5学原理》(微观)第五版测试题库 (18)

Chapter 18

The Markets For the Factors of Production

TRUE/FALSE

1. If the marginal productivity of the sixth worker hired is less than the marginal productivity of the fifth worker

hired, then the addition of the sixth worker causes total output to decline.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor MSC: Interpretive

2. In 2008, the total income of all U.S. residents was approximately $120 billion.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Income

MSC: Interpretive

3. In order to calculate the value of the marginal product of labor, a manager must know the marginal product of

labor and the wage rate of the worker.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Value of the marginal product MSC: Interpretive

4. Let L represent the quantity of labor and let Q represent the quantity of output. Suppose a certain production

function includes the points (L = 7, Q = 27), (L = 8, Q = 35), and

(L = 9, Q = 45). Based on these three points, this production function exhibits diminishing marginal product. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics

TOP: Diminishing marginal product MSC: Applicative

5. When a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product of labor equals

the wage, it also produces up to the point at which the price of output equals average variable cost.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics

TOP: Competitive firms | Profit maximization MSC: Applicative

6. The demand for computer programmers is inseparably tied to the supply of computer software.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

7. If Firm X is a competitive firm in the market for labor, it has little influence over the wage it pays its

employees.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

8. The idea that rational employers think at the margin is central to understanding how many units of labor they

choose to employ.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

9. For competitive firms, the curve that represents the value of marginal product of labor is the same as the

demand for labor curve.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Labor demand | Value of the marginal product MSC: Interpretive

1220 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

10. The value of the marginal product of labor can be calculated as the price of the final good minus the marginal

product of labor.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Value of the marginal product MSC: Analytical

11. To compute the value of the marginal product of capital, you should multiply the market price of the good by

the marginal product of capital.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Value of the marginal product MSC: Analytical

12. A profit-maximizing competitive firm will hire workers up to the point at which the wage equals the price of

the final good.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Labor demand | Value of the marginal product MSC: Analytical

13. A profit-maximizing competitive firm will hire workers up to the point at which the wage equals the marginal

product of labor.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Labor demand | Marginal product of labor MSC: Analytical

14. Technological advances can cause the labor demand curve to shift.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

15. In the United States, technological advances help explain persistently rising employment in the face of rising

wages.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

16. The term Luddite refers to “tekkies” or people who are the first to adopt new technological advances.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

17. Labor-saving technological advances increase the marginal productivity of labor.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

18. Labor-saving technological advances decrease the marginal productivity of labor.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

19. Labor-augmenting technological advances increase the marginal productivity of labor.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

20. Labor-augmenting technological advances decrease the marginal productivity of labor.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1221 21. An increase in a product’s p rice will shift the labor demand curve for that product to the left.

ANS: F DIF: 1 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

22. The quantity available of one factor of production can affect the marginal product of other factors.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Marginal product of labor | Factor markets MSC: Applicative

23. In a competitive market for labor, the equilibrium wage always equals the value of the marginal product. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Value of the marginal product MSC: Applicative

24. From 1960 to 2000, inflation-adjusted wages increased by 131 percent in the U.S. As a result, firms reduced

the amount of labor they employed by nearly 20 percent.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

25. The labor-supply curve is affected by the trade-off between labor and leisure.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Interpretive

26. The opportunity cost of leisure is impossible to measure, since we can't measure leisure time in dollars. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Interpretive

27. The labor supply curve reflects how workers' decisions about the labor-leisure tradeoff respond to changes in

the opportunity cost of leisure.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Interpretive

28. Labor supply curves are always upward sloping.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Interpretive

29. When an individual’s income goes up, that individual may choose to supply less labor, resulting in a

backward-sloping labor supply curve.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Interpretive

30. The supply of labor in any one market depends on the opportunities available in other markets.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Applicative

31. Movements of workers from country to country can cause shifts in the labor supply curves for both countries. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-2

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor supply

MSC: Applicative

1222 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

32. If the demand for labor in a particular industry increases, the equilibrium wage in that industry will also

increase.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market equilibrium MSC: Analytical

33. If the demand for labor decreases and the supply of labor is unchanged, then the opportunity cost of leisure

will decrease.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Understanding and applying economic models

TOP: Opportunity cost | Wages MSC: Interpretive

34. Profit maximization by firms ensures that the equilibrium wage always equals the value of the marginal

product of capital.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Understanding and applying economic models

TOP: Marginal product | Wages MSC: Interpretive

35. As the number of concrete workers in the United States falls, the wage paid to the remaining concrete workers

will necessarily fall as well.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market equilibrium MSC: Applicative

