美国文学复习笔记
History And Anthology of American Literature (VolumeⅠⅡ)
美国文学史及选读1、2
PartⅠThe Literature of Colonial America殖民主义时期的文学
1.17世纪早期English and European explorers开始登陆美洲。在他们之前100多年Caribbean Islands, Mexico and
other Parts of South America已被the Spanish占领。
2.17th早期English settlements in Virginia and Massachusetts(弗吉尼亚和马萨诸塞)开始了美国历史
3.美国最早殖民者(earliest settlers)included Dutch ,Swedes ,Germans ,French ,Spaniards ,Italians and Portuguese
(荷兰人，瑞典人，德国人，法国人，西班牙人，意大利人及葡萄牙人等)。
4.美国早期文学主要为the narratives and journals of these settlements采用in diaries and in journals(日记和日志)，
他们写关于the land with dense forests and deep-blue lakes and rich soil.
5.第一批美国永久居民：the first permanent English settlement in North America was established at
Jamestown,Virginia in 1607(北美弗吉尼亚詹姆斯顿)。
6.船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith他的作品(reports of exploration)17th早期出版，被认为是美国第一部真
正意义上的文学作品in the early 1600s,have been described as the first distinctly American literature written in English.他讲述了filled with themes, myths, images, scenes, character and events,吸引了朝圣者和清教徒前往lure the Pilgrims and the Puritans.
7.美国第一位作家：1608年Captain John Smith写了封信《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事
件的真实介绍》“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”.
8.他的第二本书1612年《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the
Country”.
9.他一共出版了八本书，其中有关于新英格兰的历史及描述。其破产后做为向导sought a post as guide to the
Pilgrims.他1624年《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”,讲述了传奇故事how the Indian princess Pocahontas( 波卡洪特斯)saved him.
10.他保存了殖民者在Jamestown早期开荒史及explored the rivers and bays around the Chesapeake region(切萨皮克
地区)，最重要的是he saw from the beginning what was eventually to be a basic principle of American history, the need of “workers”instead of “gentlemen”for the tough job of planting colonies and pushing the frontiers westward.
11.早期新英格兰文学主要关于theological, moral, historical and political.
12.清教徒坚韧耐劳，严格遵守教义the Puritans in New England embraced hardships, together with the discipline of a
harsh church想建立神权社会found a theocracy,他们生活简朴，意志坚定，我行我素，不屈不挠地斗争they had toughness, purpose and character, they grappled strongly with challenges they set themselves.他们的基本价值观：注重勤劳，节俭，虔诚和节制hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety这些也成了早期美国作品主导思想。
一、William Bradford and John Winthrop威廉·布拉德福德和约翰·温思罗普
普利茅斯第一任首长：William Bradford;
波斯顿第一任首长：John Winthrop.
1．William Bradford:《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”文章从1630年开始写起an account of the small group of Puritans who migrated from England to Amsterdam and then to the New Wold.文字简洁，认真负责，直接叙述，可读性强simplicity and earnestness of the book, with its direct reporting, make it readable and moving.1637年他用简单的律诗对自己一生写了个总结，后来科登·马瑟写道：他是众人之福，也是众人之父“a common blessing and father to them all”
2．John Winthrop:《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”.1630年登上“阿贝亚”（Arbella）to Massachusetts 并开始写日记keep a journal and to the rest of his life.1826年正式出版is notable for its candid simplicity and honesty.
3．他们并不出于创作需要而是记录历史，但却运用了直接生动的散文格式使文章成为了好的文学作品the need to record important events in permanent form. Yet, through a direct and vigorous prose style, each account literary excellence.
4．清教徒（Puritan）:就是要净化他们的宗教信仰和行为方式，要纯洁自己信仰的人Puritans wanted to make pure their religious beliefs and practices, The Puritan was “Would-be purifier”. 总认为自己是上帝选民looked upon
themselves as a chosen people.对他们的生活方式提出异议就是反对上帝旨意anyone who challenged their way of life was opposing God’s Will and was not to be accepted.对自己的信仰视之如命，对别人信仰不能容忍they were zealous in defense of their own beliefs but often intolerant of the beliefs of others. 制定法律限制个人生活行为made laws about private morality as well as public behavior霍桑称他们为“黑眉毛的古板的清教徒”“stern and black-browed Puritans”.
二、John Cotton and Roger Williams约翰·科登和罗杰·威廉姆斯
1．John Cotton第一批知识分子代言人，称为“新英格兰教父”the Patriarch of New England. 1633年到Boston开始一直是这社区精神导师，他所宣讲的由宗教来统治国家的神权思想直接影响了当时人们的行为he was the “teacher”(spiritual leader) of the community and its guiding influence toward the ideal of theocracy(a state ruled by the church)他的影响主要通过教堂讲坛来完成his primary influence was through the pulpit. 听众对他深信不疑。
他们清教徒强调权威，忽视民主they were much more concerned with authority than with democracy.
2．Roger Williams:1631年came to the Massachusetts后被放逐到现罗德岛Rhode Island。对不同意见者并不赞同对其迫害而是屈服与容忍，他认为行为上的德，信仰上的诚并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权力，没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 他对印第安语言非常感兴趣Indian language.他写过《开启美国语言的钥匙》或也叫做《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》“A Key into the Language of America” or “A Help to the language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England”
三、Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor安妮·布莱德斯特和爱德华·泰勒
这两位清教徒写的诗达到相当高水平，真正能称得上是诗作。
1．Anne Dudley Bradstreet是早期诗人中最风趣的诗人之一one of the most interesting of the early poets. 1630年乘“Arbella”到Massachusetts.她的文学创作在抚养八个子女家庭劳作繁重劳动下进行的。
2．她的第一部作品由她的姐夫交给伦敦出版商，the title of this collection of poems, in classical allusion(用比喻的方法)即《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》“The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”.诗歌中传奇故事有点言过其实，但对日常琐事叙述相当高超poetic ventures were overambitious but wrote well when dealt with the simple events of her daily life.
3．Edward Taylor:清教徒诗人中最杰出的一位the best of the Puritan poets 他的作品遵循了十七世纪中期一些杰出诗人风格和形式his work followed they style and forms of the leading English poets of the mid-seventeenth century。
他大部分作品关于宗教的，大部分诗歌直接以赞美诗为基础进行创作的most of Taylor’s work treated religious themes, with many poems based directly on the Psalms.
在世时没出版过作品，1937年发现手稿，1960年泰勒诗歌全集。
Part Ⅱ The Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学
1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s“Common Sense”;
托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”
2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.
3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.
4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.
诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：
1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;
1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by Bartram
一、Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790
殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.
1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
collocation of proverbs.
2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.
3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic.
4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”
“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.
