如何写英文论文 How ti write Introduction

How to write the Introduction

The introduction is certainly the most read section of any research paper, and it largely determines the readers or reviewers attitude toward the work. Therefore, it is probably the most delicate part of the writing of a paper. Unfortunately, many people face difficulties when writing the introduction.

The purpose of an introduction is to present the motivation behind the research, with the intention of defending it. An introduction also places your paper in a theoretical context and helps the reader to clearly understand your objectives. In addition, the introduction should grab the reader's attention completely. Below, we discuss the major components that should be included in an ideal introduction.

Part I Components

I. Theme or Topic

A broad theme or topic of the study should be stated.

II. Academic Importance

The academic importance of the paper should be explained.

III. Literature Review

The available literature should be summarized and previous studies that are most relevant to your research should be cited. In addition, if a previous study is replicated, it should be clearly stated along with an in-text citation.

IV. Knowledge Gap

A discussion of the knowledge gap and inconsistencies found should follow the literature, and the benefits of the study's main contribution should be highlighted.

V. Research question and objectives

A clear indication of the research question addressed in the study, specific objectives that guide your research, the context in which the study was conducted, and the units of analysis used in the study should be provided in the introduction.

Part II Effective ways of writing each component

The different parts of the introduction are elaborated in this section. Including these steps will help you to write an effective introduction to your paper.

I. Theme or Topic

Begin your introduction by clearly identifying your subject area. An overview introduction of the broad theme or topic of your research will help readers to clearly understand your research domain immediately. In the first few sentences of the introduction, use keywords from your title to focus directly on your topic. This places immediate focus on your subject without discussing information that is too general.

It is unnecessary for you to give the details of the research questions because details will be presented at the end of the literature review chapter or at the beginning of the methodology chapter.

Since your paper will also be read by people outside the domain, writing the paper in a simple, yet effective way is essential for people to understand the relevance of your research. In addition, it is important that you introduce the broad theme or topic of your research in the introduction for the reader to totally understand what the research is about. To achieve this, the following points must be followed.

--Avoid the use of technical jargons in the introduction

--Do not begin the introduction with the research question or hypothesis.

--Define technical terms and constructs (concepts)

You may use the following sentence structures to arouse the reader’s interest in the topic of the thesis.

--One of the most essential current discussions in Electrical Engineering is.

--It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the X,Y, and Z problem.

--X is the leading cause of color break up in Liquid Crystal Displays.

--In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for .

-- In the history of Y, X has been thought of as a key factor in ..

Or, You May Begin by Emphasizing Time

--In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ...

--Recent developments in the field of x have led to a renewed interest in ...

--Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ...

--The past decade has seen the rapid development of x in many ...

II. Academic Importance

In this part, you should answer the question: Why your study is worth undertaking. Usually the reasons can be explained in terms of practical and theoretical importance. A paper’s academic value can be determined by the lack of the previous research on the topic, and by highlighting the gaps and inconsistencies in the literature. However, in this part , you need not write a comprehensive review of the field. You may refer to one or more previous studies that motivated you to choose this research topic. More references will be introduced in the literature review part.

--Numerous studies have attempted to explain . . . (e.g., Smith, 1996; Kelly, 1998; Johnson, 2002).

--Recent evidence suggests that ... (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999; Johnson, 2001).

--Surveys such as those conducted by Smith (1988) show that...

--Several attempts have been made to . . . (Smith, 1996; Jones, 1999;Johnson, 2001).

III. Literature Review

A summary of the available literature should be concise and should mostly include recent studies that are directly related to the research. In addition, some studies that should be included must be from the recent past (i.e., studies from the last five years). If the research is a replication of a previous study, a brief introduction to that study along with the citation should be mentioned in this section.

A literature review forms the theoretical basis of an article and discusses published information in a particular field. It can be just a summary of the sources, but it usually is an organizational pattern and analysis, and synthesis, i.e., a recap, evaluation. and reorganization of information. Generally, a literature review provides a new interpretation of past studies, combines new interpretations with previous interpretations, or traces the intellectual progression of the field. This can relate the study to previous studies in the field. A literature reviews can be written to provide a theoretical framework and rationale for a research.

There are four questions that researchers need to examine when writing a literature review.

--Which aspects should be included in a literature review?

--How should the information be synthesized in a literature review?

--How should the literature review be structured?

