2014年行政法中英文对照版

Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China (2014

Amendment)[Effective]

中华人民共和国行政诉讼法(2014修正) [现行有效]

Issuing authority:National People's Congress Document Number:Order No. 15 of the President Date issued:11-01-2014 Level of Authority:Laws

Area of law:Administrative Litigation

Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国行政诉讼法

(Adopted at the 2nd session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1989; and amended according to the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 11th session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on November 1, 2014) （1989年4月4日第七届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过根据2014年11月1日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改＜中华人民共和国行政诉讼法＞的决定》修正）

Table of Contents 目录

Chapter I General Provisions 第一章总则

Chapter II Scope of Cases Accepted 第二章受案范围Chapter III Jurisdiction 第三章管辖

Chapter IV Primary Litigation Participants 第四章诉讼参加人Chapter V Evidence 第五章证据

Chapter VI Filing a Complaint and Accepting a Case 第六章起诉和受理Chapter VII Trial and Judgment 第七章审理和判决Section 1 General Rules 第一节一般规定Section 2 Formal Procedure at First Instance 第二节第一审普通程序Section 3 Summary Procedure 第三节简易程序Section 4 Procedures at Second Instance 第四节第二审程序Section 5 Trial Supervision Procedure 第五节审判监督程序

Chapter VIII Enforcement 第八章执行

Chapter IX Foreign-Related Administrative Litigation 第九章涉外行政诉讼Chapter X Supplementary Provisions 第十章附则

Chapter I General Provisions 第一章总则

Article 1 To ensure the impartial and timely trial of administrative cases by the people's courts, settle administrative disputes, protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, and oversee administrative agencies' exercise of power according to the law, this Law is developed in accordance with the Constitution.

第一条为保证人民法院公正、及时审理行政案件，解决行政争议，保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益，监督行政机关依法行使职权，根据宪法，制定本法。

Article 2 A citizen, a legal person, or any other organization which deems that an administrative action taken by an administrative agency or any employee thereof infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of the citizen, legal person, or other organization shall have the right to file a complaint with a people's court in accordance with this Law.

第二条公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政机关和行政机关工作人员的行政行为侵犯其合法权益，有权依照本法向人民法院提起诉讼。

The term “administrative action” as mentioned in the preceding paragraph includes administrative actions taken by an organization empowered by a law, regulation, or rule. 前款所称行政行为，包括法律、法规、规章授权的组织作出的行政行为。

Article 3 The people's courts shall protect the right of a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization to file a complaint, and accept, according to the law, administrative cases that shall be accepted.

第三条人民法院应当保障公民、法人和其他组织的起诉权利，对应当受理的行政案件依法受理。

Administrative agencies and the employees thereof may not interfere with or impede the acceptance of administrative cases by the people's courts. 行政机关及其工作人员不得干预、阻碍人民法院受理行政案件。

The person in charge of an administrative agency against which a complaint is filed shall appear in court to respond to the complaint, or, if he or she is unable to appear in court, authorize a relevant employee of the administrative agency to appear in court. 被诉行政机关负责人应当出庭应诉。不能出庭的，应当委托行政机关相应的工作人员出庭。

Article 4 The people's courts shall independently exercise judicial power over administrative cases, without any interference by any administrative agency, social group, or individual.

第四条人民法院依法对行政案件独立行使审判权，不受行政机关、社会团体和个人的干涉。

The people's courts shall establish administrative divisions for the trial of

administrative cases.

人民法院设行政审判庭，审理行政案件。

Article 5 The people's courts shall try administrative cases based on facts according to the law.

第五条人民法院审理行政案件，以事实为根据，以法律为准绳。

Article 6 In the trial of administrative cases, the people's courts shall examine the legality of administrative actions.

第六条人民法院审理行政案件，对行政行为是否合法进行审查。

Article 7 In the trial of administrative cases, the people's courts shall apply the collegial bench, disqualification, open trial, and “final after two levels of trial” rules according to the law.

第七条人民法院审理行政案件，依法实行合议、回避、公开审判和两审终审制度。

Article 8 In administrative litigation, the parties shall have equal legal status.

第八条当事人在行政诉讼中的法律地位平等。

Article 9 Citizens of all ethnicities shall have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their respective ethnicities in administrative litigation.

第九条各民族公民都有用本民族语言、文字进行行政诉讼的权利。

In an area where an ethnic minority is concentrated or several ethnicities cohabit, the people's courts shall conduct trial and publish legal instruments in the spoken and written languages commonly used by the local ethnicity or ethnicities. 在少数民族聚居或者多民族共同居住的地区，人民法院应当用当地民族通用的语言、文字进行审理和发布法律文书。

The people's courts shall provide interpretation for litigation participants who are not familiar with the spoken and written languages commonly used by the local ethnicity or ethnicities. 人民法院应当对不通晓当地民族通用的语言、文字的诉讼参与人提供翻译。

Article 10 In administrative litigation, the parties shall have the right to debate.

第十条当事人在行政诉讼中有权进行辩论。

Article 11 The people's procuratorates shall have the authority to exercise legal supervision over administrative litigation.

第十一条人民检察院有权对行政诉讼实行法律监督。

Chapter II Scope of Cases Accepted 第二章受案范围

Article 12 The people's courts shall accept the following complaints filed by citizens, legal persons, or other organizations:

第十二条人民法院受理公民、法人或者其他组织提起的下列诉讼：

(1) A complaint against any administrative punishment, such as administrative detention, suspension or revocation of a license or permit, ordered suspension of production or business, confiscation of illegal income, confiscation of illegal property, a fine, or a warning. （一）对行政拘留、暂扣或者吊销许可证和执照、责令停产停业、没收违法所得、没收非法财物、罚款、警告等行政处罚不服的；

(2) A complaint against any administrative compulsory measure, such as restriction of personal freedom or seizure, impoundment, or freezing of property, or administrative enforcement. （二）对限制人身自由或者对财产的查封、扣押、冻结等行政强制措施和行政强制执行不服的；

(3) A complaint against an administrative agency's denial of, or failure to respond within the statutory period to, an application for administrative licensing or any other administrative licensing decision made by the （三）申请行政许可，行政机关拒绝或者在法定期限内不予答复，或者对行政机关作出的有关行政许可的其他决定不服的；

administrative agency.

(4) A complaint against an administrative agency's decision to confirm the ownership or the right to use any natural resource, such as land, mineral resources, water, forest, hill, grassland, wasteland, tidal flat, or sea area. （四）对行政机关作出的关于确认土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的决定不服的；

(5) A complaint against a decision on expropriation or requisition or a decision on compensation for expropriation or requisition. （五）对征收、征用决定及其补偿决定不服的；

(6) A complaint against an administrative agency's refusal to perform, or failure to respond to an application for the administrative agency to perform, its statutory duties and responsibilities in respect of protecting personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests. （六）申请行政机关履行保护人身权、财产权等合法权益的法定职责，行政机关拒绝履行或者不予答复的；

(7) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has infringed upon the plaintiff's autonomy in business management, right in the contractual operations on rural land, or right in operations on rural land. （七）认为行政机关侵犯其经营自主权或者农村土地承包经营权、农村土地经营权的；

(8) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has abused its administrative power to preclude or restrict competition. （八）认为行政机关滥用行政权力排除或者限制竞争的；

(9) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has illegally raised funds or apportioned expenses or illegally required performance of other obligations. （九）认为行政机关违法集资、摊派费用或者违法要求履行其他义务的；

(10) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has failed to pay consolation money, minimum subsistence, or social insurance benefits according to the law. （十）认为行政机关没有依法支付抚恤金、最低生活保障待遇或者社会保险待遇的；

(11) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has failed to perform according to the law or as agreed upon, or illegally modified or rescinded, an agreement, such as a government concession agreement or a land and building expropriation compensation agreement. （十一）认为行政机关不依法履行、未按照约定履行或者违法变更、解除政府特许经营协议、土地房屋征收补偿协议等协议的；

(12) A complaint claiming that an administrative agency has otherwise infringed upon personal rights, property rights, or other lawful rights and interests. （十二）认为行政机关侵犯其他人身权、财产权等合法权益的。

In addition to those as set out in the preceding paragraph, the people's courts shall accept administrative cases which may be filed as prescribed by laws and regulations. 除前款规定外，人民法院受理法律、法规规定可以提起诉讼的其他行政案件。

Article 13 The people's courts shall not accept complaints filed by citizens, legal persons, or other organizations against the following:

第十三条人民法院不受理公民、法人或者其他组织对下列事项提起的诉讼：

(1) Actions taken by the state in national defense and foreign affairs,

among others.

