2011-2015年职称英语考试理工类A级试题及答案

2015年职称英语考试理工类A级试题

第1部分：词汇选项(第1～15题，每题1分，共15分)

下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. I will not tolerate that sort of behavior in my class.

A. control

B. observe

C. regulate

D. accept

2. She showed a natural aptitude for the work.

A. sense

B. talent

C. flavor

D. taste

3. Most people find rejection hard to accept.

A. excuse

B. client

C. refusal

D. destiny

4. The organization was bold enough to face the press.

A. pleased

B. powerful

C. brave

D. sensible

5. They were locked in mortal combat.

A. deadly

B. open

C. actual

D. active

6. We were attracted by the lure of quick money.

A. amount

B. supply

C. tempt

D. sum

7. The procedures were perceived as complex and less transparent.

A. clear

B. necessary

C. special

D. correct

8. The Stock Exchange is in turmoil following a huge wave of selling.

A. Service

B. danger

C. disorder

D. threat

9. He believes that Europe must change or it will perish.

A. survive

B. last

C. die

D. move

10. There was a simultaneous trial taking place in the next build.

A. fair

B. full C .coexisting D. public

11. They promote assimilation of ethnic groups into the main-stream culture.

A. policy

B. value C .equality D. integration

12. A sal esman‘s cardinal rule is to satisfy customers.

A. principal

B. official

C. simple

D. legal

13. I must compliment you on your handling of a very difficult situation

A. silence

B. praise C .assure D. complain

14. We lived for years in a perpetual state of fear

A. emotional

B. nervous

C. terrible

D. Continuous

15. The starving children were a pathetic sight.

A. common

B. unexpected

C. unforgettable

D. pitiful

第2部分：阅读判断（第16～22题，每题l分，共7分）

下面的短文后列出了7个句子，请根据短文的内容对每个句子做出判断：如果该句提供的是正确信息，请选择A；如果该句提供的是错误信息，请选择B；如果该句的信息文中没有提及，请选择C。

Lack of Oxygen Delayed the Rise of Animals on Earth

Scientists have long speculated as to why animal species didn‘t flourish sooner, once su fficient oxygen covered the Earth‘s surface. Animals began to prosper at the end of the Proterozoic period, about 800 million years ago — but what about the billion-year stretch before that, when most researchers think there also was plenty of oxygen?

Well, it seems the air wasn‘t so great then, after all.

In a study published Oct. 31 in Science, Yale researcher Noah Planavsky and his colleagues found that oxygen levels during the ―boring billion‖ period were only 0.1% of what they are today. In other words, Earth‘s atmosphere couldn‘t have supported a diversity of creatures, no matter what genetic advancements were poised to occur.

―There is no question that genetic and ecological innovation must ultimately be behind the rise of animals, but it is equally u navoidable that animals need a certain level of oxygen,‖ said Planavsky, co-lead

author of the research along with Christopher Reinhard of the Georgia Institute of Technology. ―We‘re providing the first evidence that oxygen levels were low enough during this period to potentially prevent the rise of animals.‖

The scientists found their evidence by analyzing chromium (Cr) isotopes in ancient sediments from China, Australia, Canada, and the United States. Chromium is found in the Earth‘s continental crust, an d chromium oxidation is directly linked to the presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere.

Specifically, the team studied samples deposited in shallow, iron-rich ocean areas, near the shore. They compared their data with other samples taken from younger locales known to have higher levels of oxygen.

Oxygen‘s role in controlling the first appearance of animals has long vexed scientists. ―We were missing the right approach until now,‖ Planavsky said. ―Chromium gave us the proxy.‖ Previous estimates put the oxy gen level at 40% of today‘s conditions during pre-animal times, leaving open the possibility that oxygen was already plentiful enough to support animal life.

In the new study, the researchers acknowledged that oxygen levels were ―highly dynamic‖ in the ear ly atmosphere, with the potential for occasional spikes. However, they said, ―It seems clear that there is a first-order difference in the nature of Earth surface Cr cycling‖ before and after the rise of animals.

―If we are right, our results will really c hange how people view the origins of animals and other complex life, and their relationships to the co-evolving environment,‖ said co-author Tim Lyons of the University of California-Riverside. ―This could be a game changer.‖

―There‘s a lot of interest rig ht now in a broader discussion surrounding the role that environmental stability played in the evolution of complex life, and we think our results are a significant contribution to that,‖ Reinhard said.

16. The study discovered the rise of animals occurred earlier than the Proterozoic period.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Many researchers believe the oxygen level was high during pre-animal times.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. The team was funded by several research institutes.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. Genetic advancements triggered the rise of animals.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. The samples studied in the research were collected in ocean areas.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. The study revealed that chromium found in Earth‘s continental crust remained stable before and after the rise of animals.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. Tim Lyons liked to play computer games in his spare time.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23—30题，每题1分，共8分)

下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2～5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。

First Image-recognition Software

1. Dartmouth researchers and their colleagues have created an artificial intelligence software that uses photos to locate documents on the Internet with far greater accuracy than ever before.

2. The new system, which was tested on photos and is now being applied to videos, shows for the first time that a machine learning algorithm (运算法则) for image recognition and retrieval is accurate and efficient enough to improve large-scale document searches online. The system uses pixel (像素) data in images and potentially video — rather than just text — to locate documents. It learns to recognize the pixels associated with a search phrase by studying the results from text-based image search engines. The knowledge gleaned (收集) from those results can then be applied to other photos without tags or captions (图片说明), making for more accurate document search results.

3. "Over the last 30 years," says Associate Professor Lorenzo Torresani, a co-author of the study, "the Web

has evolved from a small collection of mostly text documents to a modern, massive, fast-growing multimedia data set, where nearly every page includes multiple pictures or videos. When a person looks at a Web page, he immediately gets the gist (主旨) of it by looking at the pictures in it. Yet, surprisingly, all existing popular search engines, such as Google or Bing, strip away the information contained in the photos and use exclusively the text of Web pages to perform the document retrieval. Our study is the first to show that modern machine vision systems are accurate and efficient enough to make effective use of the information contained in image pixels to improve document search."

