-related information

c. project responsibilities

d. management objectives

ANS: C

This section of the project plan should describe the major project functions and activities and identify the people responsible for them. A responsibility assignment matrix is often used to display this

information.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.162

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

22. The _____ section of the project management plan describes how to monitor project progress and

handle changes.

a. management objectives c. risk management

b. project controls d. technical processes

ANS: B

The project controls section describes how to monitor project progress and handle changes. Will there be monthly status reviews and quarterly progress reviews? Will there be specific forms or charts to monitor progress?

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.163

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

23. The project schedule information section of the project management plan includes ____.

a. a detailed budget c. an elaborate timetable

b. a list of key deliverables d. a directory of staff involved in the project

ANS: C

The project schedule information section should include a detailed schedule that provides more

detailed information about the project schedule. It should reference the schedule management plan and discuss dependencies among project activities that could affect the project schedule.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.164

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

24. The _____ section of the project management plan describes specific methodologies a project might

use and explains how to document information.

a. management objectives c. risk management

b. project controls d. technical processes

ANS: D

The technical processes section describes specific methodologies a project might use and explains how to document information.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.163

OBJ: LO:4-4 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Management Plan KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

25. The majority of time on a project is usually spent on _____, as is most of the project’s budget.

a. execution c. closing

b. planning d. monitoring and controlling

ANS: A

The majority of time on a project is usually spent on execution, as is most of the project’s budget.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.166

OBJ: LO:4-5 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Directing And Managing Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

26. _____ should result in improvements in project performance.

a. Corrective actions c. Preventive actions

b. Defect repairs d. Product acceptance plans

ANS: A

Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.166

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

27. Which of the following is a proactive process undertaken to reduce the probability of negative

consequences associated with project risks?

a. Performance reports c. Defect repairs

b. Preventive actions d. Corrective actions

ANS: B

Preventive actions reduce the probability of negative consequences associated with project risks. The problem has not yet occurred. Measures are taken so that problems do not occur.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.171

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 28. An IT company revises its process parameters in response to complaints from vendors that products

were not ready on time. This would be an example of _____.

a. cost forecasting c. defect repairs

b. a preventive action d. a corrective action

ANS: D

Corrective actions should result in improvements in project performance.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.171

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Application

29. A(n) _____ is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project documents

may be modified, the people authorized to make modifications, and the paperwork required for these changes.

a. WBS c. performance report

b. project charter d. change control system

ANS: D

A change control system is a formal, documented process that describes when and how official project

documents may be changed. It also describes the people authorized to make changes, the paperwork required for these changes, and any automated or manual tracking systems the project will use.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.173

OBJ: LO:4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

30. _____ involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of

products and their support documentation, and ensures that the descriptions of the project’s products are correct and complete.

a. NPV analysis c. Configuration management

b. Project management information systems d. Project time management

ANS: C

Configuration management ensures that the descriptions of the project’s products are correct

and complete. It involves identifying and controlling the functional and physical design characteristics of products and their support documentation.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.173

OBJ: LO:4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge COMPLETION

1. _____ involves coordinating all of the other project management knowledge areas throughout a

project’s life cycle.

ANS: Project integration management

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.140

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

2. _____ involves identifying and managing the points of interaction between various elements of the

project.

ANS: Interface management

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.142

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

3. _____ involves determining long-term objectives by analyzing the strengths and weaknesses, studying

opportunities and threats, predicting future trends, and projecting the need for new products and

services.

ANS: Strategic planning

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.143

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

4. A(n) _____ involves analyzing a company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, and is

used to aid in strategic planning.

ANS: SWOT analysis

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.144

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. _____ is a technique that uses branches radiating from a core idea to structure thoughts and ideas.

ANS: Mind mapping

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.144

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

6. _____ refer to undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals.

ANS: Problems

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.148

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

7. _____ refer to chances to improve the organization.

ANS: Opportunities

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

8. _____ are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence.

ANS: Directives

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

9. _____ analysis is a method of calculating the expected net monetary gain or loss from a project by

discounting all expected future cash inflows and outflows to the present point in time.

ANS:

Net present value

Net present value (NPV)

NPV

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.149-150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 10. A positive NPV means the return from a project exceeds the _____, the return available by investing

the capital elsewhere.

ANS: cost of capital

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.150

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension 11. _____ is the result of subtracting the project costs from the benefits and then dividing by the costs.

ANS:

ROI

Return on investment

Return on investment (ROI)

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.152

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 12. The _____ is the discount rate that results in an NPV of zero for a project.

ANS:

internal rate of return

internal rate of return (IRR)

IRR

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.153

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 13. A(n) _____ is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on many criteria.

ANS: weighted scoring model

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.154

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge 14. A(n) _____ is a methodology that converts value drivers, such as customer service, innovation,

operational efficiency, and financial performance, to a series of defined metrics.

ANS: balanced scorecard

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.156

OBJ: LO: 4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

15. _____ factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization’s infrastructure, and

marketplace conditions.

ANS: Enterprise environmental

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.158

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

16. _____ include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems,

financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can be used to influence a project’s success.

ANS: Organizational process assets

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.158

OBJ: LO: 4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

17. _____ project work includes collecting, measuring, and disseminating performance information.

