耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡22OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：

耶鲁大学开放课程—哲学：死亡22OpenYalecourse—Philosophy：.txt什么叫乐观派？这个。。。。。。就象茶壶一样，屁股被烧得红红的，还有心情吹口哨。生活其实很简单，过了今天就是明天。一生看一个女人是不科学的，容易看出病来。上节课

Last time,

我提到了对于死亡性质的思考

I distinguished between two ways in which thinking about

可能影响我们行为方式的

the facts about the nature of death

两种不同途径

could influence our behavior.

一方面它可能给我们理由

On the one hand, it could give us reasons

让我们改变行为方式另一方面

to behave or respond differently, and on the other hand

它本身就使我们改变行为方式

it could merely cause us to behave differently.

如果这种改变

Insofar as it just happens to be

只不过是人类心理学中的

some fact about human psychology

一些现象而已

that we behave this way or that way,

或许面对死亡最恰当的方式就是

perhaps the appropriate way to deal with the facts of death would be

完全忽略它

to simply disregard them.

但我总是认为

I'm inclined to believe, however,

思考这些事情

that there are ways in which thinking about the facts

并不仅仅改变我们的行为方式

would not merely cause us to behave one way rather than another

而是给我们理由

but give us reason

让我们改变行为方式

to behave one way rather than another.

这就是我现在想探讨的问题

And that's the question that I want to then explore from here on out.

在什么情况下通过什么途径

In what circumstances, or in what ways,

我们应该改变行为方式

should we behave one way rather than another?

所以我不仅要研究

So, I'm not merely going to draw on

我们的行为会怎样

facts about how, as it happens, we behave.

有可能你想到死亡的时候

It could be that if you dwelled upon the facts about death,

会一直尖叫不已直到死亡

you would scream interminably until the moment you died--

借用托尔斯泰的说法

taking a tip from Tolstoy.

但这一行为本身

But that doesn't itself

说明不了它是恰当的行为

{\c

也许它仅仅出于我们的本能

that might just be a mere causal fact about how we're built.

我想问的是如何才是恰当的

The question I want to ask is, how is it appropriate,

有什么理由

in what ways is there reason,

做出这种反应而不是另一种反应

to react one way rather than another?

我之前提到过

Now as I say,

我们大部分人都认为

the thought seems very compelling for most of us that

有令人信服的理由说明

there are ways in which it makes sense

死亡影响了我们的生活方式

for the facts about death to influence how we live,

我们的观念我们的情感

what our attitudes are, what are emotions are.

例如卡夫卡说过

Kafka, for example, said

生命的意义在于其终将陨落

the meaning of life is the fact that it ends.

隽永的警句卡夫卡经典风格

Nice little cryptic saying, as is typical of Kafka.

但它的含义我想却很平常

But the suggestion, I suppose, is a fairly common one,

我们必有一死生命最终会抵达终点

that it's something deep about how we should live,

对我们如何生活有着深刻的影响

that we're going to die, that our life will come to an end.

那么我们下面的问题就是

And the question we want to then explore is how should the fact,

意识到自己必有一死

how should recognizing the fact, that we're going to die,

会怎样影响我们的生活方式

influence how we live?

我们应该如何应对这一事实

How should we respond to that fact?

实际上最初的一种行为

Now actually, the very first kind of behavior,

带引号的行为

quote/unquote behavior, that I want us to think about

或许严格说来不能算作一种行为

perhaps isn't strictly speaking a form of behavior at all.

我认为只是一种情绪反应

I rather have in mind our emotional response,

因为实际上

because indeed one of

对死亡最平常的反应我认为

the most common reactions to death, I suppose, is

就是惧怕死亡

fear of death.

"惧怕"在很多时候词义偏弱

Indeed, fear may in many cases be too weak a term

一种程度很深的惧怕

an extremely strong form of fear--

对死亡的畏惧我认为

terror of death is, I suppose,

是对死亡最常见的反应

a very common emotional response to death.