4. The researchers designed and tested a machine vision system —a type of artificial intelligence that allows computers to learn without being explicitly programmed —that extracts semantic (语义的) information from the pixels of photos in Web pages. This information is used to enrich the description of the HTML page used by search engines for document retrieval. The researchers tested their approach using more than 600 search queries (查询)on a database of 50 million Web pages. They selected the text-retrieval search engine with the best performance and modified it to make use of the additional semantic information extracted by their method from the pictures of the Web pages. They found that this produced a 30 percent

23. Paragraph 1 __ __

24. Paragraph 2 __ __

25. Paragraph 3 __ __

26. Paragraph 4 __ __

27. The new system does document retrieval by _ ___.

28. The new system is expected to improve precision in __ __.

第4部分：阅读理解(第31—45题，每题3分，共45分)

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Face Masks May Not Protect from Super-Flu

IF a super-flu strikes, face masks may not protect you. Whether widespread use of masks will help, or harm, during the next worldwide flu outbreak is a question that researchers are studying furiously. No results have come from their mask research yet. However, the government says people should consider wearing them in certain situations anyway, just in case.

But it‘s a question the public keeps asking while the government are making prep arations for the next flu pandemic. So the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) came up with preliminary guidelines. ―We don‘t want people wearing them everywhere,‖ said the CDC. ―The overall recommendation really is to avoid exposure.‖

When th at’s not possible, the guidelines say to consider wearing a simple surgical mask if you are in one of the three following situations. First, you‘re healthy and can‘t avoid going to a crowded place. Second t you‘re sick and think you may have close contact with the healthy, such as a family member checking on you. Third, you live with someone who‘s sick and thus might be in the early stages of infection, but still need to go out.

Influenza pandemics can strike when the easy-to-mutate flu virus shifts to a strain that people never have experienced. Scientists cannot predict when the next pandemic will arrive, although concern is rising that the Asian bird flu might trigger one if it starts spreading easily from person to person.

During the flu pandemic, you should protect yourself. Avoid crowds, and avoid close contact with the sick unless you must care for someone. Why aren‘t masks added to this self-protection list? Because they can help trap virus-laden droplets flying through the air with a cough or sneeze. Simple surgical masks only

filter the larger droplets. Besides, the CDC is afraid masks may create a false sense of security. Perhaps someone who should have stayed home would don an ill-fitting mask and hop on the subway instead.

Nor does flu only spread through the air. Say someone covers a sneeze with his or her hand, then touches a doorknob or subway pole. If you touch that spot next and then put germy hands on your nose or mouth, you‘ve been exposed. It‘s harder to rub your nose while wearing a mask a nd so your face may get pretty sweaty under masks. You reach under to wipe that sweat, and may transfer germs caught on the outside of the mask straight to the nose. These are the problems face masks may create for their users.

Whether people should or should not use face masks still remains a question. The general public has to wait patiently for the results of the mask research scientists are still doing.

31. What is the passage mainly about?

A. Widespread use of face masks.

B. Possibility of a worldwide flu outbreak

C. New discoveries of a face mask research.

D. Effectiveness of wearing face masks

32. The CDC suggests that people

A. stay alone when being sick.

B. wear face masks when going to a crowded place.

C. wear face masks wherever possible.

D. remain at home if living with someone who‘s sick.

33. The word "that" in Paragraph 3 refers to

A. making preparations.

B. avoiding exposure

C. coming up with guidelines.

D. wearing face masks everywhere.

34. Which of the following statements is true?

A. Scientists warn the next flu is coming soon.

B. Asian bird flu is spreading easily from person to person.

C. Masks protect people because they keep viruses away.

D. Masks are not effective if a flu strikes.

35. One of the concerns the CDC has is that

A .masks may give people a wrong assumption of being safe. B. the sick may not wear masks and go out.

C. flu virus may spread via public transportation.

D. healthy people may not know how to protect themselves.

第二篇What’s killing the Bats

First it was bees. Now it is bats. Biologists in America are working hard to discover the cause of the mysterious deaths of tens of thousands of bats in the northeastern part of the country. Most of the bats affected are the common little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus,) but other species, such as the long-eared bat, the small-footed hat, the eastern pipistrelle, and the Indiana bat have also been affected. In some caves, more than 90 percent of the bat populations have died.

One possibility is disease. A white fungus (真菌）known as fusarium has been found on the noses of both living and dead bats. However, scientists don't know If the fungus is the primary cause of death, a secondary cause of death, or not a cause at all, but the result of some other conditions.

Another possible cause is a lack of food. For example, bats typically eat a large number of moths (蛾), and in some states such as New York, the number of moths has been declining in recent years. If bats can‘t eat enough food, they starve to death.

Still other scientists believe that global warming is to blame. Warmer temperatures in recent years have been waking up hibernating (冬眠）bats earlier than usual. If bats break their hibernation at the wrong time, they might not find their expected food sources. The weather might also turn cold again and weaken or kill the bats.

Scientists might not agree on the causes of the bat die-off, but they do agree on the consequences. Bats are an important predator of mosquitoes; a single brown bat can eat 1,000 or more insects in an hour. They also eat beetles and other insects that damage plant crops. If there aren't enough bats, damage will be great from the insects they eat While bats live a long time for their size 一the little brown bat can live for more than 30 years 一a female bat has only one baby per year, so bat populations grow slowly. Many bat species in the United States are already protected or endangered.

How can you help? Do not disturb sleeping or nesting bats. If you discover bate that seem to be sick or that are dead, contact your local Fish& Wildlife Department with the details. However, be careful not to touch the animals.

36. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. All species of bats in North America are dying.

B. Scientists already know the cause of the deaths of bats

C. The bat deaths are a serious problem.

D. There are many possible causes of the deaths of bats.

37. What does the first sentence in Paragraph 1 mean?

A. Bees have been dying mysteriously.

B. The first article on the website is about bees.

C. Bees usually die before bats.

D. It was bees that caused the deaths of bats.

38. The word ―pipistrelle" in Paragraph 1 refers to

A. a kind of fungus.

B. an area in the U.S.

C. a special cave.

D. a kind of bat.

39. The "moths" in Paragraph 3 are taken as an example of

A. diseases that kill bats.

B. Insects that bats eat.

C. animals that have diseases.

D. bat species that are starving to death.

40. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?

A. To get people to stop killing bats.

B. To hire workers for the Fish & Wildlife Department.

C. To ask people not to touch dead bats.

D. To tell the public how to help bats.

第三篇Better Solar Energy Systems: More Heat, More Light

Solar photovoltaic thermal energy systems, or PVTs, generate both heat and electricity, but until now they haven‘t been very good at the heat-generating part compared to a stand-alone solar thermal collector. That‘s because they operate at low temperatures to c ool crystalline silicon solar cells, which lets the silicon generate more electricity but isn‘t a very efficient way to gather heat.

That‘s a problem of economics. Good solar hot-water systems can harvest much more energy than a solar-electric system at a substantially lower cost. And it‘s also a space problem：photovoltaic cells can take up all the space on the roof, leaving little room for thermal applications.

In a pair of studies, Joshua Pearce, an associate professor of materials science and engineering, has devised a solution in the form of a better PVT made with a different kind of silicon. His research collaborators are Kunal Girotra from ThinSilicon in California and Michael Pathak and Stephen Harrison from Queen‘s University, Canada.

Most solar panels are made with crystalline silicon，but you can also make solar cells out of amorphous silicon, commonly known as thin-film silicon. They don‘t create as much electricity, but they are lighter, flexible, and cheaper. And, because they require much less silicon, they have a greener footprint. Unfortunately，thin-film silicon solar cells are vulnerable to some bad-news physics in the form of the Staebler-Wronski effect.

―That means that their efficiency drops when you expose them to light —pretty much the worst possible effect for a solar cel l,‖ Pearce explains，which is one of the reasons thin-film solar panels make up only a small fraction of the market.

However, Pearce and his team found a way to engineer around the Staebler-Wronski effect by incorporating thin-film silicon in a new type of PVT. You don‘t have to cool down thin-film silicon to make it work. In fact，Pearce‘s group discovered that by heating it to solar-thermal operating temperatures，near the boiling point of water, they could make thicker cells that largely overcame the Staebler-Wronski effect. When they applied the thin-film silicon directly to a solar thermal energy collector, they also found that by baking the cell once a day，they boosted the solar cell‘s electrical efficiency by over 10 percent.

41. PVTs are not efficient in

A. creating electricity.

B. cooling silicon solar cells.

C. generating heat.

D. powering solar thermal collectors.

42. One of the problems PVTs have is that

A. their thermal applications are costly.

B. they are too expensive to afford.

C. they occupy too much space.

D. it is hard to fix them on the roof.

43. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as an advantage of thin-film silicon solar cells?

A. They are electrically efficient.

B. They are less expensive.

C. They are flexible.

D. They are environment friendly.

44. Thin-film solar panels do not sell well on market because

A. their advantages are not well-recognized.

B. they do not work well if exposed to light.

C. they need improving in appearance.

D. they are not advertised.

45 Which of the following statements is true?

A. Thin-film silicon's electrical efficiency improves when heated up.

B. New techniques have been developed to produce thin-film silicon.

C. Thin-film silicon works efficiently at low temperature.

D. A new material enlarging the Staebler-WronsKi effect has been created.

第5部分：补全短文(第46～50题，每题2分，共10分)

下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章原貌。

Gorillas have a word for it

Koko is the first gorilla to have been taught sign language (a way of communicating by using hands and fingers rather than speech). With a vocabulary of more than1000 words, she is the first to prove we share a world with other intelligent beings who feel emotions, look forward to celebrations and also have a sense of humour.

The 30-year study of Koko has redefined science's concept of gorilla intelligence.

46. . But what had not been recognised by the scientific community was that gorillas have the ability to learn a language and have complex emotions.

Koko lives in the Santa Cruz mountains in North America, in a wooded spot overlooking a valley.

47. . She has a barrel on which she likes to sit when 'talking' to humans - gorillas feel more secure when they can look down on others - while her toys are spread everywhere. In addition she has an outside enclosure where she spends her days when it is not raining.

It is her conversations with her teacher, Dr Penny Patterson, that are insp iring. Penny explains: ?The reality of my discovery is that our abilities as humans, our skills, sensibilities and emotions are very similar to the great apes. 48. .

When she began teaching Koko sign language, placing the little fingers of the one-year-old gorilla into the correct positions for 'drink', 'eat', 'more', and rewarding her with food, Dr Patterson had no idea how quickly Koko would learn. ―At first, it seemed Koko was using sign language as a tool to get something,‖ says Patterson. 'It became the kind of reward system that you could expect of a cat or a dog. But early in her training, she began to combine signs that made me think she was capable of more.‘ 49. . For example, she didn't know the word for 'ring', so she combined the signs for ?finger‘ and 'bracelet' to express it.

Dr Patterson continues: ?Koko loves babies and young people. And when she is asked what gorillas like best, she always says "Gorilla love eat, good‘‘.' One of Patterson's favourite stories demonstrates Koko's sense of humour. 50.