--What writing style should be used when writing a literature review?

1) Which Aspects Should Be Included in a Literature Review?

An effective literature review should always include the following components: --A brief discussion of where and how the study or research conforms to the broader view of the field.

--A definition of all the key concepts and constructs used in the paper.

--A discussion that focuses and synthesizes previous relevant research findings.

--A summary of the existing approaches explaining how previous research-measures constructs the current study measures.

--A theoretical support for the hypotheses to be tested.

Reviewers will look for these five aspects in the literature review. However, these aspects should not be used as main headings.

2) How Should the Information in a Literature Review Be Synthesized?

Since a literature review is not a chronological summary of the paper, it is necessary to synthesize existing knowledge. This should be done without plagiarizing or paraphrasing previous studies. This section elaborates on how to synthesize three types of information, namely definitions, lists of attributes or factors, and opposing viewpoints.

Definitions

All concepts or constructs and technical terms need to be defined in the literature. It is best to define the concept or term immediately after its first mention in the paper. However, these definitions should not be borrowed from previous research; rather a reviewed definition should be provided.

General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings

--The term X has come to refer to...

--The term X is generally understood to mean.

--The term X has been applied to situations where students .

--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is

--While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paperuses the definition first suggested by Thomas (1998), who saw it as...

--Throughout this paper, the term X refers to...

--This article uses the acronym/abbreviation XYZ.

In a formal sentence definition, the term being defined is first assigned to a class or group to which it belongs and then distinguished from other terms in the class.

-- A star is a celestial body that shines by itself and whose source of energy is nuclear fusion occurring in its core.

-- A solar cell is a device which converts the energy of sunlight into electric energy. --Ecology is a scientific study that is concerned with the distribution and abundance of life and the interactions between organisms and their natural environment.

Attributes or Factors

Generally, authors list the different attributes, factors, elements, or issues when

discussing a similar topic. These factors suggest the effectiveness of a particular

method or technique. However, these attributes or factors should not be merely listed

in the literature review. Instead, a summary of these factors should be included in the

literature review.

--There are three reasons why language research has become so important. These

are…

--There are generally two outcomes when a patient undergoes X. These are…

--The disadvantages of the new approach can be discussed under three headings,

which are…

-- Martinez and Rodriguez (1999) listed X,Y and Z as the major causes of infant

mortality.

--Jamison (2008) suggested three conditions for its acceptance. First, X should

be …second, it needs to be…Third, …

Opposing Viewpoints

Several authors studying a similar problem may have opposing viewpoints. A discussion of different viewpoints can help the readers to understand the current

knowledge better.

Here is a list of sentence structures used to present different viewpoints.

--However, Smith makes no attempt to differentiate between variant types of X.

--Jones fails to fully acknowledge the significance of...

--The paper appears to be over ambitious in its claims of.. .he author overlooks the

fact that X contributes to Y.

--what Smith fails to do is to draw a distinction between.. .

--Smith's paper would have been more convincing if he had i ncluded…

--Her conclusions would have been much more interesting if she had adopted…

--The findings might have been fa more original if the author had used…

--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…

--. A serious weakness with this argumen t, however, is that…

--Smith's argument relies heavily on the qualitative analysis of...

-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.

3) How Should the Literature Review Be Structured?

To write an effective literature review, following a logical structure is crucial. That is, the different sections and subsections of the literature review should be linked.

A few points that would help in better structuring the review are listed below.

--Place the specific topic being discussed in a relevant, yet broader context and then focus the discussion on more specific issues.

--The headings should be brief and should give a detailed overview of the review. One -word titles should be avoided.

--Use relevant diagrams and discuss the comparison between several constructs crucial to the research.

--Define the technical terms and concepts clearly.

--The text provided should be relevant to the headings under which they are provided. --Provide a brief motivation for the hypotheses of the research.

4) What Writing Style Should Be Used when Writing a Literature Review?

Literature reviews should generally be easy to read and understand. Simply put, a literature review should be clear for a non-academic person. Try not to use technical jargons, unfamiliar terms and phrases, and undefined technical abbreviations. In addition, having a clear and concise flow in the literature can help readers understand the entire process of the research.

5) General Keyword Meanings/Application of Meanings

--The term X has come to refer to...

--The term X is generally understood to mean.

--The term X has been applied to situations where students .

