英语谚语中的性别歧视研究
摘要
语言与性别研究一直是语言学家关注的重要课题，国内外诸多的语言学家都对语言中性别歧视这一现象进行了深入研究。语言是现实社会的一面镜子，能够真实地反映这种社会习俗及价值观念，而作为语言中的精华——谚语更是浓缩了文化的内涵。本文以女权主义为视角，侧重于对性别歧视在英语谚语中的现象进行研究。
本文首先结合国内外学者对语言中性别歧视这一现象的研究，并结合这些研究探讨英语谚语中性别歧视现象，指出谚语与性别歧视的含义与特点；再从性格、言行、才智、婚嫁、地位等五个方面指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的具体表现；然后从历史、社会、文化三个不同的角度分析了性别歧视在英语谚语中形成的根源，通过对谚语的分析揭示语言中对女性的歧视，从而提高人们关于性别歧视的意识，帮助人们减少，继而消除在日常生活以及语言中的性别歧视现象；最后指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的发展趋势。
关键词：英语谚语；性别歧视；表现；根源；发展趋势
ABSTRACT
The language research in relation to gender has remained on the important topic in linguistics. Lots of linguists who show interest in this field have done many deep and profound researches. Language, a mirror of the real world, could give us a reflection of social customs and values. And the proverbs, the essence of language, are actually a concentration of culture. The thesis aims at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in the English proverbs from the feminist perspective.
Combined with some researches on sexism in English proverbs by scholars home and abroad, the thesis firstly points out the meanings and features of proverbs and sexism. And then the thesis explains the manifestations of sexism through a study of the proverbs applied in English from five aspects: character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriage and social status. Then the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: history, culture, society. Through the research on English proverbs, the thesis tries to reveal the sex bias against women in language, and find out solutions to help people reduce and eliminate the sexism in the daily expressions. Finally, the thesis points out the development trend of sexism in English proverbs. Keywords：English proverbs; sexism; manifestation; causes; development trend
Contents
1. Introduction (1)
2. Definitions of proverb and sexism (4)
2.1 Definition of proverb (4)
2.1.1 Meaning of proverb (4)
2.1.2 Features of proverb (4)
2.2 Definition of sexism (6)
2.2.1 Meaning of sexism (6)
2.2.2 Features of sexism (6)
3. Manifestations of sexism in English proverbs (7)
3.1 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about character (7)
3.2 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about words and deeds (8)
3.3 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about ability and wisdom (8)
3.4 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about marriage (9)
3.5 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about social status (10)
4. Causes of sexism in the English proverbs (11)
4.1 Historical reasons (11)
4.2 Cultural origin (11)
4.3 Social factors (12)
5. Development trend of sexism in the English proverbs (14)
6. Conclusion (15)
Acknowledgements (16)
References (17)
1. Introduction
American linguist Edward Spair once said: “Language is a guide to social reality.”
[1]. Language, a mirror of the society, loyally reflects not only a nation’s history and culture, but also beliefs and biases. Language and gender is a popular issue in the area of sociolinguistics. Sex discrimination exists in English speaking communities. Therefore, we can find sexism here and there in English.
Denmark linguist O.JesPersen is the first one to study sexism from the angle of linguistics. In 1923, his book named Development and Structure of English had ever pointed out that English was the most masculine language all over the world. In 1960, as an interdisciplinary subject of linguistics and sociology, sociolinguistics formed and developed fast in USA. The d evelopment of West Women’s Libe ration and Feminism studies as well as development of sociolinguistics promoted sexist language studies to a certain extent. Some scholars thought that a kind of new linguistics about equality between men and women appeared. The linguists, Lakoff, Trudgi, KZimmerman, West, Thonle, Henle and Bolinger taken as representatives in the period between 70s and 80s, did further studies on sexism and discussed the causes of sexism in language. In his article Language and Women’s Place, Lakoff pointed out that in the world expressed by the language, the male was in the center and the female’s image was incomplete [2]. Bolinger, in his book, said that this was a phenomenon of sexism in language. Some other scholars such as Lakoff, tried to use all scientific knowledge to describe linguistics.
D.Bolinger, published his books Aspects of Language in 1965 and Language: the Loaded Weapon in 1980, which provided some points for the study of sexism [3]. In 1973, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/704646572.html,koff, published his book Language and Women’s Place, which elaborated on women’ social place and sexism in language. From the end of 80s to 90s, linguists such as J.Holmes, J.Coates, D.Cameron, M.R.Key, did further studies on differences of sexist language. Their studies emphasized the forms of men and women’s terms.
In our country, the study on sexist language is very late, which began from the end of 70s or the beginning of 80s. With the development of Feminist movement, Chinese scholars gradually switch their study to that of sexism. A lot of articles are published on various periodicals, such as Wang Wenchang’s Chairman or Chairperson―American Women's Movement and Reform of Language. These scholars are the first ones to discuss the influences of sexism on language, especially on English from the
perspective of Western Feminist movement. In other words, they begin the study on differences of sexist language. Up to the end of 80s, compared with those studies of sexism in language in the western countries, Chinese scholars pay their attention to differences of sex. They observe and study differences of men and women’s term from the angle of intonation, tone and lexicon. Sun Rujian published his book Sex and Language[4] and Bai Jiehong published Sexist Language and Linguistics, which elaborated on the study on sexist language from the angle of social psychology and pragmatics [5]. Qin Xiubai discussed sexist language from the angle of history, society and culture, and provided a new angle of studying sexist language for us in her article published on Modern Foreign Languages [6]. Kong Qingcheng objectively analyzed a phenomenon of sexism existing both in English and Chinese in his article [7]. Zhuang Hecheng, a very famous linguist who published Sexism in English Lexicon, discussed sexism in English from the aspect of lexicon [8]. Chen Lin published her article Sexism in English Advertisement to put sexism into a different aspect to study its character. The field of these researches is broader than before, which makes other linguists grasp the relationship between language and sexism more accurately [9].
The proverb, a special form of language, is a kind of idiom. It is very popular among the people, and contains very deep implication in sentences. It is also a kind of folk literature. The proverb is human being’s crystal of wisdom, and embodiment of concise language. The proverb is alwa ys iconically compared to “clea r mirror of a nation”and “living fossil of language” by linguists. Among the researches of sexism in English proverbs, linguists mostly study the definition of sexism and proverb, sexism reflected in proverbs, its origin and tendency. In 2000, Xu Zhixng, Li Lifang and Li Liming wrote an essay Sexism in English Proverbs. They said that people put women at a very low position, and linked them with some bad habits [10]. For instance, they thought women were very stupid and loved to gossip. In their essay, they also talked about tendency of sexism in English language. Then A Probe into the Causes of Sexism in English Proverbs was written by Yang Qing, Yu Xiangyue in 2003. They put a lot of emphasis on the causes of sexism. Their paper probed into the causes of sexism from the three aspects: historical reasons, cultural origin and social factors. It was thought that the phenomenon indirectly reflected women’s social status in different periods of social development and had close relations with women’s status and its changes [11]. In 2005, Zhang Lin, Liu Wanqiu published an article Sex Discrimination in English Proverbs, which analyzed the phenomenon of sex discrimination in English proverbs in the five aspects of character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriage
and social status; it also discussed the root of the phenomenon from the angle of social linguistics [12]. Rong Nannan, a postgraduate of Heilongjiang University, wrote a thesis for the Degree of Master of Arts entitled Sexism in Chinese and English Proverbs in 2007. The thesis aimed at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in both English and Chinese proverbs from the feminist perspective. The thesis probed into the phenomenon through a comparative study of the proverbs applied in both languages from different aspects [13].
This essay from one aspect—English proverbs analyzes sexism and finds out its origin. However, in this aspect, the researches made by scholars home and abroad are not very rich and profound. Therefore, this thesis aims at studying sexism in English proverbs, and understanding the values and philosophy of life of people from English-speaking countries, which is helpful for making English communications successfully.
2. Definitions of proverb and sexism
The proverb, a special form of language, is a kind of idiom. The proverb is very popular among the people, and contains very deep implication in sentences. It is always iconically compared to “clea r mirror of a nation”and “living fossil of language” by linguists. “Sexism”, derived from the word “racism”,is created by American feminists. Sexism is the phenomenon resulted from physiological sex.
2.1 Definition of proverb
2.1.1 Meaning of proverb
A proverb (from the Latin proverbium), also called a byword or nayword, is a simple and concrete saying popularly known and repeated, which expresses a truth, based on common sense or the practical experience of humanity. A proverb is a kind of folk literature. It is human being’s crystal of wisdom, and embodiment of concise language. Proverbs, as one of the varieties of English language, reflect its social customs and cultural connotations. British writer William Penn once said: “The wisdom of nation lies in their proverbs.”[12] And some people thought that proverbs were daughter of daily experiences. The proverbs are the product of cultural concepts and a mini social encyclopedia. People put a high value on proverbs, which have become an encyclopedia for people to recognize life, seek opinion of the world, and strengthen people’s will. It reflects culture, life, custom and mode of thinking. As a product in some special cultures, the proverbs, this ancient way of language manifestation, are bound to present a nation’s social life.
2.1.2 Features of proverb
Longman Modern English Dictionary gives a definition of “proverb” that a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory. So we can see the features of proverbs as followed.
(1) Originating from and circulating in non-governmental circles.
The proverb is a form of folk literature, and folk literature is a kind of literature created and passed on by oral form, and continuously revised by the collective. Most of the proverbs in English are created by the majority of laboring people, but not by the minority of writers in literary, also not by the ranking officials and noblemen in luxurious saloons and theatres. As we know, lots of peasants on farms, workers in factories, hunters in woods, sailors on the sea, cooks in kitchens and housewives, etc get proverbs from manufacture and labor. In order to sum up these experiences and introduce them to descendants, they make those experiences and lesson s from their lives and fights against nature into another kind of language using words not of imposing stature but strong, capable and easy to remember. This kind of language after long time’s thinking becomes proverbs at last. The contents of proverbs are very plentiful and range over lots of aspects, particularly contain profound moral.
(2) Abundant in content, profound with meanings, full of philosophy, providing much food for thought.
English proverbs mostly express moral outlook of people, display noble moral character, and inspire people. They also become good teachers and helpful friends of people, and many people take them as their guide to action. English proverbs not only contain abundant contents, but also have their profound connotations and philosophic meanings. People who read them will get the upper brunt of soul, and receive endless experiences and edification.
(3) Concise language, vivid image,easy to read.
Language of English proverbs is highly condensed and concise. Only a few words can contain much plentiful content, explaining a deep principle, which make people think deeply, provide food for their thoughts, and realize many profound ideas. Due to their origination from laboring people, the language of English proverbs which has few uncommon words is very easy to understand and easy to grasp. Because the proverbs are imparted by the oral words, they are easier to spread and remember.
(4) Harmonious metre, easy to speak.
The reasons why the English proverbs can spread so widely, accepting their abundant content, with concise language and rich philosophy, etc, has a very important element—harmonious metre. English usually use alliteration, rhyme, or alliteration plus rhyme to increase beautiful phonetic rhyme.
2.2 Definition of sexism
2.2.1 Meaning of sexism
According to Webster Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, sexism is “prejudice or discrimination based on sex; esp. discrimination against women”.While in Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, sexism is defined as “unfair or unreasonable discrimination between the sexes; unreasonable maintaining of traditional sexual rules (e.g. that men are strong and women are weak)”.Therefore, sexism is a system of beliefs and practices that affirm the dominance of men over women. Apprehended by most people as “only natural”sexism pervades social relations and institutions, affecting everything from people’s domestic arrangement to their career choices. With the arrival of the feminist movement within English speaking countries, attention has been given to changing the structures which support and promote sexism within the society. One of these structures is language. Sexism in language is the phenomenon that when you use the language, it shows discrimination against women. Sexist language has been defined as “words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between females and males or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either gender”. [14]
2.2.2 Features of sexism
Sexism is a kind of discrimination, especially, against women. Thus linguistic sexism refers to the language that favors one sex, especially, the male, and diminishes the other sex, particularly the female.
Sexism registers as sexist language in English. Sexist language as many people pointed out not only encodes stereotyped attitudes to women and men, but also is an example of the way that a culture or society conveys its value from one group to another and from one generation to the next. Some linguists in their essay offer examples of sexism in language and the ways in which the English language reflects a sexist culture. According to them, sexist language is any language that expresses “stereotyped attitudes and expectations or that assumes the inherent superiority of one sex over the other. Sexist language includes words, phrases, and expressions that unnecessarily differentiate between women and men or exclude, trivialize, or diminish either gender.”
[14]
3. Manifestations of sexism in English proverbs
3.1 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about character
(1) Weakness
Woman is made to weep. (女子生性好哭。)
Frailty, thy name is woman. (弱者，你的名字是女人。)
It is no more pity to see a woman weep than to see a goose go bare foot. (女人哭如鹅光脚走路，根本不值得可怜。)
The upper proverbs always use tears and fragile glass to represent women’s weakness. We can explain this phenomenon from physiology and sociology. Physiologically, the nervous system of the female is not as stable as male’s, and the female’s mood is likely to get influence from the special physiological state.Socially speaking, women’s weakness seems right and proper, because women are endowed with weakness in the public’s eyes. And in such a case, women are also willing to depend on protection from men, but men are always a disappointment to them. Therefore, women always feel a loss of identity, because men are not as strong as their words, which makes those women who emphasize emotive experiences weep alone.
(2) Vanity
Every woman would rather be beautiful than good. (女人爱美不重德。)
The more women look in their glass, the less they look to their house. (女人成天照镜子，无心照管家务事。)
Tell a woman she is fair and she will soon turn fool. (跟女人讲她长得漂亮，很快她就会晕头转向。)
These proverbs emphasize virtue and at the same time play down good look. Actually, men are the same as women placing great emphasis on appearance. When they try to select mate, they demand the opposite having both good look and great capability. In men’s eyes, “the smell of an onion from the mouth of the lovely is sweeter than that of a rose in the hand of the ugly.” (美女口中葱蒜臭，胜过丑女手中玫瑰香。). Male’s measure of selecting mate is gentleness and prettiness, and the female always stay at a passive position. Therefore, men have to use every conceivable means to pursue beauty to cater for them. So pursuit of vanity is the choice that women have to choose, and the arch-criminal still is weakness.
(3) Malignity
Women are the devil’s nets. (女人是万恶之源。)
No thing agrees worse than a lady’s heart and beggar’s purse. (女人的心和乞丐的钱包一样，糟糕透顶。)
Women are the snares of Stan. (女人是撒旦设下的陷阱。)
These proverbs contain obvious sexism. God felt that making woman was a big mistake. He thought she was the origin of evil, because Eve violated God’s prohibition and tempted Adam to eat apples. And then God drove them out of Garden of Eden and inflicted severe chastisement on human beings. In order to punish Eve, God made her obey her husband and stayed in a subordinate position forever. In ancient Greek mythology, Zeus created a very beautiful goddess——Pandora and gave her a box full of evils. Zeus told her that she couldn’t open it. However, Pandora broke the promise and opened the box. At the same time, all kinds of evils spread around the world. In some proverbs, they describe women as obstinate criminals behind the scenes.
3.2 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about words and deeds
Words are women, deeds are men. (女子巧舌，男儿实干。)
Husbands are in heaven whose wives scold not. (老婆不唠叨，丈夫就像生活在天堂里。)
Many women, many words; Many geese, many turds. (鹅的屎多，女人的话多。) The above proverbs comment on women being talktive, and we can find that women are usually compared with animals. Goose is a kind of bird species which is always connected with women’s world. Generally speaking, “speechful”goose walks and clucks along the path of a small village, which looks like the group of people who are fond of talking endlessly and maligning. According to a physiological research, the capacity of language centering in women’s brain is more than men’s. The female like to communicate with others, which is not a shortcoming. As for prate, this is a way for women to release their pent-up emotions. Men don’t understand the needs of women and are unwilling to communicate with them.
3.3 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about ability and wisdom
A woman’s advice is never to seek. (女人的建议一文不值。)
Women have no soul. (女人没有灵魂。)
When an ass climbs a ladder, we may find wisdom in women. (毛驴登梯时，女人有才智。)
Long hair, short wit. (女人头发长，见识短。)
In British history, the chances that women received normal education were less than men, and the higher education was merely for men. Up to the period of Victorian (1837-1901), some colleges were willing to accept a few women. But the expectation for women from people is different from the one for men. At that time, after women receiving education, people hoped they could learn to manage household affairs and foster the quality of tenderness, gentleness and dependence. On the contrary, men were expected to be the host of bringing home the bacon. Ironically, society deprives of women’s equal chances to get education and doesn’t allow them to be as able and efficient as men. Meanwhile, society thinks that women have no knowledge and lack learning talent. Men’s beating the drum for those women with no knowledge is a paragon of virtue, but when women don’t learn anything, they scold women with long hair and short wit; when men scold that women haven’t their own ideas and abilities, they also criticize that women always do wrong and destroy their prestige. In fact, the conflicted expressions of opinions from men show that men need women’s ignorance to show off their talents.
3.4 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about marriage
Marry your son when you will, your daughter when you can. (娶媳不忙，嫁女宜速。)
Daughters and dead fish are not keeping wares. (女大不中留，鱼死不能存。)
Marry a wife of thine own degree. (娶妻，应与己般配。)
He that marries for wealth sells his liberty. (娶得富家女，自由受限制。)
The above proverbs reflect those ideas of looking up to men and women, and also reflect tendency of making women as a commodity. In the views of marriage centring on men, women’s good look is the condition of marrying talented men, getting riches and honor. Taking appearance as a standard to measure women’s value explains that women fall into sadness of becoming a doll in the society centring on men. Although a woman owns rich and good family background, she still suffers from being questioned and doubted.
3.5 Manifestations of sexism in the proverbs about social status
Man, woman and devil are three degrees of comparison. (男人、女人和魔鬼，三个等级分贵贱。)
If the husband be not at home, there is nobody. (丈夫不在家，等于说没有人。)
A man of straw is worth of a woman of gold. (稻草男儿抵得上金玉女子。)
A man is a man though he have/has but a hose on his head. (家贫袜当帽，仍是男子汉。)
The above proverbs which express strong androcentrism reflect women’s low social position. Wife is just a garment for husband to throw at any time, and a beast for husband to curse and beat freely. A poor man is better and stronger than a common woman. Bible says that the first creature made by God is man. Woman is made by a rib of man. When God creates human beings, he puts man at the dominant position and makes woman depend on the existence of man. So we can see that women’s position is so petty and low.
4. Causes of sexism in the English proverbs
The proverbs reflect culture, life style and customs. And further, the culture of human contains sexism, namely to discriminate women. Therefore the proverbs naturally involve sexism. The appearance, existence and alteration of sexism in the English proverbs are not occasional, and all of them have their deep historical reasons, cultural origin and social factors. This thesis plans to investigate and analyze the causes of this phenomenon from the following aspects.
4.1 Historical reasons
As for the establishment of matriclan in the primitive society, anthropologists point out that the female had the economic authority in hand. Therefore, females took the dominant position in the primitive society. However, when lots of fortunes appeared in the late of matriclan, males became stronger and snatched the control of economic arteries, so females became the ruled object. This is the historical turning point of women’s position. From that time, women always stayed at the bottom of the society and were torn by discrimination, oppression and outrage. From the primitive society to the western capitalist society, men firmly hold women in their hand. During the long historical processes, the discrimination to women becomes firmer and firmer. With the development of movement for women’s rights, women’s social position gradually becomes higher, but weakness and lowliness as words to describe women will not disappear easily, because sexism in people’s minds has become deep-rooted. Although women continuously fight for their higher social position after being awaken, although movement for women’s rights is developing vigorously, although women have indeed played a very important role in societies, to change their social position completely still has a very long process. Consequently, sexism in the English proverbs will still exist.
4.2 Cultural origin
The English proverbs are mainly derived from Greek myth and influential literary outputs (such as plays by Shakespeare). There is much sexism among the above writings.
(1) Sexism originating from Greek myth
The grey mare is the better horse. (妻胜其夫。)
As long as we have eyes, or hands, or breath, we’ll look, or write, or talk you all to death. Yield or she——Pegasus will gain her course, and the grey mare will prove the better horse. (只要我们有眼有手，只要我们还有生命，我们就要看要写，就要讲到你们的临终。屈服吧，否则女佩枷索斯就会大显身手，从而证明女人就是比男人行。)
Although meanings of the above proverbs contain no sexism against women, when we think of the reason why people make those proverbs go around, we can see that they involve sexism. And further, the word “prove”in the second proverb expresses aspirations of women fighting against sexism, which reflects women’s low position from the reverse side.
(2) Sexism originating from writings by Shakespeare
Frailty, thy name is woman. (脆弱啊，你的名字就是女人。)
This sentence originates from a famous monologue in Hamlet. We can see that the queen only put her happiness and destiny on marrying a man, which contains lots of blood and tears of women in the class society.
4.3 Social factors
The English proverbs appear at all aspects of social life, and reflect sexism against women. These contents can be basically classified into several aspects. And every aspect has its own social origin, ideas, emotional factor and women’s own reasons.
The idea that man is superior to woman appears among the public because the role played by women in society is not as important as that of men. So women are neglected gradually, and this neglect even becomes a kind of contempt and outrage. At last, this neglect becomes the worship of men, which is a kind of blind adoration. Chauvinism prevails in western countries. For example:
A bad woman is worse than a bad man. (女人变坏比男人更糟糕。)
In the husband wisdom, in the wife gentleness. (夫要智，妻要柔。)
Men make houses, women make homes. (男人盖房，女人持家。)
Virtue is another shackle that women can not shake off. Men destroy women’s virtue, at the same time they emphasize women’s virtue. Women not only bear pressure and hurt from men, but also have to undertake blames from far and near. In analyzing the proverbs about social status, we find sexism is due to women’s low position.
Consequently, men are posted as masters and pursue pleasure, and women can not betray them. For example:
Who has a fair wife needs more than two eyes. (老婆长得漂亮得多长一只眼睛。) Ask the mother if the child be not like the father. (孩子长得像不像爸爸，妈妈心里最清楚。)
The society discriminates women from all kinds of aspects. They think that women are very foolish, weak, speechful, and even dangerous. From the angle of society, women’s weakness is innate. Because in people’eyes, women are the weak. For example:
Beauty and folly are often companions. (蠢与美常相随。)
Trust not a woman when she weeps. (不要相信女人的眼泪。)
Nothing dries so fast as women’s tears. (女人的泪水干得最快。)
5. Development trend of sexism in the English proverbs
Due to historical reasons, cultural origin and social factors, the opinions about sexism are deep-rooted in people’s mind, and these ideas have been reflected vividly and incisively. But delightfully, with the development of movement for women’s rights, western feminists have made great efforts to eliminate sexism in English, and also have got amazing achievements, which are reflected in the following aspects.
(1) Gradual loss of masculine words widely used, and replacing them with neutral words. For instance, businessperson, salesperson, chairperson, and police officer are used to replace businessman, salesman, chairman and policeman.
(2) Some changes in the form of address. Ms is used to replace Mrs and Miss; in some countries, women are allowed to use their own family name instead of husband’s.
(3) Adding feminine words after masculine words or changing them into the plural of some neutral words. For instance, someone left his or her bag in the classroom.
(4) The elimination of sexism in legislation. British government has eliminated sexism in legislation, and made some laws to maintain the equality between men and women.
Although movement for women’s rights has got big achievements in changing sexism, this way is very rough and long. Because language is a mirror of society, so sexism and differences between men and women reflected in language are not decided by language’s natural quality, but social values and national mode of thinking. Language itself is neutral, but users can give language some pragmatic colour according to social values. In order to eliminate the phenomenon of sexism in language, we must eradicate opinions about sexism which exist in the society at first. The reform of language must be realized on the basis of social reform.
6. Conclusion
This thesis aims at studying sexism in the English proverbs. From this research, we can understand social values and philosophy of people from English-speaking countries. Paying more attention to the phenomenon of sexism in the English proverbs helps make communication successfully. To most of English learners, grasping the English proverbs equals grasping the soul of English. We can also learn moral codes and grasp historical pulse of the development of English. When communicating with foreigners, we should try to avoid using some proverbs with sexism.
In order to eliminate the phenomenon of sexism in the English proverbs, we must change people’s wrong ideas, eradicate prejudices against women completely, reform the phenomenon of inequality in the society and develop women’s social position. Through those ways, sexism in the English proverbs will die out and be replaced by some new words that respect and admire women.
The author hopes that ideas of the equality between men and women can sink deep into the hearts of the people.Even though people use languages with some colour of sexism, they will not take prejudicial ideas.
Acknowledgements
My initial thanks go to my supervisor Zhu Min, who patiently supervised my dissertation and was at times very willing to offer me illuminating advice or suggestions. Without her help, I could not have finished this dissertation.
I am also indebted to other teachers and my classmates who have not only offered me their warm encouragements but also shared with me their ideas and books. They are Shi Yun, Zhu Ping, Yang Lufei, and many others.
My greatest personal debt is to my grandparents and parents, who have cultivated a soul of sensitivity, hospitality, and honesty out of me, and offered a harbor of happiness and sweetness for me.
The remaining weakness and possible errors of the dissertation are entirely my own.
References
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和时间有关的英语名言
和时间有关的英语名言 和时间有关的英语名言精选Time is money(时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金)Time flies(光阴似箭，日月如梭)Time has wings(光阴去如飞)Time is a file that wears and makes no noise(光阴如锉，细磨无声)Time flies时光易逝。 Time is money一寸光阴一寸金。 Time and tide wait for no man岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。 Time tries all时间检验一切。 Time tries truth时间检验真理。 Time past cannot be called back again光阴一去不复返。 All time is no time when it is past光阴一去不复返。 No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again昨日不复来。 Tomorrow comes never切莫依赖明天。 the morning sun never lasts a day 好景不长;朝阳不能光照全日。 time tames the strongest grief 时间能缓和和极度的悲痛。 time and tied wait for no man 岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人time tries all 时间检验一切time tries truth 时间检验真理。 time part cannot be called back again 时间不能倒流all time is no time when it is past 光阴一去不复返。 the day is short but the work is much 工作多，光阴迫。
论英语中的性别歧视分析
景德镇陶瓷学院科技 艺术学院 本科生毕业论文（设计） 题目：Sexism in English Vocabulary 学号： 姓名： 院（系）： 专业： 完成时间： 指导老师： CONTENTS Acknowledgements………………………………………….. Abstract in Chinese……………………………………. Abstract in English……………………………………. 1.Definition……………………………………………… 2.Sexism in word-formation methods……………….. 2.1 Suffixes………………………………………… . 2.2 Sexism in compound words…………………….. 3.Sxism in Naming and Addressing………………….. 3.1 Sexism and Naming………………………………. 3.1.1 Sexism in the first names……………….. 3.1.1.1 Derivation of Female Names from Male Names…….. 3.1.1.2 Sexism in Semantic Naming of First Names………. 3.1.2 Sexism in the family names…………… 3.1.2.1 Patrilineal System of Family Names 3.1.2.2 Change of Female Family Names upon marriage 3.2 Sexism and Addressing……….
100条英语谚语
用了就加分，让阅卷老师眼前一亮的100条英语谚语！附：英语写作的黄金九 字决
引经据典是英语作文中常用的方法。恰当地使用英语谚语能让阅卷老师眼前一亮，是提升英语作文逼（fēn）格（shù）的一大法宝。以下100条谚语，涵盖各种英语测试的常见写作主题。Come on, everybody!抽空选自己喜欢的背起来吧~ 一、勤奋、意志和成功 1. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。 2. No pains, no gains.没有付出就没有收获。 3. Constant dripping wears away a stone.水滴石穿，绳锯木断。 4. Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 5. Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不过是勤奋而已。 6. Great hopes make great man.伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。 7. Industry is the parent of success.勤奋是成功之母。 8. No rose without a thorn.没有不带刺的玫瑰。 9. There is no royal road to learning.书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。 10. No way is impossible to courage.勇者无惧。 11. Success belongs to the persevering.坚持就是胜利。 12. The finest diamond must be cut.玉不琢，不成器。 13. Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才。 二、学习方法和态度 14. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。 15. It is never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。
关于朋友的英语谚语 (2)
关于朋友的英语谚语 1、A friend is easier lost than found 得朋友难, 失朋友易。 2、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 3、Between friends all is common. 朋友之间不分彼此。 4、Life without a friend is death. 没有朋友, 虽生犹死。 5、Misfortune tests the sincerity of friends. 患难见真情。 6、Old friends and old wines are best. 陈酒味醇, 老友情深。 7、A friend is never known till a man has need. 需要之时方知友。 8、Set great store by friendship. 情意重千斤。 9、Between friends all is common. 朋友之间不分彼此。 10、Old friends and old wine are best. 陈酒味醇, 老友情深。 11、The friendship of a gentleman is insipid as water. 君子之交淡如水。 12、A bosom friend afar brings a distant land near. 海内存知己, 天涯若比邻。 13、Most men's friendships are too inarticulate. 人的友谊是无法言喻的。 14、A friend without faults will never be found. 没有十全十美的朋友。 15、He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs. 背后说好话, 才是真朋友。 16、What is a friend? A single soul dewlling in two bodies. 朋友是什么？两幅躯壳拥有同一个灵魂。 17、Friendship is like a plant of slow growth. 友谊像生长着的植物, 是慢慢地建立起来的。 18、A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever. 好书如挚友, 情谊永不渝。 19、A man knows his companion in a long journey and a little inn. 路遥知马力, 日久见人心。 20、I like a simple friend, who holds my faults like a looking glass before my face. 我喜欢这样的朋友, 他对我的缺点就像照镜子一样直言不讳。 21、It is well that there is no one without a fault, for he would not have a friend in the world . 世界上没有不犯错误的人. 想交没有错误的朋友, 你就没有朋友。 22、It is only the greathearted who can be true friends; the mean and the cowardly can never know what true friendship is. 只有伟大胸怀的人才是真正的朋友; 平庸和怯懦之辈决不可能了解真正友谊的含义。 23、No man can be happy without a friend, nor be sure of his friend till he is unhappy. 没有朋友的人不会幸福，不处逆境不能识别朋友。 24、Nothing makes the earth seem to spacious as to have friends at a distance; they make the latitudes and longitudes. 远方的朋友能使世界变得非常宽阔; 他们组成了经纬度。 25、Of our mixed life two quests are given control: food for the body, friendship for the soul. 在复杂的生命中, 有两点要牢记:为生存需要吃饭, 而心灵需要友谊。 26、The best that we find in our travel is an honest friend. He is a fortunate voyager who finds many. 旅行中最愉快的事是交到一个真诚的朋友。 27、The making of friends who are real friends, is the best token we have of a man's success in life. 能交到真正的朋友是人生中最成功的事。 28、The more we love our friends, the less we flatter them. 对朋友爱得越深, 奉承得就越少。The smell of coin is often the knell of friendship. 铜臭味浓往往是友谊的不祥之兆。The 29、true friendship seeks to give, not take; to help, not to be helped; to minister, not to be ministered unto. 真正的友谊追求的是给予, 而不是索取; 是帮助别人, 而不是被人帮助; 是为人服务, 而不是被人服务。
关于时间的英语名言
关于时间的英语名言 时间匆匆流过，对我们来说时间就是金钱。今天给大家带来的是关于时间的英语名言，希望你会喜欢。 关于时间的英语名言精选 If you want to understand today , you have to search yesterday .(Pearl Buck , American female writer ) 想要懂得今天，就必须研究昨天。(美国女作家赛珍珠) In delay there lies no plenty , Then come kiss me , sweet and twenty , Youth's a stuff that will not endure . (William Shakespeare , British dramatist) 迁延蹉跎，来日无多，二十丽姝，请来吻我，衰草枯杨，青春易过。(英国剧作家莎士比亚. W.) Never leave that until tomorrow , which you can do today . (Benjamin Franklin , American president ) 今天的事不要拖到明天。(美国总统富兰克林. B. ) Ordinary people merely think how they shall spend their time ; a man of talent tries to use it . (Arthur Schopenhauer , German philosopher ) 普通人只想到如何度过时间，有才能的人设法利用时间。(德国哲学家叔本华. A. )
关于友情英文格言
关于友情英文格言 友情不是一幕短暂的烟火，而是一幅真心的画卷; 友情不是一段长久的相识，而是一份交心的相知。下面为你分享的是关于友情英文格言，希望你喜欢! 1) A friend is a second self. 朋友是第二个自我。 2) A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易。 3) A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之时方知友。 4) A friend that you buy with presents will be bought from you. 5) A friend without faults will be found.没有十全十美的朋友。 6) A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水(字面：朋友之间有所界限才能让友谊之树长青)。 7) A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人生没有了朋友就犹如失去了阳光。 8) Without words, in friendship, all thoughts, all desires, all expectations, are silent joy and sharing.在友谊里，不用言语，一切的思想，一切的愿望，一切的希冀，都在无声的欢乐中发生而共享了。--(黎)纪伯伦
9) A man should keep his friendship in constant repair. 只有经常“浇灌”，方能保持友谊天长地久。 10) A man should keep his friendship in constant repair. ---Samuel johnaon, British writer 人应该经常维修友谊。---英国作家约翰逊 11) A true friend is for ever a friend. ---Grorge Macdonald, British novelist 真正的朋友是永远的朋友。 12) Admonish your friends privately, but praise them openly. 告诫朋友要在私下里，但是夸奖朋友要公开。 13) Animals are such agreeable friends --they ask no questions, they pass no criticism. ---George Eliot, British novelist 动物是极易相处的朋友，它们不提问，也不批评。---英国小说家艾略特关于友谊的英语名言 14) Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing.---Benjamin Franklin, American pesident 选择朋友要谨慎，换朋友更要谨慎。---美国总统富兰克林 15) Be slow in choosing a friend; slower in changing. 选择朋友要审慎，摒弃更要审又慎。 16) Because friendships enhance our lives,it is important to cultivate them. 培植友谊十分重要，因为友谊能提高生活的价值。 17) Betraying a trust is a very quick and painful way to
关于时间的英语谚语
关于时间的英语谚语 英语谚语于生活，反映了生活，凝聚着英语民族的智慧和精髓。它言简意赅、浅显风趣，生动形象地提示了深刻的人生哲理。（一）时间是金，其值无价Time is money. （时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金）Time flies. （光阴似箭，日月如梭）Time has wings. （光阴去如飞）Time is a file that wears and makes no noise. （光阴如锉，细磨无声）Time stays not the fool‘s leisure. （时间不等闲逛的傻瓜）Time and I against any two. （和时间携起手来，一人抵两人）Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself. （时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命）Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost. （消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失）（二）时间是风，去而不返Time undermines us. （光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老）Time and tide wait for no man. （岁月不待人）Time cannot be won again. （时间一去不再来）Time is , time was , and time is past. （现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返）Time lost can not be recalled. （光阴一去不复返）Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns. (光阴似箭，一去不返）（三）时间是尺，万物皆检Time tries friends as fire tries gold.