From the age of three, Koko shared her accommodation with Michael who was intended as a mate. However, Michael di ed suddenly two years ago of a heart attack. ?Koko went into a depression following Michael's death,‘ says Patterson. ―She would sit for hours with her head hung low looking upset.‖Dr Patterson asked her if she was looking forward to moving to Hawaii, where Patterson is raising money to build a gorilla refuge. Koko signed ―Yes‖, provided she could have curtains in her new home!

A. When a visitor asked her to show him something scary, she held up a mirror to his face!

B. ？

C. According to some scientists, genetically there is only a 2% difference between gorillas and humans: we share the same blood type, have the same number of hairs per square inch and also the same temperament.

D. She has her own home, with curtains, and a nest of blankets, which is her bed, in one corner.

E. What we have learnt is that gorillas are more complex than we ever imagined.

F. Now Koko is so proficient in sign language that if she doesn't know a word she invents one.

第6部分：完型填空(第51～65题，每题1分，共15分)

下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。

Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels. These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into 51 , from computer commands made miles away. They can even be programmed to move on their own at any particular part of the day, said Shane Farritor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.

For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to 52 off the lane at that time. And they can return to the 53 place at the end of the day. ―It just seems like a very good application for robots.‖ Farritor said. ―The robotic cones would also help 54 people from hazard ous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place,‖ Farritor said in a report on his creation.

Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant. The 55 allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.

The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are 56 enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides. ―It would look exactly the same,‖ Farritor said. ―57 there‘s a kind of rubbery, black base to them. We replace that 58 a robot.‖

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most 59 to what they might need.

The robots could come in handy following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, 60 now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation

61 . ―That way you don‘t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,‖ Farritor s aid.

62 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere. Farritor said he has

63 for a patent and is considering what to do next. He is thinking about starting a small business. He is also thinking about 64 the robots to roads departments and others across the country who may

65 from them.

51. A. work B place C. order D. action

52. A. block B cut C. set D. turn

53. A. clean B. important C. entire D. original

54. A. employ B. observe C. remove D. instruct

55. A. idea B. report C. demand D. fund

56. A. helpful B. beautiful C. small D. huge

57. A. Kindly B. Normally C. Greatly D. Strangely

58. A. at B. on C. in D. with

59. A. related B. typical C. useful D. visible

60. A. why B. where C. when D. what

61. A. proceeds B. functions . finishes D. improves

62. A. If B. While C. Since D. Because

63. A. applied B. asked C. called D. argued

64. A. saving B .marketing C. moving D. devising

65. A. benefit B. protect C. learn D. inspire

答案：

1—15：DBCCA CACCC DABDD 16—22：BACBABC

23—30：FADB ADEC 31—45：DBBDA DADBD CCABA

46—50：CDEFA 51—65：BADCD CBDCB ABABA

2014年职称英语考试理工类A级试题及参考答案

词汇选项:

1. This was disaster on cosmic scale.

A. modest

B. commercial

C. huge

D. national

2. New secretaries came and went with monotonous regularity.

A. amazing

B. depressing

C. predictable

D. dull

3. A person‘s wealth is often in inverse proportion to their happiness.

A. equal

B. certain

C. large

D. opposite

4. His professional career spanned 16 years.

A. started

B. changed

C. lasted

D. moved

5. The symptoms of the disease manifested themselves ten days later.

A. eased

B. improved

C. relieved

D. appeared

6. The group does not advocate the use of violence.

A. limit

B. support

C. regulate

D. oppose

7. She felt that she had done her good deed for the day.

A. act

B. homework

C. justice

D. model

8. Some of the larger birds can remain stationary in the air for several minutes.

A. motionless

B. silent

C. seated

D. true

9. There was an inclination to treat geography as a less important subject.

A. point

B. result

C. finding

D. tendency

10. His stomach felt hollow with fear.

A. sincere

B. respectful

C. empty

D. terrible

11. The committee was asked to render a report on the housing situation.

A. copy

B. publish

C. summarize

D. furnish

12. That uniform makes the guards look absurd.

A. serious

B. beautiful

C. impressive

D. ridiculous

13. The department deferred the decision for six months.

A. put off

B. arrived at

C. abided by

D. protested against

14. The original experiment cannot be exactly duplicated .

A. invented

B. reproduced

C. designed

D. reported

15. The country was torn apart by strife.

A. conflict

B. poverty

C. war

D. economy

1-15 cddcd baadc ddaba

阅读判断:

Experience the World in 3D Game

Ever wondered how your cat or dog sees the world? Now you can look through their eyes with the first 3D game that recreates the vision of different species based on scientific evidence.

The online simulation, created by the French3D design company Dassault Systèmes, with the guidance of veterinary ophthalmologist (眼科专家)Didier Schmidt-Morand, mimics (模仿)the vision of five animals – cats dogs, rats, hawks and bees – as aplayer steers them through Place Vend洀攀in Paris.

Due to differences in field of view, colour perception and night vision, for example, sight can be drastically different from species to species. "In terms of performance, eyes are as variable as different models of cars," says Schmidt-Morand.

The game was created by using existing virtual models of the square then applying effects based on descriptions of each animal's vision. Dassault's 3D software allows a scene to be modified by adding blur or changing the colours, angle of vision and depth of field.

Although it was easy to recreate vision inferior to that of humans – cats and dogs, for example, have trouble distinguishing shades of red –replicating features that we are unable to see was a challenge. Hawks have more detailed vision than ours, whereas dogs are better at seeing movement and have a wider field of view. "We used virtual cameras to precisely simulate larger viewing angles but the result made people nauseous(令人作呕的)," says Schmidt-Morand. "So we tweaked(微调) the model to give a sense of the

wider view without sticking to reality."

The rat's view also departs from reality: because they are near-sighted, everything more than 15 centimetres away is ablur, so they typically move close to walls to help them navigate. "A ratwould never throw itself into the middle of an open area," says Schmidt-Morand. The simulation for this animal is supplemented with a map inthe top right corner to help determine the rat's position: because of their limited eyesight, most landmarks are obscured.