5．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”
二、Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）
1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.
2．1762年税务官职务employed as an excise officer. 1772年《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”
第一部政治性小册子。1774年富兰克林给他写介绍信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania Magazine”and contributed to the “Pennsylvania Journal”是政治讽刺的天才a political satirist of genius.
3．1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 《常识》，署名“By an Englishman”.书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate spokesman of the American Revolution.
4．1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis” signed “Common Sense” was a series of sixteen pamphlets.第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s army。最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。
5．战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。
(1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested the overthrow of the British monarchy.
6．在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the Reign of Terror, was imprisoned.
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”.
7．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.
三、Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）
1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian sympathies.启蒙运动的产物a product of the Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy, education, science, mechanics…..
2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the people might have a fresh start toward liberty, selfhood. 作为人文主义都他注重人本身的德行和能力，不看重世俗中特权a humanist looked to merit and ability alone, not to privilege法律保障每个人与生俱来的权利the natural rights of man must be secured by law inalienably for all, irrespective of station 政府是一个必要的魔鬼，政府在普遍赞同下才合法，其目的是为个人谋福利，而不是压榨与剥削人民。政府须为民提供言论、思想、结社、出版、信仰、教育和创业等自由.government, a necessary evil, found sanction only in the common consent of a social contract, its purpose was the benefit of the individual, not his exploitation; it must provide freedom of speech, thought, association, press, worship, education, and enterprise. 3．1776年同约翰·亚当斯、本杰明·富兰克林、罗杰·谢尔曼、罗伯特·R·利文斯顿一起起草《独立宣言》with John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert R Livingston, he drafted the Declaration of Independence. 4．1790-1793任华盛顿内阁中第一任国务卿，as the first American secretary of state. 1800起担任两届美国总统。5．把自己收藏的一万册书卖给政府，建立了国会图书馆（the Library of Congress）.1819 年开始创建弗吉尼亚大学并担任第一任校长。
6．1826年去世，正值《独立宣言》签署50周年the fiftieth anniversary of “The Declaration of Independence”
7．教材作品：《独立宣言》(1776年7月4日)：“The Declaration of Independence”。
四、Philip Freneau 菲利浦·弗瑞诺（1752-1832）
1．革命战争后期最杰出作家perhaps the most outstanding writer of the Post-Revolutionary period 既是一位诗人也是政治方面的新闻记者double role as poet and political journalist.作品形式是新古典主义类，但本质上却属浪漫主义类he was neoclassical by training and taste yet romantic in essential spirit。一个讽刺小说家、伤感作家、一个人道主义者was also at once a satirist and a sentimentalist, a humanitarian. “美国革命诗人”（the poet of the Revolution）;“美国诗歌之父”（Father of American Poetry）.
2．1770年第1部作品《想象的力量》（The Power of Fancy）.1775年因出版有关讽刺英国人作品而被认可as a satirist of the British.
3．1776年出版《夜屋》（The House of Night）哥特式小说the Gothic mood. F·L·帕蒂称它为“在美国听到的第一部真正浪漫主义作品，从中看到了“圣诞老人的美”“the first distinctly romantic note heard in America” and “The Beauties of Santa Cruz”。作品中既有对社会的抗议，又有对自然的赞美，其后期作品采用了这种风格blending the praise of nature with social protest, in his characteristic later manner.
4．1781写下名诗《英国囚船》(The British Prison Ship)一首抨击色彩诗作，揭露了英国对俘虏的血腥与残忍a good piece of invective, reveals the rigors and brutality of his captivity。此后继续对英国进行无情抨击、辛辣地讽刺continuing to hurl his vitriol at the British in many poems.
5．1786年他的早期作品被收录在《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”.
6．1788 年出板《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”. 1791 年创办《国家公报》对抗《联邦公报》with Jefferson’s support “National Gazette”campaigned against the opinions of the “Gazette of the United States”edited by John Fenno (Supported by Hamilton).
7．他如今被认为是美国政府中的一名勇敢的斗士has only recently been recognized as a courageous champion of American popular government. 作为诗人，他预示了美国文学独立的到来as a poet, Freneau heralded American literary independence 他后期诗歌同早期华丽的对偶句诗歌形成鲜明对比，后期形成了自然、简洁、言之有物的风格in contrast with the ornate style of his early couplets, he later developed a natural, simple, and concrete diction.
8．教材作品：《野忍冬花》：“The Wild Honey Suckle”
《印第安人的坟地》：“The Indian Burying Ground”
《致凯提·迪德》：“To a Caty-Did”
Part Ⅲ The Literature of Romanticism浪漫主义文学
1.1828年安德鲁·杰克逊当选7th 总统，标志着“美国总统中，弗吉尼亚王朝的结束”the frontier hero Andrew
Jackson as the 7th President of the United States had brought an effective end to the “Virginia Dynasty” of American Presidents. 1861年开始Civil War.
2.美国逐步成为一个工业化和城市化国家，科技创造大量物质财富同时又加剧了社会动荡the United States had
begun to change into an industrial cause society, technology would bring vast material benefits and cause overwhelming social disorders.
3.这段时间大部分作家思想受到了新大陆本身所处环境及欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮双重影响The attitudes of
America’s writers were shaped by their New World environment and an array of ideas inherited from the romantics traditions of Europe.
4.浪漫主义共同点romantics shared certain general characteristics:他们都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观及直觉感
觉，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.
6．超验主义（1830s—the Civil War）：既不讲究逻辑，也不讲究系统，它只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达，他们相信精神上的超越，相信无所不能的善的力量，强调善为万物之源，万物都是善的一部分as a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized. It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of law and custom. They believed in the transcendence of the “Oversoul”, an all-pervading power for goodness from which all things come and of which all things are a part.
7．美国早期的主要文学形式，说教类及宣言类作品被长篇小说、短篇故事和诗歌所取代，成这一时期文学的主要形式novels, short stories, and poems replaced sermons and manifestos as America’s principal literary forms. 8．From the early 1800s to the civil war 美国是一个充满矛盾的国家，人们既有各种精神上的幻想，又有日益强烈的物质主义的现实需求。美国人生生活上、艺术上开始努力寻找新的自由及理念，社会的冲突及极端想法在血腥的国内战争中达到了顶峰was a land of paradoxes, a land stirred by spiritual dreams and shaped by the realities of a growing materialism. Americans had sought new liberties and new ideas in life and art, but conflicts of their society had culminated in a bloody civil war.
一、Washington Irving华盛顿·欧文1783-1859
1.他是美国第一位浪漫主义散文文体作家，大众化风格was the first great prose stylist of American romanticism
familiar style.