（一）国防、外交等国家行为；

(2) Administrative regulations and rules or decisions and orders with general binding force developed and issued by administrative agencies. （二）行政法规、规章或者行政机关制定、发布的具有普遍约束力的决定、命令；

(3) Decisions of administrative agencies on the rewards or punishments for their employees or the appointment or removal from office of their employees. （三）行政机关对行政机关工作人员的奖惩、任免等决定；

(4) Administrative action taken by an administrative agency as a final adjudication according to the law. （四）法律规定由行政机关最终裁决的行政行为。

Chapter III Jurisdiction 第三章管辖

Article 14 The basic people's courts shall have jurisdiction over administrative cases as courts of first instance.

第十四条基层人民法院管辖第一审行政案件。

Article 15 An Intermediate People's Court shall have jurisdiction over the following administrative cases as a court of first instance:

第十五条中级人民法院管辖下列第一审行政案件：

(1) A case filed against an administrative action taken by a department of the State Council or by a people's government at or above the county level. （一）对国务院部门或者县级以上地方人民政府所作的行政行为提起诉讼的案件；

(2) A case handled by the Customs. （二）海关处理的案件；

(3) A major or complicated case within its territorial jurisdiction. （三）本辖区内重大、复杂的案件；

(4) Other cases under the jurisdiction of an Intermediate People's Court as prescribed by the law. （四）其他法律规定由中级人民法院管辖的案件。

Article 16 A Higher People's Court shall have jurisdiction as a court of first instance over major and complicated administrative cases within its territorial jurisdiction.

第十六条高级人民法院管辖本辖区内重大、复杂的第一审行政案件。

Article 17 The Supreme People's Court shall have jurisdiction as a court of first instance over major and complicated administrative cases nationwide.

第十七条最高人民法院管辖全国范围内重大、复杂的第一审行政案件。

Article 18 An administrative case shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place where the administrative agency taking the original administrative action is located. A case that has undergone reconsideration may also be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place where the reconsideration agency is located.

第十八条行政案件由最初作出行政行为的行政机关所在地人民法院管辖。经复议的案件，也可以由复议机关所在地人民法院管辖。

With the approval of the Supreme People's Court, a Higher People's Court may determine several people's courts that have jurisdiction over 经最高人民法院批准，高级人民法院可以根据审判工作的实际情况，确定若干人民

administrative cases across administrative regions. 法院跨行政区域管辖行政案件。

Article 19 A complaint against an administrative compulsory measure that restricts personal freedom shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place where the defendant or the plaintiff is located.

第十九条对限制人身自由的行政强制措施不服提起的诉讼，由被告所在地或者原告所在地人民法院管辖。

Article 20 Administrative litigation involving real property shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court at the place where the real property is located.

第二十条因不动产提起的行政诉讼，由不动产所在地人民法院管辖。

Article 21 Where two or more people's courts have jurisdiction over the same case, the plaintiff may file a complaint in one of these people's courts. If the plaintiff has filed a complaint in two or more people's courts that have jurisdiction over the case, the people's court that first dockets the case shall have jurisdiction.

第二十一条两个以上人民法院都有管辖权的案件，原告可以选择其中一个人民法院提起诉讼。原告向两个以上有管辖权的人民法院提起诉讼的，由最先立案的人民法院管辖。

Article 22 Where a people's court finds that a case accepted is not under its jurisdiction, it shall transfer the case to the people's court that has jurisdiction over the case, and the people's court to which the case is transferred shall accept the case. If the people's court to which the case is transferred deems that the case is not under its jurisdiction either according to the relevant provisions, it shall report to the people's court at a higher level for designated jurisdiction, and may not transfer the case to another people's court on its own initiative.

第二十二条人民法院发现受理的案件不属于本院管辖的，应当移送有管辖权的人民法院，受移送的人民法院应当受理。受移送的人民法院认为受移送的案件按照规定不属于本院管辖的，应当报请上级人民法院指定管辖，不得再自行移送。

Article 23 Where a people's court which has jurisdiction over a case is unable to exercise its jurisdiction for any special reasons, the people's court at a higher level shall designate another court to exercise jurisdiction over the case.

第二十三条有管辖权的人民法院由于特殊原因不能行使管辖权的，由上级人民法院指定管辖。

Where any dispute over jurisdiction arises between the people's courts, the dispute shall be resolved by such people's courts through consultation. If such consultation fails, the dispute shall be reported to the common people's court at a higher level of them for the designation of jurisdiction. 人民法院对管辖权发生争议，由争议双方协商解决。协商不成的，报它们的共同上级人民法院指定管辖。

Article 24 A people's court at a higher level shall have the power to try administrative cases over which a people's court at a lower level has jurisdiction as a court of first instance.

第二十四条上级人民法院有权审理下级人民法院管辖的第一审行政案件。

Where a people's court at a lower level deems that it is necessary for a people's court at a higher level to try an administrative case over which the people's court at a lower level has jurisdiction as a court of first instance or to designate jurisdiction over the case, it may report the case to the people's court at a higher level for decision. 下级人民法院对其管辖的第一审行政案件，认为需要由上级人民法院审理或者指定管辖的，可以报请上级人民法院决定。

Chapter IV Primary Litigation Participants 第四章诉讼参加人

Article 25 A person subjected to an administrative action or any other person which is a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization with an interest in the administrative action shall have the right to file a complaint against the administrative action.

第二十五条行政行为的相对人以及其他与行政行为有利害关系的公民、法人或者其他组织，有权提起诉讼。

If a citizen who has the right to file a complaint is deceased, his or her close relatives may file the complaint. 有权提起诉讼的公民死亡，其近亲属可以提起诉讼。

If a legal person or any other organization which has the right to file a complaint is terminated, the legal person or other organization which succeeds to its rights may file the complaint. 有权提起诉讼的法人或者其他组织终止，承受其权利的法人或者其他组织可以提起诉讼。

Article 26 Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization directly files a complaint with a people's court, the administrative agency taking the alleged administrative action shall be the defendant.

第二十六条公民、法人或者其他组织直接向人民法院提起诉讼的，作出行政行为的行政机关是被告。

For a case that has undergone reconsideration, if the reconsideration agency's decision sustains the original administrative action, the administrative agency taking the original administrative action and the reconsideration agency shall be co-defendants; or, if the reconsideration agency's decision modifies the original administrative action, the reconsideration agency shall be the defendant. 经复议的案件，复议机关决定维持原行政行为的，作出原行政行为的行政机关和复议机关是共同被告；复议机关改变原行政行为的，复议机关是被告。

If the reconsideration agency fails to make a reconsideration decision during the statutory period, and a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization files a complaint against the original administrative action, the administrative agency taking the original administrative action shall be the defendant; or if a complaint is filed against the inaction of the reconsideration agency, the reconsideration agency shall be the defendant. 复议机关在法定期限内未作出复议决定，公民、法人或者其他组织起诉原行政行为的，作出原行政行为的行政机关是被告；起诉复议机关不作为的，复议机关是被告。

For an administrative action taken by two or more administrative agencies, the administrative agencies jointly taking the administrative action shall be co-defendants. 两个以上行政机关作出同一行政行为的，共同作出行政行为的行政机关是共同被告。

For an administrative action taken by an organization as authorized by an administrative agency, the authorizing administrative agency shall be the defendant. 行政机关委托的组织所作的行政行为，委托的行政机关是被告。

Where an administrative agency is abolished or its powers are modified, the administrative agency that succeeds to such powers shall be the defendant. 行政机关被撤销或者职权变更的，继续行使其职权的行政机关是被告。

Article 27 Where one side or both sides in an administrative case arising from the same administrative action consist of two or more parties, or, where the people's court deems that two or more administrative cases

第二十七条当事人一方或者双方为二人以上，因同一行政行为发生的行政案件，或者因同类行政行为发生的行政案

arising from the same type of administrative actions may be concurrently tried upon consent of the parties to such cases, such a procedure is a joinder of proceedings. 件、人民法院认为可以合并审理并经当事人同意的，为共同诉讼。

Article 28 Where one side in a joinder of proceedings consists of a large number of parties, such parties may elect a representative or representatives from among them to proceed. The conduct of such a representative in the proceedings shall be binding upon all the parties represented; however, to modify or relinquish any claims or admit any claims of the opposing party, such a representative must obtain the consent of the parties represented

第二十八条当事人一方人数众多的共同诉讼，可以由当事人推选代表人进行诉讼。代表人的诉讼行为对其所代表的当事人发生效力，但代表人变更、放弃诉讼请求或者承认对方当事人的诉讼请求，应当经被代表的当事人同意。

Article 29 Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization with an interest in the administrative action alleged in a complaint does not file a complaint against the administrative action, or where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization has an interest in the outcome of the case, the citizen, legal person, or other organization may, as a third party, file a request for participating in the proceedings or participate in the proceedings as notified by the people's court.