我接下来要做的是

And what I want to do next

让我们想一想

is have us ask ourselves, well,

惧怕死亡是一种理性的

is fear of death a rationally

恰当的反应吗

appropriate response?

这里的关键词是"恰当的"

Now, the crucial word here is "Appropriate."

我不否认经验告诉我

I don't want to deny at all what I take to be the empirical fact 很多人都害怕死亡

that many people are afraid of death.

这种反应有多平常

How common a reaction that is,

这种恐惧有多强烈我认为这是

and how strong the fear is, I suppose that would be something 心理学家或社会学家研究的课题

for psychologists or sociologists to study.

我对这个问题不感兴趣

And I'm not interested in that question.

我认可恐惧死亡很普遍

I take it that fear of death is very common.

我想弄清楚的是

I want to know,

对死亡的恐惧是不是恰当的

is fear of death an appropriate,

理性的情绪

a reasonable emotion?

提出这个问题我已经假设了

Now, in raising that question, I'm obviously presupposing

更多的哲学理论说明

the larger philosophical thesis that

可以将情绪分为

it makes sense to talk about emotions as being

恰当的或者不恰当的

appropriate or inappropriate.

我们不仅可以探讨一个人有什么情绪

We can ask not only what emotions does somebody have,

也可以探讨一个人该有什么情绪

but we can also ask what emotions should they have?

这一点也许不那么明显

Now, this point perhaps isn't an obvious one, so

所以花点时间研究一下也是值得的

maybe it's worth dwelling on for a moment or two,

然后我们再探讨对死亡的恐惧

before we turn to fear of death per se.

还有什么别的例子

What's another example of an emotion

对情绪有恰当性要求

that's got some appropriateness conditions?

过一会儿我再分析

So, in a moment I'll turn to asking,

在什么情况下

what are the conditions under which it's

害怕某事是恰当的

appropriate to be afraid of something?

但从宽泛的角度来说

but to make the more general point,

比如说自豪吧自豪是一种情绪

{\c pride's an emotion.

在什么情况下

Under what conditions does it make sense

为一些事感到自豪是合理的

to be proud of something?

我认为至少有两个条件首先

Well, I suppose at least two conditions jump out. First of all,

你为之自豪的事情是某种成就

the thing that you're proud of has to be some kind of accomplishment. 如果你现在告诉我

If you were to say to me right now,

我很自豪我正在呼吸

"I'm really proud of the fact that I'm breathing,"

我会不解的看着你

I'd look at you in a noncomprehending fashion

因为我没觉得

because it doesn't seem to me

呼吸是件多么困难的事

that breathing is difficult in any way,

不能称为一种成就

doesn't count as an accomplishment,

所以我不能理解你如何以及为何

and as such I can't understand how or why you would be proud

对能呼吸感到自豪

of the fact that you're breathing.

不过也许你是位哮喘患者

Now, maybe if you suffered from asthma and

你必须经受极度痛苦的物理疗法

you had to have gone through excruciating physical therapy

才能在意外发生后

in order to learn how to use

学会用自己的肺呼吸

{\c

如果我们听到类似的情况

maybe if we told a story like that

我们就会了解为什么平平常常

we could see how breathing naturally

自然流畅的呼吸是一项成就

and normally would be an accomplishment,

是件值得自豪的事情

something to be proud of.

但对全体同学来讲我估计

But for all of us, I presume,

这算不上一项成就

{\c

所以为它感到自豪是不恰当的

hence it's not something that it's appropriate to be proud of.

即使我们获得了成就

Even if we've got an accomplishment,

也不一定就能自豪

that may not be enough.

一件事成为

For something to be something

一件你可以为之自豪的事

that it makes sense for you to be proud of it,

它必须是某种

it's got to be in some way

包含了你贡献的成就

an accomplishment that reflects well on you.

最容易举出来的例子就是

Now, the most straightforward cases are cases

那些你自己的成就

where it's your accomplishment,

为何你会自豪呢

and the reason that pride makes sense

因为你是那个攻克难关的人

is because you're the one who did this difficult thing.