--In broad biological terms, x can be defined as any stimulus that is

IV. Knowledge Gap

Since a research aims at expanding the knowledge on a specific topic, a research should also address specific knowledge gaps, inconsistencies and controversies in the literature. In addition, the main contribution of the study should be mentioned in this component, which will contribute to motivate the importance of the study.

To define your research or study, you need to find a conflict, a question, an untested population, or an untried method in the existing research of the field you study.

--However, a major problem with this type of application is...

--To date, there has been little agreement on what . . .

--More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about...

--There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ...

--Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks.

--One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in..

--In many Xs, a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ...

--So far, however, there has been little discussion about.

--However, far too little attention has been paid to…

--So far, this method has only been applied to...

--Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones,2003), but there is still insufficient data for ...

--However, there have been no controlled studies that compare differences in...

--One question that needs to be asked, however is whether…

-- A serious weakness with this argument, however, is that…

-- It seems that Jones' understanding of the X framework is questionable.

V. Research question and objectives

This part is usually placed near the end of the introduction. Briefly describe your study (hypothesis or research question), general experimental design or method, and reasons for using this method if there are alternatives. There are two main parts in this section.

1)Be sure to state clearly the purpose or hypothesis that you are investigating

If you’re a new writer, you can use a standard statement, such as “ The purpose of this study is to...” or “This study investigates three possible mechanisms to explain the...” as a statement of purpose. Of course, we have more ways to express the focus and aim of the thesis.

--This paper focuses on/examines/assesses .

--This paper seeks to address the following questions..

--The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the e:

--This paper reviews the research conducted on...

--The aim of this paper is to determine/examine .I

--The aim of this study is to evaluate and validate ...

2)Provide a Reason for Your Approach to the Problem Studied

Briefly write how you approached the problem. If you use a new technique or methodology, the introduction should present the advantages of this new approach, compared with previously used methods. This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the introduction. Do not discuss the actual techniques or protocols used in your study in the introduction. You can provide the details in the methods section .

--This study uses the semi-structured approach because ...

--Smith et al. (1994) identified several advantages of...

--The best method to adopt for this investigation is to...

--A case study approach allows...

--The questionnaire design is based on...

--The X method is one of the more practical ways to...

This component should clearly indicate

--The research question addressed in the paper;

--The specific research objectives that guide the research;

--The context in which the study was conducted;

--The units of analysis used in the paper.

VI. Outlined Structure

This component should only include a brief outline of the flow of the entire paper To sum up this chapter, the introduction to a research paper should provide the Motivation, Literature Review, Knowledge Gap, and Research Question. Writing the introduction based on these points help ease this otherwise complex task. Similar to the abstract, the introduction is best written toward the end of the writing process. This may help in summarizing the entire paper effectively.

Task : Rearrange the following sentences to make into a coherent introduction

The Position of Sentence Connectors in Academic English

c. B. Feak and J. M. Swales

Introduction

1) ESL writing textbooks have for many years regularly included chapters on sentence connectors (e.g., Herbert, 1965).

2) Many commentators have noted that sentence connectors (e.g., however) are an important and useful element in expository and argumentative writing.

3) Most reference grammars deal with their grammatical status, classification, meaning, and use.

4) However, neither of these studies provides any descriptive evidence of the actual positions of sentence connectors in academic texts.

5) Some attention has also been given to the position of sentence connectors in clauses and sentences.

6) Quirk and Greenbaum (1973) observe (a) that the normal position is initial; (b) that certain connectors, such as hence and overall " are restricted, or virtually restricted, to initial position"; and (c) that medial positions are rare for most connectors, and final positions even rarer.

7) The only attempt known to us to explain differences in position on semantic grounds is an unpublished paper by Salera (1976) discussed in Celce-Murcia and Larsen-Freeman (1983).

8) In the present paper, we report on a preliminary study of sentence connector position in a sample of twelve published articles.

9) Frequency studies of their occurrence in academic English extend at least as far back as Huddleston (1971).

10) The Salera paper deals only with adversatives like however and suggests that initial position reflects something contrary to expectation, while medial position reflects a contrast that is not necessarily unexpected.

Part III. Tenses in the Introduction

Stage 1: Current Knowledge

Use the present tense when stating or reporting established facts:

--Fine motor skills require integrating muscular, skeletal, and neurological functions. When reporting findings from multiple previous studies, use the present perfect tense: --Previous studies have indicated the need to further examine X.