英语中的性别歧视
英语中的性别歧视 Abstract Sexism in English language has launched along with the vigorous development of w omen’s liberation movement since the end of 1960s. As a mirror reflecting the socie ty, language images the social views and values. Sex ism in society is thus inevitably reflected in the use of language. The paper based on the analysis of sex discrimination in English explores that it is by no means an extinction of sexist language so long as the sexism in society exist s. The causes of sexism in this thesis are the inequality between male and female. In ancient time, the thoughts that males host females and the treatment of women as inferiors to men are in vogue. Men are always at superior positions to women i n the social economy, in the politics, as well as in the people’s tradi tional ideas, so the idea of sex discrimination has reflected in the language. The thesis summarizes the phenomena of sexism in English by using universal evidence, and they are sho wn and discussed in four aspects: English proverbs, English expressions, English voc abulary and the meanings of English words. Lastly, the thesis introduces two feasibl e strategies to erase sexism in English language, and they are: language reform an d social reform. The most important one is to erase the sex ist conceptions and im p rove women’s status, respect and support them. The language transformation can b e realistic on the basis of the social reform. Key Words Sexism; female words; masculine words; strategies 摘要 自20世纪60年代起，语言性别歧视已随着女性解放运动的展开而得到蓬勃发展。语言是社会现实的一种反映，因此由于历史发展、文化、社会价值及男女两性之间在生理等方面的差异而引起的性别歧视，尤其是社会对女性的性别歧视一览无余的体现在语言上，英语语言中也存在性别歧视。本篇论文阐述了性别歧视产生的原因是男女地位的不平等，在人类早期，男尊女卑的思想盛行，男子在社会经济、政治、文化领域以及人们的传统观念中，总是处于比女性优越的地位,人们在观念上形成的对妇女特有的歧视观念慢慢形成并反映在语言中。本文分析了性别歧视在英语中的四个方面的表现：在谚语中；在词汇中；在词语中和在词义中，通过大量的举例和分类来系统阐述。最后着重讨论了消除性别歧视语所应采取的一些策
关于经典英文谚语100条_谚语大全
关于经典英文谚语100条 谚语跟成语一样都是语言整体中的一部分，可以增加语言的鲜明性和生动性。以下是由橙子为大家推荐的经典英文谚语100条，欢迎大家学习参考。 1、A contented mind is perpetual feast知足常乐。 2、A covetous man is good to none but worse to himself 贪婪的人对别人毫无好处，对自己却坏处更大。 3、A crafty knave needs no broker狡猾的流氓，不需居间人。 4、A creaking door hangs long on its hinges户枢不蠹。 5、A discontented man knows not where to sit easy不满足者坐无宁时。 6、A disease known is half cured病情确诊断，治病好一半。 7、A dog will not howl if you beat him with a bone骨头打狗狗不叫。 8、A dog's mouth emits no ivory狗嘴里吐不出象牙。 9、A fair death honors the whole life死得其所，流芳百世。 10、A fair face may hide a foul heart人不可貌相。 11、A faithful friend is hard to find知音难觅。 12、A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit吃一堑，长一智。 13、A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit吃一堑，长一1 / 8
关于友情的英语谚语
关于友情的英语谚语 导读：本文是关于关于友情的英语谚语，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、朋友的眼睛是最好的镜子。 Friends'eyes are the best mirrors. 2、不管怎样困难，不要求人怜悯。 No matter how difficult it is, don't ask for pity. 3、失友皆从借钱起。 Lost friends start with borrowing money. 4、对话就是在敌手之间，而决不会是在朋友之间进行。 Dialogue is between enemies and never between friends. 5、有真朋友的人是富翁。 A man with true friends is a rich man. 6、我们生活中可以没有兄弟，但不能没有朋友。 We can live without brothers, but we can't live without friends. 7、精诚所至，金石为开。 Sincerity is the key to success. 8、朋友间必须患难相济，那才能说得上是真正的友谊。 Friends must help each other in order to be true friendship.
9、生活可无友，邻居不能无。 Life can be without friends, neighbours can not be without. 10、勿以貌取人。 Don't judge people by their appearance. 11、是所有人的朋友，对谁也不是朋友。 It's a friend of everyone, not of anyone. 12、酒逢知己千杯少，话不投机半句多。 A thousand drinks are not enough for a confidant, but half a sentence is not speculative. 13、不到患难时，永远不能认识真正的朋友。 Never know a true friend until you are in trouble. 14、宴笑友朋多，患难知交寡。 Banquet laughs at friends and friends, but hardship knows how to make friends. 15、友谊是个无垠的天地，它多么宽广啊！ Friendship is a boundless world, how broad it is! 16、朋友易失不易得。 Friends are easy to lose and hard to get. 17、友谊是一个神圣而又古老的名字。 Friendship is a sacred and ancient name. 18、东西新的好，朋友老的好。 New things are good, old friends are good.
有关时间的英语谚语
有关时间的英语谚语 1、时间好比东流水，只有流去无流回。Timeislikewaterflowingeastward,onlyflowingawaywithoutflowingback. 2、盲人无白天，醉鬼无时间。 Blindpeoplehavenoday,drunkenpeoplehavenotime. 3、时光容易过，半点不由人。 Timeiseasytopass,butit'snoteasyforpeople. 4、年华一去不复返，事业放弃在难成。 Timeneverreturns,careergivingupishardtoachieve. 5、读万卷书，行万里路。Readtenthousandbooksandtraveltenthousandmiles. 6、珍宝丢失了还可以找到，时间丢失了永远找不到。Ifthetreasureislost,itcanbefound.Iftimeislost,itwillneverbefound. 7、荒废时间等于荒废生命。Wastetimeisequaltowastelife. 8、放弃时间的人，时间也放弃他。Hewhogivesuptimegivesuptime. 9、节气不饶苗，岁月不饶人。Festivaldoesnotspareseedlings,yearsdonotsparepeople. 10、时间是衡量事业的标准。Timeistheyardstickofcareer.