比如你的哲学作业得了A

So, you got an A on your philosophy paper

你告诉我你很自豪

and you tell me that you're proud

我可以理解

{\c

哲学作业得A是一项成就

getting an A on a philosophy paper is an accomplishment,

如果是你写的作业

and if you wrote the paper

我理解你为什么会感到自豪

then I understand why you're proud.

当然如果你上互联网

Of course, if what you did was go on the Internet

找到那些网站花钱雇用枪手

and go to one of those sites where you pay money and somebody else 写了一篇作业得了A

writes an A paper for you, well,

那我可以理解那些枪手会自豪

I understand why maybe they should be proud

因为他们写了完美的

that they've written a great

哲学作业但我看不出来

philosophy paper, but I don't see how this

这会对你造成何种正面影响

reflects especially positively upon you.

所以自豪需要某种恰当性条件

So again, there's a kind of appropriateness condition for pride,

那个目标或者事件

where the object or the event

或者你为之自豪的行为

or the activity that you're proud of,

或者一些特色是出于你的贡献

or the feature, has to somehow reflect on you.

这里并不是说一定要是你的成就

Now, that's not to say that it's got to be your accomplishment,

至少不这么狭隘

at least not in any straightforward, narrow sense.

同样合理的是比如你对

It makes sense, for example, to be proud of

你孩子的成就感到自豪因为

your children's accomplishments because

你们之间存在恰当的联系

there's the right kind of connection between you and your children. 所以在某种意义下

So, in some sense

这项成就和你相关

it's connected to you.

而在某些情况下

And we can have cases where

我们会考虑这份联系是否足够紧密

we wonder about whether or not the connection is tight enough

或者这种联系的性质到底是什么

or what exactly the nature of the connection has to be.

或许作为美国人你很自豪

Perhaps as an American you took pride

美国人赢得奥运冠军

when the Americans win some event at the Olympics

或者环法冠军你说

or the Tour de France or what have you, and you say to yourself,

虽然我不是骑手

"Well look, I didn't ride the bicycle

但作为美国人

but for all that I'm an American

美国人赢了我很自豪

and an American won, I'm proud."

这说得通

{\c

我们可以理解

we can understand

为什么你认为这份联系足够紧密

how you think the connection there is tight enough.

另一方面如果你说

On the other hand if you say,

看德国人在

"Look, the Germans won the

奥运比赛里赢了我很自豪

event in the Olympics and I'm really proud,"

那我会问你是德国人吗

and I ask, well, are you yourself German,

你有德国血统吗

do you have German heritage,

你为德国奥运代表团做过后勤工作吗

did you contribute to the German Olympics support team?

如果不符合以上条件

If none of that's true,

那就不满足恰当性条件

then again the appropriateness condition doesn't seem to be satisfied. 你感到自豪是不合理的

It doesn't make sense to be proud.

好了我们还可以花更多的时间探讨

All right, look, we could spend more time worrying about the

感到自豪需要的条件

conditions under which it makes sense to feel pride.

但这当然不是我的目的

But of course that's not really my purpose here.

我引入这个讨论的目的

My purpose of bringing that in was

是要解释清楚

just to try to make good on the thought

情绪确实需要条件

{\c

并不是非要存在这些条件

not necessarily requirements for what

你才能够感到这种情绪

you have to have in place in order to feel the emotion.

这是个更艰深的问题

It's a harder question

是不是这些条件都要满足

whether all these things need to be in place

才能感到这种情绪

in order to feel the emotion.

但是至少这些条件都要满足

But at least these things need to be in place

你产生这种情绪才是有意义的

in order for it to make sense for you to have the emotion, 才是合理的

in order for it to be rational

产生这种情绪才说得通

or reasonable to feel the emotion,

这种情绪反应也才是

in order for that emotional response to be

对你所处境况的恰当反应

an appropriate response to your circumstances or situation. 所以让我们问问自己

So, let's ask ourselves, then,

恐惧需要什么恰当性条件

what are the appropriateness conditions for fear?

