英语论文

An Analysis

On the Symbolism of The Scarlet Letter

By

LEI LI

A thesis presented to School of Continuing Studies of middle school

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

For the degree of

Bachelor of

Arts

DEC.8th, 2015

CHENG JIAO MIDDLE SCHOOL

Abstract

This thesis is going to discuss the Hawthorne and his work the scarlet letter by analyses to the characters, and also tells us the deep exploration into the symbolism of “A” in The Scarlet Letter. It has different symbolic meanings to different characters.

Table of Contents

I. Introduction (1)

II. Historical background of the scarlet (1)

III. Plot arrangement of The Scarlet Letter (2)

IV. Characterization of the main figurers in the novel (3)

V. An exploration into the symbolic meanings of the letter “A” (5)

5.1 “A” a monument to Hester Prynne (5)

5.2 “A” a symbol of shame to Dimmesdale (8)

5.3 “A” a stimulus of revenge to Chillingworth (9)

5.4 “A” a love fruit to Pearl (10)

5.5 “A” a mirror to people around Hester Prynne (12)

VI. Hawthorne’s Motif and The Scarlet Letter“A” (12)

VII. Conclusion (14)

Reference (15)

I. Introduction

Anyone who has studied the history of American literature knows about Nathaniel Hawthorne, a great American romantic writer in the 19th century. His short stories and novels are among the best that America has produced. He is a pious christen, and is deeply influenced by the theology. He is so much indulged in the book. After reading the scarlet letter, one is mostly impressed by the spirit of The Bible the story depicted. This novel discusses sin and how to a tone for it. So the Puritan punishment of sexual sin becomes the vehicle for his best novel The Scarlet Letter. This novel enjoys high prestige among the romantic novels and is generally looked on as Hawthorne’s masterpiece and the most representative work.（ChangYaoxin，2003）In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne develops a type of Romanticism through the use of symbols is the letter “A”, which is used to entitle the novel. The story begins with “A”, and ends with “A”. “A” is the main thread that links the whole story. It coexists with the rising and falling of their fate. In this novel, “A”is not only a specific symbolic object but also the reflection of the author’s thought. It shows the author’s profound ideas towards the social morality and life. It is different symbols of different things to different characters.

II. Historical background of The Scarlet Letter

The majority of Hawthorne’s work takes American’s Puritan past as its subject, but The Scarlet Letter uses the material to greatest effect. The Puritans were a group of religious reformers who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630s under the leadership of John Winthrop whose death is recounted in the novel. The religious sect was known

for its intolerance of dissenting ideas and lifestyles.（Qun Li，1990）Hawthorne wrote at a time when American sought to distinguish itself from centuries of European tradition by producing uniquely “American” writer----those who, like Hawthorne, would encourage patriotism by enlarging the world’s sense of America’s comparatively brief history.

But Hawthorne, like the narrator, had to balance the need to establish a weighty past with the equally compelling need to write and interesting and relevant story. Neither the narrator nor Hawthorne wants to see his work pigeonholedas “only”American. The tale of The Scarlet Letter may add to the legitimacy of American history and culture, but in order to do so it must transcend its Americanness and establish a universal appeal: only then can American culture hold its own in world.（Liang Huanqiang，2006）

III. Plot arrangement of The Scarlet Letter

The story begins in 17th century Boston. Then is a Puritan settlement. Hester Prynne was a woman who was led from the town prison with her illegal infant daughter, Pearl. Hester Prynne was found guilty of having been adulterous and was sentenced to wear a Scarlet Letter to show her sin. Hestrer’s husband is a scholar much older than her. She is sent her ahead to American, but he never arrived in Boston. The reason is that he has been lost in the sea. While waiting for her husband, Hester has a love affair with a young minister Arthur Dimmesdale. Hester’s husband, who is now practicing medicine and calling himself Roger Chfillngworth, intended on revenge. For the reason why he wants to reveal the true criminal. By hiding his secret, he does not

allow himself to be read by others. However, he appears to be wasting away and suffers from mysterious heart trouble, seemingly caused by psychological distress. This secret does not flee from the terrible perception of Hester’s husband, Chillingworth making use of his profession. He destroys Dimmesdale step by step until death and in the story Chillingworth changes from a victim into a devil. In the meantime, Hester acquires a real significance when she reestablishes a meaningful relationship with her fellowmen. Symbolic of moral development is the gradual, imperceptible change which The Scarlet Letter undergoes in meaning.