Stage 2: Literature Review

1) Use the present tense when reporting established facts:

--The salt in most oceans is approximately 97% sodium chloride (Ritchie, 199).

2) when referring to a single, previous study, use the past tense:

--Kurtz (2008) found that instructors allocated equal time to each group.

Note that the above sentence has two verbs. The first verb, found, describes what Kurtz did in this 2008 study. The second verb, “alloated,” is in the past tense because it describes what the instructors in this study did at the time the research was conducted. If this verb (called a verb complement were written in the present tense, the statement would be expressing a fact that is true for all instructors everywhere. Consider the next sentence and note the tense of the second verb:

--Baggio and Klinsmann (1994) revealed that DNA polymerase performs a vital function in DNA replication in animal cells.

In this example, the first verb is written in the past tense, again to explain what this study did. However, the verb complement (the second verb in the sentence) is written in the present tense because the finding of this study was established as a fact and, therefore, true for everyone everywhere.

3) Use the present perfec t tense when reporting findings from multiple previous studies:

--Several researchers have studied the relationship between classroom lighting and standardized test performance (Jens, 2006;6Kiby et al, 2008; Miner, 2009).

Note how the different verb tenses used in the following three sentences slightly change the meanings:

--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affects brain activity.

--Owen and Shearer (2002) discovered that memory load affected brain activity.

--Owen and Shearer (2002) suggested that memory load may affect brain activity.

The first sentence uses the present tense affects" to claim this study's finding as a fact. The second sentence uses the past tense to report the finding as being limited to the circumstances of the involved study, and the third sentence uses both a tentative verb “suggested” and a modal verb “may” to describe the implications of the finding. Stage 3: Knowledge Gap

1) Repor t facts and currently accepted methods using the present tense:

--Little information is available on the risks and benefits of X vs. Y.

2) Refer to multiple previous studies using the present perfect tense.

--However, few studies have reported the effects of antioxidant seeds on the endocrine system.

Stage 4: Problem Statement

1) Use the present tense when writing report-focused statements:

--The aim of this paper is to determine the principal mechanical parameters of thin film deposited on a circular glass substrate.

2) When writing research-focused statements (referring to your own study), use the past tense:

--The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not a genetic correlation exists between performance levels at high and low temperatures.

Stage 5: Rationale for Study (optional)

When expressing expected outcomes or offering future recommendations, use the present tense with conditional modal verbs(such as could, may, and might):

--This research may provide an alternative to the common field measurement of soil erosion and runoff.

如何写英语论文(非常有用)

英文科技论文中的语言技巧，不可不看 a)如何指出当前研究的不足以及有目的地引导出自己的研究的重要性通常在叙述了前人成果之后，用However来引导不足，比如However,little information.. little attention... little work... little data little research or few studies few investigations... few researchers... few attempts... or no none of these studies has(have)been less done on... focused on attempted to conducted investigated studied (with respect to) Previous research(studies,records)has(have) failed to consider ignored misinterpreted neglected to overestimated,underestimated misleaded thus,these previous results are inconclusive,misleading,unsatisfactory,questionable,controversial.. Uncertainties(discrepancies)still exist... 这种引导一般提出一种新方法，或者一种新方向。如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样，可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用：However,data is still scarce rare less accurate there is still dearth of We need to aim to have to provide more documents

写好英文论文摘要的七个要素

写好英文论文摘要的七个要素 英文论文摘要是英文论文最开始的部分，其重要性可想而知。它就像是一篇论文的眼睛，如何用一双顾盼神飞的眼睛赢得评审老师的心？ 1. 英文摘要是什么？ ABSTRACT，是用最为浓缩的语言将你论文的核心内容表述出来。不需要你用华丽的语言去描述！只留下普通、平实的内容。 2. 如何写英文摘要？ 可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。 概述(30词左右)：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。例如：This paper is…或This study focuses on… 目的(30词左右)：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用in order to 或者for the purpose of 等较长的表述。 方法(50词左右)：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。 结果(50词左右)：直入主题地摆出结果，如This paper shows…或The results are… 结论(60词左右)：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…”的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。 展望(20词左右)：指出研究对未来的意义，如This paper is of great significance in…或指出不足。 3. 常用什么语态？ 规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。 4. 常用什么人称？ 最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。 5. 一般有多少字？ 一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，特殊情况可以分成两到三段，但最好不要超过三段。长度一般为200字到300字之间。 6. 不能有的东西？ 不常见的术语，插图，表格，数学公式，化学方程式，中文标点，过多的形容词，无关的背景资料，自我评价等。 7. 常用什么时态？ 摘要的时态以一般现在时为主，表示一种存在于自然界的客观规律。在特殊的情况下可以使用一般过去时或现在完成时，用来表明一定范围内的结论或是某一过程的延续性。描述具体的动作时通常用一般过去时，总结主要的结果时通常用一般现在时。 注意：用paper 做主语来描述论文概况时后面常用一般现在时：This paper aims to focus on…而采用study 来描述相同的内容时则常用一般过去时：This study investigated…