了解了这些条件

Because armed with that set of conditions,

我们就能进一步思考

we'll then be able to go on and ask,

对死亡的恐惧是否恰当

is it appropriate to feel fear of death?

当我思考这个问题时

Now, three conditions come to mind

我想到了三个条件

when I think about this question,

我已经思考这个问题好多年了

when I've thought about this question over the years.

第一个条件是我认为

The first is this--and I suppose

第一个条件最没争议

this first one's going to be fairly uncontroversial

要惧怕某事

--in order to be afraid of something--

即使我没有严格地讲

even though I slipped in this, to talk about

你需要什么条件才会感到害怕

what you need to have in order to feel fear,

我真正的意思是

what I really mean is

为了使害怕成为合理的情绪

in order for it to make sense to feel fear--

你害怕的事情一定要是件坏事

the thing that you're afraid of has to be bad.

如果有人告诉我

If somebody were to say to me,

我害怕下课后

"I'm afraid that after class

有人会给我圆筒冰淇淋

somebody's going to give me an ice cream cone",

再一次我会不解的看着他们说

again I'd look at them in noncomprehension. I'd say,

你为什么害怕呢

"Why are you afraid of that?

这件事怎么会让你害怕呢

How could it make any sense to be afraid?"

当然有些人可以给你答案

And again, it's not that somebody couldn't give you an answer. 他们会说哦我正在减肥

They'd say, "Oh I'm trying to lose weight

但我意志薄弱

but I'm so weak

如果他们给我圆筒冰淇淋

and if they give me an ice cream cone

我就会吃的

then I'll just eat it

我这周就白节食了

and that'll ruin my diet for the week,"

那么我就懂了

Well, then I'd understand.

从这个角度来讲

From that point of view

圆筒冰淇淋是件坏事

an ice cream cone is a bad thing

所以产生恐惧的第一个条件就满足了

and so that first condition on fear would be satisfied.

但如果你没有做出这样的解释

But if you don't have a story like that,

如果你和我们大家一样

if you're like most of us,

大多数时间冰淇淋都非常不错

most of the time, and an ice cream cone's a pretty good thing, 乐趣有点短暂但确实不错

a source of some passing but at least genuine pleasure,

你会说你怎么会害怕

then you say, "How can you be afraid of

享用或者吃一个圆筒冰淇淋呢

having or getting or eating an ice cream cone?"

这说不通害怕某事

It doesn't make sense. To be afraid of something,

这件事必须是坏事

it's got to be bad.

这就是其中一个原因为什么我们

It's one of the reasons why we

有时另眼看待那些

sometimes look askance at people who have

患上各种恐惧症的人害怕蜘蛛

various kinds of phobias-- fear of spiders or

或者灰尘或者什么别的东西

fear of dust or what have you,

害怕兔子

fear of bunnies--

你会想这怎么说得通

and you think, how does this make any sense?

这个可爱的小兔子

{\c

它一点也不危险

it's not dangerous.

或许有的蜘蛛有毒

And maybe there are poisonous spiders,

但大多数

but most of the spiders

在康涅狄格州这里的蜘蛛都没毒

we run across here in Connecticut are not poisonous.

害怕蜘蛛并不恰当

Fear of spiders doesn't seem appropriate.

并不是说人们不能有这种情绪反应

It's not that people can't have this kind of emotional reaction, 而是说这种反应不合理

it's that it doesn't make sense.

但如果你在澳大利亚情况就不同了

Maybe it's another matter if you live in Australia,

那里四处都是毒蛇

where there's poisonous snakes

毒蜘蛛和其它昆虫

and spiders and other insects everyplace.

所以条件一

All right. So, condition number one:

惧怕的事情需要是坏事

Fear requires something bad, as the object of your fear.

我会害怕偏头痛

I can fear getting a migraine,

如果我被它折磨着

if I'm subject to migraines.

我不会害怕欣赏落日

I can't fear the pleasure of looking at a beautiful sunset.

这就是条件一

That's condition number one

坏事情造成伤害的事情

-bad object, something harmful.