The game is intended as an educational resource and players can discuss their experience with others through community features on the website. If there is interest from schools and zoos, the team hopes to recreate the vision of more animals.

16. The game developed by Dassault Systemesis the first 3D game recreating the vision of different species .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17.Dassault‘s3Dsoftware takes different perspectives like color perception and angle of visioninto account .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18.The animals‘ viewsin the software are the same as those in reality .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. Dogs have larger viewing angles than humans .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20.It takes the team the longest time to recreate the rat‘s view because they‘re near-sighted .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21.The team is working on recreating thevision of more animals .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22.Schmidt-Morand‘sf avorite animal is cat .

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

16-22 aabacbc

概括大意与完成句子:

Climate Change: The Long Reach

1 Earth is warming .Sea levels are rising. There‘s more carbon in the air, and Arctic ice is melting faster than at any time in recorded history. Scientist who study the environment to better gauge (评估) Earth‘s future climate now argue that these changes may not reverse for a very long time.

2 People burn fossil fuels like coal and oil for energy. That burning releases carbon dioxide, a colorless gas. In the air, this gas traps heat at Earth‘s surface. And the more carbon dioxide released, the more the planet warms. If current consumption of fossil fuels doesn‘t slow, the long-term climate impacts could last thousands of years—and be more severe than scientists had been expecting. Climatologist Richard Zeebe of the University of Hawaii at Manoa offers this conclusion in a new paper.

3 Most climate-change studies look at what‘s going to happen in the next century or so. During that time,

changes in the planet‘s environment could nudge (推动) global warming even higher. For example: Snow

and ice reflect sunlight back into space. But as these melt, sunlight can now reach—and warm—the exposed

ground. This extra heat raises the air temperature even more, causing even more snow to melt. This type of rapid exaggeration of impacts is called a ―fast feedback‖.

4 Zeebe says it‘s important to look at fast feedbacks. However, he adds, they‘re limited. From a climate change perspective, ―This century is the most important time for the next few generations, ‖ he told Science News. ―But the world is not ending in 2100 .‖ For this new study, Zeebe now focuses on ―slow feedbacks.‖ While fast feedback events unfold over decades or centuries, slow feedbacks can take thousands of years. Melting of continental ice sheets and the migration of plant life—as they relocate to more comfortable areas—are two examples of slow feedbacks.

5 Zeebe gathered information from previously publishes studies investigating how such processes played out over thousands of years during past dramatic changes in climate. Then he came up with a forecast for the future that accounts for both slow and fast feedback processes. Climate forecasts that use only fast feedbacks predict a 4.5 degree Celsius (8.1 degree Fahrenheit) change by the year 3000. But slow feedbacks added another 1.5℃—for a 6℃ total increase, Zeebe reports. He also found that slow feedback events will cause

warming to persist for thousands of years after people run out of fossil fuels to burn.

23. Paragraph 2 ___ ____

24. Paragraph 3 ___ ____

25. Paragraph 4 ___ ___

26. Paragraph 5 ___ ____

23-30 bcdfdaeb

阅读理解

第一篇:

Eye-tracker Lots You Drag and Drop Files with a Glance

Bored of using a mouse? Soon you'll be able to change stuff on your computer screen – and then move it directly onto your smart phone or tablet(平板电脑) –with nothing more than a glance.

A system called Eye Drop uses a head-mounted eye tracker that simultaneously records your field of view so it knows where you are looking on the screen. Gazing at an object – a photo, say – and then pressing a key, selects that object. It can then be moved from the screen to a tablet or smart phone just by glancing at the second device, as long as the two are connected wirelessly.

"The beauty of using gaze to support this is that our eyes naturally focus on content that we want to acquire, "says Jayson Turner, who developed the system with colleagues at Lancaster University, UK.

Turner believes Eye Drop would be useful to transfer an interactive map or contact information from a public display to your smart phone or for sharing photos.

A button needs to be used to select the object you are looking at otherwise you end up with the "Midastouch"(点石成金) effect, whereby everything you look at gets selected by your gaze, says Turner. "Imagine if your mouse clicked on everything it pointed at," he says.

Christian Holz, a researcher inhuman-computer interaction at Yahoo Labs in Sunnyvale, California, says the system is a nice take on getting round this fundamental problem of using gaze-tracking to interact. "Eye Drop solves this in a slick (灵巧的)way by combining it with input on the touch devices we carry with us most of the time anyway and using touch input as a clutching mechanism," he says. "This now allows users to seamlessly(无缝地) interact across devices far and close in a very natural manner."

While current eye-trackers are rather bulky, mainstream consumer devices are not too far away. Swedish firm Tobii is developing gaze-tracking technology that can be installed in laptops and tablets and is expected to be available to buy next year. And the Google Glass headset is expected to include eye-tracking in the future.

Turner says he has also looked at how content can be cut and pasted or drag-and-dropped using a mix of gaze and taps on a touch screen. The system was presented at the Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Multimedia in Sweden, last week.

31. The eye-tracker technology enables us to______

A. change our computer screen.

B. focus on anything that interests us.

C. get a smart phone connected wirelessly.

D. move an object from screen with a glance.

32. Why is a button needed?

A. To minimize the cost of Eye Drop.

B. To choose as many objects as possible.

C. To make Eye Drop different from others.

D. To select what we want.

33. The word ―this‖ in Paragraph 6 refers to_______

A. application of gaze-tracking inhuman-computer interaction.

B. interaction between human and computer.

C. combination of gaze-tracking with input on touch devices.

D. generalization of Eye Drop system.

34. Which of the following statement is true of eye-trackers for consumer use？

A. They are costly.

B. They are available.

C. They are installed in Google Glass headset.

D. They are expected to come out soon.

35. What is Turner likely to study next?

A. How to drag and drop with gaze and taps.

B. How to present the system in public.

C. How to get touch screen involved.

D. How to cut and paste content from a public display.

31-35 ddcdc

第二篇：

A New Strategy to Overcome Breast Cancer

Post-menopausal(绝经后)women who walk for an hour a day can cut their chance of breast cancer significantly, a study has suggested. The report , which followed 73,000 women for 17 years, found walking for at least seven hours a week lowered the risk of the disease. The American Cancer Society team said this was the first time reduced risk was specifically linked to walking. UK experts said it was more evidence that lifestyle influenced cancer risk.