第二十九条公民、法人或者其他组织同被诉行政行为有利害关系但没有提起诉讼，或者同案件处理结果有利害关系的，可以作为第三人申请参加诉讼，或者由人民法院通知参加诉讼。

Where a people's court enters a judgment that imposes any obligation on a third party or impairs the rights and interests of the third party, the third party shall have the right to file an appeal according to the law. 人民法院判决第三人承担义务或者减损第三人权益的，第三人有权依法提起上诉。

Article 30 The legal representative of a citizen without the capacity to litigate shall litigate on behalf of the citizen. If the legal representatives of such a citizen try to shift their representative responsibilities onto each other, the people's court may designate one of them to litigate on behalf of the citizen.

第三十条没有诉讼行为能力的公民，由其法定代理人代为诉讼。法定代理人互相推诿代理责任的，由人民法院指定其中一人代为诉讼。

Article 31 A party or a legal representative may retain one or two persons as litigation representatives.

第三十一条当事人、法定代理人，可以委托一至二人作为诉讼代理人。

The following persons may serve as a litigation representative: 下列人员可以被委托为诉讼代理人：

(1) A lawyer, or a legal service worker at the basic level. （一）律师、基层法律服务工作者；

(2) A close relative or staff member of a party. （二）当事人的近亲属或者工作人员；

(3) A citizen recommended by a party's community or employer or by a relevant social group. （三）当事人所在社区、单位以及有关社会团体推荐的公民。

Article 32 Lawyers who represent the parties to a case shall have the right to consult and copy materials related to the case according to the relevant provisions and the right to investigate and collect evidence related to the case from relevant organizations and citizens. Materials which involve any

第三十二条代理诉讼的律师，有权按照规定查阅、复制本案有关材料，有权向有关组织和公民调查，收集与本案有关的证据。对涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个

state secret, trade secret, or individual privacy shall be kept confidential

according to the law.

人隐私的材料，应当依照法律规定保密。

The parties and other litigation representatives shall have the right to consult and copy materials related to the court trial, except the portions involving any state secret, trade secret, or individual privacy. 当事人和其他诉讼代理人有权按照规定查阅、复制本案庭审材料，但涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的内容除外。

Chapter V Evidence 第五章证据Article 33 Evidence includes: 第三十三条证据包括：

(1) documentary evidence; （一）书证；

(2) physical evidence; （二）物证；

(3) audio and video recordings; （三）视听资料；

(4) electronic data; （四）电子数据；

(5) witness testimony; （五）证人证言；

(6) statement of a party; （六）当事人的陈述；

(7) opinion of a forensic identification or evaluation expert; and （七）鉴定意见；

(8) survey transcripts and on-site disposition transcripts. （八）勘验笔录、现场笔录。

The aforesaid evidence must be verified in court before being used as a basis for finding the facts of a case. 以上证据经法庭审查属实，才能作为认定案件事实的根据。

Article 34 The defendant shall have the burden of proof for the administrative action taken, and provide evidence for taking the administrative action and regulatory documents based on which the administrative action was taken.

第三十四条被告对作出的行政行为负有举证责任，应当提供作出该行政行为的证据和所依据的规范性文件。

Where the defendant fails to provide, or provides beyond the prescribed time limit without a good reason, any evidence, it shall be deemed that the evidence does not exist, unless the evidence is provided by a third party because the alleged administrative action involves the lawful rights and interests of the third party. 被告不提供或者无正当理由逾期提供证据，视为没有相应证据。但是，被诉行政行为涉及第三人合法权益，第三人提供证据的除外。

Article 35 In the course of litigation, the defendant or a litigation representative thereof may not directly collect evidence from the plaintiff, a third party, or a witness.

第三十五条在诉讼过程中，被告及其诉讼代理人不得自行向原告、第三人和证人收集证据。

Article 36 Where the defendant had collected evidence when taking the administrative action, but is unable to provide such evidence for a good

第三十六条被告在作出行政行为时已经收集了证据，但因不可抗力等正当事

reason such as a force majeure, with the permission of the people's court, the time limit for the defendant to provide such evidence may be extended. 由不能提供的，经人民法院准许，可以延期提供。

Where the plaintiff or a third party provides any ground or evidence that was not provided in the defendant's administrative disposition procedures, with the permission of the people's court, the defendant may provide additional evidence. 原告或者第三人提出了其在行政处理程序中没有提出的理由或者证据的，经人民法院准许，被告可以补充证据。

Article 37 The plaintiff may provide evidence to prove that the alleged administrative action was taken in violation of the law. The inadmissibility of evidence provided by the plaintiff shall not relieve the defendant from the burden of proof.

第三十七条原告可以提供证明行政行为违法的证据。原告提供的证据不成立的，不免除被告的举证责任。

Article 38 Where a complaint is filed for the defendant's failure to perform its statutory duties and responsibilities, the plaintiff shall provide evidence to prove that it has filed a request for such performance with the defendant, except under either of the following circumstances:

第三十八条在起诉被告不履行法定职责的案件中，原告应当提供其向被告提出申请的证据。但有下列情形之一的除外：

(1) The defendant shall actively perform its statutory duties and responsibilities as required by its powers. （一）被告应当依职权主动履行法定职责的；

(2) The plaintiff is unable to provide evidence for a good reason. （二）原告因正当理由不能提供证据的。

In a case of administrative compensation or indemnity, the plaintiff shall provide evidence on the damage caused by the administrative action. If the inability of the plaintiff to provide such evidence is caused by the defendant, the defendant shall have the burden of proof. 在行政赔偿、补偿的案件中，原告应当对行政行为造成的损害提供证据。因被告的原因导致原告无法举证的，由被告承担举证责任。

Article 39 A people's court shall have the power to require a party to provide evidence or provide additional evidence.

第三十九条人民法院有权要求当事人提供或者补充证据。

Article 40 A people's court shall have the power to subpoena evidence from the relevant administrative agencies, other organizations, and citizens, but may not, for the purpose of proving the legality of an administrative, subpoena any evidence that had not been collected by the defendant when taking the administrative action.

第四十条人民法院有权向有关行政机关以及其他组织、公民调取证据。但是，不得为证明行政行为的合法性调取被告

作出行政行为时未收集的证据。

Article 41 The plaintiff or a third party in a case may apply to the people's court for subpoenaing the following evidence related to the case which the plaintiff or third party is unable to collect independently:

第四十一条与本案有关的下列证据，原告或者第三人不能自行收集的，可以申请人民法院调取：

(1) Evidence preserved by a state organ which may be obtained by a subpoena of a people's court. （一）由国家机关保存而须由人民法院调取的证据；

(2) Evidence which involves any state secret, trade secret, or individual privacy. （二）涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的证据；

(3) Other evidence which the plaintiff or a third party is unable to collect independently for objective reasons. （三）确因客观原因不能自行收集的其他证据。

Article 42 Where any evidence may be extinguished or may be hard to obtain at a later time, a primary litigation participant may file a motion to the people's court for evidence preservation, and the people's court may also take preservation measures on its own initiative.

第四十二条在证据可能灭失或者以后难以取得的情况下，诉讼参加人可以向人民法院申请保全证据，人民法院也可以主动采取保全措施。

Article 43 Evidence shall be presented in court and cross-examined by the parties. Evidence involving any state secret, trade secret, or individual privacy may not be presented in an open court.

第四十三条证据应当在法庭上出示，并由当事人互相质证。对涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的证据，不得在公开开庭时出示。

A people's court shall comprehensively and objectively examine and verify evidence under the statutory procedures. For inadmissible evidence, reasons for inadmissibility shall be stated in the written adjudication. 人民法院应当按照法定程序，全面、客观地审查核实证据。对未采纳的证据应当在裁判文书中说明理由。

Illegally obtained evidence may not be used as a basis for finding the facts of a case. 以非法手段取得的证据，不得作为认定案件事实的根据。

Chapter VI Filing a Complaint and Accepting a Case 第六章起诉和受理

Article 44 For administrative cases within the scope of cases accepted by the people's courts, a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization may first apply to the administrative agency for reconsideration, and then file a complaint against the reconsideration decision with a people's court; or directly file a complaint with a people's court.