条件二

Condition number two is,

应该有不可忽视的可能性

there's got to be a nonnegligible chance

这些坏事会发生

of the bad state of affairs happening,

会对你造成伤害

of the bad object coming to you.

只有逻辑上的可能性并不足以

It's not enough that it's a logical possibility

说明恐惧是合理的反应

for fear to be a reasonable reaction.

如果认为我最终可能死于

There's nothing logically inconsistent or logically incoherent 被孟加拉虎撕成碎片

about the possibility that I will face my death

这在逻辑上没有不一致或不连贯的地方

by being ripped to pieces by Siberian tigers.

这不是件自相矛盾的事情

It's not as though that's an inconsistent state of affairs.

在逻辑上当然有可能

It's certainly logically possible,

但太难发生了

but it's so unlikely,

可能性太小了

it's so negligibly small a chance,

如果在座诸位有谁

that if anybody here

害怕自己被老虎撕成碎片

is afraid that they'll be ripped to pieces by tigers,

那我只能说

then I can only say

这种害怕不合理不恰当

the fear doesn't make any sense, it's not appropriate.

当然我们可能会听到些特殊的情况

Again, we can tell special stories where that might be different. 假如你告诉我你来上学以前

Suppose you tell me that, oh, when you're not a student,

勤工俭学的工作是

your work study program, what you do is,

一名驯兽员

you work as an animal trainer,

或者你打算去马戏团工作

or you're planning to work in the circus

训练老虎那么我会说好的

where you'll be training tigers, then I'll say, all right,

现在你被老虎撕碎吃掉的可能性

now I suppose there's a nonnegligible chance you'll be mauled

不可忽视

and killed by tigers.

我理解这点

I understand it.

但对我们其他人我认为

But for the rest of us, I suppose,

被老虎杀死的可能性

the chance of being killed by tigers is, well,

就算不是零也接近零

it's not literally zero, but it's close to zero,

可以忽略不计

it's negligible.

所以害怕被老虎撕咬吃掉

And so, fear of being eaten by tigers or mauled to death by tigers 不合常理

doesn't make any sense.

当你了解了这一点

And once you get the point,

就很容易探讨

of course, it would be easy to talk about

其它一些小概率事件

a variety of other things that the chances are so small

害怕被半人马座阿尔法星的生物劫持

fear of being kidnapped by space creatures from Alpha Centauri,

被带回实验室他们用针扎我

where I'll be taken back to the lab and they'll prod me before

然后不打麻药把我活体解剖

they dissect me alive without anesthetic.

我承认存在这种可能性

Yes, I suppose there's some possibility of that.

逻辑上这不是不可能的

It's not logically impossible.

但这种可能性太小了

But again it's so vanishingly small a chance,

谁要真的为此感到害怕

and anybody who actually is afraid of that,

那我们合适的说法就是

the appropriate thing for us to say is

他们的恐惧不恰当

that their fear is not appropriate.

好了所以坏事必须有可能发生

All right, so you need to have a chance of the bad thing,

而且要有足够大的可能性

and it's got to be a large enough chance.

当然我认为我们有空间去探讨

And I suppose again there would be room for us to argue about

多大的可能性才够大

how large a chance is large enough,

但如果可能性接近于零

but when you have vanishingly small chances then

那么恐惧就没有意义

the fear doesn't make any sense.

这就是第二个条件

That's condition number two.

第三个条件我认为会有些争议

Condition number three, I think, is somewhat more controversial, 但不管怎么说我认为它是对的

but for all that it still seems correct to me,

它说的是

and that's this.

需要有足够的不确定性

We need to have a certain amount of uncertainty

恐惧才会是恰当的

in order to have fear be appropriate.

你需要一些

You need to have some--

不一定是多少

it's not clear how much--

但至少要有不少的不确定性

but at least some significant amount of uncertainty

不确知那件坏事是否会发生

about whether the bad thing will occur,

以及/或者它会坏到什么程度

and/or how bad the bad thing will be.

注意第三个条件和前面的关联

To see the point, to see the relevance of this third condition, 假设一件坏事

imagine that a bad thing

有不可忽视的可能性发生

was going to happen to you with a nonnegligible chance.