2.他的作品简单明了，但绝不是一些业余作家的平淡无味，这归因于他始终把作品同自己的人格特征结合起来，
作品中尽量表现出自己的个性the apparent ease of his writing is not simply that of the gifted amateur; it results from his purposeful identification of his whole personality with what he wrote。他温文尔雅，放眼世界，幽默谦虚，他用自己大气，优雅的写作风格与美国本土的一些特点进行有机结合，最后形成自己的风格he was urbane and worldly, yet humorous and gentle, his great and graceful style combine with American roots shaped his independent literary personality。他是第一个不折不扣的纯文学作家，他写作纯是为快乐和为了创造快乐he was the first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure.
3.1819-1820他第一部《见闻札记》是现代文学史上的第一部短篇小说，也是美国第一部伟大的青少年文学读物，
他把历史与传说当作娱乐形式来写，把大众化的散文引入美国his “Sketch Book” appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature to write good history and biography as literary entertainment.
He introduced the familiar essay to America 他的短篇小说极大地激发了世界各国人们进一步了解美国人民生活的兴趣his best-known stories awakened an interest in the life of American regions.
4.19岁发表《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》讽刺作品，对纽约人的生活进行了讽刺“Jonathan Oldstyle”, satires of New
York lif.
5.1809年以迪德里奇·尼克博克的名字出版《纽约外史》，轻松欢快的滑稽戏形式讲出了早期荷兰殖民者在美洲
殖民时的真实历史成为了幽默作品中的经典“A History of New York”by Diedrich Knickerbocker a rollicking burlesque of a current serious history of the early Dutch settlers, has become a classic of humor.
6.1822年《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”.
7.1824年《旅行者故事》，带有德国浪漫主义风格“Tales of Traveller” has the flavor of the German romanticism.
8.同美国剧作家及演员约翰·佩恩创作著名社会喜剧《查理二世》（又叫《快乐君主》） in Paris he with John Howard
Payne wrote the brilliant social comedy “Charles the Second” or “The Merry Monarch”.
9.1828《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》“A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”;
10.1829《格拉纳达征服编年史》“A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”;
11.1831《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》“V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus” .
1832《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”; 1832年《西班牙征服传说》收录在1835年《见闻札记》中“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”(in the “Crayon Miscellany”).
12.陆续出版系列西部传奇故事，1835《草原游记》；1836《阿斯托里亚》；1837《博纳维尔船长历险记》，western
adventures as “A Tour on the Prairies”; “Astoria” and “The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”.
13.1840《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》“Life of Oliver Goldsmith”;
1855-1859《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”.
14．教材作品：《作者自叙》：“The Author’s Account of Himself”;
《睡谷传奇》：“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”.
二、James Fenimore Cooper詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀1789-1851
1．美国第一位凭着胆识走上文坛的著名小说家the first important American novelist began his literary career on a dare. 2．1821年他第二部小说《间谍》获得极大的成功，是一部引人入胜的探险类故事，事件发生在美国独立战争期间“The Spy” was successful, it was a rousing tale about espionage against the British during the Revolutionary War. 3．库珀开创了两种流传极广的小说体裁，即边疆传奇小说和海上传奇小说Cooper launched two kinds of immensely popular stories: the sea adventure tale, and the frontier saga. 1824年《领航者》最为成功“The Pilot” the best of his many sea romances. 1839年他写过第一部美国式正官方历史《美国海军》he wrote the first official history of the
U.S. Navy.
4．库珀边疆小说《皮袜子故事集》由5部小说共同组成，历时18年，1823-1841，即《杀鹿者》、《最后的莫希干人》、《探路人》、《拓荒者》及《大草原》。阿伦·内文斯（历史学家）认为这五部小说是迄今为止美国最接近史诗的一部大作，his frontier stories “Leather Stocking Tales” including five novels: “The Deerslayer”; The Last of the Mohicans”, “The Pathfinder”, “The Pioneers”, “The Prairie”. Allan Nevins calls these five novels “the nearest approach yet to an American epic”.通过这些人物的描写，作者记录了当时美国人思想意识，还使欧洲人意识到美国with a vast group of supporting characters, virtuous or villainous, Cooper made the American conscious of his past, and made the European conscious of American.
5．教材作品：《最后的莫希干人》：“The Last of the Mohicans”
三、William Cullen Bryant威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特1794-1878
1.1817年伟大史诗《死之思考》（希腊语），人们一致认为这是当时美国最杰出的一篇诗作the stately poem called ”
Thanatopsis” (Greek, meaning “view of death”) introduced the best poet to appear in American up to that time.
2.他不仅在诗坛享有极高声望，在新闻界也是一个重量级新闻人物，他是当时最杰出的编辑之一。他积极支持
言论自由、贸易自由等主张，还主张废除奴隶制apart from his fames as a poet, Bryant merits a reputation as one of the great editors of American journalism. He supported such causes as free speech, free trade and the abolition of slavery.
3.《致水鸟》是其巅峰之作，“用美国英语写作的最完美的短诗”，“To a Waterfowl” is perhaps the peak of his work,
“Most perfect brief poem in the language”.
4.后期，他用无韵诗的形式翻译了《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》his most important later works are his translations of the
“Iliad” and the “Odyssey” into English blank verse.
5.当欧文用自己的作品预示美国散文时代的到来时，布莱恩特向欧洲读者证实了美国的诗歌也达到了相当高的
水平，他是第一个获得美国主要诗人称号的作家As Irving had shown that American prose had come of age, so Bryant demonstrated to European readers that American poetry was ready to demand serious attention. He was the first American to gain the stature of a major poet.
6.教材作品：《死之思考》：“Thanatopsis”
《致水鸟》：“To a Waterfowl”
四、Edgar Allan Poe埃德加·阿伦·坡1809-1849
1.1833年，在一次小说比赛中他的《金瓶子城的方德先生》获奖he won a contest with his story “Ms. Found in a
Bottle” .Then he got a job as editor with the “Southern Literary Messenger” ( 南方文学信使)坡充分展示了自己作为编辑、诗人、文学评论家、小说作家的杰出才能showed his true talents as an editor, a poet, a literary critic, and
a writer of fiction.
2.发表了《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”.
3.1840 年，第一部短篇小说集《述异集》his first collection of short stories “Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”.
4.1845 年诗集《乌鸦》出版“The Raven” was published as the title poem of a collection 在欧洲，坡被人们称作诗
歌与小说二种文学创作风格的探路者，对法国文坛一些作家影响特别深远in Europe, he was hailed as a pioneer in poetic and fictional techniques. His influence was especially strong on many French writers.
5.教材作品：《给海伦》：“To Helen”
《乌鸦》：“The Raven”
《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”
五、Ralph Waldo Emerson 拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生1803-1882
1．他是把超验主义思想引入新英格兰的先驱，被看作是超验主义运动的领袖he was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England and was recognized throughout his life as the leader of the movement 爱默生首先强调的是个人主义、思想独立和自强he believed above all in individualism, independence of mind and self-reliance他崇尚英勇，并不忌讳变化和有冲突的思想he admired courage, he was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.
2．1836 年出版了第一本书《论自然》“Nature”, 真正让他功成名就的还是得益于两次学术演讲，一个是《美国学者》，还有一个是《神学院致辞》“The American Scholar” and “The Divinity School Address”. 他的许多演讲后收
录在他的《随笔集》中，演讲中最重要的著作是他1850年的《代表》和1856年《英国人》。1847年他的《诗集》问世. Many of his lectures were later distilled into his famous “Essays”. Among his most important works are “Representative Men” and “English Traits” .His “Poems” appeared in 1847.
3．人们认为他的诗作缺乏诗的形式，用语也太粗糙，但最后他的诗歌却受到了高度评价，他那样并不工整的韵律和动人的形象如艺术品一样，非常适合现代读者的口味in his day, Emerson’s poems were criticized for their lack of form and polish. In recent years, hower, his poetry has received high praise. His harsh rhythms and striking images appeal to many modern readers as artful techniques.
4．他的散文同他的诗歌一样极富个性，他的许多随笔是由日记中的一些词条，演讲中的内容，笔记里的东西等整理出来的，这些作品往往缺乏比较好的组织结构；然而他构句的水平却相当高超，一些经过推敲后的句子不仅思想深刻，而且让人难以忘怀his prose style is sometimes as highly individual as his poetry. Many of his essays were put together from his journal entries, speeches, and random notes, and they are often somewhat disorganized. Yet his skill in polishing each sentence into a striking thought makes his writing memorable.
5．《美国学者》被称为“我们知识分子的独立宣言”“our intellectual Declaration of Independence”
6．教材作品：《论自然》：“Nature”;
《论自助》：“Self-Reliance”
六、Henry David Thoreau亨利·戴维·梭罗1817-1862
1．他是爱默生最忠实的信徒，是他把爱默生的许多理论付诸了实践he was Emerson’s truest disciple, who put into practice many of Emerson’s theories.
2．1854年，梭罗根据他在沃尔登湖畔居住两年经历写出名作《沃尔登》“Walden”, the superb book came out of his two-year’s residence at Walden Pond 在这部书中阐释了他去体验这种生活的原因，他认为一个一星期最好工作一天，而剩下的六天时间则用来思索，他也认为人类心灵的自助和独立最为重要，每个人都应该发现自己的生活方式he explained many of the beliefs that led him to try this kind of life. He thought it better for a man to work one day a week and the rest of the week could be devoted to thought. For Thoreau, as for Emerson, self-reliance and independence of mind ranked above all each should find out his own way of living.
3．1849年，根据他1846年坐监经历写下了著名的随笔《平民反抗》，文章中梭罗阐述了自己的观点，在政府的压力下，人不应该违背自己的良知From his experience in jail came his famous essay” Civil Disobedience”, which stated Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.
4．教材作品：《沃尔登我生活的地方；我为何生活》：“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
七、Nathaniel Hawthorne纳撒尼尔·霍桑1804-1864
1．《七尖角阁的房子》讲述的是作者自己家族的一段历史“The House of the Seven Gables” deals with the effects of
a curse, and though the tale itself is fiction, the germ of the story sprang from the author’s family history.
2．他是通过观察和聆听别人谈话来获得创作素材的，听人家讲的一些新英格兰口头故事、民间传说及各种鬼怪趣事Hawthorne gathered his material by observing and listening to others whose talk was filled with New England Lore, legend, and superstition.
3．《海关大楼》“The Custom House”;
1852年的《福谷浪漫史》“The Blithedale Romance”;
1846年他完成了宏篇巨著《古厦青苔》splendid stories called “Mosses from an Old Manse”
1860年创作出《宝石神像》“The Marble Faun”.
5．霍桑独特的才能主要表现在他能够通过一些极具象征意义的故事来触摸人类灵魂深处的道德品质，最好的例证便是波士顿清教徒引以自娱的《红字》，小说的每一个字，每一幅画面和每一个事件都能够达到了一个特定的效果，它讲述了关于罪的故事，罪对不同人的影响以及有些人获得拯救的故事Hawthorne’s unique gift was for the creation of strongly symbolic stories which touch the deepest roots of man’s moral nature. The finest example is the recreation of Puritan Boston, “The Scarlet Letter”. In this novel each word, image, and event works toward a single effect. It is a complex story of guilt, its effects upon various persons, and how deliverance is obtained for some of them.
6．在他的短篇小说中，他通过活生生，极有象征意味的想象来体现人类社会的一些重大道德问题his ability to create vivid and symbolic images that embody great moral questions appear strongly in his short stories。霍桑的杰出之处在于他能把一个故事安放在自己设置的正义标准之中来讲述，他在书中所讲的正义标准成为了当时人们的道德参考it was Hawthorne’s ability to make a story exist in its own right but at the same time appear as a moral
symbol. 霍桑同埃德加·阿伦·坡并称为美国短篇小说现代艺术大师，他们都创作了独一无二的小说形式样Hawthorne shares with Edgar Allan Poe the distinction of advancing the art of the short story, giving to the form qualities that are uniquely American。霍桑同麦尔维尔一样都采用了讲故事的手法来探讨生活的意义to Hawthorne and Melville, hower, the telling of a tale was a way of inquiring into the meaning of life.
7．他的作品还有：《伊桑·布兰德》、《小伙子布朗》、《海德格博士的体验》、《野心勃勃的客人》、《巨石脸》。“Ethan Brand”; “Young Goodman Brown”; “Dr. Heidegger’s Experiment”; “The Ambitious Guest”; “The Great Stone Face”. 8．教材作品：《红字》：“The Scarlet Letter”
八、Herman Melville赫尔曼·麦尔维尔1819-1891
1．《白鲸》主要讲述了一个为追捕一只想象中的神秘白鲸的漫长海上故事，这本书达到了象征主义手法的创作高峰，这种写法强烈地吸引了现在社会的读者“Moby Dick”, a tremendous chronicle of a whaling voyage in pursuit of a seemingly supernatural white whale. The book is steeped in symbolism, another strong appeal to readers of his century.
