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科技英语后置定语的构成与翻译

科技英语后置定语的构成与翻译
科技英语后置定语的构成与翻译

龙源期刊网 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/6f2200348.html,

科技英语后置定语的构成与翻译

作者:何明烈

来源:《知识文库》2019年第16期

与一般文体的句法特征相比较,科技英语的一个突出特征就是长句居多。而其核心原因,则是大量使用了后置定语。因此,本文在对科技英语中后置定语类型进行详细分析的基础

上,探讨了后置定语的翻译方法,以期更好地促进科技英语教学。

科技英语,从属性上来讲,属于ESP(专门用途英语)的下属分支,但是就话题而言,却比ESP要广泛的多。以上海外语教育出版社的《科技英语教程》(王腊宝、陶丽主编)为

例,其话题涉及蒸汽汽车、航天工程、网络空间、土木工程、基因工程、外科整形、原子能等。与一般文体的句法特征相比较,科技英语的一个突出特征就是长句居多。而其核心原因,则是大量使用了后置定语。因此,本文拟对其后置定语的形成与翻译,做一探讨,以期更好地促进科技英语教学。

2.1 介词短语作定语

介词短语做定语的情况,在科技英语里面出现的十分平凡,这个现象是由科技英语界定的严谨性决定的。但是对于习惯了汉语母语定语在前的中国学生而言,他们很难将“课桌上的书”和“书在课桌上”这两个汉语表达正确的翻译成英语。其实经过分析可知,前者就是介词短语作定语的一个名词而已;而后者,才是一个完整的主谓结构。因此,前者翻译为“the book on the desk”,而后者翻译为“The book is on the desk”。

鉴此,这个漫长的汉语结构“教室外面操场上那棵苹果树旁边的小商店的老板的儿子”就可以根据英语介词短语后置的习惯翻译为“the son of the boss of the little shop near the apple tree on the playground outsi de the classroom”。而同理,英语中的结构“the result of 15 years of collaboration with aerospace giant Astrium”倒过来,就可以根据汉语定语前置的表达习惯翻译为“与航空航天巨人阿斯特里姆公司合作十五年的结果”。

2.2 V-ing作后置定语

V-ing是动词的一种非限定形式,兼有动词和修饰词的双重特性。它不受句子主语人称与数的制约,但是可以有时态和语态的变化。从语法功能上讲,V-ing可以充当定语、表语、宾语补足语、状语等成分。

单个的V-ing作定语时,常常置于中心词之前,如“sleeping volcano 休眠火山”、“promising student 有前景的学生”。但是一旦V-ing强化了自己的动词角色,带了独立的成分时,则常常后置,这种情况,在科技英语中尤其普遍,如“an artificial heart containing miniature space technology 含有微型太空技術的人造心脏”。

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