实际上不是那种可能性很小

Indeed, far from being so small that

小到不值得考虑的事情

it's virtually not worth even considering,

假设它必然会发生

imagine that it's guaranteed

这件坏事一定会发生

that the bad thing is going to happen.

所以一件坏事一定会发生

So, there's a bad thing that's going to happen,

而且你确切知道它有多坏

and you know precisely how bad it is.

所以你很确定

So you've got certainty with regard to the fact

这件坏事会发生

that the bad thing is going to happen,

也确知它有多坏

and certainly with regard to the size of the bad thing.

我希望你们同意在这种情况下

I put it to you that in circumstances like that,

恐惧不是恰当的情绪反应

fear is not an appropriate emotional response.

假设事情是这样的

Suppose that what happens is this.

每天你来上学上班如此这般

Every day you come to school, to the office, whatever it is,

你带着便当

and you bring a bagged lunch,

你把它放进办公室的冰箱里

and you put it in the office refrigerator.

连同午饭你还带了

And you include, along with your lunch,

一块甜点比如一块饼干

{\c let's say a cookie.

每天中午一点钟

And every day at one o'clock,

你从冰箱里取出午饭

when you go to grab your lunch out of the refrigerator,

你打开一看

you look inside

发现有人偷了你的饼干

and you see somebody has stolen your cookie.

这是件坏事

{\c

不是世界上最坏的事

it's not the worst thing in the world,

但有人偷了你饼干仍然是件坏事

but it's a bad thing to have somebody steal your cookie.

不光如此

And furthermore,

这种事发生的几率不容忽视

this is more than a negligible chance.

所以我们满足了条件一条件二

So, we've got condition one, condition two in place--

坏事情以及不可忽视的可能性

bad thing and a nonnegligible chance of it happening.

但实际上还不仅是

In fact, not only is it

不可忽视的可能性

not a negligible chance that it's happening-

这件事天天发生肯定发生

-guaranteed, it happens day after day after day after day. 坏事情肯定发生

Bad thing, guaranteed.

而且你非常清楚它有多坏

And you know precisely how bad it is.

我希望你们同意

I put it to you,

在这种情况下恐惧不合情理请注意

fear in that case doesn't make any sense. Mind you,

这时其它负面情绪或许合情合理

there are other negative emotions that probably make sense, 比如愤怒以及怨恨

like anger and resentment.

这个可恶的贼甭管他是谁

Who does this thief, whoever it is,

以为他/她是谁竟敢偷我的饼干

think that he or she is, to be stealing your cookie?

他们没权利这样做你可以愤怒

They don't have the right to do that! You can be angry,

你可以怨恨

you can be resentful.

你天天吃不上甜点可能会沮丧

You can be sad that you don't have a dessert, day after day after day. 但你不会害怕

But you can't be afraid,

因为没有事情

because there's nothing here

让你有理由害怕

that it makes sense for you to be afraid of.

当然我们可以假设

Again, being a little sloppy,

你会感到害怕

maybe you are afraid,

但如果这样这种害怕不合理

but if so, fear doesn't make sense,

当你确知这件坏事会发生

when you know for a certainty that the bad thing is coming

而且知道它有多坏

and how bad it is.

假设这个贼随意行窃

Suppose that the thief strikes at random,

从不同人的饭盒里偷甜品

taking different people's desserts from different bags

在一周不同的时间里行窃

at different times of the week,

你根本不知道

and you never know who

他或是她下一个偷谁

he or she is going to steal from.

那么你可能害怕自己成为下一个

Then you might be afraid that you'll be the person

饼干被偷的人

whose cookie got stolen.

如果你们觉得饼干的例子太傻了

Or if cookie seems to you too silly an example,

那么假设有人闯入宿舍

imagine that what happens is somebody breaks into dorm rooms.

有个贼在校园宿舍间游逛

There's been a thief going around various dorms on campus

从宿舍里偷计算机

and stealing the computer from the dorm room.