2．1846年《泰皮》出版后，他被称为“同食人族生活的人”“Typee”, became known as the “man who lived among cannibals” 1847年后续集《欧穆》同样大获成功“Omoo”；
1849年《雷德本》“Bedburn”;
1850年《白外衣》“White-Jacket”;
1891年《比利·伯德》“Billy Budd”
3．两部哲学性小说《玛地》、《皮埃尔》two other philosophical novels “Mardi”, “Pierre”. 《代笔者巴特贝》是有诗歌风味的短篇故事“Bartleby the Scrivener”. 还有两本短篇小说，即《班内托·西兰尼》和《比利·伯德》（最后一部）two celebrated short novels “Benito Cereno” and “Billy Budd”. 《比利·伯德》同《白鲸》一样都运用船来象征社会，苦苦追寻和探讨了人类善与恶的问题，船就是社会的一个缩影，里面有各种各样的人物uses a ship as symbol of society and searchingly examines the problems of good and evil. Aha b’s ship was like a world in miniature with characters from all walks of life.
4．教材作品：《白鲸》：“Moby Dick”
九、Henry Wadsworth Longfellow亨利·沃兹沃思·朗费罗1807-1882
1．1833-1835创作完成散文浪漫作品《海外记游》his prose rom ance “Outre-Mer”;
2．在《海华沙》中，他采用芬兰民间故事写作手法追忆了美洲印第安人的传说using Finish folk meter in his celebration of American Indian Legends in “Hiawatha”.他最大的成就就是他使诗歌成为了人人都能看，都能写的一种文学体裁his greatest virtue is that he made poetry seem worth reading and worth writing.
3．1838年他第一部诗集名叫《夜吟》Longfellow’s first collection of poems entitled “Voices of the Night”；
1839年浪漫散文作品《许珀里翁》出版“Hyperion” the prose romance.。
1841年《歌谣及其他》“Ballads and other Poems”;
1842年《奴隶制度诗篇》“Poems on Slavery”;
1847年诗歌《伊凡吉林》“Evangeline”;
1855年《海华沙之歌》“Song of Hiawatha”;
1858年《迈克尔·斯坦狄什的求婚》“The Courtship of Miles Standish”;
戏剧作品《迈克尔·安吉洛》dramatic work “Michael Angelo”
翻译作品《神曲》翻译成就最高“Divine Comedy”.
4．他的其它作品：《金星号遇难》、《人生礼赞》、《精益求精》、《乡村铁匠》、《逝去的青春》“The Wreck of the Hesperus”; “A Psalm of Life”; “Excelsior”; “The Village Blacksmith”; “My Lost Youth”.
5．朗费罗去世后被安葬在威斯敏斯特教堂的诗人之角，他也是美国惟一获此殊荣的诗人，他的诗歌因高雅宜人，纯正有韵味而大受欢迎after his death, he became the only American to be honored with a bust in the Poet’s corner of Westminster Abbey. The gentleness, sweetness, and purity for which his poetry was popular during his lifetime. 6．教材作品：《人生礼赞》：“A Psalm of Life”;
《奴隶的梦》：“The Slave’s Dream”;
《逝去的青春》；“My Lost Youth”;
《海华沙之歌海华沙的禁食》“The Song of Hiawatha Hiawatha’s Fasting”
PartⅣThe Literature Of Realism现实主义文学
1.美国国内战争Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡
的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.
2.现实主义一词来源于法语realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性”。
Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”, insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.
3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实主义大师
亨利·詹姆斯、马克·吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克·吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活the bulk of America’s literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of America’s realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience.
Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.
4.美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出
受环境与出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”
是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了naturalism, a new and harsher realism.
America’s literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankness, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.
一、Walt Whitman沃尔特·惠特曼1819-1892
1.美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的《草叶集》中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真
正的史诗one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genuine epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.
2.1855年出版《草叶集》第一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作
者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However,
a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In
his poetry, Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a prophet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.
3.教材作品：《自己之歌》：”Song of Myself”
《我坐在这儿眺望着》：”I Sit and Look Out”
《敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！》：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Dru ms”
二、Emily Dickinson爱米丽·狄金森1830-1886
1.她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，
和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌she wrote her whimsical, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.
2.她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的
家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力she and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love affair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.
3.她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品Emily,
however, refused to revise her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.
4.她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却
对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨Emily Dickinson’s poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them being based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life.
5.教材作品：《我品味未经酿造的饮料》：”I taste a liquor never brewed”
《我意识到一场葬礼》：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”
《鸟儿沿着小径过来》：”A Bird came Down the Walk-“
《我为美而死》：”I Died for Beauty-but Was Scarce”
《听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时》：”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“
《我不能等候死神》：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“
三、Harriet Beecher Stowe哈丽雅特·比彻·斯托1811-1896
1.她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天”，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希
望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士she was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared.
The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers.
2.1851年6月5日，系列小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》的第一集在《民族时代》专栏上开始连载，到1852年4月1
日最后一集刊登完成the novel “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”or “The Man That Was a Thing”, began serially in the National Era on June 5, 1851, and the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852.
3.这部小说被翻译成40多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自
己对两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动Since then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the author’s sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and his fellow slave Eliza,, the protagonists of the book’s two main plots.
4.《汤姆叔叔小屋题解》“A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin”with documented case histories to support what she had
portrayed fictionally. 1856年《德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事》“Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” attempt to repeat the theme and extend the argument of her masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery could not long survive.
5.教材作品：《汤姆叔叔的小屋》：“Uncle Tom’s Cabin”
四、Mark Twain 马克·吐温1835-1910
1.原名Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔·朗赫恩·克莱门斯。1847年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，
从1853年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯·比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生
活his formal education ended soon after his father’s death in 1847, when he became a printer’s apprentice. From 1853, he traveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river.国内战争爆发以后，他离开密西西比河，先后在军队当过志愿者，到内华达州掏过金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者he left the Mississippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and
a journalist.
2.在弗吉尼亚《企业》杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克·吐温”，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深while working
for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Twain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.
3.1865年，他第一本书《跳蛙》出版”Jumping Frog”;
1869年，《傻子国外旅行记》“Innocents Abroad”;
1872年，《艰苦岁月》“Roughing It”;
1873年，《镀金时代》“The Gilded Age”
1876年，《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;
1883年，《密西西比河上的生活》“Life on the Mississippi”;
1884年，《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;
1894年，《傻瓜威尔逊》“Pudd’n head Wilson”;
1900年，《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》“The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;
1906年，《什么是人？》“What is Man”;
1916年，《神秘来客》“The Mysterious Stranger”
4.晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶
毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，晚景凄凉，亲人相继离去he pointed towards his uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal bereavement.
5.教材作品：《汤姆·索亚历险记》“The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”
五、O. Henry 欧·亨利1862-1910
原名威廉·悉尼·波特（笔名欧·亨利）William Sidney Porter.
1.由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感兴趣,《安斯利杂志》的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿he wrote stories for
different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslee’s Magazing”
invited him to come to New York.
