江苏大学2013英语论文写作-研究生英语复习_2 (1)

考试题型：

一．回答问题

二．文体对比

三．语篇分析

四．语篇改写

Unit 1

1. Classification of Professional Papers

A professional paper is a formal printed document in which professionals present their views and

research findings on any deliberately chosen topic

Report Paper---The report paper summarizes and reports the findings of author(s) on a particular subject Research Paper--A research paper can be intelligent, well-informed, interesting, and original in its conclusions

Course Paper--a course paper mainly refers to the paper written after a specific course is learned or at the end of the term.

Thesis Paper (Dissertation)---A thesis paper is usually written and submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MA or MS (or Ph.D) in a specific discipline.

2. General Characteristics of English Academic Writing Style

Generally, English Academic writing:

●is complex--Written language is relatively more complex than spoken language ,lexical words

●is formal--Academic writing is relatively formal. Formal writing doesn’t use co ntractions, or

colloquialisms and slang.

●is impersonal and objective--Written language is in general objective rather than personal. It

therefore has fewer words that refer to the writer or the reader. This means that the main

emphasis should be on the information that you want to give and the arguments you want to

make, rather than you.

●is explicit--Academic writing is explicit about the relationships in the text. Furthermore, it is

the responsibility of the writer in English to make it clear to the reader how the various parts

of the text are related

●Is accurate--Academic writing uses vocabulary accurately. Most subjects have words with

narrow specific meanings.

●is cautious or tentative--

●is responsible---Academic writing refers to information which must be clearly referenced in

your text.

Page 3:

Read the following two passages and try to find out the stylistic features of each.

(1): subjective, informal---

(2): objective, formal-

Unit 2 . Title, Author/Affiliation and Keywords

1. General functions

2 Linguistic Features

A. Using More Nouns, Noun Phrases and Gerunds(动名词)

The words or phrases used in a title are very often nouns, noun phrases or gerunds, nominalization, which usually are keywords for the paper, having the ability to sum up the whole text.

For example, we may easily find such titles as:

(1) Civilization's Source and Its Implication.

(2) A Multi-perspective Account of Met linguistic Negation.

(3) Research on the Motivations of Lexis and Vocabulary Learning Strategies.

B. Using Incomplete Sentences

A title is just a label of appellation of the paper, reflecting the main idea of the content, so even

when there is a need to give a title in the form of a sentence, it does not need to be a complete sentence

Keywords

2 Linguistic Features

A. Nominalization

Keywords are usually used in the form of nouns, not verbs. For example, ―investigation‖ is used instead of ―investigate‖; ―fabricate‖ should be replaced by ―fabrication‖; and ―educate‖ ought to be replaced by ―education.‖

B. Limited Number

The number of the keywords for a paper should be limited. Four to six keywords are the average. In general, there should be at least 2 and at most 8.

C. Designated Choice----

The keywords of a paper usually come from the title and/or the abstract, where the key terms of words and phrases are usually contained.

Page 7

Correct the mistakes in the following titles according to the writing requirements you have learned in this unit.

1.Applying---application

2.Measuring---measurement

3.去掉the

4.The investigations---去掉the

5.A New DOA Estimator Based on Broadband Uniform Accuracy

6.去掉the

Unit 3. Abstract

自己看

Unit 4. Introduction

1. General Functions of Introduction

Introducing the Subject---he author is here to supply sufficient background information to relieve the readers who are not well-informed in this field of troubles in understanding and evaluating the results of the given study without referring to previous publications on the topic. Limiting the Research Scope--narrowing down the scope of work and delimiting the boundary of your study becomes entirely necessary

Showing the Writing Arrangement---The logical arrangement of the writing enables the reader to understand the paper more easily when further reading is necessary.

2. Structural Features of Introduction and Some Idiomatic Expressions

Starting with the Research Background

Ex. 5-1

The Behavior Translating English-to-Chinese Machine Translation System is the first of its kind in Taiwan. And it is also among the first commercialized E-to-C systems in the world. The research began as a joint effort.., in May 1985...

Further examples can be seen from the sections of introduction of the two complete papers attached in the Appendixes.

Here are some expressions used to introduce the background of the subject in an introduction:

●Over the past several decades....

●Somebody reported...

●The previous work on... has indicated that...

●Recent experiments by... have suggested...

●Several researchers have theoretically investigated...

●In most studies of ....... has been emphasized with attention being given to...

●Industrial use of... is becoming increasingly common.

●There have been a few studies highlighting...

●It is well known that...

Transiting to the Existing Problem---Authors usually transit to the main problems to be discussed or weak points remaining in the previous work to be further studied and/or improved The following are a number of expressions used to present existing problems:

●Great progress has been made in this field, but (however, nevertheless, etc.)...

●Also, the consideration of... alone cannot explain the observed fact that...

● A part of the explanation could lie in... However ....

●The study of... gives rise to two main difficulties: one is...; the other is...

●Despite the recent progress reviewed in .... there is no generally accepted theory

concerning...

●From the above discussion, it appears that at present neither.., nor.., are known. Focusing on the Present Research

There are also a number of expressions used to introduce the present work:

●In this paper .... is investigated (studied, discussed, presented, etc.)

●The present work deals mainly with...

●We report here.., in the presence of...

注意：如果给我们一段话，要我们指出哪些句子是：研究背景？转向问题？以及本篇文章研究焦点的句子？

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2. Analyze the following introductions, following the directions if possible.

3.2.1. Underline the part stating the research background.

3.2.2. Parenthesize the part pointing to the existing problem.

3.2.3. Draw a box around the part focusing on the present research.

Introduction 1

According to Hannagan (1995: 18), ―Mo dem management is essentially about managing

people as well as processes, in a rapidly changing environment.‖ This seems especially important for a British Airways office set in a different culture, which is largely due to the fact that given the variety of cultural inheritance people under different

Cultures may behave in diverging ways. The human be haviors affect the performance of people at work, as shown by the Hawthorne effect, and a careful analysis of such behavior under a multicultural context will be beneficial to the overall performance of the department as well as that of each individual.

In this paper, I shall undertake an analysis of an issu e. The department where I work is British Agency China, based in Beijing. In this place a British manager has to deal with over 20 Chinese employees. During the time that we have worked together, it has seemed to me (and the Manager) that there exists such a cultural difference and in many cases the communication between the employer and the employee cannot get through, thereby influencing the overall performance of the department. I shall analyze the issue in this context and attempt to formulate certain possible procedures to tackle the task.

Introduction 2

In this paper I attempt to show how a number of related concepts in Cognitive Grammar (Fillmore, 1982; Lakoff, 1982, 1987; Langacker, 1987,1988, 1990, 1991) can be applied to the analyses of discourse. Cognitive Grammar (CG) is well adapted not only to addressing issues concerning the relationship between language and cognition but also to constituting a potentially powerful sociolinguistic tool. I will focus on two related concepts: ―profiling‖ (Langacker, 1990) and ―radial category structure‖ (Lakoff, 1987; Brugman, 1988; Taylor, 1989).

Abstract

It has been more than fifty years since its appearance of the ligand theory (配位场理论). It was initiated in 1931 when Bethe’s crystal field theory (晶体场理论) was proposed. The theory of complex spectra for atoms contributed by Racah has had an important effect on the development of the ligand field theory as it has influenced that of nuclear and elementary particle theories.

In this article, the extension of the irreducible tensor method (不可约张量方法) to the ligand field theory which was originally performed by Tang Aoqing and his collaborators, is simplified by introducing the quasi-spin group (准自旋群) to give a theoretical analysis of the spectra of TbPsOl4. The theoretical analysis is in good agreement with the experimental result.

As an example, the energy matrix elements of ground states terms (基态谱项的能量矩阵元) of TbPsOl4 crystal are calculated by the application of this theory, a serial spectrum data published by Bai Yubai are to be fitted by the use of five crystal-field parameters and eight relativistic parameters. The fitted results are satisfactory with 8 cm-1 at mean square root error and 17 cm-1 at the maximum absolution error of energy levels.

1. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying attention to the

sentence structure of each.

5.1.1. Strategy is an art of planning the best way to gain an advantage or to achieve success.

5.1.2. Here the point of view is the term generally used to indicate the point from which the paper is written.

5.1.3. Subordination is the technique of placing the less important thought in a subordinate position.

5.1.4. This formula is developed on the basis of the previously discussed theory.

5.1.5. It is concluded that some of the parameters cannot be obtained by using the method shown in Section IV.

5.1.

6. Connect the equipment to the machine. Turn off the switch. Adjust input voltage to 10V. And note down the output current.

Unit 5 Literature Review

Structural Elements In Writing A Literature Review

A literature-review chapter requires a number of structural elements, which help guide the reader from one sentence and paragraph to the next in a logical and seamless fashion.

The chapter star ts with an introductory paragraph that focuses the reader on the topic that will be covered by the review. A road map should be inc luded a s an ―advanced organizer‖ of what will be included in the chapter as a whole. The chapter sho uld be divided into sections and subsections, each (depending on its level of complexity) having its own mini-road maps to further guide the reader.

Each paragraph should begin with a clear and explicit topic sentence that informs the readers

what will comprise that particular paragraph. Each major section should close with a transition that leads the reader into the next topic that will be covered in the review. Finally a summary and concluding section should bring the review together at the end

六．Textual Development （1）

Research description

There are two basic approaches to description: objective and subjective.

1. Objective Description

In most cases, when a professional author writes his research papers, he has to take an objective approach instead of a subjective one, because in his professional research, he has to focus on the object he is portraying rather than on his personal action to it.

2.Subjective Description

In contrast to objective description is subjective or impressionist description, which shows the author’s impression of or responses to what they see.

General Requirements for Research Description

(1)Presenting a picture of the object

A research description is intended to present a picture of the appearance of an object or the details or process of an investigation.

(2) Illustrating the object in artificial language

A research description is often accompanied by one or more figures, graphs, pictures or tables. All the information and data should be presented as figuratively and obviously as possible.

(3) Making necessary comparison

It is often possible to make the description clearer by means of comparing an object or a process, say, an experiment, with something that the reader is familiar with.

(4) Sizing the object specially

In describing size, an experienced professional writer usually tries to avoid such general words as ―large‖, ―small‖ or ―quite big‖. Instead, he prefers to say 3 cm2 squared, or 10 meters’ high.

(5) Locating the object correctly

The positions of various parts of an object or a place must be indicated with care unless the figure or picture itself already shows the position of each part clearly.

(6) Generalizing/systematizing the observation carefully

A research description has also to indicate how the new observations and ideas bing advanced may require a change--- by further generalization or systematization --

Induction

Induction is the logic pattern by which the author develops his idea by obtaining general laws from particular facts or various studies. The often taken model is: previous studies.., our study.., we conclude....

Deduction

Deduction is the method by which the author develops his idea by getting the conclusion for a particular case from general laws or an idea from an axiom.

Analogy

Analogy is the logic pattern by which the author develops his ideas by drawing similarities between parallel cases (putting two cases together, finding one point on which two things are similar and reasoning other points on which two things are similar). Usually the author takes a case that is familiar to readers (audience) and has already been accepted to infer several conclusions about a case that is not familiar to them or difficult for them to understand.

In the article Fair Process: Managing in the Knowledge Economy,

A London policeman gave a woman a ticket for making an illegal turn...............

Unit 7 Textual Development

1.Typical Features of Papers of Experimental Nature

Compared with papers of theoretical nature, papers of experimental nature, as the name implies, mainly center around experiments, investigations or analyses of their results. To this end, the most important section of this paper is that of experimental description. The functions of experiment description are to (1) convince readers—experimental result should be reliable and convincing; (2) benefit reader--- the introduction of experimental and inspiration, and should facilitate further deliberations and research for the readers; and (3) allow readers to duplicate the experiment – the process and method of experiment should have reproducibility, and the described experiment should be duplicated by same others under the conditions.

Unit 8. Result, Discussion and Conclusion

1) General Functions and Contents of Results

The value of a research lies in the value of its final results and the author’s interpretation of the results.If the preceding sections of a paper (Introduction, Investigations, Experiments, Calculations, etc.) a re designed to explain how the author obtains the results, and the f ollowing sections of the paper (Analysis, Discussion, Summary or Conclusion, etc.) are to tell what the results should mean.Then, in the section of results, the author(s) should bring about a solid foundation on which the whole paper rests, by boiling down to all the facts and data he has gained.

2) Writing Requirements for Results

In the section of result, the following two points should be kept in mind.

First, any data shown in this section must be meaningful.

Second, the presentation of results should be short without verbiage] and be of crystal clarity. This is because it is the research result that contains new ingredients of knowledge or findings which the writer can claim as his own contribution to the science world, and that builds the basis for the whole paper of the author.

1.Rewrite the following, making them m ore coherent by either adding transitional

words or changing the sentence order.

Sports demand an effort of will and muscle that is healthful for the soul as well as the body.Swimming is physically health f ul, of course. But the fi rst dive into the pool is always cold: taking the plunge always requires some effort of will. And the swimmer summons his will to compete , against himself o r o thers.Similarly, ten nis takes quantities of energy, physical and moral, especially wh en the competition stiffens under a hot sun. Team sports ,like basketball,baseball ,and volleyball ,perhaps demand even more of the amateur.

Unit Ten Plagiarism

1.1the definition of plagiarism

Plagiarism is the act of using another person’s language or ideas without acknowledgment. (The word plagiarism is derived from a Latin word for kidnapper.) A dictionary defines it as “the u se or imitation of words and ideas of another person and the representation of them as one’s original work.”

如果给个材料，上面没有索引，是否应该是剽窃，该如何回答？？

在职研究生考试英语(翻译、作文)

Part VI Translation (10 points) Directions: Translate the following passage into Chinese. Write your answer on the Answ et Sheet. Being unhappy is like an infectious disease. It causes people to shrink away from the suff erer. He soon finds himself alone and miserable. There is, however, a cure so simple as t o seem, at first glance, ridiculous: if you don't feel happy, pretend to be! It works. Befor e long you will find that instead of pushing people away, you attract them. You discover h ow deeply rewarding it is to be the center of wider and wider circles of good will. Then the make-believe becomes a reality. Being happy, once it is realized as a duty and established as a habit, opens doors into unimaginable gardens filled with grateful friends. Part VII Writing (15 points) Directions: Write a composition of at least 150 words about the topic: The possibility of us ing the mobile phone to study English (or any other subject). You should write according t o the outline given below: 1.我认为手机（不）可以用来学习英语或其他知识。 2.理由是…… 3.结论

研究生英语学术论文写作(考试大概)

Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions ③Background+purpose→Methodology→Result→Conclusion

在职研究生英语作文汇集(经典篇)

(一)1.目前金融危机正深深地影响到社会的方方面面 2. 人们对如何应对金融危机的不同看法 3. 你的看法 The Impact of Financial Crisis Presently, international financial crisis is becoming more and more serious, which has been influencing every part of our daily life. Job hunting is increasingly becoming difficult; food is getting more expensive; and people’s everyday living is much harder than before etc. As to how to deal with the crisis, people have different opinions. Some people hold a more positive view, who believe that the present crisis is not very serious, and we can overcome it in just a few years with the micro-control policy of our government. With the help of the government, living expenses will soon slow down. Things will get better, and we needn’t worry too much. But some other people take an opposite side. They believe that things are the other way round, and the present crisis is getting worse and worse. This crisis is worldwide and cannot be solved in a few years. People’s everyday life will become much harder. As for me, I have strongly felt the full negative impact this crisis has brought on me. Food in the supermarket is more expensive than that in the last few months; everyday expenses are getting higher. However, I don’t think this crisis is beyond control. I firmly believe that with the right policy of our government this crisis cannot outdo us. we should face this crisis calmly and do things with a more practical mind. （2）1．刚参加工作时遇到了哪些困难。 2．产生这些困难的原因。 3．如何克服这些困难。 The Problems I Had When I First Started to Work When I first started my work in an electronic company, I did meet with many problems. Two main problems are: I did not know how to conduct business with clients and customers and I had no idea about how to deal with a bargain and persuade them to take my offer. The second problem was that there was no room for me and I had to find a room far away from the company. It took me more than one hour on the way to the office and then came back. The reason for the first problem was that I had no practical experience and I needed to learn and practice. As for the second problem the company could not take care of every employee’s housing. And it was our responsibility to look after ourselves. To overcome these problems, I worked hard and learne d from any one modestly. After half year’s work I became experienced and began to make money. So I was able to rent a single apartment near my company. Now everything is all right to me. （3）1．合作的意义。 2．合作在工作中的重要性（举例）。 3．怎样培养合作的能力？ The cooperation Cooperation means that people should work together smoothly for the purpose of mutual benefit. In the work they should help each other and learn from each other. They should have mutual respect, too. Cooperation is important in our work. Without it, we will fail. For example, two years ago, our institute managed to get a joint research project with a university in the south of China. At first everything went on all right. Then there was a misunderstanding and argument. Finally, the cooperation could not continue and the project failed. This example can show the importance of cooperation. I believe there are more examples. I think people should start to cultivate their sense of cooperation when they are very young. For example, in primary schools, pupils should be taught how to play with others, and how to study together. At university, students should be told frequently that in today’s world, individual is impossible to make big achievements, and they have to work or conduct research with others. Besides, they should be given a chance for team work. Then I think that people will be able to cooperate well with others.

考研英语作文范文和模板：图表作文

考研英语作文范文和模板：图表作文 图表作文 1.写作攻略图表作文是考研英语写作中较为常见的题型之一，也是难度较大的一种写作题型。这类作文可综合提供题目、数据、图像、提纲，形式多样，但实际上只涉及5个方面：描述图表、指明寓意、分析原因、联系实际、给出建议，而每次考试只是从这5个方面的内容中选出3个结合在一起。从写作类型来看，基本上属于说明文。要求考生围绕题目将有关信息转化为文字形式，考生应该具有一定数据分析和材料归纳的能力，同时会运用一定的写作方法。考研试题一般以三段式写作方法来组织文章，第一段总结归纳信息反映的整体情况，点出主题思想，第二段回答第一段所得出的问题，对数字、数据等做出有条理的分析比较，第三段做出总结或给以简单的评论。表格和图表题型写作要点：(1)考生应仔细研究题目以及提示信息，认清图表中的数字、线条、阴影等部分的变化趋势和走向，抓住其主要特点，然后根据图表所显示的中心信息确定内容层次以及主题句。(2)考生应该仔细研究图表所给出的大量信息，从中选取最重要，最有代表性的信息，然后根据全文的主旨去组织运用所获取的关键信息。切忌简单

地罗列图表所给出的信息。(3)图表作文一般采用的时态为一般现在时，但如果图表中给出了具体时间参照，考生则应对时态进行相应的调整。(4)图表作文有一些固定句型和表达法，考生应对此融会贯通。(5)图表作文可以细分为表格，曲线图、柱形图和饼形图。除了上述共同要点，考生还应了解这四种图在写作方面的不同特点。——表格可以表示多种事物的相互关系，所以考生要对表格中所给出的大量数字进行比较分析，从中找出其变化规律。——曲线图常表示事物的变化趋势，考生应认真观察坐标系所显示的数据信息，并且密切注意交汇在坐标横轴和纵轴上的数字及单位。——柱形图用来表示各种事物的变化情况及相互关系，要求考生通过宽度相等的柱形的高度或长度差别来判断事物的动态发展趋势，因此考生应密切关注坐标线上的刻度单位及图表旁边的提示说明与文字。——饼形图表示各事物在总体中所占的比例及相互关系，旨在要求考生准确理解并阐述一个被分割成大小不等切片的饼形图所传达的信息。考生应清楚掌握部分与整体，部分与部分之间的相互关系，这种关系通常是以百分比的数字形式给出的。(6)列出各段主题句。考生可以根据所给提纲或已知信息列出每段的主题句，为全文的展开做好铺垫。(7)围绕主题句完成段落的展开。尽量做到主题明确、条理清楚、文字简练。(8)检查与修改。对图

2013年度小车班工作计划 (5000字)

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不过去年的作文比较大众化没有模板也可以编出来。 还有关于说用模板低分的问题，大家可以把开头几句陈述性的句子打乱下顺序，比如图表作文，开头的陈述性句子都是：1There has been a discussion recently about apicture in which _____。○2_____。 ○3_____。○4The picturesconvey a clear and strong message to us that_____。 我们可以倒一下过来：4The picturesconvey a clear and strong message to us that_____。1There has been a discussion recently about apicture in which _____。○2_____。○3_____。○4The picturesconvey a clear and strong message to us that_____。 或者你自己写个开头加个倒装什么的绝 对亮瞎改卷老师的24K真金狗眼 ~~~{:soso_e107:}

研究生英语作文

计算机和商业世界 写一篇约200字的作文。确保它体现了衔接、统一和连贯的原则。 As we all known,computer,a kind of system,is used to deal with data,including MP3,telephone and so on.People's life has been changed since it appeared.In recent ten or twenty years, The computer technology has been developed rapidly, with it the Internet has been rapidly expanding. Internet is affecting our society and life, which is changing the traditional business model. How does the computer affect business models?It is no difficult for us to find a bulk of examples to illustrate the problem.First of all, the computer provides a very good platform , which makes the real sales to the online sales. A typical example is the Taobao from which people can purchase all kinds of goods including clothing, food and electronic products.Furthermore ,computers have changed the traditional way of payment and financial management mode.what we are familar with the Yu Ebao,Jingdong financial and so on.To a certain extent, those have been impacting the development of banking sector.Finally, it is worth our attention that the business model based on the computer has greatly promoted the development of the economy. In the tide of economic globalization and global informatization, the development of computer is especially significant,which plays a key role in new busniess world. However, the new business put forward higher requirements for the network environment, which requires us to maintain. 为儿童树立榜样的影响 论证因果分析原理。 It is well known that the power of example is infinite.In the same way, setting an example is significant for children in the process of their growth-one which has both clearly causes and diffirent effects. Why the example has huge impact for the growth of children ? An obvious reason is the ability of absorption and imitation of the children.In other words,the children are expert in learning what one sees and hears them. Therefore, parents, brothers and sisters and even the teacher's behavior will have a great impact on the child's behavior.The way of learning is another factor.Because setting an example is the most direct and most effective way of learning in a number of learning methods. The effects of setting an example can be various which include positive and negative.Setting a good example can promote the growth of the children and especially the parents should set an positive example for children.This is because parents are their children's first teachers, parents’manners will constantly affects children.Tolstoy said: "in a family, the father only to educate themselves, where to produce children's self education. Without a father of a pioneer example, all the children of self-education conversation will become empty talk."