36. Oil field workers' wages are directly tied to the world price of oil.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market equilibrium MSC: Applicative

37. Changes in supply and demand in the labor market will cause changes in wages.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market equilibrium MSC: Definitional

38. In general, less productive workers are paid less than more productive workers.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor-market equilibrium MSC: Applicative

39. Increases in productivity are not responsible for increased standards of living in the United States.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Applicative

40. Average productivity can be measured as total output divided by total units of labor.

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-3

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

41. The rental price of capital is the price a person pays to own the capital indefinitely.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Understanding and applying economic models

TOP: Capital market MSC: Interpretive

42. The marginal product of land depends on the quantity of land that is available.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Land markets

MSC: Interpretive

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1223 43. For a snow-removal business, the capital stock would include inputs such as snow blowers and shovels. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital

MSC: Definitional

44. The demand curve for each factor of production equals the value of the marginal product of that factor. ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Interpretive

45. Capital income does not include income paid to households for the use of their capital.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital income

MSC: Definitional

46. Firms pay out a portion of their earnings in the form of interest and dividends, and those payments are a

portion of the economy's capital income.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital income

MSC: Definitional

47. When a firm decides to retain its earnings instead of paying dividends, the stockholders necessarily suffer. ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital

MSC: Interpretive

48. Capital owners are compensated according to the value of the marginal product of that capital.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital

MSC: Interpretive

49. A change in the supply of any one factor alters the earnings of all the other factors.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Interpretive

50. If the output price of a product rises, the demand for capital will increase, raising the rental price of capital. ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital

MSC: Applicative

51. Suppose the supply of capital decreases. As a result, the quantity of capital used in production and the rental

price of capital will both fall.

ANS: F DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Capital

MSC: Analytical

52. Suppose an influenza pandemic were to significantly decrease the population of a country. We would predict

a decrease in the marginal product of land in that country.

ANS: T DIF: 2 REF: 18-4

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Land markets

MSC: Analytical

1224 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

SHORT ANSWER

1. Describe the difference between a diminishing marginal product of labor and a negative marginal product of

labor. Why would a profit-maximizing firm always choose to operate where the marginal product of labor is decreasing (but not negative)?

ANS:

Diminishing marginal product of labor means that the last worker hired contributes less to the total output of the

firm than the worker who was hired just previous to her. Negative marginal product of labor suggests that the last person hired actually causes total output of the firm to decline. The firm evaluates the benefit of hiring (added revenue) versus the added cost of hiring (wage). In competitive markets, the cost and benefit converge only when marginal product declines. If the marginal product of labor is negative, hiring an additional worker would actually decrease revenue. A profit-maximizing firm would never choose to operate where marginal product is rising because hiring an additional worker would increase the “value” a worker contributes to the firm, while costs remain constant. Thus, the firm will choose to operate where marginal product of labor is decreasing.

DIF: 2 REF: 18-1

TOP: Diminishing marginal product MSC: Analytical

2. Explain how a firm values the contribution of workers to its profitability. Would a profit-maximizing

competitive firm ever stop increasing employment as long as marginal product is rising? Explain your answer. ANS:

A firm values the contribution of a worker by evaluating the worker's individual contribution to firm revenue. This

is done by multiplying the worker’s marginal product by the output price received for his production. A

profit-maximizing firm would never choose to operate where marginal product is rising because hiring an additional worker would increase the "value" a worker contributes to the firm and cost would remain constant. As such, value and cost diverge as long a marginal product is increasing, and it is always more profitable to continue to hire more workers.

DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

3. In the 1980s, the dangerous Ebola virus entered the United States through contaminated monkeys that were

imported for use in medical experiments. Suppose this virus had not been contained but had spread to the

general population. Assume that the virus is lethal in half of the people who are exposed to it. Describe the resulting effect on labor productivity.

ANS:

There are two possible direct effects: One effect would be that people would be absent from work if they caught the virus (but did not die) and so marginal productivity would be higher for the remaining workers. The other effect is that people who caught the virus would die, the labor supply would decrease, and the remaining workers would have a higher marginal product of labor. While the marginal productivity of the remaining workers increases, total output would still fall.

DIF: 2 REF: 18-3 TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

4. Using the theory of wage determination, explain why wages in developing countries. where levels of capital

are small, are typically quite low.

ANS:

Wages are determined by the value of workers to firms. In many developing countries, the level of capital is quite small, and so worker productivity is quite low. Workers are not able to contribute as much value to a firm as their counterparts in countries that have more capital to complement their labor efforts. Since marginal productivity is low, wages are low.

