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英美文化概况之英国篇

英美文化概况之英国篇 英国早期人文历史常识 （一） 英国东邻北海，西、北面对大西洋，南面是英吉利海峡（the English Channel），与法国隔海相望。 地理上，这里被称为“不列颠群岛”（British Isles），由大不列颠岛（Great Britain）和爱尔兰岛（Ireland）这两大岛屿，以及其它几百个小岛组成。 大不列颠岛上分布着英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士（England,Scotland and Wales）三个区域，而爱尔兰岛则分成北爱尔兰和爱尔兰共和国（Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland）两块。 政治上，大不列颠和北爱尔兰共同组成联合王国（the United Kingdom），而爱尔兰共和国则是独立于联合王国而存在的独立的国家。我们通常所说的英国，则是指联合王国。 联合王国的首都是伦敦（London）；而爱尔兰共和国的首都是都柏林（Dublin）。 大不列颠岛在政治上被划分成英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士三个区域，其中英格兰面积最大、人口最多，总的来说也最为富裕。因此很多人通常会用“英格兰人”（English）指代“不列颠人”（British），这点当然会引起苏格兰人和威尔士人（Scots and Welsh）的不满。不列颠在大约一百年前曾统治着世界上四分之一的人口和土地，其殖民地遍布全球各大洲。二战之后，随着不列颠国力衰退，各殖民地纷纷独立，不列颠帝国（the British Empire）在1931年起被英联邦所取代。

英联邦（the Commonwealth of Nations）是由英国和已经独立的前英国殖民地或附 属国组成的联合体。英国作为英联邦元首并无政治实权；各国在一定协议上相互进行政治、主要是经济方面的磋商和合作；各成员国也有权利选择退出英联邦。 （二） 英国地势西北高、东南低。其西北地区主要地形是高原；而东部和东南部则主要是低地，他们是整个欧洲平原（the Great European Plain）的组成部分。 英格兰占据了大不列颠南面的最大部分土地，那里地势平缓，多为平原、丘陵和沼泽地。特别是英格兰东部沿海地区，土地肥沃，适于耕种。 苏格兰多为山地、湖泊和岛屿，它拥有三大自然区：北部高地，中部低地以及南部山陵。不列颠最高峰尼维斯峰（Ben Nevis）便座落于此，高1,343米。威尔士亦是多山地区，6%的土地被森林覆盖，大部分村庄以放牧为主。 北爱尔兰北部为多岩石、荒蛮的海岸，曲折蜿蜒。其东北部多为高地，东南部为山区，而中部则是低浅的盆地。 不列颠是个岛屿国家，四面环海，它隔着英吉利海峡与欧洲大陆遥遥相望。位处英法两国之间的英吉利海峡最窄之处被称作多佛海峡（Straits of Dover），仅有33公里宽度。1985年英国政府和法国政府决定在多佛海峡处修建海峡隧道。 总长153公里的隧道于1994年五月竣工通车，使得欧洲公路网得以连成一体，被誉为人类工程史上的一个伟业。 英国河流分布细密。塞文河（the Severn）是英国第一大河流，长338公里，它同西

英国饮食文化

Let’s start with breakfast, the most important meal of the day. Traditional full English breakfast consist of, baked beans, bacon, sausages, eggs (fried or scrambled), toast, tomato and mushrooms. Breakfast is traditionally served with English tea, however coffee is becoming popular as well. As most of the foods are fried, the full English breakfast is not typically very healthy. A healthier alternative is to eat cereal, cornflakes or a sandwich. Many people will often eat a sandwich for breakfast as they can eat it on the go while they are travelling to work. What happens when you wake up late and don’t have time eat breakfast or you don’t feel hungry in the morning and you eat something between breakfast and lunch time. Breakfast + lunch = brunch. Brunch can be combination of breakfast and lunch food and any meal eaten in the late morning is considered as brunch. Lunch really depends on what type of a person you are. There are some people who will eat fast food, junk food everyday such as burgers and pizzas. However some people will eat sandwich or a salad. Children who bring packed lunches to school will definitely eat sandwiches for lunch. Some school do provide school lunches and because of the overweight problem occurring in the UK, school lunches are becoming healthier and healthier each year. Afternoon tea starts about 3 o’clock in the afternoon. Normally people eat some snacks such as, biscuits, cakes and crisps, and a cup of tea. Dinner starts about 6-7 o’clock so only a light snack will do at this time Dinner is the main meal of dayand a typical British meal for dinner is meat and "two veg" (vegetables). We put hot brown gravy, traditionally made from the juices of the roast meat (but more often today from a packet!) on the meat and usually the vegetables. One of the vegetables is almost always potatoes. This traditional meal is rarely eaten nowadays, and often just eaten on Sundays, Sunday Roast. Nowadays British people eatsomething meat based with either rice or pasta and a sauce to go with it, such as Shepherd’s Pie, Bangers (Sausage) and Mash, Steak and curry. Takeaways for dinner are also very popular, Chinese and Indian food are the most common type of takeaway food. Mainly eaten on Fridays and Saturdays. Dessert is also very important, ice cream, cheesecake, apple pie or apple crumble with custard. A famous British dish, which people know about is Fish and chips. Thick cut fries and battered cod or haddock. This is traditionally eaten on the seaside, however even a tiny village in the countryside will definitely have a fish and chip shop.