ANS: Monitoring

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.169

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

18. A(n) _____ is the approved project management plan plus approved changes.

ANS: baseline

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.170

OBJ: LO:4-6 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Monitoring And Controlling Project Work KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

19. _____ involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle.

ANS: Integrated change control

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.171

OBJ: LO: 4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

20. A(n) _____ is a formal group of people responsible for approving or rejecting changes to a project.

ANS:

change control board

change control board (CCB)

CCB

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.173

OBJ: LO: 4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

21. A category of software that can help align projects with business strategy is called _____ tools.

ANS:

business service management

business service management (BSM)

BSM

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Easy REF: p.176

OBJ: LO: 4-9 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Using Software To Assist In Project Integration Management

KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

ESSAY

1. List and briefly describe the six main processes involved in project integration management.

ANS:

1. Developing the project charter involves working with stakeholders to create the document that

formally authorizes a project—the charter.

2. Developing the project management plan involves coordinating all planning efforts to create a

consistent, coherent document—the project management plan.

3. Directing and managing project execution involves carrying out the project management plan by

performing the activities included in it. The outputs of this process are deliverables, work performance information, change requests, project management plan updates, and project document updates.

4. Monitoring and controlling project work involves overseeing activities to meet the performance

objectives of the project. The outputs of this process are change requests, project management plan

updates, and project document updates.

5. Performing integrated change control involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes

throughout the project life cycle. The outputs of this process include change request status updates,

project management plan updates, and project document updates.

6. Closing the project or phase involves finalizing all activities to formally close the project or phrase.

Outputs of this process include final product, service, or result transition and organizational process

assets updates.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.140-141

OBJ: LO:4-1 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: What Is Project Integration Management? KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

2. What are the methods for categorizing information technology projects?

ANS:

Selecting projects is based on various categorizations, such as the impetus for the project, the time

window for the project, and the general priority for the project.

The impetus for a project is often the need to respond to a problem, an opportunity, or a directive.

Problems are undesirable situations that prevent an organization from achieving its goals. These problems can be current or anticipated. For example, users of an information system may be having trouble logging onto the system or getting information in a timely manner because the system has reached its capacity. In response, the company could initiate a project to enhance the current system by adding more access lines or upgrading the hardware with a faster processor, more memory, or more storage space. Opportunities are chances to improve the organization. For example, the project

described in the opening case involves creating a new product that can make or break the entire

company. Directives are new requirements imposed by management, government, or some external influence. For example, many projects involving medical technologies must meet rigorous government requirements.

Another categorization for information technology projects is based on the time it will take to

complete a project or the date by which it must be done. For example, some potential projects must be finished within a specific time window. If they cannot be finished by this set date, they are no longer valid projects. Some projects can be completed very quickly—within a few weeks, days, or even minutes. Many organizations have an end user support function to handle very small projects that can be completed quickly. Even though many information technology projects can be completed quickly, it is still important to prioritize them.

Organizations can prioritize information technology projects as being high, medium, or low priority based on the current business environment. For example, if it is crucial to cut operating costs quickly, projects that have the most potential to do so would be given a high priority. The organization should always complete high-priority projects first, even if a low- or medium-priority project could be

finished in less time. Usually there are many more potential information technology projects than an organization can undertake at any one time, so it is very important to work on the most important ones first.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.148-149

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

3. What is a weighted scoring model? How is it created?

ANS:

A weighted scoring model is a tool that provides a systematic process for selecting projects based on

many criteria. These criteria can include factors such as meeting broad organizational needs;

addressing problems, opportunities, or directives; the amount of time it will take to complete the project; the overall priority of the project; and projected financial performance of the project.

The first step in creating a weighted scoring model is to identify criteria important to the project

selection process. It often takes time to develop and reach agreement on these criteria. Holding

facilitated brainstorming sessions or using groupware to exchange ideas can aid in developing these criteria. Some possible criteria for information technology projects include:

? Supports key business objectives

? Has strong internal sponsor

? Has strong customer support

? Uses realistic level of technology

? C an be implemented in one year or less

? Provides positive NPV

? Has low risk in meeting scope, time, and cost goals

Next, you assign a weight to each criterion. Once again, determining weights requires consultation and final agreement. These weights indicate how much you value each criterion or how important each criterion is. You can assign weights based on percentages, and the sum of all of the criteria’s weights must total 100 percent. You then assign numerical scores to each criterion (for example, 0 to 100) for each project. The scores indicate how much each project meets each criterion. At this point, you can use a spreadsheet application to create a matrix of projects, criteria, weights, and scores. After

assigning weights for the criteria and scores for each project, you calculate a weighted score for each project by multiplying the weight for each criterion by its score and adding the resulting values.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Challenging REF: p.154-155

OBJ: LO:4-2 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Strategic Planning And Project Selection KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

4. What is a project charter? Discuss the inputs that can aid the development of a project charter.

ANS:

A project charter is a document that formally recognizes the existence of a project and provides

direction on the project’s objectives and management. It authorizes the project manager to use

organizational resources to complete the project. Ideally, the project manager provides a major role in developing the project charter.