英文论文写法

拯救论文！学霸给出的写作建议，超级实用！ 如果大家仔细看了这些高质量期刊对审稿人审稿的要求或者说直接点，就是对稿件的要求，我想大家心里都有底了。结合我个人的审稿经验，我个人认为一篇高质量的学术论文应该具有下面十个要素： （1）原创性 （2）创新性 （3）题目合适 （4）好的摘要 （5）论文组织论证严密（逻辑性强） （6）图表清晰可靠 （7）英语表达好，语法拼写等错误少 （8）精选参考文献 （9）LETTER 要求投的文章要适合该期刊 （10）可读性，好的文章通俗易懂，有影响力 我审稿时看稿件的顺序是题目、摘要、图表、前言、参考文献和正文，我觉得题目、摘要、前言、图表、参考文献很重要，实验部分我觉得其次。大部分期刊的基本要求：原创性、创新性、图表、论证、组织、写作、参考文献。 一般国外期刊至少两个审稿人，也有三个甚至还有六七个的，审稿人会有不同的审稿方位和审稿重点，所以按照审稿人意见逐条仔细修改很重要的，当然主编根据多位审稿人的意见，进行综合后给出最终决定的，所以你在写作时要从审稿人的角度去写作尽量方方面面考虑到，语法、语言组织、论文逻辑结构、图表表达，实验结果配合理论、仿真等会更好，如果是快报，当然可以只给出实验结果也行。只有实验数据的文章，除非创新性很强，一般不会发表在高档期刊的。也许有人认为差一点的杂志档次要求应该低一些，实际上，如果你认

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今天我很荣幸地看到了一篇谈及唐远炎教授关于<<如何写英语论文>>的博客。唐远炎教授在国际刊物和国际会议上发表学术论文250多篇(其中包括22本书籍及章节)，其中SCI 检索80余篇，EI检索100余篇。听了他的讲座之后，感觉受益匪浅，有些观点和思想很有参考价值。所以就毫不犹豫地转贴过来了。 在写英语论文过程中，主要注意的有以下几点： 第一，对于初写英语论文的人来讲。最好不要对原中文论文进行直译。在谈到这个观点时，唐教授一再强调初写英语论文一定要“抄”，也就是说搜集一些类似的国外高级刊物的英语论文，在这些论文中找到要表达相似意思的英文句子，使用它的句型。这样写出来的论文更适合外国人的思维方式。也能让外国人更容易理解。同时也更容易被SCI、EI检索。他还说，按这种方式写过5篇论文左右，一些地道的英语表达方式就可以熟练的记住了。 第二，在写英语论文之前，首先要确定你要投什么样的期刊。其实投中文期刊论文也是这样的，举个很简单的例子，前几天，我有一个同学，写了一篇用数学问题解决纺织工程问题的论文。导师指导他说：“如果你想投到<<纺织学报>>，在写论文时，在内容上就应该对一些数学知识作详细的说明，而纺织知识可以作粗略的介绍，但如果你想投到<<应用数学>>期刊，那就应该对纺织的一些基础知识作详细的说明!”。因此，投不同类型的期刊有不同的写作手法。这样可以提高论文的录用率。 第三，要想写出被SCI/EI检索的文章一定要多花功夫在标题和摘要上。这也许是大家都知道的。外国人更注重创新，只要你觉得自己的观点有创新点，就不要怕不会被外文收录。还有一句话我还记忆忧新：“做很少人做的研究领域，做难的研究领域”。这样的文章很容易被录用。 第四，中国有句古话：“熟读唐诗三百首不会作诗也会吟”。在写英语论文之前，做大量的阅读是必要的。但最好应该去读那些英语是母语国家学者写的论文。但是，必须注意的是，无论是硕士还是博士，永远应该把专业放在第一位，英语是放在第二位。英语只是一种工具，只是一种帮助你科研的工具。