英美文化 (英国部分答案)

(判断题) Chapter 1 1. People in different parts of Britain like to use the name England to refer to their country. (F) 2. The Severn River is the longest river of Britain, which originates in Wales and flows through western England.(T) 3. Today more than half of the people in Wales still speak the ancient Welsh language. (F) 4. In terms of population and area, Northern Ireland is the second largest part of Britain.(F) 5. Although the climate in Britain is generally mild, the temperature in northern Scotland often falls below -10℃ in January . (F) 6. The majority of the people in Britain are descendants of the Anglo-Saxons.(T) 7. The Celtic people were the earliest known inhabitants of Britain.(T) 8. English evolved into what is now described as Modern English from the late 16th century.(F) Chapter 2 1. British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T) 2. The Anglo-Saxons came to Britain in the 5th century.(T) 3. The chief or king of the Anglo-Saxons tribes exercised power at their own will. (F) 4. The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T) 5. HenryⅡ built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T) 6. The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F) 7. The Hundred Years’War (1337-1453) was a series of wars fought between the British and the Vikings for trade and territory.(F) 8. In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions, Queen ElizabethⅠactually defended the fruit of the Reformation.(T) Chapter 3 1. Conventions are regarded less important than the statutory law in the working of the British government.(T) 2. The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F) 3. In reality, the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F) 4. The British Parliament is the law-making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F) 5. The members of the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F) 6. The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T) 7. Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F) 8. The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are much similar in terms of law, organization and practice.(T) Chapter 4 1. British was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T) 2. The British economy experienced a relative decline during the post-war period.(T) 3. Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain after World WarⅡ.(F)

餐厅英语类 英国饮食文化之早餐篇

美联英语提供：英国饮食文化之早餐篇 分享一个免费试听课，名额有限，碰碰运气吧 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/70255519.html,/test/xingzuo.html?tid=16-73675-0 Today people in the UK eat a more varied diet than ever before. As well as the regional diets of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland the many immigrant communities have introduced their cuisines to the previously unadventurous Britons: Chinese, Greek, Indian, Italian, Thai, American fast foods such as pizza, hamburgers and fried chicken have to some extent displaced the traditional fast food of fish and chips. 今天，人们在英国吃了更多样化的饮食比以往任何时候。以及区域饮食的英格兰，苏格兰，威尔士和北爱尔兰，许多移民社区介绍了他们的菜以前unadventurous英国人：中国，希腊，印度，意大利，泰国，美国快餐食品，如比萨饼，汉堡包和炸鸡已在一定程度上取代传统的快餐店的炸鱼和薯条。 Because of the climate and the Germanic origins of many of its early people, the UK has been a traditionally beer drinking rather than a wine drinking country. Nevertheless, in recent years, vineyards in the south of England have proved successful. In the west of England the traditional drink is cider, rather than beer. Over Britain as a whole, however, the traditional drink is tea. 由于气候和日耳曼起源及其早期的许多人，英国一直是传统上喝啤酒，而不是葡萄酒