A recent poll for the charity Ramblers a quarter of adults walk for no more than an hour a week, but being active is known to reduce the risk of a number of cancers. This study, published in Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, followed 73.615 women out of97,785 aged 50-74 who had been recruited by the American Cancer Society between1992 and 1993,so it could monitor the incidence of cancer in the group.

They were asked to complete questionnaires on their health and on how much time they were active and participating in activities such as walking, swimming and aerobics(有氧运动)and how much time they spent sitting watching television or reading. They completed the same questionnaires at two-year intervals between 1997 and 2009.Of thewomen,47% said walking was their only recreational activity. Those who walked for at least seven hours per week had a 14% lower risk of breast cancer compared to those who walked three or fewer hours per week.

Dr.Alpa Patel, a senior epidemiologist at the American Cancer Society in Atlanta, Georgia, who led the study, said:‖Given that more than 60% of women report some daily walking, promoting walking as a healthy leisure-time activity could be an effective strategy for increasing physical activity amongst post-menopausal women. We were pleased to find that without any other recreational activity, just walking one hour a day was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer in these women.‖‖More strenuous(紧张

的)and longer activities lowered the risk even more.‖

Baroness Delyth Morgan, chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign, said:‖This study adds further evidence that our lifestyle choices can play a part in influencing the risk of breast cancer and even small changes incorporate into our normal day-to-day activity can make a difference.‖

She added:‖We know that the best weapon to overcoming breast cancer is the ability to stop it occurring in the first place. The challenge now is how we turn these

findings into action and identify other sustainable lifestyle changes that will help us prevent breast cancer.‖

36. All of the following factors relating to cancer risk were mentioned in the passage EXCEPT________

A. breathing exercise

B. regular walking

C. recreational activity

D. lifestyle choices

37. It can be inferred from Dr. Alpa Patel‘s study that____.

A. women have fewer chances of physical activity

B. daily walking could cut the chance of breast cancer

C. leisure-time activity is not associated with cancer risk

D. walking is not recommended for women with breast cancer

38. Dr. Alpa Patel was_____.

A. head of the survey study

B. chief editor of Cancer Epidemiology

C. chair of the American Cancer Society

D. chief executive of Breast Cancer Campaign

39. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?

A. Most women take walking as their only recreational activity.

B. The study aims to track the health conditions of its subjects.

C. Walking was the only recreational acitivity for about half of the women surveyed.

D. Irregular walking increased the risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women

40. The word ―sustainable‖ in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to

A. continuable

B. affordable

C. available

D. persistent

36-40 ababa

第三篇

The Northern Lights

The sun is stormy and has it own kind of weather. It is so hot and active that even the Sun‘s gravity cannot hold its atmosphere in check! Energy flows away from the Sun toward the Earth in a stream of electrified particles that move at speeds around a million miles per hour. These particles are called plasma, and the stream of plasma coming from the Sun is called the solar wind. The more activethe Sun, the stronger the solar wind.

The solar wi nd constantly streams toward the Earth, but don‘t worry because a protective magneticfields surrounds our planet. The same magnetic field that makes your compass point north also steers the particles from the Sun to the north and south poles. The charged particles become trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth. When a large blast of solar wind crashes into the Earth‘s magnetic field first gets squeezed and then the magnetic field lines break and reconnect.

The breaking and reconnecting of the magneticfield lines can cause atomic particles called electrons trapped in the belts to fall into the Earth‘s atmosphere at the poles. As theelectrons fall into the Earth, they collide with gas molecules in theatmosphere, creating flashes of light in the sky.

Each atmospheric gas glows a different color. Oxygen and nitrogen glows red and green and nitrogen glows violet-purple. As these various colors glow and dance in the night sky, they create the Northern Lights and the Southern Lights.

Watching auroras(北极光)is fun and exciting, but normally you can only see them in places far north like Alaska and Canada. The movement of the aurora across the sky is usually slow enough to easily follow with your eyes but they can also pulsate(跳动), flicker(闪烁), or even move like waves. During solar maximum, 5 auroras are seen as far south as Florida, even Mexico! Auroras often seem to be very close to the ground, but the lowest aurora is still about100 kilometers above the ground, a distance much higher than clouds are formedor airplanes can fly. A typical aurora band can be thousands of kilometers long, a few hundred kilometers high, but only a few hundred meters thick.

We hope you are able to travel to far-north places like the Arctic Circle and see the Northern Lights at least once during your lifetime. We know you will never forget it!

41.The solar wind comes into being as a result of

A. disappearance of the Sun‘s gravity.

B. unpredictable weather of the Sun.

C. fast flow of energy away from the Sun.

D. a stream of particles being blown away.

42.What happens when solar wind comes to the Earth?

A. A protective magnetic field is forms at the same time.

B. It is trapped in magnetic belts around the Earth.

C. It destroys the protective magnetic field surrounding the Earth.

D. It breaks magnetic field lines and does severe damage to the Earth.

43.The Northern Lights are created when

A. atomic particles fall to the Earth and collide with atmospheric gases.

B. the magnetic field lines fail to reconnect.

C. the electrons falling to the Earth shine in different colors.

D. oxygen and nitrogen are separated from the atmospheric gases.

44.Which of the following statements is true of the Northern Lights?