第四十四条对属于人民法院受案范围的行政案件，公民、法人或者其他组织可以先向行政机关申请复议，对复议决定不服的，再向人民法院提起诉讼；也可以直接向人民法院提起诉讼。

Where any law or regulation provides that an application for reconsideration shall be filed with the administrative agency before a complaint against the reconsideration decision is filed with a people's court, such a law or regulation shall apply. 法律、法规规定应当先向行政机关申请复议，对复议决定不服再向人民法院提起诉讼的，依照法律、法规的规定。

Article 45 Against a reconsideration decision, a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization may file a complaint with a people's court within 15 days of receipt of the written reconsideration decision. If the reconsideration agency fails to make a decision during the statutory period, the applicant may file a complaint with a people's court within 15 days of expiry of the reconsideration period, except as otherwise provided for by any law.

第四十五条公民、法人或者其他组织不服复议决定的，可以在收到复议决定书之日起十五日内向人民法院提起诉讼。复议机关逾期不作决定的，申请人可以在复议期满之日起十五日内向人民法院提起诉讼。法律另有规定的除外。

Article 46 To directly file a complaint with a people's court, a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization shall file the complaint within six months from the day when the citizen, legal person, or other organization knew or should have known that the administrative action was taken, except as otherwise provided for by any law.

第四十六条公民、法人或者其他组织直接向人民法院提起诉讼的，应当自知道或者应当知道作出行政行为之日起六个月内提出。法律另有规定的除外。

A people's court shall not accept a complaint involving real estate filed more than 20 years after the alleged administrative action was taken or a complaint involving any other dispute filed more than five years after the alleged administrative action was taken. 因不动产提起诉讼的案件自行政行为作出之日起超过二十年，其他案件自行政行为作出之日起超过五年提起诉讼的，人民法院不予受理。

Article 47 Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization applies to an administrative agency for its performance of statutory duties and responsibilities in respect of protecting the personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the citizen, legal person, or other organization, and the administrative agency fails to do so within two months of receipt of the application, the citizen, legal person, or other organization may file a complaint with a people's court. Where any law or regulation provides otherwise for the period for an administrative agency to perform its duties and responsibilities, such a law or regulation shall apply.

第四十七条公民、法人或者其他组织申请行政机关履行保护其人身权、财产权等合法权益的法定职责，行政机关在接到申请之日起两个月内不履行的，公民、法人或者其他组织可以向人民法院提起诉讼。法律、法规对行政机关履行职责的期限另有规定的，从其规定。

Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization requests an administrative agency to perform its statutory duties and responsibilities in respect of protecting the personal rights, property rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the citizen, legal person, or other organization in case of emergency, and the administrative agency fails to do so, a complaint filed by the citizen, legal person, or other organization shall not be subject to the periods as mentioned in the preceding paragraph. 公民、法人或者其他组织在紧急情况下请求行政机关履行保护其人身权、财产权等合法权益的法定职责，行政机关不履行的，提起诉讼不受前款规定期限的限制。

Article 48 Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization delays in filing a complaint during the time limitation for filing a complaint for a force majeure or any other reason not attributable to the citizen, legal person, or other organization, the time of delay shall not be counted in the time limitation for filing a complaint.

第四十八条公民、法人或者其他组织因不可抗力或者其他不属于其自身的原因耽误起诉期限的，被耽误的时间不计算在起诉期限内。

Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization delays in filing a complaint during the time limitation for filing a complaint under any special circumstances other than those as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, the citizen, legal person, or other organization may apply for an extension of the time limitation within ten days after the obstacle is eliminated, and the people's court shall decide whether to grant extension. 公民、法人或者其他组织因前款规定以外的其他特殊情况耽误起诉期限的，在障碍消除后十日内，可以申请延长期限，是否准许由人民法院决定。

Article 49 A complaint to be filed shall satisfy the following requirements: 第四十九条提起诉讼应当符合下列

条件：

(1) The plaintiff is a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization as mentioned in Article 25 of this Law. （一）原告是符合本法第二十五条规定的公民、法人或者其他组织；

(2) There must be a specific defendant. （二）有明确的被告；

(3) There must be specific claims and factual basis for the complaint. （三）有具体的诉讼请求和事实根据；

(4) The complaint must fall within the scope of cases accepted by the people's courts and under the jurisdiction of the people's court with which the complaint is filed. （四）属于人民法院受案范围和受诉人民法院管辖。

Article 50 The plaintiff shall file a written complaint with a people's court, and provide the copies thereof according to the number of defendants.

第五十条起诉应当向人民法院递交起诉状，并按照被告人数提出副本。

Where it is difficult for a plaintiff to write a complaint, the plaintiff may verbally file a complaint, and the people's court shall transcribe the complaint, issue a dated certification in writing, and notify the opposing party. 书写起诉状确有困难的，可以口头起诉，由人民法院记入笔录，出具注明日期的书面凭证，并告知对方当事人。

Article 51 A people's court receiving a complaint shall docket it if it meets the conditions for filing a complaint as set out in this Law.

第五十一条人民法院在接到起诉状时对符合本法规定的起诉条件的，应当登记立案。

Where a people's court is unable to determine on the spot whether a complaint meets the conditions for filing a complaint as set out in this Law, the people's court shall receive the complaint, issue a written certification showing the date of receipt, and decide whether to docket the complaint within seven days. If the complaint does not meet the conditions for filing a complaint, the people's court shall enter a ruling not to docket the complaint. The written ruling shall state the reasons for not docketing the complaint. The plaintiff may file an appeal against the ruling. 对当场不能判定是否符合本法规定的起诉条件的，应当接收起诉状，出具注明收到日期的书面凭证，并在七日内决定是否立案。不符合起诉条件的，作出不予立案的裁定。裁定书应当载明不予立案的理由。原告对裁定不服的，可以提起上诉。

Where a complaint is incomplete or otherwise erroneous, a people's court shall offer guidance and interpretation, and notify the party of all necessary supplements and corrections at one time. Without such guidance and interpretation, the people's court may not refuse to receive the complaint on the ground that it fails to meet the conditions for filing a complaint. 起诉状内容欠缺或者有其他错误的，应当给予指导和释明，并一次性告知当事人需要补正的内容。不得未经指导和释明即以起诉不符合条件为由不接收起诉状。

Where a people's court refuses to receive a complaint, refuses to issue a written certification after receiving a complaint, or fails to notify a party of all necessary supplements or corrections to a complain at one time, the party may report it to the people's court at a higher level, which shall order corrective actions of the people's court and take disciplinary actions against its directly liable supervising official and other directly liable persons according to the law. 对于不接收起诉状、接收起诉状后不出具书面凭证，以及不一次性告知当事人需要补正的起诉状内容的，当事人可以向上级人民法院投诉，上级人民法院应当责令改正，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。

Article 52 Where a people's court neither dockets nor enters a ruling not to docket a complaint, the plaintiff may file a complaint in the people's court at the next higher level. If the people's court at the next higher level deems that the complaint meets the conditions for filing a complaint, it shall docket the complaint and try the case, or designate any other people's court at the lower level to docket the complaint and try the case.

第五十二条人民法院既不立案，又不作出不予立案裁定的，当事人可以向上一级人民法院起诉。上一级人民法院认为符合起诉条件的，应当立案、审理，也可以指定其他下级人民法院立案、审理。

Article 53 Where a citizen, a legal person, or any other organization deems that a regulatory document developed by a department of the State Council or by a local people's government or a department thereof, based on which the alleged administrative action was taken, is illegal, the citizen, legal person, or other organization may concurrently file a request for review of the regulatory document when filing a complaint against the administrative action.

第五十三条公民、法人或者其他组织认为行政行为所依据的国务院部门和地方人民政府及其部门制定的规范性文件不合法，在对行政行为提起诉讼时，可以一并请求对该规范性文件进行审查。

The term “regulatory document” as mentioned in the preceding paragraph

does not include administrative rules.

前款规定的规范性文件不含规章。Chapter VII Trial and Judgment 第七章审理和判决Section 1 General Rules 第一节一般规定

Article 54 The people's courts shall try administrative cases publicly, except those involving any state secret or individual privacy or as otherwise provided for by any law.