The following inputs are helpful in developing a project charter:

? A project statement of work: A statement of work is a document that describes the products or

services to be created by the project team. It usually includes a description of the business need for the project, a summary of the requirements and characteristics of the products or services, and

organizational information, such as appropriate parts of the strategic plan, showing the alignment of the project with strategic goals.

? A business case: Ma ny projects require a business case to justify their investment. Information in the business case, such as the project objective, high-level requirements, and time and cost goals, is included in the project charter.

? Agreements: If you are working on a p roject under contract for an external customer, the contract or agreement should include much of the information needed for creating a good project charter. Some people might use a contract or agreement in place of a charter; however, many contracts are difficult to read and can often change, so it is still a good idea to create a project charter.

? Enterprise environmental factors: These factors include relevant government or industry standards, the organization’s infrastructure, and marketplace conditions.Managers should review these factors when developing a project charter.

? Organizational process assets: Organizational process assets include formal and informal plans, policies, procedures, guidelines, information systems,financial systems, management systems, lessons learned, and historical information that can influence a project’s success.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.158

OBJ: LO:4-3 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Developing A Project Charter KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

5. What is integrated change control? What are the main objectives of integrated change control?

ANS:

Integrated change control involves identifying, evaluating, and managing changes throughout the project life cycle. The three main objectives of integrated change control are:

1. Influencing the factors that create changes to ensure that changes are beneficial: To ensure that

changes are beneficial and that a project is successful, project managers and their teams must make trade-offs among key project dimensions, such as scope, time, cost, and quality.

2. Determining that a change has occurred: To determine that a change has occurred, the project manager must know the status of key project areas at all times. In addition, the project manager must communicate significant changes to top management and key stakeholders. Top management and other key stakeholders do not like surprises, especially ones that mean the project might produce less, take longer to complete, cost more than planned, or be of lower quality than desired.

3. Managing actual changes as they occur: Managing change is a key role of project managers and their teams. It is important that project managers exercise discipline in managing the project to help minimize the number of changes that occur.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficulty: Moderate REF: p.171

OBJ: LO:4-7 NAT: BUSPROG: Technology

TOP: Performing Integrated Change Control KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge

数据挖掘试题与答案

一、解答题(满分30分,每小题5分) 1. 怎样理解数据挖掘和知识发现的关系?请详细阐述之 首先从数据源中抽取感兴趣的数据,并把它组织成适合挖掘的数据组织形式;然后,调用相应的算法生成所需的知识;最后对生成的知识模式进行评估,并把有价值的知识集成到企业的智能系统中。 知识发现是一个指出数据中有效、崭新、潜在的、有价值的、一个不可忽视的流程,其最终目标是掌握数据的模式。流程步骤:先理解要应用的领域、熟悉相关知识,接着建立目标数据集,并专注所选择的数据子集;再作数据预处理,剔除错误或不一致的数据;然后进行数据简化与转换工作;再通过数据挖掘的技术程序成为模式、做回归分析或找出分类模型;最后经过解释和评价成为有用的信息。 2. 时间序列数据挖掘的方法有哪些,请详细阐述之 时间序列数据挖掘的方法有: 1)、确定性时间序列预测方法:对于平稳变化特征的时间序列来说,假设未来行为与现在的行为有关,利用属性现在的值预测将来的值是可行的。例如,要预测下周某种商品的销售额,可以用最近一段时间的实际销售量来建立预测模型。 2)、随机时间序列预测方法:通过建立随机模型,对随机时间序列进行分析,可以预测未来值。若时间序列是平稳的,可以用自回归(Auto Regressive,简称AR)模型、移动回归模型(Moving Average,简称MA)或自回归移动平均(Auto Regressive Moving Average,简称ARMA)模型进行分析预测。 3)、其他方法:可用于时间序列预测的方法很多,其中比较成功的是神经网络。由于大量的时间序列是非平稳的,因此特征参数和数据分布随着时间的推移而变化。假如通过对某段历史数据的训练,通过数学统计模型估计神经网络的各层权重参数初值,就可能建立神经网络预测模型,用于时间序列的预测。

《编译原理》模拟期末试题汇总 6套,含答案

《编译原理》模拟试题一 一、是非题(请在括号内,正确的划√,错误的划×)(每个2分,共20分) 1.计算机高级语言翻译成低级语言只有解释一种方式。(×) 2.在编译中进行语法检查的目的是为了发现程序中所有错误。(×) 3.甲机上的某编译程序在乙机上能直接使用的必要条件是甲机和乙机的操作系统功能完全相同。 (√ ) 4.正则文法其产生式为 A->a , A->Bb, A,B∈VN , a 、b∈VT 。 (×) 5.每个文法都能改写为 LL(1) 文法。 (√) 6.递归下降法允许任一非终极符是直接左递归的。 (√) 7.算符优先关系表不一定存在对应的优先函数。 (×) 8.自底而上语法分析方法的主要问题是候选式的选择。 (×) 9.LR 法是自顶向下语法分析方法。 (×) 10.简单优先文法允许任意两个产生式具有相同右部。 (×) 二、选择题(请在前括号内选择最确切的一项作为答案划一个勾,多划按错论)(每个4分,共40分) 1.一个编译程序中,不仅包含词法分析,_____,中间代码生成,代码优化,目标代码生成等五个部分。 A.( ) 语法分析B.( )文法分析C.( )语言分析D.( )解释分析 2.词法分析器用于识别_____。 A.( ) 字符串B.( )语句 C.( )单词 D.( )标识符 3.语法分析器则可以发现源程序中的_____。 A.( ) 语义错误 B.( ) 语法和语义错误 C.( ) 错误并校正D.( ) 语法错误 4.下面关于解释程序的描述正确的是_____。