DIF: 2 REF: 18-3 TOP: Capital

MSC: Analytical

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1225 5. A recent flood in the Midwest has destroyed much of the farmland that lies in fertile regions near the rivers.

Describe the effect of the flood on the marginal productivity of land, labor, and capital. How would the flood affect the price of inputs? Provide some examples.

ANS:

The flood would increase the marginal product of unflooded land, lower the marginal product of labor, and lower the marginal product of capital. As such, the price of unflooded land should rise, and the prices of both labor and capital should fall.

DIF: 2 REF: 18-3 TOP: Land markets

MSC: Analytical

6. Describe the process by which the market for capital and the market for land reach equilibrium. As part of

your description, elaborate on the role of the stock of the resource versus the flow of services from the

resource.

ANS:

Equilibriums in the markets for land and capital are governed by the value of marginal product for these factors relative to their supply. One difference between these markets and the market for labor is that in land and capital markets there is both a rental value (flow) and purchase price (stock). The difference between the rental value and purchase price is reconciled by noting that in efficient markets, the purchase price should reflect the value of the stream of services provided by the land or capital (or the sum of rental values appropriately discounted).

DIF: 3 REF: 18-4

TOP: Capital markets | Land markets MSC: Analytical

7. Describe the difference between the purchase price of capital and the rental price of capital. If you know the

value of marginal product from the flow of capital services, how would you determine the market price for the capital stock?

ANS:

The purchase price of capital is a reflection of the flow of value in using that capital to produce goods and services over its life span. The rental price of capital is the period-specific contribution of capital to production of goods and services. The discounted present value of rental prices over the life of the capital equipment should be equal to its purchase price.

DIF: 3 REF: 18-4 TOP: Capital

MSC: Analytical

Sec00 - The Markets for the Factors of Production

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. In 2008, the total income of all U.S. residents was about

a.$12 billion.

b.$14 billion.

c.$12 trillion.

d.$14 trillion.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

2. Capital, labor, and land

a.have derived demands.

b.are factors of production.

c.are inputs used in the production of goods and services.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factors of production

MSC: Definitional

1226 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

3. Most of the total income earned in the U.S. economy is ultimately paid to

a.households in the form of wages and fringe benefits.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,ndowners in the form of rent.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,ndowners in the form of interest.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,ndowners in the form of profit.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

4. Since workers in the U.S. economy receive most of the total income earned, which of the following factors of

production is considered to be the most important?

a.Profit

b.Wages

c.Interest

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

5. How much of the income in the United States is earned by workers in the form of wages and fringe benefits?

a.about 25 percent

b.about 50 percent

c.about 75 percent

d.about 87 percent

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 18-0

NAT: Analytic LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

Sec01 - The Markets for the Factors of Production - The Demand for Labor MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The production function is the

a.increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor.

b.marginal product of an input times the price of output.

c.relationship between the quantity of inputs and output.

d.shift in labor demand caused by a change in the price of output.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Production function

MSC: Definitional

Table 18-1

2. Refer to Table 18-1.Which firm’s production function exhibits diminishing marginal product?

a.Firm A

b.Firm B

c.Firm C

d.Firm D

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Diminishing marginal product

MSC: Analytical

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1227 Scenario 18-1

Harry owns a snow-removal business. He hires workers to shovel driveways for him during the winter. The first worker he hires can shovel twelve driveways in one day. When Harry hires two workers, they can shovel a total of 22 driveways in one day. When Harry hires a third worker, he shovels an additional eight driveways in one day.

3. Refer to Scenario 18-1.What is the marginal productivity of the second worker?

a.7

b.10

c.12

d.22

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

4. Refer to Scenario 18-1.What is the total productivity of three workers?

a.12

b.22

c.30

d.42

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

5. Refer to Scenario 18-1.Suppose that Harry pays each worker $80 per day and that he charges each

customer $20 to have his driveway shoveled. What is the value of the marginal product of labor for the

second worker?

a.$200

b.$240

c.$800

d.$960

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Value of the marginal product

MSC: Analytical

6. Refer to Scenario 18-1.Suppose that Harry pays each worker $80 per day and that he charges each

customer $20 to have his driveway shoveled. What is the value of the marginal product of labor for the third worker?

a.$160

b.$640

c.$1,600

d.$2,400

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Value of the marginal product

MSC: Analytical

1228 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

Table 18-2

The following table shows the production function for a particular business. The numbers represent the various labor and output combinations the firm may choose for its output on a daily basis.

7. Refer to Table 18-2.What is the marginal product of the third unit of labor?

a.40 units

b.50 units

c.60 units

d.180 units

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

8. Refer to Table 18-2.What is the marginal product of the fifth unit of labor?

a.30 units

b.40 units

c.50 units

d.250 units

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

9. Refer to Table 18-2.Suppose this firm charges a price of $5 per unit of output and pays workers a wage

equal to $160 per day. What is the value of the marginal product of labor for the second worker?

a.$300

b.$650

c.$9,600

d.$20,800

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Value of the marginal product

MSC: Analytical

10. Refer to Table 18-2.Suppose this firm charges a price of $5 per unit of output and pays workers a wage

equal to $160 per day. What is the value of the marginal product of labor for the fourth worker?

a.$200

b.$1,000

c.$6,400

d.$32,000

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Value of the marginal product

MSC: Analytical

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1229 11. Refer to Table 18-2.Suppose this firm charges a price of $5 per unit of output and pays workers a wage

equal to $160 per day. How many workers should this firm hire to maximize its profit?

a. 2 workers

b. 3 workers

c. 4 workers

d. 5 workers

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Value of the marginal product | Profit maximization MSC: Analytical

12. The value of the marginal product of labor

a.increases when the price of output decreases.

b.is the firm’s demand for labor.

c.equals the marginal product of labor divided by the wage rate.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Value of the marginal product

MSC: Analytical

13. Which of the following statements is correct?

a.An increase in the supply of other factors, such as capital, will increase the demand for labor.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-saving technology will increase the demand for labor.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-augmenting technology will decrease the demand for labor.

d. A decrease in the price of output will increase the demand for labor.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

14. Suppose that a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals

the wage. If the firm pays a wage of $700 per week and the marginal product of labor equals 20 units per week, then the marginal cost of producing an additional unit of output is

a.$35

b.$70

c.$700

d.We do not have enough information to answer this question.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

15. Suppose that a competitive firm hires labor up to the point at which the value of the marginal product equals

the wage. If the firm pays a wage of $700 per week and the marginal product of labor equals 100 units per week, then the marginal cost of producing an additional unit of output is

a.$7

b.$70

c.$700

d.We do not have enough information to answer this question.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal product of labor

MSC: Analytical

1230 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

Figure 18-1.On the graph, L represents the quantity of labor and Q represents the quantity of output per week.

16. Refer to Figure 18-1.The figure illustrates the

a.demand for labor.

b.supply of labor.

c.production function.

d.wage function.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics TOP: Production function

MSC: Definitional

17. Refer to Figure 18-1.The marginal product of the second worker is

a.90 units of output.

b.105 units of output.

c.210 units of output.

d.330 units of output.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics TOP: Marginal product of labor MSC: Applicative

18. Refer to Figure 18-1.The marginal product of the fourth worker is

a.60 units of output.

b.75 units of output.

c.285 units of output.

d.345 units of output.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: The study of economics, and definitions of economics TOP: Marginal product of labor MSC: Applicative

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1231 19. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm hires each unit of labor for $600 per week, and each unit of output

sells for $9. What is the value of the marginal product of the third worker?

a.$540

b.$600

c.$675

d.$810

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product

MSC: Applicative

20. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $12 per unit, and it pays each of its workers $700

per week. The value of the marginal product of the fifth worker is

a.$540

b.$700

c.$720

d.$1,080

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product

MSC: Applicative

21. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm hires each unit of labor for $700 per week, and each unit of output

sells for $9. How many workers will the firm hire to maximize its profit?

a.2

b.3

c.4

d.5

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product | Profit maximization

MSC: Applicative

22. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $12 per unit, and it pays each of its workers

$700 per week. How many workers will the firm hire to maximize its profit?

a.2

b.3

c.4

d.5

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product | Profit maximization

MSC: Applicative

23. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $15 per unit, and it pays each of its workers $750

per week. When output increases from 210 units to 285 units,

a.the marginal cost is $10 per unit of output.

b.the marginal revenue is $5 per unit of output.

c.the value of the marginal product of labor is $4,275

d.the firm’s profit decrease s.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Marginal cost | Marginal revenue | Marginal revenue product

MSC: Applicative

1232 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

24. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $10 per unit, and it pays each of its workers

$400 per week. When the number of workers increases from 4 to 5,

a.the marginal revenue is $450 per unit of output and the marginal cost is $400 per unit of output.

b.the value of the marginal product of labor is $3,900 and the marginal cost per unit of output is

$400.

c.the value of the marginal product of labor is $450 and the marginal cost per unit of output is about

$8.89.

d.the firm’s profit increases.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Marginal revenue | Marginal cost | Marginal revenue product

MSC: Applicative

25. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $25 per unit, and it pays each of its workers

$1,000 per week. Also, the firm’s non-labor costs are fixed and they amount to $2,000. The firm

maximizes profit by hiring

a. 2 workers.

b. 3 workers.

c. 4 workers.

d. 5 workers.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Profit maximization

MSC: Applicative

26. Refer to Figure 18-1.Suppose the firm sells its output for $20 per unit, and it pays each of its workers

$1,250 per week. The firm maximizes profit by hiring

a. 3 workers.

b. 4 workers.

c. 5 workers.

d. 6 workers.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Profit maximization

MSC: Analytical

27. Refer to Figure 18-1. The shape of the curve suggests the presence of

a.an inverted production function.

b.diminishing total product.

c.increasing marginal product.

d.diminishing marginal product.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Diminishing marginal product

MSC: Analytical

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1233 Figure 18-2. The figure shows a particular firm’s value-of-marginal-product (VMP) curve. On the horizontal axis, L represents the number of workers. The time frame is daily.

28. Refer to Figure 18-2.The value-of-marginal-product curve that is drawn could be relabeled as the firm’s

a.production function.

b.total revenue curve.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor supply curve.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor demand curv

e.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product | Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

29. Refer to Figure 18-2.The firm would choose to hire three workers if

a.the market wage for a day’s work is $220.

b.the market wage for a day’s work is $260.

c.the output price is $220.

d.the output price is $260.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

30. Refer to Figure 18-2. Suppose the marginal product of the fifth unit of labor is 30 units of output per day.

The figure implies that the

a.price of output is $4.

b.price of output is $6.

c.price of output is $8.

d.daily wage is $120.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product

MSC: Applicative

31. Refer to Figure 18-2.Suppose one point on the firm’s production function is

(L = 3, Q = 180), where L = number of workers and Q = quantity of output. If the firm sells its output for $5 per unit, then

a. a second point on the firm’s production function is (L = 4, Q = 216).

b.the firm’s production function exhibits the property of diminishing marginal product of labor.

c.the firm will maximize profit by hiring four workers if it pays workers $160 per day.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Marginal revenue product | Profit maximization

MSC: Applicative

1234 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

32. Refer to Figure 18-2. Assume the following:

? Two points on the firm’s production function are (L = 2, Q = 180) and (L = 3, Q = 228),

where L = number of workers and Q = quantity of output.

? The firm pays its workers $120 per day.

? The firm’s non-labor costs are fixed and they amount to $250 per day.

We can conclude that

a.the firm sells its output for $12 per unit.

b.if the firm is currently employing 2 workers per day, then profit could be increased by $48 per day

if a third worker is hired.

c.the marginal cost per unit of output is $2.50 when output is increased from 180 units per day to 228

units per day.

d.the firm’s maximum profit occurs when it hires 3 workers per day.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets

TOP: Marginal cost | Marginal revenue product | Profit maximization

MSC: Analytical

33. The factors of production are best defined as the

a.output produced from raw materials.

b.inputs used to produce goods and services.

c.wages paid to the workforce.

d.goods and services sold in the market.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

34. Economists refer to the inputs that firms use to produce goods and services as

a.derived factors.

b.derived resources.

c.factors of production.

d.instruments of revenu

e.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factors of production

MSC: Definitional

35. Because a firm's demand for a factor of production is derived from its decision to supply a good in the market,

it is called a

a.differentiated demand.

b.secondary demand.

c.derived deman

d.

d.hybrid demand-supply.

ANS: C DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

36. The term "factor market" applies to the market for

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor.

b.capital.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,n

d.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Definitional

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1235

37. Factor markets are different from product markets in an important way because

a.equilibrium is the exception, and not the rule, in factor markets.

b.the demand for a factor of production is a derived demand.

c.the demand for a factor of production is likely to be upward sloping, in violation of the law of

demand.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Interpretive

38. Factor-market analysis could not be complete without some characterization of

a.product-market demand.

b.the marginal productivities of the different factors.

c.market prices for final goods and services.

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factor markets

MSC: Interpretive

39. The basic tools of supply and demand apply to

a.markets for goods and services and to markets for labor services.

b.markets for goods and services but not to markets for labor services.

c.markets for goods and services but not to markets for factors of production.

d.all markets except those in which demand is derived demand.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factors of production

MSC: Interpretive

40. Labor markets are different from most other markets because labor demand is

a.represented by a vertical line on a supply-demand diagram.

b.represented by an upward-sloping line on a supply-demand diagram.

c.such an elusive concept.

d. a derived demand.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Factors of production

MSC: Interpretive

41. Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "derived demand?"

a.An increase in the wages of auto workers will lead to an increase in the demand for robots in

automobile factories.

b.An automobile producer's decision to supply more cars will lead to an increase in the demand for

automobile production workers.

c.An automobile producer's decision to supply more minivans results from a decrease in the demand

for station wagons.

d.An increase in the price of gasoline will lead to an increase in the demand for small cars.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

42. When a firm maximizes profit,

a.it will hire workers up to the point where the marginal product of labor is equal to the product price.

b.it will hire workers up to the point where the marginal product of labor is equal to the wage.

c.it will hire workers up to the point where the value of the marginal product of labor is equal to the

product price.

d.it will hire workers up to the point where the value of the marginal product of labor is equal to the

wage.

ANS: D DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

1236 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

43. For a competitive, profit-maximizing firm, the labor demand curve is the same as the

a.marginal cost curve.

b.value of marginal product curve.

c.production function.

d.profit function.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Analytical

44. Which of the following is true at the level of output at which a competitive firm maximizes profit?

a.Price = marginal cost

b.Price = Wage/Value of marginal product of labor

c.Price = Marginal product of labor/wage

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

45. What causes the labor demand curve to shift?

(i)changes in productivity

(ii)changes in wages

(iii)changes in output prices

a.(i) and (ii)

b.(ii) and (iii)

c.(i) and (iii)

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

46. If the price of airline tickets falls, what will happen to the demand curve for flight attendants?

a.It will shift to the right.

b.It will shift to the left.

c.The direction of the shift is ambiguous.

d.It will remain unchanged.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

47. If the demand curve for beef shifts to the right, then the value of the marginal product of labor for butchers

will

a.rise.

b.fall.

c.remain unchange

d.

d.rise or fall; either is possibl

e.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

48. If the demand curve for computer games shifts to the left, then the value of the marginal product of labor for

computer game authors will

a.rise.

b.fall.

c.remain unchange

d.

d.rise or fall; either is possibl

e.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production 1237

49. Competitive firms decide how much output to sell by producing output until the price of the good equals

a.marginal product.

b.the value of marginal product.

c.marginal cost.

d.marginal profit.

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

50. Competitive firms hire workers until the additional benefit they receive from the last worker hired is equal to

(i)the additional cost of that worker.

(ii)the wage paid to that worker.

(iii)the marginal product of that worker.

a.(i) only

b.(iii) only

c.(i) and (ii)

d.(ii) and (iii)

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Analytical

51. Dan owns one of the many bakeries in New York City. Which of the following events will lead to an increase

in Dan's demand for the services of bakers?

(i)The price of muffins increases. (Muffins are Dan's specialty.)

(ii)Dan adds three new ovens to the kitchen area to help the bakers work faster.

(iii)Local bakers form a union to protect themselves from low wages.

a.(i) and (ii)

b.(ii) and (iii)

c.(i) and (iii)

d.All of the above are correct.

ANS: A DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

52. John owns a number of hot dog stands in New York City. He hires workers to sell hot dogs at his stands.

Which of the following events will lead to a decrease in John's demand for hot dog vendors?

a.Hollywood glamorization of a new movie about a hot dog vendor leads hundreds of high-school

students in New York City to apply for a job at John's.

b.The price of hot dogs falls.

c.The local hot dog vendors form a union increasing hot dog vendor wages.

d.The demand curve for hot dogs shifts to the right.

ANS: B DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

53. A sandwich shop hires workers to make sandwiches and sell them to customers. If the firm is competitive in

both the market for sandwiches and in the market for sandwich-makers, then it has

a.some control over both the price of sandwiches and the wage it pays to its workers.

b.no control over the price of sandwiches but some control over the wage it pays to its workers.

c.some control over the price of sandwiches but no control over the wage it pays to its workers.

d.no control over either the price of sandwiches or the wage it pays to its workers.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

1238 Chapter 18/The Markets For the Factors of Production

54. Which of the following events could increase the demand for labor?

a. A decrease in output price

b. A decrease in the amount of capital available for workers to use

c.An increase in the marginal productivity of workers

d. A decrease in the wage paid to workers

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

55. Which of the following events could decrease the demand for labor?

a.An increase in the number of migrant workers

b.An increase in the marginal productivity of workers

c. A decrease in demand for the final product produced by labor

d. A decrease in the supply of labor

ANS: C DIF: 2 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Applicative

56. When we focus on the firm as a supplier of a good or a service, we assume that the firm is a profit maximizer.

When we focus on the firm as a demander of labor, we assume that the firm's objective is to

a.minimize wages.

b.minimize variable costs.

c.maximize the number of workers hire

d.

d.maximize profit.

ANS: D DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Interpretive

57. Suppose that a new invention increases the marginal productivity of labor, shifting labor demand to the right.

Such an invention would be an example of

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-saving technology.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-augmenting technology.

c.Luddite technology.

d.supply-shifting technology.

ANS: B DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

58. Suppose that a new invention decreases the marginal productivity of labor, shifting labor demand to the left.

Such an invention would be an example of

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-saving technology.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,bor-augmenting technology.

c.Luddite technology.

d.supply-shifting technology.

ANS: A DIF: 1 REF: 18-1 NAT: Analytic

LOC: Labor markets TOP: Labor demand

MSC: Definitional

词汇学考试题目

词汇学考试题型 Ⅰ.Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement and put the letter in the bracket.（2×15=30%） 1.In Old English there was _______ agreement between sound form.（） A. more B. little C. less D. gradual 2.Both LDCE and CCELD are _______.（） A. general dictionaries B. monolingual dictionaries C. both A and B D. neither A and B 3.The word "MINISKIRT" is _______.（） A. morphologically motivated B. etymologically motivated C. semantically motivated D. none of the above 4.The most important way of vocabulary development in present-day English is _______.（） A. borrowing B. semantic change C. creation of new words D. all the above 5.Beneralization is a process by which a word that originally had a specialized meaning has now become ________.（） A. generalized B. expanded C. elevated D. degraded 6.Some morphemes have _______ as they are realized by more than one morph according to their position in word.（） A. alternative morphs B. single morphs C. abstract units D. discrete units 7.Old English vocabulary was essentially _______ with a number of borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian.（） A. Italic B. Germanic C. Celtic D. Hellenic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,pounds are different from free phrases in all the following ways EXCEPT _______.（）

微观经济学试题库(含答案)

一、单选题（70题） 1. 下列哪一种资源是最不具有稀缺性的（） A．医生；B．苹果；C．铁矿石；D．空气； 2. 下列中的哪一个问题是最有可能被微观经济学家所研究的（） A. 一般物价的膨胀； B. 整个经济中的失业； C. 总产出的增长率； D. 汽车行业中的劳动就业； 3. 下列中的哪一个属于规范经济问题（） A. 通货膨胀和失业是由什么引起的 B. 政府应该雇用所有失业的工人吗 C. 消费者如何对较低的价格做出反应 D. 收入与储蓄之间的关系是什么 4. 经济学有时被称作社会科学的皇后，这是因为：（） A.它强调经济增长和经济发展； B. 几乎所有的学生都必须学习经济学； C. 它的边际分析方法广泛应用于其他学科； D. 规范经济学和实证经济学的区别。 5. 经济学家的理性行为假定：（） A.仅仅在其提供有效预测的限度内才是有用的。 B.导致错误的理论，因为人们并非总是理性的。 C.只有当所有人都是理性的，才是有用的。 D.不管人们是否为理性的，都是有效的。 6. 微观经济学研究（），宏观经济学研究（）。 A．现实的经济问题，抽象的经济理论；B．个量经济，总量经济 C．理性行为，非理性行为；D．企业行为，政府行为 7．经济学可定义为（）。 A．政府对市场制度的干预 B.企业赚取利润的活动 C.研究稀缺资源如何有效配置的问题 D.个人的生财之道 8．“资源是稀缺的”是指（） A．资源是不可再生的 B.资源必须留给下一代 C.资源终将被耗费殆尽 D.相对于需求而言,资源总是不足的. 9．失业问题如果反映在生产可能性曲线图上，可记为（） A．生产可能性曲线内的一点 B.生产可能性曲线上的一点

词汇学练习试题

1.________ is traditionally used for the study of the origins and history of the form and meaning of words. A. Semantics B. Linguistics C. Etymology D. Stylistics 2.Stylistics is the study of style . It is concerned with the user’s choices of linguistic elements in a particular________ for special effects A. situation B. context C. time D. place 3.Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form , meaning, origins and usages of words, but they have a _______ difference. A . spelling B. semantic C. pronunciation D. pragmatic 4. Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on ______meanings. A. new B. old C. bad D. good 5The Normans invaded England from France in 1066. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of ______ words into English. A. French B. Greek C. Roman D. Latin 6Greek is the modern language derived from _______. A. Latin B. Hellenic C. Indian D . Germanic 7The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______. A.reversative prefixes B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 8The prefixes contained in the following words are called ______: pseudo-friend, mal practice, mis trust. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 9The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________. A. reversative prefixed B. negative prefixes C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 10The prefixes in words extra-strong, overweight and arch bishop are _____ . A . negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 11The prefixes in words bi lingual ,uni form and hemis phere are ________. A. number prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. pejorative prefixes D. locative prefixes 12.________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head. A.Prefixes of orientation and attitude B. Prefixes of time and order C. Locative prefixes D. Prefixes of degree or size 13. Omega,Xerox and orlon are words from _________. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,s of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 14.Ex-student, fore tell and post-election contain________. A.negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. locative prefixes 15Mackintosh, bloomers and cherub are from _______ A. names of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 16The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________. B.negative prefixes B. prefixes of degree or size C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 17The prefixes in words anti-government , pro student and contra flow are _____-. C.prefixes of degree or size B. prefixes of orientation and attitude C. prefixes of time and order D. miscellaneous prefixes 18Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6d7131297.html,s of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames 19The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》课后习题详解(第5篇)【圣才出品】

第5篇企业行为与产业组织 第13章生产成本 一、概念题 1．总收益（total revenue） 答：总收益指一定时期内厂商从一定量产品的销售中得到的货币总额，它等于单位产品的价格P乘以销售量Q，即： TR＝P·Q 由于完全竞争的厂商所面对的是一条水平的需求曲线，厂商增减一单位产品的销售所引起的总收益的变化（△TR）总是等于固定不变的单位产品的价格P，所以，总收益曲线是一条从原点出发的直线，其斜率就是固定不变的价格。完全竞争市场外其他类型市场的总收益曲线是先上升达到最大后再下降的。 2．总成本（total cost） 答：总成本指企业购买生产投入所支付的货币量，它包括两个部分，即固定成本（FC）与可变成本（VC）。固定成本是在短期内不随产量变动而变动的生产费用，如厂房费用、机器折旧费用、一般管理费用及厂部管理人员的工资等。只要建立了生产单位，不管产量多少，都需要支出固定成本。可变成本是随产量变动而变动的生产费用，如原材料、燃料和动力支出及生产工人的工资等。这些费用在短期内是随着产量的变动而变动的。其变动的规律是：最初，在产量开始增加时，由于各种生产要素的投入比例不合理，不能充分发挥生产效率，故可变成本增加的幅度较大；以后随着产量的增加，各种生产要素的投入比例趋于合理，其

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债券的有效收益率(effective yield) 递增规模报酬(increasing returns to scale) 支持价格(support price) 寻租(rent seeking) 公共产品(public goods) 产权(Property Rights)与所有权(Ownership); 劣等品(Inferior Goods)与吉芬品(Giffen Goods); 均衡(Equilibrium)与非均衡(Non-equilibrium); 公共产品(Public Goods)与私人产品(Private Goods) 私人成本(Private Cost)与社会成本(Social Cost); 边际替代率(Marginal Rate of Substitution)与边际技术替代率(Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution); 产业集中指数(Industrial Concentration Index) 勒纳指数(Lerner’s Index)与贝恩指数(Bain’s Index); 价格歧视(Price Discrimination)与二重价(Two-part Tariff); 占优均衡(Dominant Equilibrium)与纳什均衡(Nash Equilibrium). 规模经济(Economies of scale)与范围经济(Economies of scope) 交易成本(Transactions costs)与沉没成本(Sunk cost) 纵向兼并(Vertical merger)与横向兼并(Horizontal merger) 不完善信息(Imperfect information)与不对称信息(Asymmetric information) 基尼系数(Gini coefficient)和价格指数(Price index) 微观经济学于宏观经济学 需求 供给 均衡价格 消费者剩余 生产者剩余 需求弹性 供给弹性 效用 基数效用论 边际效用递减规律 序数效用论 无差异曲线 预算约束线 消费者均衡 收入效应与替代效应 柯布-道格拉斯函数 生产函数 边际收益递减规律 规模报酬 内在经济与外在经济 生产要素投入的经济区域 生产要素最优组合 利润最大化原则 机会成本与经济成本 短期成本与长期成本 成本函数 厂商均衡 完全竞争 完全竞争厂商(行业)的供给曲线 完全竞争厂商的关闭点(停止生产点) 完全垄断 产品差别 垄断竞争 寡头垄断 折拐的需求曲线 差别/歧视价格

新初中英语词汇辨析的经典测试题含解析

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