第五十四条人民法院公开审理行政案件，但涉及国家秘密、个人隐私和法律另有规定的除外。

A case involving any trade secret may be tried in camera if a party to the case files a motion for trial in camera. 涉及商业秘密的案件，当事人申请不公开审理的，可以不公开审理。

Article 55 Where a party to a case deems that a judge has an interest in the case or is otherwise related to the case, which may affect the impartial trial of the case, the party shall have the right to request the disqualification of the judge.

第五十五条当事人认为审判人员与本案有利害关系或者有其他关系可能影响公正审判，有权申请审判人员回避。

Where a judge deems himself or herself to have an interest in the case or be otherwise related to the case, the judge shall request disqualification of himself or herself. 审判人员认为自己与本案有利害关系或者有其他关系，应当申请回避。

The provisions of the preceding two paragraphs shall also apply to court clerks, interpreters, identification or evaluation experts, and surveyors. 前两款规定，适用于书记员、翻译人员、鉴定人、勘验人。

The disqualification of the president of a people's court as the presiding judge shall be decided by the judicial committee of the people's court; the disqualification of judges shall be decided by the president of a people's court; and the disqualification of other persons shall be decided by the presiding judge. Against such a decision, a party may apply for reconsideration once. 院长担任审判长时的回避，由审判委员会决定；审判人员的回避，由院长决定；其他人员的回避，由审判长决定。当事人对决定不服的，可以申请复议一次。

Article 56 During litigation, the execution of the alleged administrative action shall not be suspended; however, under any of the following circumstances, a ruling shall be entered to suspend execution:

第五十六条诉讼期间，不停止行政行为的执行。但有下列情形之一的，裁定停止执行：

(1) The defendant deems it necessary to suspend execution. （一）被告认为需要停止执行的；

(2) The plaintiff or an interested party files a motion for suspending execution, and the people's court deems that the execution of the alleged administrative action will result in irreparable losses and that its suspension will not damage the national interest or public interest. （二）原告或者利害关系人申请停止执行，人民法院认为该行政行为的执行会造成难以弥补的损失，并且停止执行不损害国家利益、社会公共利益的；

(3) The people's court deems that the execution of the alleged administrative action will cause any major damage to the national interest or public interest. （三）人民法院认为该行政行为的执行会给国家利益、社会公共利益造成重大损害的；

(4) The suspension is required by any law or regulation. （四）法律、法规规定停止执行的。

Against a ruling to suspend or not to suspend execution, a party may apply for reconsideration once. 当事人对停止执行或者不停止执行的裁定不服的，可以申请复议一次。

Article 57 For a complaint against an administrative agency for its failure to pay, according to the law, any consolation money, minimum subsistence, or social insurance benefits for work-related injury or medical treatment, a people's court may enter a ruling to grant advance enforcement if the plaintiff files such a motion, the rights and obligations between the parties are clear, and a denial of advance enforcement will seriously affect the subsistence of the plaintiff.

第五十七条人民法院对起诉行政机关没有依法支付抚恤金、最低生活保障金和工伤、医疗社会保险金的案件，权利义务关系明确、不先予执行将严重影响原告生活的，可以根据原告的申请，裁定先予执行。

Against a ruling on advance enforcement, a party may apply for reconsideration once. Pending reconsideration, the execution of the ruling shall not be suspended. 当事人对先予执行裁定不服的，可以申请复议一次。复议期间不停止裁定的执行。

Article 58 Where a plaintiff refuses to appear in court without a good reason after being subpoenaed or leaves the courtroom during a court session without the permission of the court, the court may deem that the plaintiff has withdrawn its complaint; and where a defendant refuses to appear in court without a good reason or leaves the courtroom during a court session without the permission of the court, the court may enter a default judgment.

第五十八条经人民法院传票传唤，原告无正当理由拒不到庭，或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的，可以按照撤诉处理；被告无正当理由拒不到庭，或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的，可以缺席判决。

Article 59 Where a litigation participant or any other person commits any of the following conduct, a people's court may, according to the severity of the circumstances, reprimand the person, order the person to sign a personal statement of repentance, impose a fine of not more than 10,000 yuan on the person, or detain the person for no longer than 15 days; and if the conduct constitutes a crime, the offender shall be subject to criminal liability according to the law:

第五十九条诉讼参与人或者其他人有下列行为之一的，人民法院可以根据情节轻重，予以训诫、责令具结悔过或者处一万元以下的罚款、十五日以下的拘留；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任：

(1) As a person with an obligation to assist in investigation or enforcement, evading or refusing without reasons the performance of such an obligation or obstructing investigation or enforcement after receiving an investigation （一）有义务协助调查、执行的人，对人民法院的协助调查决定、协助执行通知书，无故推拖、拒绝或者妨碍调查、执行

assistance decision or an enforcement assistance notice from a people's

court.

的；

(2) Forging, concealing, or destroying evidence or providing false certification materials to obstruct the trial of a case by a people's court. （二）伪造、隐藏、毁灭证据或者提供虚假证明材料，妨碍人民法院审理案件的；

(3) Instigating or, by bribery or intimidation, causing any other person to commit perjury, threatening a witness, or preventing a witness from testifying. （三）指使、贿买、胁迫他人作伪证或者威胁、阻止证人作证的；

(4) Concealing, transferring, selling, destroying, or damaging any seized, impounded, or frozen property. （四）隐藏、转移、变卖、毁损已被查封、扣押、冻结的财产的；

(5) Causing the plaintiff to withdraw its complaint by deception, intimidation, or any other illegal means. （五）以欺骗、胁迫等非法手段使原告撤诉的；

(6) Obstructing a staff member of a people's court from performing his or her duties by violence, threat, or any other means, or disturbing the order of a people's court by clamoring in a courtroom, attacking a courtroom, or any other means. （六）以暴力、威胁或者其他方法阻碍人民法院工作人员执行职务，或者以哄闹、冲击法庭等方法扰乱人民法院工作秩序的；

(7) Intimidating, insulting, defaming, framing up, assaulting, attacking, or retaliating on a judge or any other staff member of the people's court, a litigation participant, or a person assisting in investigation or enforcement. （七）对人民法院审判人员或者其他工作人员、诉讼参与人、协助调查和执行的人员恐吓、侮辱、诽谤、诬陷、殴打、围攻或者打击报复的。

For an entity committing any of the conduct as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, a people's court may fine or detain its primary person in charge or directly liable persons in accordance with the preceding paragraph; and if the conduct constitutes a crime, the offender shall be subject to criminal liability according to the law. 人民法院对有前款规定的行为之一的单位，可以对其主要负责人或者直接责任人员依照前款规定予以罚款、拘留；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。

Any fine or detention must be subject to the approval of the president of a people's court. Against such punishment, a party may apply to the people's court at the next higher level for reconsideration once. Pending reconsideration, the execution of such punishment shall not be suspended. 罚款、拘留须经人民法院院长批准。当事人不服的，可以向上一级人民法院申请复议一次。复议期间不停止执行。

Article 60 In the trial of an administrative case, a people's court may not conduct mediation, unless the case involves administrative compensation or indemnity or involves an administrative agency's exercise of discretionary power prescribed by any law or regulation.

第六十条人民法院审理行政案件，不适用调解。但是，行政赔偿、补偿以及行政机关行使法律、法规规定的自由裁量权的案件可以调解。

“Mediation shall be conducted under the principle of free will and legality, without detriment to the national interest, public interest, or lawful rights and interests of others. 调解应当遵循自愿、合法原则，不得损害国家利益、社会公共利益和他人合法权益。

Article 61 Where a party to an administrative procedure involving administrative licensing, registration, expropriation, requisition, or an administrative agency's ruling on a civil dispute applies for settling the relevant civil dispute concurrently, the people's court may try the civil dispute case concurrently.

第六十一条在涉及行政许可、登记、征收、征用和行政机关对民事争议所作的裁决的行政诉讼中，当事人申请一并解决相关民事争议的，人民法院可以一并审理。

Where, in administrative litigation, the people's court deems it necessary to base the trial of the administrative case upon an adjudication to be made in a civil procedure, it may enter a ruling to suspend the administrative litigation. 在行政诉讼中，人民法院认为行政案件的审理需以民事诉讼的裁判为依据的，可以裁定中止行政诉讼。

Article 62 Where, before a people's court pronounces its judgment or ruling for an administrative case, the plaintiff requests the withdrawal of the case, or the defendant modifies its administrative action and, as a result, the plaintiff agrees to and applies for the withdrawal of the case, the people's court shall enter a ruling on whether to allow the withdrawal.