那么这时恐惧是有道理的

{\c

你会害怕他们下一次偷你的计算机

you're afraid that they'll steal your computer.

坏事情不可忽视的可能性

Bad thing, nonnegligible chance,

以及不确定性

and lack of certainty.

但是如果事情是这样的

On the other hand, suppose what happens is,

就像你在电影里经常看到的一样

this is one of those thieves like you always have in the movies, 他是个神偷或者她是个神偷

where he's such a master thief, or she's such a master thief,

他们为自己的工作感到自豪

that they take pride in their work,

所以他们提前预告

and so they announce it.

他们在耶鲁日报上刊登声明他们说

They take out an ad in the Yale Daily News and they say,

四月27日星期三我会去偷

"On Wednesday, April 27th, I shall steal

某某房间里的计算机

the computer from so-and-so's room."

然后不管你做了多少预防准备

And it doesn't matter what precautions you take,

该发生的总是发生

something always happens,

那个人的计算机被偷了

and that person's computer gets stolen.

那么你可以愤怒

Well, again, you could be angry,

你可以怨恨你可以发火

you can be pissed, you can be annoyed,

你觉得自己没做好防备真是愚蠢

you can feel stupid that you didn't take adequate precautions. 但是当声明登出

But when the ad appears,

上面有你的名字时间

with your name, and that date,

而且这个贼全年都按照

and all year the thief has always carried through

声明行窃

on the announced theft,

我希望你们同意恐惧就没有道理了

I put it to you, fear doesn't make any sense,

因为如果你确知

because if you know exactly

伤害有多大

what the size of the harm is going to be,

而且你确知伤害将会发生

and you're guaranteed that the harm is coming,

恐惧就不再是恰当的

fear is no longer appropriate.

假设我有一个小型拷问机

Suppose that I have a little torture machine,

小型疼痛产生仪

a little pain generator,

我把你的手放进去

where I put your hand down

把它连上电极

and I hook it up to the electrodes

我转动手柄打开开关

and I crank the dial and I pull the switch,

你会感到一阵电击

and you feel an electric shock.

如果每次电击的强度都不一样

It makes sense to feel fear

你担心下一次电击会多难受

what the next shock is going to feel like,

是合情合理的

if the shocks vary in their intensity.

但如果这台机器只有一档

But if the machine's only got one setting,

开或者关

on and off,

每次电击造成的痛楚都一样

and all the shocks feel exactly the same,

而且我让你尝试过看

and I've done it for you, "So look, okay,

让你试一下电击的滋味就这样

{\c it feels like that."

哦不舒服

Oh, not comfortable.

让你试一下电击的滋味就这样

{\c

一遍一遍五六七八次

{\c

我们在做一些古怪的心理学实验

we're doing some sort of weird psychology experiment here.

你明确知道下一次电击会怎样

Well, you know exactly that it's coming,

你明确知道会有什么感觉

you know exactly what it's going to feel like.

我希望你们同意

Fear, I put it to you,

这时恐惧是没有道理的

doesn't make any sense.

假设当实验结束

Suppose the experiment's over now,

你得到了十块钱报酬

and you think--you've gotten your ten dollars

但我不让你走我说

and I refuse to let you go and I say,

我还会再做一次

"I'm going to do it one more time,

不会比前面的更疼

no worse than before."

你可能信不过我

Well, you might not believe me

那么这时会出现不确定性

and that might introduce the element of uncertainty

那么这时产生恐惧就是恰当的

and then perhaps fear would be appropriate.

但如果你信任我

But if you believe me that

你会感到和前面一模一样的疼痛

one more pain exactly like the ones you felt before is coming,

这时愤怒是合理的

fear--anger makes sense,

怨恨是合理的

resentment makes sense,

又要忍受疼痛让你感到沮丧是合理的

sadness that you're going to feel this pain perhaps makes sense-- 但是恐惧不合理

but fear doesn't make sense.

所以三个条件

So, three conditions.

这件事必须是坏事

You need to have it's something bad.