11、除了时间，什么也不属于我。Nothingbuttimebelongstome. 12、时间是阳伟大、公正的裁判。 TimeisYang'sgreatandfairjudgement. 13、少不勤苦，老必艰辛。Youngwithouthardwork,oldwithouthardwork. 14、一年的工作看春天，一天的工作看早晨。 Oneyear'sworklooksatspring,andoneday'sworklooksatmorning. 15、早起三光，晚起三慌。 Getupearlythreelights,getuplatethreepanic. 16、浪费了一生就等于夭折。 Wastingone'slifeislikedying. 17、时间如流水，半点不等人。Timeislikerunningwater,waitingfornooneathalfanhour. 18、时间抓起来就是黄金，抓不起来就是流水。Timeisgold,butnotwater. 19、懒人嘴里明天多。Lazypeoplehavemoretomorrowsintheirmouths. 20、辛勤的蜜蜂永没有时间的悲哀。Hardbeesneverhavetimetomourn. 21、光阴似箭，岁月如梭。 Timeflieslikeanarrow,timeflieslikeashuttle.
试析英语谚语中的性别歧视
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100条常用英语谚语大全.doc
100条常用英语谚语大全 我们的英语谚语简单精妙，十分值得我们学生去记诵，以下是我搜集整理的100条常用英语谚语大全，欢迎阅读。 100条常用英语谚语大全一 1. Time flies.时光易逝。 2. Time is money.一寸光阴一寸金。 3. Time and tide wait for no man.岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。 4. Time tries all.时间检验一切。 5. Time tries truth.时间检验真理。 6. Time past cannot be called back again.光阴一去不复返。 7. All time is no time when it is past.光阴一去不复返。 8. No one can call back yesterday; Yesterday will not be called again.昨日不复来。 9. Tomorrow comes never.切莫依赖明天。 10. One today is worth two tomorrows.一个今天胜似两个明天。 11. The morning sun never lasts a day.好景不常;朝阳不能光照全日。 . Christmas comes but once a year.圣诞一年只一度。
13. Pleasant hours fly past.快乐时光去如飞。 14. Happiness takes no account of time.欢娱不惜时光逝。 15. Time tames the strongest grief.时间能缓和极度的悲痛。 16. The day is short but the work is much.工作多，光阴迫。 17. Never deter till tomorrow that which you can do today.今日事须今日毕，切勿拖延到明天。 18. Have you somewhat to do tomorrow, do it today.明天如有事，今天就去做。 19. To him that does everything in its proper time, one day is worth three.事事及时做，一日胜三日。 20. To save time is to lengthen life.节省时间就是延长生命。 21. Everything has its time and that time must be watched.万物皆有时，时来不可失。 22. Take time when time cometh, lest time steal away.时来必须要趁时，不然时去无声息。 23. When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back toyou.机不可失，时不再来;机会一过，永不再来。 24. Make hay while the sun shines.晒草要趁太阳好。 25. Strike while the iron is hot.趁热打铁。
与友谊有关的英语谚语2017(中英对照)
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little inn. 路遥知马力, 日久见人心。 10、I like a simple friend, who holds my faults like a looking glass before my face. 我喜欢这样的朋友, 他对我的缺点就像照镜子一样直言不讳。 11、It is well that there is no one without a fault, for he would not have a friend in the world . 世界上没有不犯错误的人. 想交没有错误的朋友, 你就没有朋友。 12、It is only the greathearted who can be true friends; the mean and the cowardly can never know what true friendship is. 只有伟大胸怀的人才是真正的朋友; 平庸和怯懦之辈决不可能了解真正友谊的含义。 13、No man can be happy without a friend, nor be sure of
与时间有关的谚语英语翻译
与时间有关的谚语英语翻译 泛瑞翻译 Time tries truth.时间检验真理 Time is the father of truth.时间是真理之父 Time will tell.时间能说明问题 Time brings the truth to light.时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。 Time and chance reveal all secrets.时间与机会能提示一切秘密 Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰 Time reveals(discloses) all things.万事日久自明 Time tries all.时间检验一切 There is no time like the present.现在正是时候 Take time by the forelock.把握目前的时机 To choose time is to save time.选择时间就是节省时间 Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.今日事，今日毕 Procrastination is the thief of time.拖延为时间之窃贼 One of these days is none of these days.拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天 Tomorrow never comes.明天无尽头，明日何其多 What may be done at any time will be done at no time.常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹 Time works wonders.时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议 Time works great changes.时间可以产生巨大的变化
英语谚语中的性别歧视研究
摘要 语言与性别研究一直是语言学家关注的重要课题，国内外诸多的语言学家都对语言中性别歧视这一现象进行了深入研究。语言是现实社会的一面镜子，能够真实地反映这种社会习俗及价值观念，而作为语言中的精华——谚语更是浓缩了文化的内涵。本文以女权主义为视角，侧重于对性别歧视在英语谚语中的现象进行研究。 本文首先结合国内外学者对语言中性别歧视这一现象的研究，并结合这些研究探讨英语谚语中性别歧视现象，指出谚语与性别歧视的含义与特点；再从性格、言行、才智、婚嫁、地位等五个方面指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的具体表现；然后从历史、社会、文化三个不同的角度分析了性别歧视在英语谚语中形成的根源，通过对谚语的分析揭示语言中对女性的歧视，从而提高人们关于性别歧视的意识，帮助人们减少，继而消除在日常生活以及语言中的性别歧视现象；最后指出性别歧视在英语谚语中的发展趋势。 关键词：英语谚语；性别歧视；表现；根源；发展趋势
ABSTRACT The language research in relation to gender has remained on the important topic in linguistics. Lots of linguists who show interest in this field have done many deep and profound researches. Language, a mirror of the real world, could give us a reflection of social customs and values. And the proverbs, the essence of language, are actually a concentration of culture. The thesis aims at specializing in sex discrimination reflected in the English proverbs from the feminist perspective. Combined with some researches on sexism in English proverbs by scholars home and abroad, the thesis firstly points out the meanings and features of proverbs and sexism. And then the thesis explains the manifestations of sexism through a study of the proverbs applied in English from five aspects: character, words and deeds, ability and wisdom, marriage and social status. Then the thesis has also investigated into the causes of sexism from three aspects: history, culture, society. Through the research on English proverbs, the thesis tries to reveal the sex bias against women in language, and find out solutions to help people reduce and eliminate the sexism in the daily expressions. Finally, the thesis points out the development trend of sexism in English proverbs. Keywords：English proverbs; sexism; manifestation; causes; development trend