第六十二条人民法院对行政案件宣告判决或者裁定前，原告申请撤诉的，或者被告改变其所作的行政行为，原告同意并申请撤诉的，是否准许，由人民法院裁定。

Article 63 The people's courts shall try administrative cases bases on laws, administrative regulations, and local regulations. Local regulations shall be applicable to administrative cases occurring within the respective administrative regions.

第六十三条人民法院审理行政案件，以法律和行政法规、地方性法规为依据。地方性法规适用于本行政区域内发生的行政案件。

For administrative cases in an ethnic autonomous region, the people's courts shall also try such cases based on the regulation on autonomy and the separate regulations of the ethnic autonomous region. 人民法院审理民族自治地方的行政案件，并以该民族自治地方的自治条例和单行条例为依据。

In trying administrative cases, a people's court may refer to administrative

rules.

人民法院审理行政案件，参照规章。

Article 64 Where, in trying an administrative case, a people's court deems that any regulatory document as mentioned in Article 53 of this Law under its review is illegal, such a document shall not be used to determine the legality of the alleged administrative action, and the people's court shall provide the authority developing the document with disposition recommendations.

第六十四条人民法院在审理行政案件中，经审查认为本法第五十三条规定的规范性文件不合法的，不作为认定行政行为合法的依据，并向制定机关提出处理建议。

Article 65 A people's court shall publish effective written judgments and rulings for public inspection, except the parts involving any state secret, trade secret, or individual privacy.

第六十五条人民法院应当公开发生法律效力的判决书、裁定书，供公众查阅，但涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的内容除外。

Article 66 In trying an administrative case, if a people's court deems that the supervising official or any directly liable person of an administrative agency has violated any law or discipline, the people's court shall transfer the relevant materials to the supervisory authority, the administrative

第六十六条人民法院在审理行政案件中，认为行政机关的主管人员、直接责任人员违法违纪的，应当将有关材料移送监察机关、该行政机关或者其上一级行政

agency, or the administrative agency at the next higher level; or if it deems that any crime has occurred, the people's court shall transfer the relevant materials to the public security authority or procuratorial authority. 机关；认为有犯罪行为的，应当将有关材料移送公安、检察机关。

Where a defendant refuses to appear in court without a good reason or leaves the courtroom during a court session without the permission of the court, a people's court may announce it to the public, and provide the supervisory authority or the administrative agency at the next higher level of the defendant with judicial recommendations on the disciplinary actions to be taken against the primary person in charge or directly liable persons of the defendant. 人民法院对被告经传票传唤无正当理由拒不到庭，或者未经法庭许可中途退庭的，可以将被告拒不到庭或者中途退庭的情况予以公告，并可以向监察机关或者被告的上一级行政机关提出依法给予其主要负责人或者直接责任人员处分的司法建议。

Section 2 Formal Procedure at First Instance 第二节第一审普通程序

Article 67 A people's court shall, within five days of docketing a complaint, serve a copy of the written complaint on the defendant. The defendant shall, within 15 days of receipt of a copy of the written complaint, provide evidence for taking the alleged administrative action and the regulatory documents based on which the administrative action was taken, and submit a written statement of defense. The people's court shall, within five days of receipt of the written statement of defense, serve a copy thereof on the plaintiff.

第六十七条人民法院应当在立案之日起五日内，将起诉状副本发送被告。被告应当在收到起诉状副本之日起十五日内向人民法院提交作出行政行为的证据和所依据的规范性文件，并提出答辩状。人民法院应当在收到答辩状之日起五日内，将答辩状副本发送原告。

The defendant's failure to submit a statement of defense shall not affect the trial of the case by the people's court. 被告不提出答辩状的，不影响人民法院审理。

Article 68 To try an administrative case, a people's court shall form a collegial bench consisting of judges or a collegial bench consisting of judges and assessors. The members of a collegial bench shall be in an odd number of three or more.

第六十八条人民法院审理行政案件，由审判员组成合议庭，或者由审判员、陪审员组成合议庭。合议庭的成员，应当是三人以上的单数。

Article 69 Where the alleged administrative action has been taken under statutory procedures with conclusive evidence and correct application of laws and regulations, or the grounds for the plaintiff's application for the defendant to perform its statutory duties and responsibilities or make payment are unfounded, the people's court shall enter a judgment to dismiss the plaintiff's claims.

第六十九条行政行为证据确凿，适用法律、法规正确，符合法定程序的，或者原告申请被告履行法定职责或者给付义务理由不成立的，人民法院判决驳回原告的诉讼请求。

Article 70 Where the alleged administrative action falls under any of the following circumstances, a people's court shall enter a judgment to entirely or partially revoke the alleged administrative action, and may enter a judgment to require the defendant to take an administrative action anew:

第七十条行政行为有下列情形之一的，人民法院判决撤销或者部分撤销，并可以判决被告重新作出行政行为：

(1) Insufficiency in primary evidence. （一）主要证据不足的；

(2) Erroneous application of any law or regulation. （二）适用法律、法规错误的；

(3) Violation of statutory procedures. （三）违反法定程序的；

(4) Overstepping of power. （四）超越职权的；

(5) Abuse of power. （五）滥用职权的；

(6) Evident inappropriateness （六）明显不当的。

Article 71 Where a people's court enters a judgment to require that the defendant take an administrative action anew, the defendant shall not take an administrative action which is basically the same as the original administrative action based on the same facts and reasons.

第七十一条人民法院判决被告重新作出行政行为的，被告不得以同一的事实和理由作出与原行政行为基本相同的行政行为。

Article 72 Where, through trial, a people's court holds that the defendant has failed to perform its statutory duties and responsibilities, it shall enter a judgment to require the defendant to perform its statutory duties and responsibilities during a specified period.

第七十二条人民法院经过审理，查明被告不履行法定职责的，判决被告在一定期限内履行。

Article 73 Where, through trial, a people's court holds that the defendant has a legal obligation to pay, it shall enter a judgment to require the defendant to perform the payment obligation.

第七十三条人民法院经过审理，查明被告依法负有给付义务的，判决被告履行给付义务。

Article 74 Where the alleged administrative action falls under any of the following circumstances, a people's court shall enter a judgment to confirm the illegality of the alleged administrative action but not to revoke it:

第七十四条行政行为有下列情形之一的，人民法院判决确认违法，但不撤销行政行为：

(1) An administrative action shall be revoked according to the law, but the revocation will cause any significant damage to the national interest or public interest. （一）行政行为依法应当撤销，但撤销会给国家利益、社会公共利益造成重大损害的；

(2) A petty violation of the statutory procedures in taking an administrative action will not have any actual impact on the plaintiff's rights. （二）行政行为程序轻微违法，但对原告权利不产生实际影响的。

Where the alleged administrative action falls under any of the following circumstances, a people's court shall enter a judgment to confirm the illegality of the alleged administrative action, if it is not necessary to revoke it or enter a judgment to require the defendant to perform: 行政行为有下列情形之一，不需要撤销或者判决履行的，人民法院判决确认违法：

(1) An administrative action is illegal, but there is nothing revocable. （一）行政行为违法，但不具有可撤销内

容的；

(2) The defendant has modified the original illegal administrative action, but the plaintiff still requests confirmation of the illegality of the original administrative action. （二）被告改变原违法行政行为，原告仍要求确认原行政行为违法的；

(3) The defendant fails to perform or delays the performance of its （三）被告不履行或者拖延履行法定职

statutory duties and responsibilities, and it is meaningless to enter a

judgment to require the defendant to perform.

责，判决履行没有意义的。

Article 75 Where the alleged administrative action has been taken by a party other than an administrative agency, is baseless, or otherwise seriously and evidently violates the law, a people's court shall enter a judgment to confirm the void of the alleged administrative action if the plaintiff so requests.

第七十五条行政行为有实施主体不具有行政主体资格或者没有依据等重大且明显违法情形，原告申请确认行政行为无效的，人民法院判决确认无效。

Article 76 Where a people's court enters a judgment to confirm the illegality or void of the alleged administrative action, it may concurrently order the defendant to take remedial measures; and, if the plaintiff has sustained losses from the alleged administrative action, order the defendant to assume compensatory liability according to the law.