英国文化系列·文学篇

英国文学 外国语学院100121077 宋军 中世纪时期和杰弗里·乔叟 在古英语中，盎格鲁-撒克逊被人们从大不列跌岛带过来作为自己的语言，在公元前600到1100年。现在那个时期大部分的文学著作是关于撒克逊的英雄事迹或者是关于那是的基督教的。但是有必要提的是在异教的宗教停止在古世界活跃的时候，所有的文学著作都被修道士复制过去，因为在那个时期教堂是文学创作的资源。因此，那个时期的许多著作都带有很强的宗教色彩。 在1100年至1500年期间，在语言在哪个小岛上被使用的时候那时的英语被称为“中世纪英语”。有一个非常重要的作家是杰弗里·乔叟，现在被认为是英国诗歌之父。我们从历史记录中知道他是一个有官方责任的人，但是我们很少知道他作为一个诗人的事迹。他的最重要的著作是一个17000行的长诗“the Canterbury Tales”.这首诗是由很多故事组成的框架故事，在1387年和1400年之间。 十六世纪的文学和莎士比亚 十六世纪的英格兰是一个时期当古老的英国贵族在玫瑰战争后被消灭后。这个时期羊毛工业发展迅速，被Thomas more称为”羊吃人“。在伊丽莎白一世时期，英国经历了一个和平和安全的时期。在这一时期东印度公司打开了与国外贸易的大门，大大促进了英国工业产品。在经过与西班牙的战争之后，英国成了海上霸主。在文学上，也是一个空前的繁华同时在那时也出现了许多杰出的作家。这个时代也被认为是英国的文艺复兴。 埃德蒙·斯宾塞是一个介绍伊丽莎白一世的诗人。在1579年，他写了《牧羊人日记》，是一首诗歌被分在十二本书中。这首诗被认为是有魔力般得韵律。 那个时期的文学玫瑰是戏剧，其综合那个以莎士比亚的戏剧尤为经典。这时候的英国诗歌，戏剧家和演员被认为是最繁华的时期。尽管我们很少知道莎士比亚的前半生，但是他后半生的著作促进了大量的翻译。莎士比亚的部分著作，例如哈姆雷特和罗密欧与朱丽叶，是世界上最著名的著作。尽管莎士比亚在他那个时期是最著名的剧作家，但是关于他的观点却相当有分歧。 宗教改革和恢复 这是一个英国社会生活剧烈变化的时代。由于清教徒的影响，剧院被迫在1642年关闭。但是那些象约翰·尼尔顿和约翰·班杨那样的伟大的人物是在清教徒压力下而存活的奇迹。在1649年查尔斯一世被砍头时，英国在奥利弗·克伦威尔的领导下变成了一个联邦国家。在1653年克伦威尔在国家加强军事独裁统治。在他死后，当查尔斯二世在1660年当上国王时，议会被恢复一个让人讨厌的版本。因为打破了一些旧的思想，那时的文学界出现了困惑。随着社会打破了清教徒的

英国社会与文化

The Geography of Britain and China When it comes to Britain, what do you think first? For me, the first thing is that Britain is an European country. Most people will choose the geography as their first topic to introduce a country because it is an important symbol. Britain, whose full name is The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland lies in Europe but is separated from the European Continents, in another words, it is an island country. It is crossed by the Atlantic Ocean, Irish Sea, Celtic Sea and the English Channel. Lying to the north of France and the west of the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway, the south of the Republic of Ireland, the Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and a lot of coastal islands. The total area of the country is 244,820 square kilometers and the total coastline is 11,450 kilometers. And for the longitude and latitude, it is approximately from 50°N to 58°N and 2°E to 7°W. Though Great Britain isn’t big, the terrain is varied from the flatland in the south and east to mountains of Scotland and Wales. The chief mountain ranges are the Pennines in the middle, the Cambrians in the west and the Grampians in the north. Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in the UK and is about 1343meters. Many rivers also flow past this country. The main river is the River Severn, the longest river in the UK which is westward flowing streams reach the Atlantic. Its about 354 kilometers long and drainage are is about 11,266 square kilometers. The Clyde in Scotland, the Eden and the Mersey in northwest England, and the Welsh Dee and Teifi are the only significant rivers. And the most famous river is the Thames in London which is a popular scenery in the UK. It flows through Eton, the Oxford, Windsor and so on in the upriver, and finally joins the North Sea. Through the English Channel, Britain is linked with France by the tunnel. Though, Britain is an island country, it is fertile and rich in resources. It has coal mine and iron mine, and because of this, British had so much power sources during the first industrial revolution. Thanks to its position which is around by the sea, the fishery and shipbuilding are also developed. And temperate marine climate is dominant the whole country because it is around by the sea and some ocean currents

英国文化特质

英国文化特质： 1.独立、自由 2.孤傲、怀旧、保守 3.实践精神和经验主义 4.谦谦君子国——绅士文化 5.贵族精神 狭窄的英吉利海峡把英伦三岛与欧洲大陆隔开，外来入侵和控制英国都不容易，这使英国历史发展具有鲜明的独立自由的个性。英国人就最显著的性格特征——孤傲，他们不愿意和别人多说话, 从来不谈论自己。英国属于温带海洋性气候，降雨量大。常年的阴雨天气带来压抑的感觉，同时经常出现雾天，这样的天气或许使人性格沉默。同英国气候适中，人的心理情绪趋向稳定，这使英国人性格不溫不火，十分冷淡。 过去的种种荣誉使英国人们沉迷于往日的辉煌以及英国人性格中的孤傲，这些造成了英国文化中的怀旧和保守的特性。 英国人具有一种强烈的实践精神, 就像其俗称——约翰牛一样, 约翰牛一旦行动起来, 就具有超出所有逻辑表达的实践精神, 是个不折不扣地讲实际的实干家。 贵族文化 一是文化的教养，抵御物欲炫富主义的诱惑，而拥有高贵的人文品质和素质操守。 二是社会责任的担当，作为社会精英，严于自律，珍惜荣誉，扶助弱势群体，担当起社区与国家的责任。 三是自由的灵魂，有独立的意志，有知性与道德的自主性，能够超越时尚与潮流，不为政治强权与多数人的错误意见所奴役。 英国自封建时代始就有贵族，绅士风度跟贵族的做派有关。在其进入资本主义后，贵族不仅是有钱的象征，很多时候它代表好的教养，高的社会地位，被国王封为贵族是英国人莫大的荣誉。所以绅士风度应该指优雅的举止，恰当的谈吐，有正义感，有责任心。绅士是从骑士精神演变而来的。绅士文化有点像我们的儒家道德思想，主张谦和，礼让，女士优先。 在学校教育方面, 受自由主义思想影响, 强调“儿童中心”, 实施“开放学校”制度。 教育改革是渐进的。 闻名于世的英国早期的“导生制”和“见习生制”，就是通过实践、并且在实践中使准教师获得教学经验进而训练其学习如何教学的师资培养模式。 20世纪八九十年代英国兴起的“以学校为基地”的教师培养模式也正是受此历史传统而逐渐形成的。其重视教师教育的实践特性，强调“透过实践”培养教师，从而强化教育实习，强化实习教师实践能力培养等特性，都与英国人注重实践的经验主义文化传统紧密相关。 经验主义文化传统使英国教育研究更具实证性，教育改革注重实验性，教育决策渐进性。绅士教育思想作为优秀而独具特色的英国公学以一贯之的培养目标，保持着自己的独立地位。即使今天的英国，在家庭教育中，按照“绅士教育”传统来教育孩子，仍是一个特色。“向上流社会看齐”成为英国学校教育的一条基本原则。 公学的教学水平, 学生的学业成绩等都是一流的。而且, 对学生入学的学业要求很严, 生活制度也严格, 常常是斯巴达式的。提倡刻苦用功, 勇于献身的治学精神。注重学生的品德训练和自我约束力的提高, 一直是英国公学的特点。

英国的饮食文化与习惯

The history of Britain has played a large part in it's traditions, it's culture - and it's food. The Romans for instance brought us cherries, stinging nettles ( to be used as a salad vegetable), cabbages and peas, as well as improving the cultivation of crops such as corn. And they brought us wine! The Romans were prolific road builders, these roads allowing for the first time the easy transportation of produce throughout the country. The Saxons were excellent farmers and cultivated a wide variety of herbs. These were not used just for flavour as they are today but were used as bulk to pad out stews. The Vikings and Danes brought us the techniques for smoking and drying fish - even today the North East coasts of England and Scotland are the places to find the best kippers - Arbroath Smokies, for example. "Collops" is an old Scandinavian word for pieces or slices of meat, and a dish of Collops is traditionally served on Burns Night (25th January) in Scotland. York Ham is a great favourite with the British housewife. The first York Ham is said to have been smoked with the sawdust of oak trees used in the building of York Minster. The Normans invaded not only our country but also our eating habits! They encouraged the drinking of wine and even gave us words for common foods - mutton (mouton) and beef (boeuf) for example. In the 12th century the Crusaders were the first Britons to taste oranges and lemons whilst in Jaffa in 1191-2. Britain has always been a great trading nation. Saffron was first introduced into Cornwall by the Phoenicians at a very early date when they first came to Britain to trade for tin. Derived from the dried and powdered stigmas of the saffron crocus, saffron is still used today in British cooking. The importation of foods and spices from abroad has greatly influenced the British diet. In the Middle Ages, wealthy people were able to cook with spices and dried fruits from as far away as Asia. It has been said however that the poor people were lucky to eat at all! In Tudor times, new kinds of food started to arrive due to the increase in trade and the discovery of new lands. Spices from the Far East, sugar from the Caribbean, coffee and cocoa from South America and tea from India. Potatoes from America began to be widely grown. Eccles Cakes evolved from Puritan days when rich cakes and biscuits were banned.

英国饮食文化

英国的饮食文化 英国是属于西欧各国其中之一，它的地理位置于欧陆西侧的大西洋上，其纬度在 50度以北，因受北大西洋洋流的调节及西风终年的吹拂，成为冬暖夏凉，终年有雨的 温带海洋性气候。主要栽种饲料作物及牧草，并发展酪农业，但是，由於其本身的食粮 及畜牧产品均不足以自给，需要依赖进口，因此，使其在料理烹调上多少都受到外来资 讯的响影。不过，英国本身是个历史、文化悠久的国家，所以他们在料理上多少还是保 留了原有的传统饮食习惯及烹调技于巧。 英国人的饮食习惯一般是一日四餐，即：早餐、午餐、午茶餐和晚餐。英国人的口味比较清淡，不喜欢辣味。 1、早餐 英国人十分重视早餐，尤其是周日的早餐。英国人用早餐的时间一般是7：00-9：00。传统的英式早餐比较复杂，开始吃一点麦片粥,接着时熏肉片或加鸡蛋或腊肠加熏肉片，有时还吃熏鱼或鲜鱼；最后吃黄油或果酱烤吐司面包，有时还有些水果，饮料是茶或咖啡。不过这种传统的英国早餐近些年来已经让位于一种较为清淡的大陆式早餐。这种早餐是典型的欧洲大陆国家的早餐，不包含需经烹调的主菜，通常有果酱、炸麦片、面包卷、烤面包片、橘子酱和咖啡等。 多数人早餐只吃些抹有黄油的面包，喝点咖啡或牛奶，就匆匆上班了，只有休息日才有时间慢慢享用丰盛的早餐。 2、午餐 午餐一般在12点至下午2点之间。但对于大多数外出上班或上学的人来说，午餐则是一顿便餐。有些中、小学免费供应午餐。对于大多数工作人员来说，午餐休息时间较短，他们或去所在单位自助餐厅或邻近的快餐店吃顿快餐，或吃自带的简便快餐。这种自备午餐由奶酪、面包、黄油构成，通常还有西红柿、莴苣、芹菜以及沙拉和酸黄瓜。在家中吃午饭的，大多数人的午餐也比较简单，吃些头天晚上剩下的冷肉，外加一些用蔬菜制成的凉菜，以及肉饼、布丁和水果，饭后喝咖啡。也有少数人认为午餐是主餐，要吃牛排、羊排或鱼以及甜饼、饼干、干酪，还喝啤酒。 3、下午茶 下午4-5点钟，有一道下午茶，吃下午茶的英国人不仅仅是喝点饮料或吃一顿饭，而且是一种传统。下午茶一般是红茶、蛋糕、面包和饼干。英国人称下午茶为“茶休”,时间是一刻钟至二十分钟，不少人还有喝上午茶的习惯。英国人主要是喝奶茶。其做法是先用沸水将茶杯温一下，放进茶和奶，再冲入沸水。奶茶冲好后，有的直接喝，有的在奶茶里加糖、鲜柠檬汁等。糖和柠檬汁等事先放在旁边的器皿中，个人根据口味自取，但绝不能同时加奶和柠檬汁。茶用茶匙调拌，之后茶匙放在自己的小茶碟里。喝茶时，不是用小茶匙喝，而是直接用茶杯饮用。 4、晚餐 晚餐一般是一天中的正餐，一些讲究的人家进餐前要换上晚礼服。正规的晚餐至少包括三道菜，最常见的主菜就是烤炙肉类浇肉汁，以及牛排、火腿、鱼等，通常是每人。一大块肉（鸡肉、羊肉、猪肉、牛肉等），一盘拌了黄油的土豆泥，一盘青菜（沙拉等）。另外，饭前每人有一碗汤，饭后有点心、冰淇淋以及水果。晚餐时一般要喝啤酒或葡萄酒，一些富人则喝烈性的蒸馏酒——威士忌。 英国人一般较喜爱的烹饪方式有：烩、烧烤、煎和油炸。对肉类、海鲜、野味的烹调均有独到的方式；然而，他们对牛肉类方面又有特别的偏好，如烧烤牛肉，在食用时不仅附上时令的蔬菜、烤土豆，还会在牛排上加上少许的芥茉酱；在佐料的使用上则喜好奶油

英国饮食文化

浅谈英国饮食文化 外国语学院英语084 何彤彤200810010418 摘要：民以食为天。饮食文化是民族文化的一部分，反映了民族历史发展境遇。要了解英国，就应该了解英国的饮食习惯。本文就英国的饮食文化作了较为系统介绍，从各个方面了解英国的在饮食方面的习惯和风俗。 关键词：饮食文化习惯美食餐桌礼仪 （一）引言 英国位于欧陆西侧的大西洋上，其纬度在50度以北，因受北大西洋洋流的调节及西风终年的影响，形成了冬暖夏凉，终年有雨，四季寒暑变化不大的温带海洋性气候。 由于气候条件，英国主要发展栽种饲料作物及牧草，并发展酪农业，但是，由于本身粮食及畜牧产品不能自给，需要依赖进口，基于其历史的发展演变，英国的料理烹调上多少都受到外来资讯的影响。不过，英国本身是个文化底蕴深厚的国家，所以他们在料理上还是保留了原有的传统饮食习惯及烹调技巧。 英国很讲究绅士风度，这一点在吃英国菜时也能体会到。但是，英式菜选料的局限性比较大，英国虽是岛国，但渔场不太好，所以英国人不讲究吃海鲜，反倒比较偏爱牛肉、羊肉、禽类、蔬菜等。[1] （二）饮食烹饪 英国人一般比较喜爱的烹饪方式有：烩、烧烤、煎、焗、烙和油炸。对肉类、海鲜、野味的烹调均有独到的方式；然而，他们对牛肉类方面又有特别的偏好，如烧烤牛肉（roasted beef），在食用时不仅附上时令的蔬菜、烤洋芋，还会在牛排上加上少许的芥茉酱；在佐料的使用上则喜好奶油及酒类；在香料上则喜好肉寇、肉桂等新鲜香料。[2] 英国菜的调料中很少用酒，调味料大都放在餐桌上，任人自由挑选。英国人不喜带粘汁的菜肴和过辣的菜肴，忌用味精调味；也不吃狗肉。其口味不喜太咸，爱甜、酸、微辣味。[3] 英国的烹饪常常用到烤炉，烤炉里有各式各样的焙盘，肉和蔬菜都要放在焙盘里用慢火烤，以便把肉和蔬菜的味道都调出来。[4] （三）饮食习惯之一日三餐 1、早餐：英式早餐是英国饮食文化的重要部分，其以菜点丰富著名。 标准的完全英式早餐主要包括以下几种食品：熏肉（bacon）、煎 蛋、炸蘑菇、炸番茄、煎肉肠、黑布丁有时还有炸薯条，而且还会 有咖啡或茶佐餐。 主食一般是炸面包片，炸面包片也非常诱人，是选用烤制两天后 的面包，切片后用中火在锅里加黄油煎烤，烤出的面包焦黄酥脆，图1：英式早餐 口感香甜。

英美文化概况 第六章 英国教育(上)中文翻译

目录 一、导言 (2) 二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层 (2) 三、文艺复兴时期的教育 (5) 四、十八世纪——何谓正确的英文 (8)

第六章英国教育 一、导言 当今的英国教育体制非常复杂，包括多种类型的学校及教育方式。这种复杂性源自英国的保守主义。政府改变教育体制时，往往添加一些新的要素，对现有的体制做些修补，而不是推倒一切，破旧立新。 虽然本章题为“英国教育”，但着重探讨英格兰的教育。威尔士和苏格兰的教育体制受不同的宗教和社会价值观影响，与英格兰的体制稍有差异。本章介绍英国当今教育机构和规章制度的演变，特别关注如下问题的答案：何人应当接受教育？何人为教育付费？何为教育的目标？ 二、中世纪的英格兰教育——教会机构的教育功能以及接受教育的社会阶层 1066年的诺曼征服之前，只有贵族家庭的男童能接受正规教育，承担这些教育工作的是当时屈指可数的学校，或者一些巡回家庭教师。1066年后，征服者威廉建立了全新的政府官僚体系，而且他与官僚化的罗马天主教会关系密切，需要更多有文化修养的牧师和政府办事人员。 中世纪时期，欧洲接受罗马天主教会的统一领导。教会是知识和教育的监管人，而且是文化人的主要雇主。当时有文化的定义是能阅读书写拉丁文，而不是英语。拉丁文是罗马帝国的通用语言，没有以之为母语的人群，但所有重要的欧洲著作都是拉丁文。拉丁文的重要性在现代英语的书面语中都有所体现；英语有许多源自拉丁文的词汇。中世纪期间的英格兰以及欧洲其它地区，年轻男子如果想在教会、法律业或者政府机构求职，就必须会读写拉丁文。由于只有教会能提供正规的拉丁文教育，最有文化的人都是教会机构的成员。这些成员被称为clerics(教士；神职人员)。当时的商人或者政府官员，如果想写信或者做记录，就得聘请一名教士。现代英语里的clerk（办公文员）一词，就源自cleric(教士)。 1、接受教育的条件，教育费用以及教育目标 1）谁能接受教育？ 当时的学校和学徒制提供的正规教育，主要对象是中产阶级家庭的子弟，以及贵族家

英国文化资料

Chapter One：Early and Medieval English Literature (5th century –1485) 1. Beowulf (7th century) What a Man Is Beowulf? Beowulf is a grand hero. He is faithful to his people. He goes alone, in a strange land, to rescue his people. He forgets himself in face of danger, thinking only that it profits others. Features of Beowulf Alliteration(押头韵): There are generally four accents in a line, three of which show alliteration. Metaphor(隐喻): ring-giver= king; whale’s road=sea. Such metaphors occur in great number. Understatement(典型特点): not troublesome=very welcome; need not praise=condemn Literary Terms（文学术语解释） Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain. Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2) Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Romance罗曼史/骑士文学: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2) It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2) Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad. 2. Geoffrey Chaucer杰佛利·乔叟（约1340-1400）英国代表作家，现实主义文学的奠基者。 He is ―The founder of English Realism‖―The father of English literature‖ and ―the father of English poetry‖. He was the first author buried in the famous ―poets’ corner‖，Westminster Abbey The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》(1400) In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a group of vivid typical figures in the middle Ages. →“The founder of English Realism”The Heroic Couplet(英雄双韵体)（英雄对偶句） Heroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc). The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is masculine. 3) Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer. Questions 2. Why does Beowulf tower above all other literary works written in Anglo-Saxon? 3. What is the social significance of The Canterbury Tales and what is Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry and to the English language? Chapter Two: The Renaissance Representatives 1. Dante, 1265-1321 The Divine Comedy《神曲》 2. Boccaccio, 1313-1375 The Decameron《十日谈》 3. Petrarch, 1304-1374 ―Father of Humanism人文主义‖ 4. Leonardo da Vinci, 1452-1519 Last Supper; Mona Lisa 5. Miguel de Cervantes, 1547-1616 Don Quixote《堂吉诃德》 Renaissance in England The English Renaissance was largely literary, and the greatest achievement may lie in the so-called Elizabethan