(1) 解释程序的特点是处理程序时不产生目标代码 (2) 解释程序适用于 COBOL 和 FORTRAN 语言 (3) 解释程序是为打开编译程序技术的僵局而开发的 A.( ) (1)(2) B.( ) (1)C.( ) (1)(2)(3) D.( ) (2)(3) 5.解释程序处理语言时 , 大多数采用的是_____方法。 A.( ) 源程序命令被逐个直接解释执行 B.( ) 先将源程序转化为中间代码 , 再解释执行 C.( ) 先将源程序解释转化为目标程序 , 再执行 D.( ) 以上方法都可以 6.编译过程中 , 语法分析器的任务就是_____。 (1) 分析单词是怎样构成的 (2) 分析单词串是如何构成语句和说明的 (3) 分析语句和说明是如何构成程序的 (4) 分析程序的结构 A.( ) (2)(3) B.( ) (2)(3)(4) C.( ) (1)(2)(3) D.( ) (1)(2)(3)(4) 7.编译程序是一种_____。 A. ( ) 汇编程序B.( ) 翻译程序 C.( ) 解释程序 D.( ) 目标程序 8.文法 G 所描述的语言是_____的集合。 A. ( ) 文法 G 的字母表 V 中所有符号组成的符号串 B.( ) 文法 G 的字母表 V 的闭包 V* 中的所有符号串 C.( ) 由文法的开始符号推出的所有终极符串 D. ( ) 由文法的开始符号推出的所有符号串 9.文法分为四种类型,即0型、1型、2型、3型。其中3型文法是_____。 A. ( ) 短语文法 B.( ) 正则文法 C.( ) 上下文有关文法 D.( ) 上下文无关文法 10.一个上下文无关文法 G 包括四个组成部分,它们是:一组非终结符号,一组终结符号,一个开始符号,以及一组 _____。 A.( ) 句子B.( ) 句型 C.( ) 单词 D.( ) 产生式 三、填空题(每空1分,共10分)

编译原理教程课西安电子科大出版社第三版后习题答案——第二章

第二章 词法分析 2.1 完成下列选择题: (1) 词法分析器的输出结果是 。 a. 单词的种别编码 b. 单词在符号表中的位置 c. 单词的种别编码和自身值 d. 单词自身值 (2) 正规式M1和M2等价是指 。 a. M1和M2的状态数相等 b. M1和M2的有向边条数相等 c. M1和M2所识别的语言集相等 d. M1和M2状态数和有向边条数相等 (3) DFA M(见图2-1)接受的字集为 。 a. 以0开头的二进制数组成的集合 b. 以0结尾的二进制数组成的集合 c. 含奇数个0的二进制数组成的集合 d. 含偶数个0的二进制数组成的集合 【解答】 (1) c (2) c (3) d 图2-1 习题2.1的DFA M 2.2 什么是扫描器?扫描器的功能是什么? 【解答】 扫描器就是词法分析器,它接受输入的源程序,对源程序进行词法分析并识别出一个个单词符号,其输出结果是单词符号,供语法分析器使用。通常是把词法分析器作为一个子程序,每当词法分析器需要一个单词符号时就调用这个子程序。每次调用时,词法分析器就从输入串中识别出一个单词符号交给语法分析器。 2.3 设M=({x,y}, {a,b}, f, x, {y})为一非确定的有限自动机,其中f 定义如下: f(x,a)={x,y} f{x,b}={y} f(y,a)=Φ f{y,b}={x,y} 试构造相应的确定有限自动机M ′。 【解答】 对照自动机的定义M=(S,Σ,f,So,Z),由f 的定义可知f(x,a)、f(y,b)均为多值函数,因此M 是一非确定有限自动机。 先画出NFA M 相应的状态图,如图2-2所示。 图2-2 习题2.3的NFA M 用子集法构造状态转换矩阵,如表 表2-1 状态转换矩阵 1b a

西电软件学院算法实验报告

第二次试验 一、 问题: Matrix-chain product 分析: 本题是矩阵链乘问题,需要求出最优括号化方案。即在矩阵的乘法链上添加括号来改变运算顺序以使矩阵链乘法的代价降低。 可以分析该链乘的一个子段总结一些结论。假设m[i,j]表示A i*…*A j的链成需要进行的乘法次数(假设j-i足够大),我们可以将A i*…*A j分为两段进行计算:(A i*…*A k)*(A k+1*…*A j)可以得出m[i,j]的递推公式 可以得出,当i=j的时候,m[i,j]=0。当i为例,可以得出如下矩阵:

通过m数组可以得出最少的乘法次数,通过s数组可以输出最优方案。 遇到的问题: 在输出s数组的结果的时候仍然需要递归调用,需要合适的控制递归的条件。 总结: 在矩阵链乘问题中可以看出,动态规划结合递归的思想可以快捷的解决很多问题。本题中,重点是归纳出m[i,j]的递推公式。 二、 问题: Longest Common Subsequence 分析: 本题即是最长公共子序列问题。假设有序列A[m]和序列B[n],显然,对于每一个[i,j],都对应着一个公共子序列的长度。假设长度为c,就可以得到一个二维数组c[m,n]。对于c[i,j],当Ai=Bj的时候,问题就转变为求A[1..i-1]和B[1..j-1]的公共子序列长度的问题,所以c[i,j]的长度就是c[i-1,j-1] + 1; 同理,当Ai != Bj的时候,c[i,j]应该在c[i-1,j]与c[i,j-1]中取最大值。另外,当i或者j等于0的时候,显然c的值为0。由上面所述,可以得到递推公式如下: 为了解决这个问题,还如要定义另一个数组用于存放c数组中每一个元素的来源。这个来源其实就反映了公共子串。可以通过箭头表示来源,相连的箭头序列中指向左上方的箭头最多的一串对应的就是最长公共子序列。 比如对于题目中给出的第一个例子 X: xzyzzyx Y: zxyyzxz 可以用一个矩阵表示计算的过程:

《数据挖掘》试题与标准答案

一、解答题(满分30分,每小题5分) 1. 怎样理解数据挖掘和知识发现的关系?请详细阐述之 首先从数据源中抽取感兴趣的数据,并把它组织成适合挖掘的数据组织形式;然后,调用相应的算法生成所需的知识;最后对生成的知识模式进行评估,并把有价值的知识集成到企业的智能系统中。 知识发现是一个指出数据中有效、崭新、潜在的、有价值的、一个不可忽视的流程,其最终目标是掌握数据的模式。流程步骤:先理解要应用的领域、熟悉相关知识,接着建立目标数据集,并专注所选择的数据子集;再作数据预处理,剔除错误或不一致的数据;然后进行数据简化与转换工作;再通过数据挖掘的技术程序成为模式、做回归分析或找出分类模型;最后经过解释和评价成为有用的信息。 2.时间序列数据挖掘的方法有哪些,请详细阐述之 时间序列数据挖掘的方法有: 1)、确定性时间序列预测方法:对于平稳变化特征的时间序列来说,假设未来行为与现在的行为有关,利用属性现在的值预测将来的值是可行的。例如,要预测下周某种商品的销售额,可以用最近一段时间的实际销售量来建立预测模型。 2)、随机时间序列预测方法:通过建立随机模型,对随机时间序列进行分析,可以预测未来值。若时间序列是平稳的,可以用自回归(Auto Regressive,简称AR)模型、移动回归模型(Moving Average,简称MA)或自回归移动平均(Auto Regressive Moving Average,简称ARMA)模型进行分析预测。 3)、其他方法:可用于时间序列预测的方法很多,其中比较成功的是神经网络。由于大量的时间序列是非平稳的,因此特征参数和数据分布随着时间的推移而变化。假如通过对某段历史数据的训练,通过数学统计模型估计神经网络的各层权重参数初值,就可能建立神经网络预测模型,用于时间序列的预测。

最新编译原理试题汇总+编译原理期末试题(8套含答案+大题集)

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应用知识能力:具备需求分析和建模的能力、软件设计和实现的能力、软件评审与测试的能力、软件过程改进与项目管理的能力、设计人机交互界面的能力、使用软件开发工具的能力等。 创新能力:在基础研发、工程设计和实践等方面具有一定的创新意识和能力。 (三) 知识结构要求 工具性知识:包括外语、文献检索、科技写作等。 人文社会科学知识:包括文学、哲学、政治学、社会学、法学、心理学、思想道德、职业道德、艺术等。 自然科学知识:包括数学、物理学等。 工程学知识:包括软件工程经济学、其他工程应用领域的基础知识。 经济管理知识:包括营销管理学等。 专业技术基础知识:包括计算机科学和数学基础知识,即离散数学、程序设计语言和程序设计、数据结构、计算机组成与结构、操作系统、计算机网络、数据库基础知识等。 专业知识:包括团队合作与沟通、软件需求、软件建模与分析、软件设计、软件验证与确认、软件进化、软件过程与管理、软件体系结构、软件工程的形式化方法、人机交互、工作流技术、电子商务、知识产权与软件保护等。 三、学制与学位 1. 基本学制:四年。 2. 授予学位:工学学士。 四、专业方向与业务能力 结合社会对软件工程专业人才的需求及国际国内软件工程专业的发展特点,参考国际软件工程专业规范和全国教学指导委员会软件工程专业规范,充分考虑西安电子科技大学的专业特色和软件学院自身的特点,软件学院软件工程专业拟开设Web工程与信息系统、软件测试与分析、网络与通信系统软件、嵌入式系统、数字娱乐系统五个培养方向。 Web工程和信息系统方向的学生在学习本专业必修课的基础上,通过限修分布对象技术、Java技术、数据库应用技术、系统分析与设计和Web工程等课程以及工程设计实践,掌握信息系统和Web系统的开发方法、规划、建模、构建、测试、维护、集成和项目管理等理论与技术。毕业生可在电子政务、电子商务、Web应用、ERP、金融、邮政等领域工作。

数据挖掘试卷及答案

12/13 年第2学期《数据挖掘与知识发现》期末考试试卷及答案 一、什么是数据挖掘?什么是数据仓库?并简述数据挖掘的步骤。(20分) 数据挖掘是从大量数据中提取或发现(挖掘)知识的过程。 数据仓库是面向主题的、集成的、稳定的、不同时间的数据集合,用于支持经营管理中的决策制定过程。 步骤: 1)数据清理(消除噪声或不一致数据) 2) 数据集成(多种数据源可以组合在一起) 3 ) 数据选择(从数据库中检索与分析任务相关的数据) 4 ) 数据变换(数据变换或统一成适合挖掘的形式,如通过汇总或聚集操作) 5) 数据挖掘(基本步骤,使用智能方法提取数据模式) 6) 模式评估(根据某种兴趣度度量,识别表示知识的真正有趣的模式;) 7) 知识表示(使用可视化和知识表示技术,向用户提供挖掘的知识) 二、元数据的定义是什么?元数据包括哪些内容?(20分) 元数据是关于数据的数据。在数据仓库中, 元数据是定义仓库对象的数据。 元数据包括: 数据仓库结构的描述,包括仓库模式、视图、维、分层结构、导出数据的定义, 以及数据集市的位置和内容。 操作元数据,包括数据血统(移植数据的历史和它所使用的变换序列)、数据流通(主动的、档案的或净化的)、管理信息(仓库使用统计量、错误报告和审计跟踪)。 汇总算法,包括度量和维定义算法, 数据所处粒度、划分、主题领域、聚集、汇总、预定义的查询和报告。 由操作环境到数据仓库的映射,包括源数据库和它们的内容,网间连接程序描述, 数据划分, 数据提取、清理、转换规则和缺省值, 数据刷新和净化规则, 安全 (用户授权和存取控制)。 关于系统性能的数据,刷新、更新定时和调度的规则与更新周期,改善数据存取和检索性能的索引和配置。 商务元数据,包括商务术语和定义, 数据拥有者信息和收费策略。 三、在 O L A P 中,如何使用概念分层? 请解释多维数据模型中的OLAP上卷 下钻切片切块和转轴操作。(20分) 在多维数据模型中,数据组织成多维,每维包含由概念分层定义的多个抽象层。这种组织为用户从不同角度观察数据提供了灵活性。有一些 O L A P 数据立方体操作用来物化这些不同视图,允许交互查询和分析手头数据。因此, O L A P 为交互数据分析提供了友好的环境。 上卷:上卷操作通过一个维的概念分层向上攀升或者通过维归约,在数据立方体上进行聚集。 下钻:下钻是上卷的逆操作,它由不太详细的数据到更详细的数据。下钻可以通过沿维的概念分层向下或引入新的维来实现。 切片:在给定的数据立方体的一个维上进行选择,导致一个子方。 切块:通过对两个或多个维执行选择,定义子方。

西电软院网络多媒体上机报告讲解

网络多媒体上机实验报告 目录

实验一哈夫曼编码 实验二算术编码 实验三LZW编码 实验四WAV文件的读取 附录对应的四个源程序 实验一哈夫曼编码

算法分析: 哈夫曼编码采用自底向上的描述方式。哈夫曼编码运用了贪心算法,每次都取权值最小的两个节点合并成一个节点,该合并节点的权值记为两者权值之和,然后继续上述操作直到最后合并成一个节点,在建成树的过程中,就记下了相应的哈夫曼编码。通过已经构造出的哈夫曼树,自底向上,由频率节点开始向上寻找parent,直到parent为树的顶点为止。每个频率都会有一个01编码与之唯一对应,并且任何编码没有前部分是同其他完整编码一样的。 程序设计: 构造最优二叉树:输入入N个叶子节点的权值,找出所有结点中权值最小、无父结点的两个结点,并合并成一个结点,继续在剩下的结点中寻找权值最小的叶子结点,循环合并结点操作,并最终生成最优二叉树,节点在二叉树的深度的编码既是对此组字符的哈夫曼编码。 我们将用自己定义的结构体来表示各个节点,其中结构体中包含权值,左右孩子和父节点,然后用一个select函数来寻找当前最小的两个节点,合并成一个节点,然后继续直到全部合并为一个节点,然后顺着树来将其01编码储存在一个一个字符数组中。 调试过程: 由于之前做过哈夫曼编码问题。因此问题不大,未遇到较难处理的问题。 运行结果:

这是实验的截图,从中可以看出,权值比较大的用到的编码的位数比较少,而权值较小的节点则远离根节点。而且,我们可以从上图看出哈弗曼是一种前缀编码。

实验二算术编码 算法分析: 算数编码是一种更现代的编码方法,算术编码把整个消息看做一个单元。在实际的应用中,输入数据同城被分割成块以避免错误传播。他只传输一个区间的值,从而可以通过迭代得知相应的信息,性能比较好。 程序设计:

数据仓库与数据挖掘考试试题

一、填空题(15分) 1.数据仓库的特点分别是面向主题、集成、相对稳定、反映历史变化。 2.元数据是描述数据仓库内数据的结构和建立方法的数据。根据元数据用途的不同可将元数据分为技术元数据和业务元数据两类。 3.OLAP技术多维分析过程中,多维分析操作包括切片、切块、钻取、旋转等。 4.基于依赖型数据集市和操作型数据存储的数据仓库体系结构常常被称为“中心和辐射”架构,其中企业级数据仓库是中心,源数据系统和数据集市在输入和输出范围的两端。 5.ODS实际上是一个集成的、面向主题的、可更新的、当前值的、企业级的、详细的数据库,也叫运营数据存储。 二、多项选择题(10分) 6.在数据挖掘的分析方法中,直接数据挖掘包括(ACD) A 分类 B 关联 C 估值 D 预言 7.数据仓库的数据ETL过程中,ETL软件的主要功能包括(ABC) A 数据抽取 B 数据转换 C 数据加载 D 数据稽核 8.数据分类的评价准则包括( ABCD ) A 精确度 B 查全率和查准率 C F-Measure D 几何均值 9.层次聚类方法包括( BC ) A 划分聚类方法 B 凝聚型层次聚类方法 C 分解型层次聚类方法 D 基于密度聚类方法 10.贝叶斯网络由两部分组成,分别是( A D ) A 网络结构 B 先验概率 C 后验概率 D 条件概率表 三、计算题(30分) 11.一个食品连锁店每周的事务记录如下表所示,其中每一条事务表示在一项收款机业务中卖出的项目,假定sup min=40%,conf min=40%,使用Apriori算法计算生成的关联规则,标明每趟数据库扫描时的候选集和大项目集。(15分) 解:(1)由I={面包、果冻、花生酱、牛奶、啤酒}的所有项目直接产生1-候选C1,计算其支持度,取出支持度小于sup min的项集,形成1-频繁集L1,如下表所示:

编译原理期末试题及答案

2、写出表达式a+b*(c-d)/e的逆波兰式和三元序列。 3、写出表达式a:=(b+c)*e+(b+c)/f的逆波兰式和三元序列。 4、已知文法G(S)及相应翻译方案 S→aAb {print “1”} S→a {print “2”} A→AS {print “3”} A→c {print “4”} 输入acab, 输出是什么 5、已知文法G(S) S→bAa A→(B | a B→Aa) 写出句子b(aa)b的规范归约过程。 6、已知文法G[S] S→S*aF | aF | *aF F→+aF | +a 消除文法左递归。 1、设文法G(S): S→^ | a | (T) T→T,S | S ⑴消除左递归; ⑵构造相应的FIRST和FOLLOW集合; ⑶构造预测分析表 2.语句if E then S (1) 改写文法,使之适合语法制导翻译; (2) 写出改写后产生式的语义动作。 4.设某语言的for语句的形式为 for i:=E(1) to E(2) do S 其语义解释为 i:=E(1) LIMIT:=E(2) again: if i<=LIMIT then Begin S; i:=i+1 goto again End; (1)写出适合语法制导翻译的产生式; (2)写出每个产生式对应的语义动作。 7.已知文法G(S) S→a | ^ | (T) T→T,S | S (1) 给出句子(a,(a,a))的最左推导; (2) 给出句型((T,S),a)的短语, 直接短语,句柄。 8.对于C 语言do S while E语句 (1)改写文法,使之适合语法制导翻译;

(2)写出改写后产生式的语义动作。 9.已知文法G(S) S→aAcBe A→Ab| b B→d (1)给出句子abbcde的最左推导及画出语法树; (2)给出句型aAbcde的短语、素短语。 10.设文法G(S): S→(T) | aS | a T→T,S | S ⑴消除左递归和提公共左因子; ⑵构造相应的FIRST和FOLLOW集合; ⑶构造预测分析表。 12.已知文法G(S) E→E+T | T T→T*F| F F→(E)| i (1) 给出句型(i+i)*i+i的最左推导及画出语法树; (2) 给出句型(E+T)*i+F 的短语,素短语和最左素短语。 答案: (1)消除左递,文法变为G’[S]: S→^ | a | (T)' T→ST’ | S T’→,ST’ |ε 此文法无左公共左因子。 (2)构造相应的FIRST和FOLLOW集合: FIRST(S)={a, ^, (},FOLLOW(S)={#, ,, )} FIRST(T)={a, ^, (} ,FOLLOW(T)={}} FIRST(T’)={,, ε} ,FOLLOW(F)={)} (3) C→if E then S→CS(1) (2) C→if E then {BACK, NXQ); :=} S→CS(1) {:=MERG, S(1). Chain)} 4. (1) F→for i:=E(1) to E(2) do S→FS(1) (2)F→for i:=E(1) to E(2) do {GEN(:=, E(1).place, _, entry(i)); :=entry(i);