英文论文基本结构

英文论文难，不是难在写作素材上，而是难在不熟悉专业的词汇，中国的留学生大多本身的英语基础不好，很多都是应付各种考试而准备的词汇，和英语母语的外国学生相比，中国学生写作能力则欠缺不少。还有一点，用英语写论文难，是因为不太了解学术英语的语言特点。本文主要在于讨论学术论文写作的方法，包括学术论文写作中常用的句型结构，对于很多初次写作的新手来说应该有所帮助，大家可以模仿和学习，以便自己的英文论文化难为易。下面我们来看看英文论文的写作技巧有哪些？ 一般来说，一篇完整规范的学术论文由以下各部分构成： Title(标题) Abstract(摘要) Keywords(关键词) Table of contents(目录) Nomenclature(术语表) Introduction(引言) Method(方法) Results(结果) Discussion(讨论) Conclusion(结论) Acknowledgement(致谢) Reference(参考文献) Appendix(附录) 其中Title，Abstract，Introduction，Method，Result，Discussion，Conclusion，Reference 等八项内容是必不可少的(其他内容根据具体需要而定)。在这八项内容中，读者最多的是Title，Abstract和Introduction部分，读者会根据这些内容来决定是否阅读全文。也就是说，一篇研究论文赢得读者的多少，在很大程度上取决于Title，Abstract和Introduction 写得好坏。因此这三项内容将各分章详细加以讲述。 学术论文的正文一般包括Method，Result，Discussion三个部分。这三部分主要描述研究课题的具体内容、方法，研究过程中所使用的设备、仪器、条件，并如实公布有关数据和研究结果等。Conclusion是对全文内容或有关研究课题进行的总体性讨论。它具有严密的科学性和客观性，反映一个研究课题的价值，同时提出以后的研究方向。 标题的写法 论文标题是全文内容的缩影。读者通过标题便能够预测论文的主要内容和作者的意图，从而决定是否阅读全文。因此，为了使文章赢得有关领域里众多的读者，论文的标题必须用最精炼的语言恰如其分地体现全文的主题和核心。本章主要探讨英语学术论文标题的语言特点及写法。 6.1 标题的长度 标题单词总数名词数介词数形容词等 1) Fire Resistant Steels for Construction: Design, Properties and Microchemistry 9 6 1 2 2) Damping Capacity of Shape Memory Alloy 6 5 1 0 3) Microelectronic Assembly and Packaging Technology: Barriers and Needs 8 5 0 3

关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧

关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧 下面是关于学术论文英文摘要写作技巧，欢迎阅读借鉴，希望对你们有帮助。摘要,作为一篇学术论文中的部分,对一篇文章的成功有着举足轻重的作用.通过浏览一篇好的文章的摘要,能够让读者大致了解到本文所提出的问题,所采取的解决方法以及其结果.而国际性刊物一般都要求以国际性语言英语写作,就是在中国,现在很多重要的刊物也都要求必须有相应的英文摘要.现在在很多重要国际会议上,是先让你把英文摘要给完成,他们直接根据摘要来决定你的文章是不是可以考虑录用,英文摘要的好坏决定了学术论文能否顺利的进行国际的交流,由此可以看出英文摘要的重要性.从这个意义上,作为一名学者,应该掌握英文摘要的写作方法. 下面作者结合两篇英文摘要对英文摘要的具体写作进行分析研究,并结合国际性学术刊物上发表论文所要求的英文摘要特点,谈谈英文摘要的写作方法. 下面两篇摘要第一篇是摘自国外学者写的,第二篇是摘自一名国内在校博士写的.通过对这两篇摘要进行对比分析研究,让我们更加明确的了解英文摘要的写作规范. 1(Written in original English)This paper describes a new “modifiedpulse arc evaporation process”which represents a combination of both d.c. And pulse cathodic arcs. The aim is to