2.欧·亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很
短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured humor. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech are used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.
3.欧·亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，即使是成名以后也是这样His own estimate
of himself was always a very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame.
4.最好小说集《四百万》his best volume” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：《旧知》、《麦珙的礼物》、《市政报告》、
《没讲完的故事》、《月亮女神》、《吝啬爱人》、《装饰过的房间》，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”.
5.教材作品：《警察与赞美诗》：”The Cop and the Anthem”
六、Henry James亨利·詹姆斯1843-1916
1.他大部分教育是在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉he received the major
part of his education at home, his family’s travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry.
2.1871年，第一部小说《观察和守护》“Watch and Ward”;
1875年《罗德里克·赫德森》”Roderick Hudson”;
1877年《美国人》讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显得没底蕴“The American” with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life 1878年《达西·密勒》有人评论该作品是“对美国姑娘的嘲弄”，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first international fame.
1881年《一个贵妇人的画像》是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of James’s early work.
3.他第二个创作时期作品有：
1886年《波士顿人》“The Bostonians”
1886年《卡萨玛西玛公主》“The Princess Casamassima”;
1890年《悲惨的缪斯》“The Tragic Muse”
4.第三阶段作品有：
1902年《鸽翼》“The Wings of the Dove”;
1903年《大使》”The Ambassadors”
1904年《金碗》”The Golden Bowl”
这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段”exemplify the mature and formidable style of
a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.
5.同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物
情感的塑造较为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求，只有有了同步的心灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌不忙，慢慢咀嚼Unlike Howells Jame s’s greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridiculed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author.
6.原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面对种种冲
突，，进行深刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式helping to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest form of experience.
7.教材作品：《一个贵妇人的画像》：”The Portrait of A Lady”
七、Jack London杰克·伦敦1876-1916
1.他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后
下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle for survival.
2.1900年第一本故事集《狼子》：”The Son of the Wolf”;
1903年《荒野的呼唤》：”The Call of the Wild”;
1903年《深渊中的人们》”The People of the Abyss”;
1904年《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
1905年《附级的斗争》“The War of the Classes”;
1906年《白牙》”White Fang”
1908年《铁蹄》”The Iron Heel”
1909年纯自传小说《马丁·伊登》这部作品也是研究杰克·伦敦的核心学术文献“Martin Eden” a central document for London scholars.
1910年《革命》“Revolution”
其他作品《生活的法则》”The Law of Life”.
3.他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作
品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the context of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.
4.伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切
表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量London’s stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything down to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.
5.教材作品：《海狼》”The Sea Wolf”
《马丁·伊登》”Martin Eden”
八、Theodore Dreiser西奥多·德莱塞1871-1945
全名西奥多·赫尔曼·阿尔伯特·德莱塞Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser
1.从母亲那里他学会了与人为善，在幼小心里滋生了对弱者的同情心理，从父亲那里继承了注重道德的人个品
质及面对失败、失望、绝望时表现出的坚强不屈的意志from his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the face of failure, disappointment, and despair.
2.德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害
羞，同他小说中男女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考Dreiser’s childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fictional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.
3.1900年他的第一部小说《嘉莉妹妹》，小说讲述了嘉莉·米贝的发迹和G·W·赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通
过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of G·W·Hurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped punishment, and it used “strong” language and used names of living persons.
4.最为成功的短篇小说《尼吉尔·杰夫》、《巴塞尔·洛格劳的女儿》his best short fictions “Nigger Jeff” and “Butcher
Rogaum’s Daughter”
1910年《珍妮姑娘》”Jannie Gerhardt”
“欲望三部曲”：1912年《金融家》；1914年《巨人》及1947年的《斯多葛》，作品通过这三部作品开始了转变，即从描述无助悲惨的主人公的故事转向描写那些社会和商业上占支配地位的平凡的人的能力”Trilogy of Desire”: “The Financier”; “The Titan”; “The Stoic”, Dreiser shifted from the pathos of helpless protagonists to the power of those unusual individuals who assume dominant roles in business and society.
5.1915年《天才》”Genius”. 1928年《德莱塞访苏印象记》”Dreiser Looks at Russia”
6.1925年出版的最为恢宏，最为成功的小说《美国悲剧》表达了金钱万能的同样主题，作者通过自传性的生活
环境，社会现实及工业化细节等交织成一幅气势恢宏的场面，描写了书中年轻的主人公的行为方式，他获得满足的唯一方式好像就是不断地获取财富，如果必要还可以借助于婚姻the identification of potency with money is at the heart of Dreiser’s greatest and most successful novel, “An American Tragedy”. The Center of this immense novel’s thick texture of biographical circumstance, social fact, and industrial detail is a young man who acts as if the only way he can be truly fulfilled is by acquiring wealth-through marriage if necessary.
7.教材作品：《嘉莉妹妹》：”Sister Carrie”
PartⅤTwentieth-Century Literature二十世纪文学
一、Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德1885-1972
1.埃兹拉·卢米斯·庞德Ezra Loomis Pound。他是一位非常具有个性的诗人，他能把传统与令人深刻和大胆的创
新很熟练地结合起来he had a distinct poetic personality, he combined a command of the older tradition with impressive and often daring originality.他是一位多产的随笔作家，他不断地为纽约、伦敦、巴黎的小杂志撰稿，
然后把这些作品汇集到一起，于是便组成了一个令人兴奋的文学大世界，他坚持无私地扶持那些刚入道，没什么影响，而他认为有前途的文学艺术家，最为重要的可能就是他给T·S·爱略特的帮助了he was a prolific essayist for the little magazines of New York, London, Paris, which then constituted a large and exciting literary world. He unselfishly and persistently championed the experimental and often unpopular artists. Most important of all, perhaps, was the advice and encouragement which he gave to T·S· Eliot.
2.庞德和爱略特的作品都要求他们的读者熟悉古典作品，包括意大利和英国文艺复兴时期的作品，特别是欧洲
大陆地区文学，包括法国象征主义，庞德保持了作品的艰深晦涩风格 both Pound and Eliot required of their readers a familiarity with the classics, the productions of Italian and English Renaissance,, and specialized areas of Continental literature, including the works of the French symbolists. Pound’s continued to draw fundamentally upon his formidably recondite culture.
3.《向塞克斯图·普罗佩提多斯致敬》”Homage to Sextus Propertius”; 《人物》（或《面具》）”Personae” or “Masks”;
1920年《休·赛尔温·毛伯利》被看作是有关一战战争实质的讽刺类代表作”Hugh Selwyn Mauberley”, considered as a satire of the materialistic forces involved in World WarⅠ;
1917年开始创作《诗集》，截止1959年总首数已达109首，有点象但丁的《神曲》，也是由三个部分组成，结构较为松散，作品中的主人公是喜剧性的人而不是神，他认为人类文明的毁灭主要是由于人类的三个时期，即上古时期、复兴时期和现代时期缺乏信用所至”The Cantos”, began in 1917, by 1959, the numbered 109 poems.
The progressive series, exceeding the proposed limit of one hundred poems, are loosely connected cantos, like Dante’s “Divina Commedia” in three sections, but representing a comedy human, not divine, dealing with the wreck of civilizations by reason of the infidelity of mankind in the three epochs-the ancient world, the Renaissance, and the modern period.
4.二战期间，庞德代表意大利政府，运用广播形式对美国军队进行强烈的谴责。回国后作为美国公民，他因叛
国罪而遭起诉，但法庭审查时，被判无罪。1958年叛国起诉撤消后，又返回意大利，1972年在判去世during World War Ⅱ, Pound, on behalf of the Italian government, conducted radio broadcasts beamed at the American troops. He was returned to the United States as a citizen accused of treason, but on examination he was declared insane. After the treason charges were dismissed in 1958, Pound returned to Italy, where he died in 1972.
5.教材作品：《一台古钢琴》：”A Virginal”
《再次致意》：”Salutation the Second”
《合同》：”A Pact”
《地铁站台》”In a Station of the Metro”
《长干行》”The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter”
二、Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温·阿林顿·罗宾逊1869-1935
1.他是二十世纪最多产的美国新一代诗人之一。罗宾逊以律诗的形式，以这个小镇为背景创作了一部名叫《蒂
尔伯里小镇》的诗集，随后他出生的加德纳镇也因此而改名为蒂尔伯里 one of the most productive of the new poets of the 20th century. Gardiner later became “Tilbury Town”, the title of an early collection of Robinson’s poetry, and the background for a series of vivid character sketches in verse.
2.罗宾逊是在凄凉和贫穷之中开始自己的诗歌创作，走上他的诗人之路的，他居住在纽约环境最差的地方，平
时靠打零工来维持生活 Robison began his career as a poet in bleakness and poverty. He lived in difficult circumstances in New York City, working at various odd jobs. 西奥多·罗斯福总统得知他生活艰难情况后，于1905年把他安排在纽约一个海关开始担任一个小职员The President, Theodore Roosevelt, learning of the poet’s difficulties, in 1905 gave Robinson a clerk’s job in the customhouse in New York.
3.1904年《克雷格舰长》”Captain Craig”
4.1922, 1925, 1928年连续三次获得普利策文学奖he was honored with the Pulitzer Prize in …..
《理查·珂利》、《米尼弗·契维》是他现实主义创作取向的较好范例“Richard Cory” and “Miniver Cheevy” are good example of his realistic attitudes.
《本·琼生招待一个来自斯特拉福德的朋友》是一部关于莎士比亚性格特点的一个精彩评论“Ben Jonson Entertains a Man from Stratford” a brilliant commentary on Shakespeare’s character.
《默林》、《兰斯洛特》及《特拉斯特拉姆》是关于亚瑟王故事作品，从隐藏在人性中的缺点和阴暗面进行了深刻剖析，得出圆桌骑士团的衰落直至灭亡的原因“Merlin”, “Lancelot”, “Tristram”were about Arthurian
legends. Robinson typically explored the dark, hidden faults in human character that led to the decline and fall of the Round Table.
5.教材作品：《山上的古屋》：”The House on the Hill”
《理查·珂利》：”Richard Cory”
《米尼弗·契维》：”Miniver Cheevy”
三、Robert Frost罗伯特·弗洛斯特1874-1963
1.在去世时弗洛斯特已成为了美国民族诗人的翘首，曾四次获得普利策奖，美国国会还通过了庆祝他生日的一
个议案。在他87岁高龄时，在美国总统约翰·F·肯尼迪的就职仪式中，他还念了自己的一首诗歌by the end of his life he had become a national bard; he won four Pulitzer Prizes; the United States Senate passed resolutions honoring his birthdays, and when he was eighty-seven he read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F· Kennedy.
2.1912年决定闯荡文坛，航海到英国，1913年在伦敦出版了第一本诗集《小男孩的意志》in 1912 he decided to
venture everything on a literary career. He sailed for England. 1913, in London, his first book “A Boy’s Will” was published.
3.1914年第二部诗集《波士顿以北》，后回美国a second volume of poems “North of Boston”, then Frost returned.
1916年《山陵》”Mountain Interval”
1923年《新罕布什尔》”New Hampshire”
1928年《小河西流》”West-Running Brook”
1936年《又一片农场》”A Further Range”
1942年《智慧树》”A Witness Tree”
1947年《绒毛锈线菊》“Steeple Bush”
1962年《空旷地》”In the Clearing”
4.弗洛斯特反对当时的许多诗歌改革原则，相反奉行“旧瓶装新酒”的原则，采用旧形式来表达新内容，他采
用新英格兰乡村的朴实用语，特别偏好传统的抒情类和叙事类，短小精悍的格式，作为一个自然主义诗人，很明显，他的作品中体现了浪漫主义作家的一些风格，在他看来，大自然是比喻和象征的无穷宝藏，作品中没有宗都的说教和冥想的玄思，他的诗歌都浅显明了，经常探讨黑暗中的神秘，宇宙万物中的各种不同的荒凉和嘈杂的风景，其实这就是人类自身居住的世界的另外一种表现，这个世界复杂、无助、孤寂Frost had rejected the revolutionary poetic principles of his contemporanes, choosing instead “the old-fashioned way to be new”. He employed the plain speech of rural New Englanders and preferred the short, traditional forms of lyric and narrative, As a poet of nature he had obvious affinities with romantic writers. He saw nature as a storehouse of analogy and symbol, but he had little faith in religious dogma or speculative thought. His poetry, for all its apparent simplicity, often probes mysteries of darkness and irrationality in the bleak and chaotic landscapes of an indifferent universe where men stand alone, unaided and perplexed.
5.教材作品：《摘罢苹果》：”After Apple-Picking”
《没有走的路》：”The Road Not Taken”
《雪夜林边小立》：”Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”
《部分》：”Departmental”
《设计》：”Design”
《大多数》：”The Most of It”
四、Carl Sandburg卡尔·桑德堡1878-1967
1.在世时就获得了极高的评价，成为了美国电视观众所熟悉的诗人，美国人听他读他的诗作，吟唱他的民间故
事，听他讲述关于林肯的各种奇闻轶事he lived to enjoy enormous popular acclaim, by the end of his life he had become a familiar figure to national television audiences who listened to him read his poems, sing folk ballads and relate anecdotes about Lincoln.