第七十六条人民法院判决确认违法或者无效的，可以同时判决责令被告采取补救措施；给原告造成损失的，依法判决被告承担赔偿责任。

Article 77 Where an administrative punishment is evidently inappropriate, or any other administrative action is erroneous in determining or recognizing an amount, a people's court may enter a judgment to modify it.

第七十七条行政处罚明显不当，或者其他行政行为涉及对款额的确定、认定确有错误的，人民法院可以判决变更。

A modification judgment of a people's court may not aggregate the plaintiff's obligations or impair the plaintiff's rights and interests, unless the plaintiffs include any interested party with opposing claims. 人民法院判决变更，不得加重原告的义务或者减损原告的权益。但利害关系人同为原告，且诉讼请求相反的除外。

Article 78 Where the defendant fails to perform according to the law or as agreed upon or illegally modifies or rescinds an agreement as mentioned in item (11), paragraph 1, Article 12 of this Law, a people's court shall enter a judgment to require the defendant to continue to perform, take remedial measures, or compensate for losses, among others.

第七十八条被告不依法履行、未按照约定履行或者违法变更、解除本法第十二条第一款第十一项规定的协议的，人民法院判决被告承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等责任。

Where the defendant legally modifies or rescinds an agreement as mentioned in item (11), paragraph 1, Article 12 of this Law, but fails to provide indemnity as required by the law, the people's court shall enter a judgment to require the defendant to provide indemnity. 被告变更、解除本法第十二条第一款第十一项规定的协议合法，但未依法给予补偿的，人民法院判决给予补偿。

Article 79 Where the reconsideration agency and the administrative agency taking the original administrative action are co-defendants in a case, a people's court shall adjudicate concurrently on the reconsideration decision and the original administrative action.

第七十九条复议机关与作出原行政行为的行政机关为共同被告的案件，人民法院应当对复议决定和原行政行为一并作出裁判。

Article 80 Whether a case is tried openly or in camera, a people's court shall, without exception, pronounce its judgment publicly.

第八十条人民法院对公开审理和不公开审理的案件，一律公开宣告判决。

If a judgment is pronounced in court at the end of a trial, a written judgment shall be served within ten days; or if the pronouncement of a judgment is scheduled for a later date, a written judgment shall be served immediately after pronouncement. 当庭宣判的，应当在十日内发送判决书；定期宣判的，宣判后立即发给判决书。

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尽职调查访谈提纲-HR、资料要求清单(中英文)

尽职调查访谈提纲 （工薪和人事管理） 1、请简单介绍您个人的基本情况。 2、人力资源管理部门的职责主要是什么？岗位是如何设置的？目前有多少人？ 3、公司的人员构成（招聘、劳务派遣；学历构成；年龄结构；技术等级等）？ 4、员工的聘用要经过哪些环节？ 5、外聘劳务公司人员如何管理的？ 6、劳动合同的签订过程是如何控制的？（涉及哪些部门？谁签字？谁审批？） 7、薪酬标准如何制定的？ 8、福利包括哪些？按什么标准支付？ 9、是否发生劳务纠纷及处理措施？ 10、公司员工的社保费、公积金是按什么标准支付的？ 11、员工的业绩是如何考核的？与薪酬、职务是如何挂钩的？ 12、近两年业绩计划或任务的完成情况？ 13、员工薪酬的发放是如何控制的？ 14、公司经营管理有哪些地方可以进一步完善？

INFORMATION AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED 资料要求清单 Comments 注明 The list below is the information necessary for the due diligence work. The objective of the list is to make sure that our team can smoothly start its due diligence work according to the date noted on engagement. It is possible that the list doesn’t cover all the information we needed in our work. So, we would ask for other information not included in the list. 以下清单列明在对贵公司进行财务评阅之所需资料，此清单之目的是为了确保有足够的资料使得评阅小组能够在业务约定书约定之开始工作日期顺利开展工作。 The following list maybe not includes all documents and information we needed, so additional information will be required to provide during our financial due diligence. 清单所列之资料可能未有全面概括所需资料，因此在评阅过程中可能会提出获取附件中未列出的资料。 1Related legal materials 有关法定资料 Organization chart (including investors, investors’ holding company, subsidiaries and etc.) and list the legal name of these companies; 公司组织结构图(包括该公司之投资者、投资者之母公司、公司的子 公司等)并列出该些公司之法定名称； Organization chart of the management and organization structure; 公司管理层组织结构图和组织机构情况； Business license issued by SAIC; 国家工商管理局发出的营业执照；

《跟单信用证统一惯例UCP600》中英对照共75页word资料

《跟单信用证统一惯例（UCP600）》(中英对照版) 作者：国际商会易水寒译阅读2912次更新时间：2007-3-29 《跟单信用证统一惯例（UCP600）》 Article 1 Application of UCP 第一条统一惯例的适用范围 The Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, 2007 Revision, ICC Publication no. 600 (“UCP”) are rules that apply to any documentary credit (“credit”) (including, to the extent to which they may be applicable, any standby letter of credit) when the text of the credit expressly indicates that it is subject to these rules. They are binding on all parties thereto unless expressly modified or excluded by the credit. 跟单信用证统一惯例，2007年修订本，国际商会第600号出版物，适用于所有在正文中标明按本惯例办理的跟单信用证（包括本惯例适用范围内的备用信用证）。除非信用证中另有规定，本惯例对一切有关当事人均具有约束力。 Article 2 Definitions 第二条定义 For the purpose of these rules: 就本惯例而言： Advising bank means the bank that advises the credit at the request of the issuing bank.

常见职位英文对照表

立法机关LEGISLATURE 中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People’s Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People’s Congress 秘书长Secretary-General 主任委员Chairman 委员Member （地方人大）主任Chairman, Local People’s Congress 人大代表Deputy to the People’s Congress 政府机构GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATION 国务院总理Premier, State Council 国务委员State Councilor 秘书长Secretary-General （国务院各委员会）主任Minister in Charge of Commission for （国务院各部）部长Minister 部长助理Assistant Minister 司长Director 局长Director 省长Governor 常务副省长Executive Vice Governor 自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People’s Government 地区专员Commissioner, prefecture 香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor 区长Chief Executive, District Government 县长Chief Executive, County Government 乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government 秘书长Secretary-General 办公厅主任Director, General Office （部委办）主任Director 处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief 科长/股长Section Chief 科员Clerk/Officer 发言人Spokesman 顾问Adviser 参事Counselor 巡视员Inspector/Monitor 特派员Commissioner 外交官衔DIPLOMATIC RANK 特命全权大使Ambassador Extraordinary and plenipotentiary 公使Minister 代办Charge d’Affaires 临时代办Charge d’Affaires ad Interim 参赞Counselor 政务参赞Political Counselor 商务参赞Commercial Counselor 经济参赞Economic Counselor 新闻文化参赞Press and Cultural Counselor 公使衔参赞Minister-Counselor 商务专员Commercial Attaché 经济专员Economic Attaché 文化专员Cultural Attaché 商务代表Trade Representative 一等秘书First Secretary 武官Military Attaché 档案秘书Secretary-Archivist 专员/随员Attaché 总领事Consul General 领事Consul 司法、公证、公安JUDICIARY,NOTARY AND PUBLIC SECURITY 人民法院院长President, People’s Courts 人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People’s Tribunals 审判长Chief Judge 审判员Judge 书记Clerk of the Court 法医Legal Medical Expert 法警Judicial Policeman 人民检察院检察长Procurator-General, People’s procuratorates 监狱长Warden 律师Lawyer 公证员Notary Public 总警监Commissioner General 警监Commissioner 警督Supervisor 警司Superintendent 警员Constable 政党POLITICAL PARTY 中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee 政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee 政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee 中央委员Member, Central Committee 候补委员Alternate Member …省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal

设计名片必备--岗位职称、部门名称中英文对照

ERP技术/应用顾问 ERP Technical/Application Consultant IC设计/应用工程师 IC Design/Application Engineer 阿拉伯语翻译 Arabic Translator 安全/健康/环境工程师 Safety/Health/Environment Engineer 安全/健康/环境经理/主管 Safety/Health/Environment Manager/Supervisor 安全人员Security Officer 办公室助理 Office Assistant 办事处财务负责人 Financial Principal in the Office 办事处代主任 Subrogating Director of the Office 办事处负责人 Principal of the Office 办事处副主任 Deputy Director of the Office 办事处客服负责人 Principal of the Customer Service in the Office 办事处主任 Director of the Office 包装设计师 Package Designer 保安 Security 保安人员 Securities Custody Clerk 保险代理/财务规划师/储备经理人 Insurance Agent/Financial Planner 保险公司理赔员 Insurance Actuary 保险核保/理赔 Adjuster 保险精算师 Actuary 保险内勤 Insurance Office Staff 报副主编 Deputy Chief Editor 报关员 Customs Specialist 本部副总经理 Assistant General Manager of the Department 本部总经理 General Manager of the Department 本部总经理高级助理 Senior Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理 Assistant of G.M. of the Department 本部总经理助理 Assistant of G.M. of the Department 编辑/作家/撰稿人 Editor/Writer 宾馆/酒店经理 Reception Manager 部长 Secretary 部长助理 Assistant Secretary 部门负责人 Division Principal 部门经理，科长 Section Manager 财务/会计助理 Finance/Accounting Assistant 财务/审计/统计 Finance/Accounting 财务报告人 Financial Reporter 财务分析经理/主管 Financial Analysis Manager/Supervisor 财务分析员 Financial Analyst 财务经理 Finance Manager 财务经理 Fund Manager 财务主管/总帐主管 Finance Supervisor 财务主任 Financial Controller

尽职调查清单中英文

1 Due Diligence Issues Daniel Chan Bonded Processing Arrangements Issues relating to Bonded Processing Arrangements z factory transfer ?transfer of partially finished goods to another factory for further processing before export ? non-refund of VAT on inputs

3 Bonded Processing Arrangements (cont’d) z import processing (“buy-sell”) ?title to imported materials ?under customs supervision (no customs duties & import VAT) z processing & assembly (“consignment”)?no title to imported materials ?no VAT on processing fees Bonded Processing Arrangements (cont’d) z equipment import ? VAT and duty free ?preferential treatment may be changed

5 Licenses & Permits All licenses & permits (issued by national, provincial or other levels of government authorities)z e.g. chemical manufacturing WFOE ?permits for production of dangerous chemical products ? permits for emission of waste Taxes Smuggling z imported machinery z import VAT and Custom duties receipts Individual Income Tax z withholding tax z dual employment contract Potential issue of retroactive payment of taxes exempted under tax holiday, in asset acquisition scenario

UCP600的中英文版下载

ICC UNIFORM CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE FOR DOCUMENTARY CREDITS UCP 600 英文中文 FOREWORD (2) INTRODUCTION (4) ARTICLE 1 APPLICATION OF UCP (10) ARTICLE 2 DEFINITIONS (11) ARTICLE 3 INTERPRETATIONS (13) ARTICLE 4 CREDITS V. CONTRACTS (14) ARTICLE 5 DOCUMENTS V. GOODS, SERVICES OR PERFORMANCE (15) ARTICLE 6 AVAILABILITY, EXPIRY DATE AND PLACE FOR PRESENTATION (15) ARTICLE 7 ISSUING BANK UNDERTAKING (16) ARTICLE 8 CONFIRMING BANK UNDERTAKING (17) ARTICLE 9 ADVISING OF CREDITS AND AMENDMENTS (19) ARTICLE 10 AMENDMENTS (20) ARTICLE 11 TELETRANSMITTED AND PRE-ADVISED CREDITS AND AMENDMENTS (22) ARTICLE 12 NOMINATION (22) ARTICLE 13 BANK-TO-BANK REIMBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS (23) ARTICLE 14 STANDARD FOR EXAMINATION OF DOCUMENTS (24) ARTICLE 15 COMPLYING PRESENTATION (27) ARTICLE 16 DISCREPANT DOCUMENTS, WAIVER AND NOTICE (27) ARTICLE 17 ORIGINAL DOCUMENTS AND COPIES (29) ARTICLE 18 COMMERCIAL INVOICE (30) ARTICLE 19 TRANSPORT DOCUMENT COVERING AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT MODES OF TRANSPORT (31) ARTICLE 20 BILL OF LADING (33) ARTICLE 21 NON-NEGOTIABLE SEA WAYBILL (36)

外贸公司常见职位中英文对照

采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff 贸易经理Trading Manager 贸易主管Trading Supervisor 贸易专员Trading Specialist 贸易助理Trading Assistant 业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager 高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser 业务跟单Merchandiser 助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser 报关员Customs Specialist 单证员Documentation Specialist 船务人员Shipping Specialist 办公室职位职称中英文对照 高级管理Senior Management 首席执行官/总经理CEO/GM/President 副总经理Deputy GM/VP/Management Trainee 总监Director 合伙人Partner 总裁/总经理助理CEO/GM/President Assistant 物流/贸易/采购Logis./Trading/Merchand./Purch.物流经理Logistics Manager 物流主管Logistics Supervisor 物流专员/助理Logistics Specialist/Assistant 物料经理Materials Manager 物料主管Materials Supervisor 采购经理Purchasing Manager 采购主管Purchasing Supervisor 采购员Purchasing Specialist/Staff 外贸/贸易经理/主管Trading Manager/Supervisor 外贸/贸易专员/助理Trading Specialist/Assistant 业务跟单经理Merchandiser Manager 高级业务跟单Senior Merchandiser 业务跟单Merchandiser 助理业务跟单Assistant Merchandiser 仓库经理/主管Warehouse Manager 仓库管理员Warehouse Specialist 运输经理/主管Distribution Manager/Supervisor 报关员Customs Specialist 单证员Documentation Specialist 船务人员Shipping Specialist 快递员Courier

职位中英文对照

英文职位名称大全~~~ 2012-09-22 19:58:37 公司高层职位的英文缩写: CEO ：Chief Executive Officer 首席执行官 CFO ：Chief Financial Officer 首席财务官 COO ：Chief Operated Officer 首席运营官 CTO ：Chief Technology Officer 首席技术官 CIO ：Chief Information Officer 首席信息官 CRO ：Chief Risk Officer 首席风险官 ========================================================== 艺术总监【CAO】chief Artistic officer 首席品牌官【CBO】chief brand officer 首席文化官【CCO】Chief Cultural Officer 开发总监【CDO】chief Development officer 首席执行官【CEO】Chief Executive officer 首席财务官【CFO】Chief finance officer 人事总监【CHO】Chief Human resource officer 首席信息官【CIO】chief information officer 首席知识官【CKO】chief knowledge officer 首席市场官【CMO】chief Marketing officer 首席谈判官【CNO】chief Negotiation officer 首席营运官【COO】chief Operation officer 公关总监【CPO】chief Public relation officer 质量总监【CQO】chief Quality officer 销售总监【CSO】chief Sales officer 首席技术官【CTO】chief Technology officer 评估总监【CVO】chief Valuation officer =============================================================== GM：General Manager 总经理 VP：Vice President 副总裁FVP（First Vice President）第一副总裁 AVP：Assistant Vice President 副总裁助理 HRD：Human Resource Director 人力资源总监 OD：Operations Director 运营总监 MD：Marketing Director 市场总监 OM：Operations Manager 运作经理 PM：Production Manager生产经理、Product Manager产品经理、Project Manager项目经理) 注：这里面变化比较多，要结合谈话时的背景来判断究竟是指哪种身份） BM（Branch Manager）部门经理 DM（District Manager）区域经理 RM（Regional Manager）区域经理 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 广告公司职位英文对照:

常见职位职务中英文对照

Accounting Assistant会计助理 Accounting Clerk记帐员 Accounting Manager会计部经理 Accounting Stall会计部职员 Accounting Supervisor会计主管 Administration Manager行政经理 Administration Staff行政人员 Administrative Assistant行政助理 Administrative Clerk行政办事员 Advertising Staff广告工作人员Airlines Sales Representative航空公司定座员Airlines Staff航空公司职员 Application Engineer应用工程师 Assistant Manager副经理 Bond Analyst证券分析员 Bond Trader证券交易员 Business Controller业务主任 Business Manager业务经理 Buyer采购员

Cashier出纳员 Chemical Engineer化学工程师 Civil Engineer土木工程师 Clerk/Receptionist职员／接待员 Clerk Typist&Secretary文书打字兼秘书Computer Data Input Operator计算机资料输入员Computer Engineer计算机工程师Computer Processing Operator计算机处理操作员Computer System Manager计算机系统部经理 Copywriter广告文字撰稿人 Deputy General Manager副总经理Economic Research Assistant经济研究助理 Electrical Engineer电气工程师 Engineering Technician工程技术员 English Instructor/Teacher英语教师 Export Sales Manager外销部经理 Export Sales Staff外销部职员 Financial Controller财务主任 Financial Reporter财务报告人