give a comparative overall view. The paper reports on measurements of spot movement on the target, arcvoltage response and ion current under different electric conditions, suchas current magnitude, current changing rate and pulse duration. There arepossibilities to improve the target consumption; to reduce the upperstability limit; and to increase the spot velocity, the bias current densityin the pulse phase and the plasma power. For optical measurements ofspot movement a new high-speed video camera was used. 2(Written by Chinese student in English) Every machining techniqueleads to distinguishing surface feature and precision characteristic. Thenon -traditional finish machining can improve the surface quality andprecision of parts. The improvement of these can advance the performanceand life of parts. The non-traditional machining has its superiority. 英文摘要大体上包括四个部分: 研究目的、方法、结果、结论. 研究目的主要说明作者写此文章的目的或主要解决的问题,表明研究的范围和重要性;研究的方法主要是提出解决问题的方法以及主要工作过程;研究的结果则是作者在此研究过程最后得到的结果;结论是说明该研究结果的实际应用价值.

英文论文写作、投稿过程中的注意事

英文论文写作、投稿过程中的注意事项 【写作前准备】 1、自己的实验结果是否够发一篇SCI文章？ 2、适合发表在什么杂志？是选择专业期刊？还是综合期刊？ 3、为什么类型的投稿（Types of submission）？比如Articles（论著）；Reviews（综述）；Reports（报告）；Letter to editor（来信）等。 4、该杂志的影响因子（Impact factor）是多少，每年发表多少文章？是否有过本土中国人在上面发表？（便于评价自己的文章被接收的可能性）。 6、有没有下载该杂志最新的投稿须知（Instructions for authors）？ 7、是否弄清楚了投稿须知各个条目的意思？ 8、是否接收网上投稿(Submission on line)（一般有网上投稿的杂志更为方便）？ 9、是否收版面费(Page charges)？如果论文被接收，自己的经济能力能否支付该杂志的发表全部费用。 10、手头有多少相关内容的文献？（越多越好，这样写作的时候能借鉴他们的思路和语句，对分析讨论的开展也很有好处） 【写作环节】 1、不要用中国式的思维去写英文句子。 2、套用老外的写作思路（比如前言第1段写对疾病的认识及重要性，第2段对基本背景知识的介绍，第3段如何引出研究问题。讨论部分往往每一段第一句为该段的中心句。） 3、格式一定要严格按照所投杂志的要求来排版（可以参考投稿须知的要求和该杂志最近发表的文章，要做到一模一样，这样编辑认为你是认真对待的）。 4、避免使用首次发现，该研究特别有意义的语句（老外喜欢你陈述事实，是不是首次发现由别人说了算，有没有意义需要时间来检验）。 5、首页有什么特殊要求？比如是否写清了通讯作者（Corresponding author）和页眉标题（Running title），Running title是否符合字符数要求，一般50个字符以下。首页是否要求标明全文字符数（The number of characters must be listed on the title page）。首页是否要求提供关键词（Key words)，现在很多杂志在正式出版的时候是看不到关键词的，他多数目的是为了编辑好选择审稿专家。 6、摘要是否为有特殊格式（比如格式摘要：目的，方法，结果，结论），是否有字数限制（比如205个字以下）。 7、注意参考文献（References）一定要符合杂志的格式，参考文献的数目是否有限制。是否不能引用正在出版的（In press）文章或未公开的（Unpublished data）数据。 8、是否引用了较多著名杂志的文章为参考文献（大家看影响因子超过10的杂志文章，他们引用的文献多数也是来自10以上的杂志，也就是说你投高影响因子的杂志就尽量不要引用低档杂志的文章，这是一条潜规则）。

英文摘要如何写

一、绪论 (1) 要的类型与基本内容 (1) 三、英文题名 (2) 四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2) 五、英文摘要 (2) 英文摘要如何写 一、绪论 文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。 通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。 国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。 科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。 要的类型与基本内容 英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。gb 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文）摘要。原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。 摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。 它可以包括三个组成部分 ①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图； ②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌； ③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。

英语论文摘要怎么写

英语论文摘要怎么写 ，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。 英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式 中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。字数为300-500字左右。 1.中文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗) ②下空一行居中打印摘要二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。

③摘要二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。 ④摘要内容后下空一行打印关键词三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 2.英文摘要 ①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗) ②下空一行居中打印英文单词Abstract (Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。 ③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)

④摘要内容后下空一行打印Key Words ( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。 ⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。 Self-Knowledge of Emma (空1行) Abstract (空1行)

Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion. After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma s self-knowledge. (空1行) Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge