动词不定式(the infinitive)的基本用法
动词不定式
1. “not/never to do / not do”.
2. 基本用法:不定式可以带宾语或状语构成不定式短语,没有人称和数的变化。
一、不定式的句法功能
1. 作主语
eg: It’s very common to raise money in Canadian and American school.
不定式做主语时,常用代词it 来代替不定式结构, 这时it 被称为形式主语,而作为句子真正主语的不定式则被后置,往往放v.和adj.之后。
e.g. To learn English well is not easy.
= It’s not easy to learn English well.
★不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for + 名词或代词宾格”构成, 即:
跟踪练习
1. It’s very nice of them ________ (send) me the flowers.
2. _________ (become) a teacher is my dream.
3. It’s very important to learn English well.(同义句转换)
________ ________ English well ______ very important.
4. It’s important _______ Chinese well.
A. to learn
B. learn
C. learning
D. learns
2. 作表语
eg:The best way to raise money is to sell newspapers.
表语是用来表示主语的身份、状态和特征等,可与系动词构成系表结构。
eg:Her wish is to study in Ji Yan Middle school.
My job is to clean the streets.
跟踪练习
1. My work is __________ (clean) the room every day.
2. His dream is _________ (be) a doctor.
3. 作宾语
eg:The driver offered to help the patient.
有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语,表示命令、打算或希望等。常见的此类动词有:agree,
ask, choose, decide, want, would like, fail, help, hope, plan等。
跟踪练习
1.My friends want ________ (book) some tickets to the movie for us.
2. My parents decide _______ (give) me more money.
3. He plans ________ (go) to Beijing for a holiday.
4. The boy hopes ________ (pass) the English exam.
5. My little son is able _________ (read) some words.
6. I’ll try my best _________ (help) you.
7. She would like _________ (become) beautiful.
4. 作宾语补足语
eg:It allows people to get closer to them.
The world wide fund for nature chose the panda to be its symbol.
动词不定式作宾语补足语,此类常见的动词有:tell, ask, want, wish, teach, help, order, invite, get, allow, send, lead, encourage, advise, warn, bear, beg, cause, command, drive, elect, expect, forbid, force, hate, intend, leave(留下), like, mean, need, permit, persuade, prefer, remind, train, trouble等36个动词。即:
ask sb. to do sth. 让某人做某事;tell sb. to do sth. 告诉某人做某事;
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事;help sb. to do sth. 帮助某人做某事;
want sb. to do sth. 想要某人做某事; allow sb. to do sth. 允许某人做某事; ...
eg:My friend invites me to come to his home.
I asked Paul to carry the box.
其否定形式为:
tell sb. not to do sth. 告诉某人不要做某事; ask sb. not to do sth. 让某人不要做某事;
warn sb. not to do sth. 警告某人不要做某事;order sb. not to do sth. 命令某人不要做某事;
eg:My teacher tells us not to make too much noise.
跟踪练习
1. Don’t ask Jim _____ (go) swimming with us, because his mother won’t allow him ____ (do) so.
2. Does you mother like you ________ a doctor?
A. being
B. to be
C. are
D. become
3. My teacher always tells me ________ (study) hard.
4. I don’t want you _________ (help) me.
5. She’d like me _________ (join) them.
6. I wish you ________ (have) a good time.
7. My best friends teach me _________ (swim).
8. Her boyfriend often invites her _________ (have) dinner.
9. My mother always gets my father _________ (do) housework.
10. I order you _________ (wash) your hands.
★在动词think, believe, know, find, understand, take等之后,作宾补的不定式多由“ to be +adj.”构成。
eg: They find the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.
He believed the earth to be a globe.
★在某些短语后也可跟不定式作宾补。这类动词短语常见的有:wait for, call on, depend on, care for, long for等。
eg: The crocodile waited for the monkey to come down again.
The chairman called on Mr. Brown to speak.
I shouldn't care for that man to be my doctor.
★有些动词后接省去to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,即:动词不定式在使役动词(make,l et,have)或感官动词(feel,listen to,hear,look at,see,watch,notice)之后作宾补时不定
式需省去to
为了便于记忆,我们可以这样记:
“一感”(feel)
“二听”(listen,hear)
“三让”(let,make,have)
“四看”(look at,see,watch,notice)
eg:His words makes everyone laugh.
His mother let him not watch TV.
I felt someone open my door.
Please listen to me sing the song again.
to的不定式作宾补,也可跟现在分词作宾补。其区别是:前者强调动作的全过程或经常性;后者则强调动作在进行(片断)。试比较:
I heard her sing.我听见她唱了歌。◆I heard her singing.我听见她在唱歌。
★个别动词,如: help既可以接带to的不定式,也可以接不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。eg:She helps me (to) do my homework.
跟踪练习