(完整word版)数据挖掘题目及答案

一、何为数据仓库?其主要特点是什么?数据仓库与KDD的联系是什么? 数据仓库是一个面向主题的(Subject Oriented)、集成的(Integrate)、相对稳定的(Non-Volatile)、反映历史变化(Time Variant)的数据集合,用于支持管理决策。 特点: 1、面向主题 操作型数据库的数据组织面向事务处理任务,各个业务系统之间各自分离,而数据仓库中的数据是按照一定的主题域进行组织的。 2、集成的 数据仓库中的数据是在对原有分散的数据库数据抽取、清理的基础上经过系统加工、汇总和整理得到的,必须消除源数据中的不一致性,以保证数据仓库内的信息是关于整个企业的一致的全局信息。 3、相对稳定的 数据仓库的数据主要供企业决策分析之用,一旦某个数据进入数据仓库以后,一般情况下将被长期保留,也就是数据仓库中一般有大量的查询操作,但修改和删除操作很少,通常只需要定期的加载、刷新。 4、反映历史变化 数据仓库中的数据通常包含历史信息,系统记录了企业从过去某一时点(如开始应用数据仓库的时点)到目前的各个阶段的信息,通过这些信息,可以对企业的发展历程和未来趋势做出定量分析和预测。 所谓基于数据库的知识发现(KDD)是指从大量数据中提取有效的、新颖的、潜在有用的、最终可被理解的模式的非平凡过程。数据仓库为KDD提供了数据环境,KDD从数据仓库中提取有效的,可用的信息 二、 数据库有4笔交易。设minsup=60%,minconf=80%。 TID DATE ITEMS_BOUGHT T100 3/5/2009 {A, C, S, L} T200 3/5/2009 {D, A, C, E, B} T300 4/5/2010 {A, B, C} T400 4/5/2010 {C, A, B, E} 使用Apriori算法找出频繁项集,列出所有关联规则。 解:已知最小支持度为60%,最小置信度为80% 1)第一步,对事务数据库进行一次扫描,计算出D中所包含的每个项目出现的次数,生成候选1-项集的集合C1。

编译原理试题B及答案

编译原理试题B 得分一、单项选择题(每题1分,共20分) 1、对编译系统有关概念描述正确的是( B) A.目标程序只能是机器语言 B. 编译程序处理的对象是源语言 C.解释程序属于编译程序 D. 词法分析无法自动进行 2. 设有表达式a*b-c,将其中a*b识别为表达式的编译阶段是什么 (B) A.词法分析 B. 语法分析 C.语义分析 D. 代码生成 3. 下面不能用于对文法进行描述的是(A ) A.源语言 B. EBNF C.BNF D. 语法图 4. 设有文法G[S]: S→0S|1A|0,A→1|1S|0B,B→1A|0B,下列符号串中是该文法的句子的是 ()? A.1010001001101 B.0101001110010010 C.1101010011110111 D.1010011101101010 (可画出DFA验证) 5. 文法G[S]: S→aA|bC|a A→aS|bB B→aC|bA|b C→aB|bS ,则不是L(G)句子的是( B )100501001000500aba B. a.a babbA5006021004010aa aaba D. aabC.abb (画出DFA) 6. 哪个不是DFA的构成成分(B) A.有穷字母表 B. 初始状态集合 C.终止状态集合 D. 有限状态集合 7.词法分析器的输入是( B ) A.单词符号串 B.源程序 C.语法单位 D.目标程序 8.在词法分析阶段不能识别的是(C ) A.标识符 B. 运算符 C.四元式 D. 常数

9.设有一段C语言程序while(i&&++j)

{ c=2.19; j+=k; i++;经过词法分析后可以识别的单词个数是(B )} ,.19 B.20 C.21 D.23A ( B )10.自上而下语法分析的主要动作是 C.规约 D. 匹配A.移进 B. 推导 ( D )分析器的自称部分是11.下面不属于LL(1) 总控程序 B. LL(1)分析表A.LL(1).分析栈 D.源程序串C 设有文法G[S]为12.→aS|c,C→AD|b,DBS→AB|bC, A→ε|b,→ε|aD A )则FOLLOW(A)为(.{a,#} D.{#}A.{a,c,#} B.{c,#} C G[S]: 13.设有文法)FIRST(Ap)为( C Ap|Bq→,A→a|cA,B→b|dB ,则S 其他.{p,q} B. {b,d} C.{a,c} D. A )自下而上语法分析的主要分析动作是(D 14. D. 移进-规约A.推导 B. 规约 C.匹配 ( C ) 15.算法优先分析中,可规约串是 .最左素短语 D.素短语A.句柄 B.活前缀 C )( B →SaS|ε},S}16. 设有文法,该文法是.二义性文法 B 文法A.LL(1)C.SLR(1)文法 D.算法优先文法 17、中间代码生成时所以据的是(C ) A.语法规则 B.词法规则 C.语义规则 D.等价变换规则 18、给定文法G: E→E+T|T,T→T*F|F,F→i|(E) 则L(G)中的一个句子i+i+(i*i)*i的逆波兰表示为( C ) A.iii*i++ B.ii+iii**+ C.ii+ii*i*+ D.其他 19.在编译程序中与生成中间代码的目的无关的是(B ) A.便于目标代码优化 B.便于存储空间的组织 C.便于目标代码的移植 D.便于编译程序的移植 20.中间代码是介于源语言程序和什么之间的一种代码( D) A.源代码 B. 机器语言 C. 汇编语言 D. 目标代码 得分二.简答(每题3分,共12分) 1. 什么是解释程序? 解释程序也是一种翻译程序,它将源程序作为输入并执行之,即边解释边执行。 2. 词法分析器的主要任务是什么? 词法分析器的主要任务是逐步扫描和分解构成源程序的字符串,识别出一个一个的单词符号。 3.文法有哪几部分组成?

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