A. Their movement is slow enough to be observed with the eyes.

B. People cannot see them unless traveling to Alaska or Canada.

C. They are very close to the ground.

D. They are very lng and thick.

45.What is the auther‘s tone toward the Northern Lights?

A. indifferent.

B. Sarcastic.

C. Sharp.

D. Appreciative.

41-45 cbaad

补全短文:

Wrongly Convicted Man and His Accuser Tell Story NEW YORK, NY, January 5, 2010. St. Martin‘s Press has announced the release of the paperback edition of Picking Cotton, a remarkable true story of what novelist John Gris ham calls an ―account of violence, rage redemption (救赎) and，ultimately forgiveness.‖

The story began in 1987, in Burlington, North Carolina, with the rape of a young while college student named Jennifer Thompson. During her ordeal, Thompson swore to herself that she would never forget the face of her rapist, a man who climbed through the window of her apartment and assaulted her brutally___46___. When the police asked her if she could identify the assailant (袭击者)from a book of mug shots, she picked one that she was sure was correct, and later she identified the man lineup.

Based on her convincing eyewitness testimony, a 22-year-old black man named Ronald Cotton was sentenced to prison for two life terms. Cotton‘s lawyer appealed the decision, and by the time of the appeals hearing, evidence had come to light suggesting that the real rapist might have been a man who looked very like Cotton, an imprisoned criminal named Bobby Poole. ___47___Jennifer Thompson looked at both men face to face, and once again said that Ronald Cotton was the one who raped her.

Eleven years later, DNA evidence completely exonerated (证明…..清白)Cotton and just as unequivocally (明确地)convicted Poole, who confessed to the crime ___48___‖The man I was so sure I had never seen in my life was the man was inches from my throat, who raped me , who hurt me, who took my spirit away, who robbed me of my soul,‖ she wrote ―And the man I had identified so surely on so many occasions was absolutely innocent. ___49___Remarkably both were able to put this tragedy behind them, overcom e the racial barrier that divided them, and write a book, which they have subtitled ―Our memoir of injustice and redemption.‖

Nevertheless, Thompson says, she still lives‖ with constant pain that my profound mistake coast him so

dearly ___50___‖

A.Another trial was held

B.I cannot begin to imagine what would have happened had my mistaken identification occurred in a

capital case

C.Thompson was as shocked and devastated

D.Jennifer Thompson decided to meet Cotton and apologize to him personally

E.During the attack, she made and effort to memorize every detail of his face, looking for scars, tattoos(纹

身) or other identifying marking.

F.Many criminals are sent to prison on the basis of accurate testimony by eyewitnesses.

参考答案：46-50：FDEAC

完形填空

Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and Language retardation(延迟).They found that developing musical skill involves the___51___process in the brain as learning how to speak .The scientists believe that could ___52___children with learning disabilities .

Nina Krauss is a neurobiologist at Northwestern University in lllinois .She says Musical training___53___putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians. The ___54___ is not much different from learning how to speak .Both involve different senses .

She further explains musical training and learning to___55___each make us think about what we are doing .She say speech and music___56___ through a structure of the nervous system called he brain stem .The brain stem ___57___ our ability to hear .Until recently, experts have though the brain stem could not be developed or changed. ___58___ Professor Krauss and her team found that musical training can improve a person‘s brain stem activity.

The study involved individuals with different levels of musical___59___.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures ___60___ activity. The individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument---the cello(大提琴).Professor Krause says cello have sound qualities similar ___61___some of the sounds that are important with speech .The study found that the more years of training people had, the more___62___ they were to the sound and rhythm of the music. Those who were Involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the ___63___ of sensory events was the strongest. It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning ___64___.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they ___65___ sentences and understand facial expressions better .

51. A. unique B. different C. same D. strange

52. A. help B. tell C. remind D .entertain

53. A. shapes B. involves C .relates D. enhances

54. A. form B. step C. point D. process

55. A. play B. sing C. speak D. think

56. A. pass B. use C. look D. put

57. A. develops B. controls C. assesses D. observes

58. A. So B. Moreover C. As D. But

59. A. instruments B. ability C. types D. contact

60. A. physical B. musical C. speech D. brain

61. A. as B. of C. to D. at

62. A. familiar B. inactive C. critical D. sensitive

63. A. reduction B. improvement C. interference D. implication

64. A. styles B. disabilities C. interests D. approaches

65. A. read B. write C. hear D. change

51-65 cabdc abdbd cdbbc

2013年职称英语真题理工(A)

第1部分：词汇选项（第1-15题，每题1分，共15分）

下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。

1. The rules are too rigid to allow for humane error.

A. inflexible

B. general

C. complex

D. direct

2. This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.

A. turned dead

B. passed by

C. carried away

D. become extinct

3. The contract between the two companies will expire soon.

A. shorten

B. end

C. start

D. resume

4. Three world-class tennis players came to contend for this title.

A. argue

B. claim

C. wish

D. compete

5. The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.

A. simple

B. reliable

C. effective

D. alternative

6. Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.

A. moral

B. regular

C. fundamental

D. hard

7. The drinking water has become contaminated with lead.

A. polluted

B. treated

C. tested

D. corrupted

8. Come out, or I‘ll bust the door down.

A. shut

B. set

C. break

D. beat

9. She shed a few tears at her daughter‘s wedding.

A. wiped

B. injected

C. produced

D. removed

10. They didn‘t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.

A. existence

B. importance

C. cause

D. situation

11. The tower remains intact even after two hundred years.

A. unknown

B. unusual

C. undamaged

D. unstable

12. Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.

A. doubtful

B. untouched

C. certain

D. silent

13. The proposal was endorsed by the majority of members.

A. rejected

B. submitted

C. considered

D. approved

14. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.

A. send

B. spread

C. hear

D. confirm

15. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.