IV. Characterization of the main figures

There are four main characters in the novel are Hester Prynne, Pearl, Arthor Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth.

Hester Prynne: the young woman was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale. She had dark and abundant hair, so glossy that it threw off the sunshine with a gleam, and a face which, besides being beautiful from regularity of feature and richness of complexion, had the impressiveness belonging to a marked brow and deep black eyes. She was ladylike, too, after the manner of the feminine gentility of those days. Characterized by a certain state and dignity, she is also a kindness woman because of helping the poor and sick, when Mr. Wilsion demands Hester speak out that man’s name, and may avail to take the scarlet letter off Hester breast. Hester Prynne thinks it is so deeply branded that nobody can not take it off, and would that Hester endures that man’s, as well as her. We can see that she also a strong woman and kindhearted woman. She would rather hurt herself than hurt her beloved. She is

oppressed by the sin, at the same time creates a kind of revolt spirit.

Arthur Dimmesdale: he is a young minister who is on the very proudest eminence of superiority, to which the gifts of intellect, rich lore, prevailing eloquence, and a reputation of whitest sanctity, could exalt a clergyman in New England’s earliest days, when the professional character was of itself a lofty pedestal. But he was timid and over-cautious disposition. He is a pious follower in the high position of religious. He is also a slave to religious. When Hester Prynne wants to escape with Dimmesdale, at the beginning, Dimmesdale feels fear, to the end his mental disorder. In fact, he has no courage to face his truth love. That is to say, his character is full of humid.

Chillingworth: he is Hester Prynne’s husband. He’s a devil of puritan. The greatest character in Chillingworth is hypocrisy and cruel. He was small in stature, with a furrowed visage, which, as yet, could hardly be termed aged. There was a remarkable intelligence in his features, as of a person who had so cultivated his mental part that it could not fail to mould the physical to itself. Seemingly, HE IS HONEST TO Dimmesdale, but in fact, he likes a serpent to harass the minister. That is a shame which makes him crazy.

Pearl: she is daughter of Hester and Dimmsdale. Hester gives a name price-purchased with all she had her mother’s only treasure. Certainly, there was no physical defect. By its perfect shape, its vigor, and its natural dexterity. In the use of all its untried limbs, the infant was worth to have been brought forth in Eden; worthy to have been left there, to be the playing of the angels after the world’s first parents were driven out. She inherits her mother’s character: the warfare of Hester’s spirit, at that

epoch, was perpetuated in Pearl. She could recognize her wild, desperate, defiant mood, the flightiness of her temper, and even some of the very cloud-shapes of gloom and despondency that had brooded in her heart. To some extent, she is also a pillar of her mother’s alive. She he letter “A”, which is used to the novel, is the most important symbol throughout the novel. It acts as a red thread linking the four main characters together from beginning to the end.

V. An exploration into the symbolic meanings of the letter “A”

5.1 “A”, a Monument to Hester Prynne

The most apparent meaning of the letter “A”is adultery; it is regarded as the symbol of the shame wore on the heroine Heater Prynne’s bosom.

The novel tells a story that happened in the seventeenth century Boston. In such an environment, people’s thought is dominated by Puritanism. Hester Prynne, the young lady who was tall, with a figure of perfect elegance on a large scale, is discovered of the sin of adultery. She does not reveal the of her child’s father. In accordance with the current Puritan moral law, she is sentenced to an unusual punishment of wearing the scarlet letter “A”, which stands for adultery on her bosom the rest of her life. So she is ridiculed and humiliated by the whole society for her sin.