这件事一方面

You need to have on the one hand

需要有不可忽视的可能性发生

nonnegligible chance that the bad thing's going to happen,

耶鲁大学公开课：博弈论全集下载

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Be a real man Dead Poets Society There are certain films that can heavily shock your soul, then elicit your thinking, and finally change your attitude of life. No doubt Dead Poets Society is one of these infrequent films. It is a film about a teacher and his students. It is a film about perseverance and change. It is a film about love and cruelty. The film is set in the United States in 1959. It shows us a series of things which happened to Mr. Keating and the young boys in Wilton Preparatory School. Mr. John Keating is certainly the main character of this film. He is a respectable teacher with a high self-cultivation. He has an advanced conception which is different from traditional education. The other two main characters are Neil, a boy who is keen on performing, and Todd, a boy with a little shyness. From Todd, I see how a boy grows into a man. The film starts with the opening ceremony of Wilton Preparatory School. Todd, a shy boy, starts his school life with his roommate, Neil. On the first lesson, their teacher, Mr. Keating, just told them ‘Seize the day, make your life extraordinary’.He reads Whitman’s poet Oh Captain! My Captain. He taught the students to swim against the steam and to be themselves but not to perform. Students regard Mr. Keating as a different

耶鲁公开课笔记2

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甭看名人励志演讲了，去看看耶鲁大学的公开课吧(中文字幕)，能学到太多了，国内的大学真是误国误民啊。。。转来当日志收着来源：陈俐彤小C~的日志 最近一朋友和我讲，YALE大学把他们上课的内容录了下来，并发布在因特网上，供网络传播浏览。 一个全世界排名第二的大学，竟然把自己课程的内容完全录了下来，并在全世界传播，在大学产业化的中国，有些人会觉得不可思议，你没交学费，怎么可以把我的课程免费的给公众提供呢？可是人家并不是这样认为的，本着人不分贵贱，教育不分你我的原则，耶鲁大学做出了这个匪夷所思的举动，实在是非常钦佩。。。 好了，不说大话，这个公开课真的非常的好，我有义务分享给我的朋友们 首先你得会用电驴，具体怎么用百度去 ps:我分享的这个是有字幕的，而且这个字幕是非常考究的，所以出的非常慢，理解一下。。。 ＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝＝ 音乐学 聆听音乐Listening to Music（教授本人著述） 课程简介： 本课程培养在对西方音乐理解基础上对音乐的感悟。它会介绍各种类型的音乐是如何搭配，并教导如何聆听各种类型的音乐，从巴赫，莫扎特，格里高利咏叹调到蓝调 关于课程主讲人： Craig Wright在1966年于the Eastman School获得钢琴乐和音乐史双学位，在1972年于哈佛大学获得博士学位。 Craig Wright从1973年开始在耶鲁大学任教，目前是the Henry L. and Lucy G的音乐教授。 在耶鲁大学，Craig Wright的成就包括常年流行的入门课程“聆听音乐”和选择性研讨会“探索大自然的天才”。 每年夏天，他都会带领一些耶鲁大学的社团区法国，德国和意大利采风。

DeadPoetsSociety《死亡诗社》英文影评及观后感

Dead Poets Society Dead Poets Society Background: Dead Poets Society," the story takes place in 1959 in the United States, in a Originally calm school.English teacher named John Keating with his unique life Philosophy and anti-traditional teaching methods on the students so that a number of Born rich, clear future students learn to think independently and pursue self ideal own life. He skillfully teach students to experience a way of life. He inspired some brave students did not hesitate to rebuild secret society "of Death Poets Society. "Their main activities are gathered at night in a cave for histological comedy tone continued until Neil commit suicide under the pressure of his imperious father . This provoked a blind repression school, not only the film's most expelled, but the idea of freedom has taken root in mind the students, but also laid the film history of Education chapter status. Themes: This movie is about what happens when these students decide to pursue their own desires, and to live life with the passion that Mr. Keating encouraged. U ltimately, it is about what happens when a few idealistic students find themselves confronted against conservative forces that resist all change, including the drive for personal self-determination.

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