A. naked

B. cautious

C. blind

D. private

第2部分：阅读判断（第16-22题，每题1分，共7分）

New Understanding of Natural Silk’s Mysteries

Natural silk, as we all know, has a strength that man-made materials have long struggled to match. In a discovery that sounds more like an ancient Chinese proverb than a materials science breakthrough, MIT researchers have discovered that silk gets its strength from its weakness. Or, more specifically, its many weaknesses. Silk gets its extraordinary durability and ductility (柔韧性) from an unusual arrangement of hydrogen bonds that are intrinsically very weak but that work together to create a strong, flexible structure.

Most materials —especially the ones we engineer for strength —get their toughness from brittleness. As such, natural silks like those produced by spiders have long fascinated both biologists and engineers because of their light weight, ductility and high strength (pound for pound, silk is stronger than steel and far less brittle). But on its face, it doesn't seem that silks should be as strong as they are; molecularly, they are held together by hydrogen bonds, which are far weaker than the covalent (共价的) bonds found in other molecules.

To get a better understanding of how silk manages to produce such strength through such weak bonds, the MIT team created a set of computer models that allowed them to observe the way silk behaves at the atomic level. They found that the arrangement of the tiny silk nanocrystals (纳米晶体) is such that the hydrogen bonds are able to work cooperatively, reinforcing one another against external forces and failing slowly when they do fail, so as not so allow a sudden fracture to spread across a silk structure.

The result is natural silks that can stretch and bend while retaining a high degree of strength. But while that's all well and good for spiders, bees and the like, this understanding of silk geometry could lead to new materials that are stronger and more ductile than those we can currently manufacture. Our best and strongest materials are generally expensive and difficult to produce (requiring high temperature treatments or energy-intensive processes).

By looking to silk as a model, researchers could potentially devise new manufacturing methods that rely on inexpensive materials and weak bonds to create less rigid, more forgiving materials that are nonetheless stronger than anything currently on offer. And if you thought you were going to get out of this materials science story without hearing about carbon nanotubes (纳米碳管), think again. The MIT team is already in the lab looking into ways of synthesizing silk-like structures out of materials that are stronger than natural silk —like carbon nanotubes. Super-silks are on the horizon.

16. MIT researchers carry out the study to illustrate an ancient Chinese proverb.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

17. Silk‘s strength comes from its weak hydrogen bonds working together.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

18. Biologists and engineers are interested in understanding natural silks because they are very light and brittle.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

19. If the hydrogen bonds break due to external forces, they break fast.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

20. The MIT team had tried different materials before they studies natural silk in the research.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

21. Carbon nanotubes are currently the most popular topic in materials science.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

22. It is indicated that materials stronger than natural silk can be expected in the future.

A. Right

B. Wrong

C. Not mentioned

第3部分：概括大意与完成句子（第23-30题，每题1分，共8分）下面的短文后有2项测试任务：（1）第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题；（2）第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。

Black Holes

1. Black holes can be best described as a sort of vacuum, sucking up everything in space. Scientists have discovered that black holes come from an explosion of huge stars. Stars that are near death can no longer burn due to loss of fuel, and because its temperature can no longer control the gravitational (重力的) force, hydrogen ends up putting pressure onto the star‘s surface unt il it suddenly explodes then collapses.

2. Black holes come from stars that are made of hydrogen, other gases and a few metals. When these explode it can turn into a stellar-mass (恒星质量) black hole, which can only occur if the star is large enough (should be bigger than the sun) for the explosion to break it into pieces, and the gravity starts to compact every piece into the tiniest particle. Try to see and compare: if a star that‘s ten times the size of the sun ends up being a black hole that‘s no longer t han 70 kilometers, then the Earth would become a black hole that‘s only a fraction of an inch!

3. Objects that get sucked in a black hole will always remain there, never to break free. But remember that black holes can only gobble up (吞噬) objects within a specific distance to it. It‘s possible for a large star near the sun to become a black hole, but the sun will continue to stay in place. Orbits do not change because the newly formed black hole contains exactly the same amount of mass as when it was a star, only this time its mass is totally contracted that it can end up as no bigger than a state.

4. So far, astronomers have figured out that black holes exist because of Albert Einstein‘s theory of relativity. In the end, through numerous studies, they have discovered that black holes truly exist. Since

black holes trap light and do not give off light, it is nearly impossible to detect black holes via a telescope. But astronomers continue to study galaxies, space and the solar system to understand how black holes might evolve. It is possible that black holes can exist for millions of years, and later contribute to a bigger process in galaxies, which can eventually lead to creation of new entities. Scientists also credit black holes as helpful in learning how galaxies began to form.

23. Paragraph 1

24. Paragraph 2

25. Paragraph 3

26. Paragraph 4

27. Black holes are formed after .

28. When a large star explodes, the gravity compacts every piece

into .

29. A newly formed black hole and the star it comes from are of .

30. Albert Einst ein‘s theory of relativity helps to prove .

第4部分：阅读理解（第31-45题，每题3分，共45分）

下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。

第一篇Forecasting Methods

There are several different methods that can be used to create a forecast. The method a forecaster chooses depends upon the experience of the forecaster, the amount of information available to the forecaster, the level of difficulty that the forecast situation presents, and the degree of accuracy or confidence needed in the forecast.

The first of these methods is the persistence method; the simplest way of producing a forecast. The persistence method assumes that the conditions at the time of the forecast will not change. For example, if it is sunny and 87 degrees today, the persistence method predicts that it will be sunny and 87 degrees tomorrow. If two inches of rain fell today, the persistence method would predict two inches of rain for tomorrow. However, if weather conditions change significantly from day to day, the persistence method usually breaks down and is not the best forecasting method to use.

The trends method involves determining the speed and direction of movement for fronts, high and low pressure centers, and areas of clouds and precipitation. Using this information, the forecaster can predict where he or she expects those features to be at some future time. For example, if a storm system is 1,000 miles west of your location and moving to the east at 250 miles per day, using the trends method you would