As it is described in chapter two, when Hester Prynne is brought from jail to the town’s public square, all the people, men and woman, old and young are talking about her symbol of shame, the scarlet letter and cursing her sin. She perchance undergoes an agony from every footstep of those thronged to see her, as if her heart has been flung into the street for them all to spurn and trample upon. Then she is punished to stand on

the platform of the scaffold for three hours. Can you imagine such a picture, a lonely woman standing on the scaffold, with a symbol of shame of the scarlet letter “A” on her bosom, with spectators all around her, with infamy threatens lingering to her ears? Even at that moment, the does not tell whom her lover is. “I might endure his agony, as well as mine.”

From then on, Hester Prynne has to keep herself aloof from the society. She moves to a small cottage on the outskirt of the town and lives with her child alone. The treatment of Hester reaches a low point. She is tormented with the letter which she endures all the time. The torture comes not only from the outer society, but also from her daughter. Sometime the infant puts up her little hand grasping at the letter. Hester would grasp for breath, clutched the fatal token, and instinctively endeavors to tear it away, so infinite is the torture inflicted by the intelligent touch of Pearl’s baby-hand. Hester has never felt a moment’s safety except when the child is asleep. When Pearl grows up , once she gathers handful of wild-flowers to fling them one by one at her mother’s bosom. Flowers invariably hit the mark and covering the mother’s breast with hurts for which she could find no balm in this world, nor know how to seek it in another. Even after the get-together with Dimmesdale in the forest and even if the longing for the love and happy life cannot make her escape from the fate, she is forced to wear the scarlet letter again after she throws it away.

Although Hester Prynne must be accompanied by the scarlet letter “A” and has to endure the sufferings all the time, she never yielded to the harsh society. She despises the token in her own way.

She embroiders the letter “A” in fine red cloth and surrounds it with gold thread wearing it as a gorgeous decoration. Her skill at needlework, shown in such a fine way that she displayed the scarlet letter, allows her to maintain a fairly stable lifestyle. She names her daughter, the consequence of adultery, Pearl, because she is her mother’s only treasure. She lives simply with the sole exception being that she creates amazing dresses of dine fabrics for Pearl. Hester’s attitude towards the scarlet letter and her child show her strong resistance to the Puritan morality and the loyalty to genuine love.

Hester spends her time working on the projects, which bring in her income, and devotes the remainder of her work to creating garments for the poor. Although she is treated to poorly that often preachers will stop in the street and starts to deliver a lecture as she walks by, she still appears among them and devotes herself to helping the poor and the sick. Hester’s nature showed itself warmness and richness, a well-spring of human tenderness, unfailing to every real demand, and inexhaustible by the largest. Hester’s reputation had changed over the seven years since she had Pearl. Her devotion to serving the sick and needy has given her access to almost every home. Through all the things she has done, Hester’s ever guilty soul has been saved and sublimated.

Her rare capacity and good nature extend the symbolism of the scarlet letter. Elsewhere the token of the sin, it is the taper of the sick-chamber. The letter is the symbol of her calling. The letter has the effect of the cross on a nun’s bosom. Such helpfulness is found in her that many people refuse to interpret the scarlet letter “A” by

its original signification. They say it means Able.

One evening, after Hester Prynne watches the governor at the death-bed and comes back standing together with Dimmesdale and Pearl on the scaffold, they find that a meteor streaks across the sky, illuminating the scarlet letter on Hester’s dress. Looking upward, above the scaffold, appears a great letter “A”in the sky. By now people had already interpreted letter “A” as an Angel.

At the end of the novel, after the whole truth becomes clear, Hester returns to Boston after several-years’absence. She resumes her former life and in the small cottage and wears once more the scarlet letter. Now the letter is no longer a symbol of shame. It is a symbol which is looked upon by people with awe and reverence.

5.2 “A,” a symbol of shame to Dimmesdale

To Dimmesdale, Hester’s lover, little Pearl’s father, the scarlet letter stands for his hidden guilt and his shame of not daring to take the responsibility.

The young clergyman, because of his fame and position, dares not to declare his relationship with Hester Prynne and Pearl. Instead, he is together with the town’s governor and magistrate to denounce her. According to the viewpoint of the Puritan morality, man must be a loyal believer or an honest penitent. So his not daring to admit the relationship with Hester and Pearl makes him sink into the deep pit of sin. The sense of guilt tortures him and he can never escape. He is so overwhelmed with shame and remorse that he has started to become famous for his sermons. His ability as a speaker is enhanced by the fact that he feels far more sinful than many in his audience. He has even tried to tell his congregation about the sin he committed with Hester

Prynne, but always in such a way that they think he is secret. This causes Dimmesdale even more pain, for he believes that he is also lying to his people. He tells Hester Prynne that she is happy because she can wear the scarlet letter openly on her bosom. But he burns in secret. If someone can see what he is, it would be a relief to him. Dimmesdale finally gets into the permanent habit of placing his hand over his heart. This means that he is tortured by the scarlet letter “A” almost every minute. As it is said by some people in the story: “He had a scarlet letter on his breast-imprinted in the flesh, and the awful symbol was the effect of the ever-active tooth of remorse, gnawing from the inmost heart outwardly.”

The scarlet letter can also be regarded as the impetus for the clergyman to reveal his guilt and unburden his soul.

After he delivers his most eloquent and inspiring speech, he walks to the scaffold where seven years before Hester Prynne had received her sentence. He calls Hester and Pearl to come to him on the Platform, Confesses his sin and acknowledges hidden scarlet letter to the public. He dies then in Hester’s arm. His soul and his body of innumerable bruise have eventually sublimated. Dimmesdale has fulfilled his process of saving himself at the cost of his life.

5.3 “A,” a stimulus of revenge to Chillingworth

To Chillingworth, “A” is a stimulus of his revenge. It is the scarlet letter “A” that changed him from a wise and just man, a knowledgeable scholar into a devil. Chillingworth is Hester Prynne’s husband with ugly appearance and profound knowledge. He and Hester have an unfortunate marriage. From the point of their

marriage he is the sufferer of the marriage and adultery. But he is stimulated by the scarlet letter and led by it to revenge; gradually he becomes a diabolic wizard. The scarle letter represents a stimulus to him.

According to the explanation of Christianity, the true sin is that of making inroads on other’s soul in order to know other’s reaction. Chillingworth, having figured out that Dimmesdale is the true father of Pearl, goes on a subtle campaign to hurt the minister as much as possible. Revenge consumes him to the point that he can only focus on causing the other man pain. He uses his knowledge to pry into the clergyman’s interior of heart. In order to revenge, he approaches Dimmesdale like an intimate friend. He employs the way of hints and metaphors to torture the clergyman psychologically and spiritually obtaining a kind of satanic joy. He dug into the clergyman’s heart, like a miner searching for gold. This leads Hawthorne to write, “It grew to be a widely diffused opinion that Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, …was haunted either by Satan himself, or Satan’s emissary, in the guise of old a Roger Chillingworth.”And it is just like what Dimmesdale said to Hester: “We are not, Hester, the worst sinners in the world. There is one worse than even the polluted priest! The old man’s revenge has been blacker than my sin. He has violated, in cold blood, the satisfy of a human heart…” At last, led by the scarlet letter, the old Chillingworth has withered; he becomes a devil, a real sinner.

5.4 “A,” a love fruit to Pearl

Little Pearl, is the animate letter “A”, she is the living representative of the scarlet letter, the living embodiment of her mother’s sin. She is also the direct consequence of

the scarlet letter. And the scarlet letter is her curious object. Soon after she is born, Pearl has already shown special emotion to the letter. Her first sight is not mother’s smile but the scarlet letter on the bosom of her mother’s dress. She often puts up her litter hand grasping at it causing her mother intense agony and shame it generated in her.

She has been mesmerized by the scarlet letter on her mother’s bosom, and enjoys playing with letter. Once, little Pearl takes a large piece of eel-grass imitating her mother’s letter “A”on her own bosom. The freshly green letter makes a striking contrast with the scarlet letter. Another time, Pearl plays a game where she throws flowers at her motherland, and jumps around in glee every time she hit the scarlet letter.

Pearl loves the letter regards the letter as part of her mother. When her mother throws it away, Perl starts screaming and points to Hesrer’chest, where the scarlet letter has been removed. She refused to across the stream until her mother comes and pikes up the scarlet letter and reattaches the letter. Since Pearl is a living version of the scarlet letter, when Hester tosses her badge of shame away, she essentially throws Pearl away. Thus Pearl assumes that she has been rejected, and naturally demands to be picked up by her mother, rather than bring back the scarlet better herself.

The scarlet letter is not only a symbol, but also the connecting link among Hester Prynne, Dimmmesdale, and Pearl. Pearl always contemplates the letter with a kind of strange interest. After Pearl has grown up a little, she tries to make out the secret of the letter: “What does the letter mean? Why do you wear it on thy bosom? And why does

the minister keep his hand over his heart?”The scarlet letter “A”is an invisible tie connecting Hester Prynne, Dimmesdale and Pearl.

5.5 “A,” a mirror to people around Hester Prynne

Besides the four main characters of the novel, to the ruling class which is represented by governor Bellingham and eldest clergyman of Boston—John Wilson, the scarlet letter is the way of punishment for Hester Prynne’s sin of adultery. It is the means of defending Puritan society. They stand high above the masses regardless of people’s dignity and freedom. The scarlet letter “A”severely condemns towards human nature.

To those Boston inhabitants who humiliate Hester, the scarlet letter symbolizes the sin in their hearts, which is not exposed openly. Their scorns to Hester Prynne are to lighten the burden of their sin. The outward guise of purity was but a lie, and that, if truth were everywhere to be shown, a scarlet letter therefore represents the hidden shame of the community.

VI. Hawthorne’s Motif and The Scarlet Letter

What kind of motif does Hawthorne want to express through “A”? From the above analysis, it can be found out that the symbolic meaning of “A” is rather complex. It varies with each character. In fact, these complicated meaning also stand for the author’s complex thoughts.

Hawthorne is brought up in the atmosphere of Puritan world. His thought possesses strong consciousness of religion. The Scarlet Letter, like many of his other works, stands on the religious position to explore people in human society. The author

begins with the concept of sin and explores what sin is and who is the real sinner and how to handle it.

The author considers that everybody has sin in his heart and the overt sin is not fearful. Hester Prynne violates the religious discipline and is punished to wear a scarlet letter “A” the rest of her life. But she endures the humiliation and through her good deeds has changed the symbol of shame into a moral symbol. Her guilty soul is saved. The clergyman Dimmesdale at the beginning would rather be tortured by his sense of guilty than to reveal his hidden sin. But in last moment of his life, he wipes out his guilt in his heart. The author considers that neither Hester nor Dimmesdale is the real sinner.The real sinner is Chillngworth. Because in order ro revnge, he frenziedly torures other people like a devil. And to problem of handling with sin, Hawthorne makes people believe that if people like Hester and Dimmesdale dare to face their sin and repent with great concentration, they will extricate thmmeselves from it.

The scarlet letter“A”on the cover of the book reflects a kind of taboo that people in that environment can not break, however, it also reflects the main character’s enthusiasm towards a happy life. On the one hand, Hawtne endeavors to excavate peope’s sin deeply in the soul because of his religious viewpoits. On the other hand, his profound knowledge of human nature makes his work The Scarlet Letter full of humanism. Although Hester and Dimmesdale commit some kind of sin, the author shows great sympathy towards them and fully affirms their pursuit of love. Forexample, the author describes the heroine, Hester Prynne as a staunch, faithful, kindhearted, young lady with boldness to pursue the pure love. All these reflect their enthusiasm

towards the happy life.

VII. Conclusion

In the novel, the scarlet letter “A” as the main clue of the book gives the readers an unforgettable impression. lt helps to make circulation system of sin in this novel. lt makes us think deeply. The author begins with the letter and reveals the overt sin, then the hidden sin, at last the real sin. The author through the scarlet letter describes the nature of human beings and their fate and makes people ponder how to get along with each other, how to protect their own dignity and how to find the truth of their life. The scarlet letter is a kind of mirror of human being to have self-examination. It makes people face sin, confess their sin, purify their soul and realize their value.

Reference

常耀信，2003，《美国文学简史》天津：南开大学出版社。

梁焕强，2006，《英美名著欣赏与英语视听教程》广州：华南理工大学出版社。

群立，1990，5“红字的象征手法与霍桑的文学观念”《外国文学研究》。

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