2.同前辈惠特曼一样，桑德保的诗作描绘了美国人民生活的方方面面，描写了大草原及西部和东部的风光，他
把现代城市作为花边勾画出了一幅优美的图景，从民粹主义者激进观点出发，桑德堡歌颂那些被社会遗弃的人，歌颂那些曾为城市文明作出贡献的移民和普通老百姓，歌颂那些在工业文明化的过程中已逝的和存活下
来的人们with the precedent of Whitman behind them, they present a sweeping panorama of American life, encompassing priairie, eastern,, and western landscapes as well as vignettes of the modern city. They celebrate, from the standpoint of a Populist radical, the lives of outcasts, the contributions of immigrants and common people to urban culture, and the occupations of those who have survived or been sacrificed in the rise of industrial civilization.
3.1914年《芝加哥诗集》”Chicago Poems”
1918年《剥玉米的人》”Cornhuskers”
1920年《烟与钢》”Smoke and Steel”
1922年《太阳烧灼的西方石板》”Slabs of the Sunburnt West”
其它诗作《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs”; 《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson”
1936年《人民，是的》”People, Yes”
1927年《美国歌谣汇编》”The American Songbag”
1919年《芝加哥种族动乱》”The Chicago Race Riots”
《路特拜故事集》“The Rootabaga Stories” (for Children)
4.1929《摄影家斯泰肯》、1932年《玛丽·林肯》是他的二部传记性质的作品his biographies “Steichen the
Photographer” and “Mary Lincoln”他的散文代表作是《亚拍拉罕·林肯》，是一部纪念性的颂扬类传记His major work in prose was monumental and celebratory biography of Abraham Lincoln.
5.教材作品：《芝加哥》：”Chicago”
《港湾》：”The Harbor”
《雾》：”Fog”
《冰冷的墓》”Cool Tombs”
《闪烁的深红》”Flash Crimson”
《人民，是的》”The People, Yes”
五、Wallace Stevens华莱士·斯蒂文斯1879-1955
1.他是一位极有天分的业余诗人，他不太注重自己在文坛上的荣誉和地位，他更关注自己作品本身的一种完美，
他的作品的动机最初源于“秩序”的理念，他的“秩序”就是真理，就是自然与宇宙天然一致的次序，是人类与个体发现这种一致性的特权Wallace Stevens created his poetry as a gifted nonprofessional, less concerned about promoting his literary his literary reputation than about perfecting what he wrote. His work is primarily motivated by the belief that “ideas of order” that is, true ideas, correspond with an innate order in nature and the universe, and that it is the high privilege of individuals and mankind to discover this correspondence.
2.1923年《风琴》”Harmonium”;
1935年《关于秩序的思想》”Ideas of Order”
1937年《带蓝吉它的人》”The Man With the Blue Guitar”
1942年《一个世界的几个部分》”Parts of a World”
1947年《入夏》”Transport to Summer”
1950年《秋天的曙光》”The Auroras of Autumn”
1951年《必要的天使》”Necessary Angel”
1954年《诗歌选集》”Collected Poems”获得了国家图书奖及普利策奖he received the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize;
1957年《遗著》”Opus Posthumous”
1966年《书信集》”Letters”
其它作品：《谐音》“Harmonium”; 《星期六早晨》”Sunday Morning”.
3.他的作品滑稽、新奇、怪诞，他尝试过多种实验性写作风格，他作品中有法式优雅、奇异的幻想，及古怪的
声音，引人入胜的类比，深不可测的书名等，其后期作品中反映的主要是理想与现实中交叉的矛盾，构造一系列的对立，冥想和哲理成份越来越多，作为杰出文化精英，他的作品有时艰深，有时古奥，他也承认他的作品是“为自己建造的一座殿堂”Stevens invoked the comic, the strange, the bizarre. He adopted a variety of experimental styles, created poetic surfaces of Frenchified elegance, exotic imagery, odd sounds, curious analogies, and inscrutable titles. The problem of the interrelation between the ideal and the real became a constant theme in his later poetry and led him to elaborate a series of oppositions, he became in his later work increasingly meditative and philosophical, an intellectual elitist, at times difficult and obscure, who wrote, as he admitted “for a gallery of on e’s
own”.
4.教材作品：《彼得·昆士弹琴》:”Peter Quince at the Clavier”
《坛子的轶事》：”Anecdote of the Jar”
《冰淇淋皇帝》：”The Emperor of Ice-Cream”
六、Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯·斯特恩斯·爱略特1888-1965
1948年诺贝尔奖（won the Nobel Prize in 1948）
1.1917年第一本诗集《普鲁弗洛克及其它一些观察》his first book of poems “Prufrock and Other Observations”，
同他后来的大部分作品一样，这部作品触及到了人性中的软弱、沮丧等弱点，正确地思索了国家、人民、宗教信仰等的丧失like much of his later work it concerns various aspects of the frustration and enfeeblement of individual character as seen in perspective with the decay of states, peoples, and religious faith.
2.1920年第四部《诗集》发行，第一首诗为《小老头》his fourth volume “Poems”, with “Gerontion” as it’s leading
poem, published. 1920年还出版了诗集《圣林》其中还收入了几篇杂文，在《传统和个人天才》文章中，作者第一次阐释了自己的审美观，他提出的美学原理成为了现代评论极为有效的一种评判标准。知识、情感、体验的融合程度与集中程度是爱略特判定诗歌好坏的标准in 1920 also appeared “The Sacred Wood”, containing, among other essays, “Tradition and the Individual Talent”, the earliest statement of his aesthetics. The aesthetic principle which he first elaborated in this essay provided a useful instrument for modern criticism. The degree to which fusion and concentration of intellects feeling, and experience were achieved was Eliot’s criterion for judging the poem.
3.《荒原》是现代文学中的主要经典作品之一，讲述的主题就是第一次世界大战给人们的启示，荒原意味着西
方文明的衰落，现代人在精神上和文化上的颓废，采用讽刺性对比，大量使用了文学引用，该作品中作者还创造了一种新的文学形式，即相关的主题在连续运动中构成交响效果“The Waste Land”, one of the major works of modern literature. Its subject, the apparent failure of western civilization which World War I seemed to demonstrate, suggested the spiritual debility of the modern individual and his culture while in satirical counterpoint his Sweeney poems had symbolized the rising tide of anticultural infidelity and human baseness. It used abundant of literary reference. It also introduced a form-the orchestration of related themes in successive movements.
4.1925年《空心人》”The Hollow Men”
1930年《灰星期三》”Ash-Wednesday”
1943年《四个四重奏》”Four Quartets”
1924年，他的第二卷评论集《向德赖登致敬》”Homage to John Dryden”, his second volume of criticism
1932年《萎缩争论》”Sweeney Agonistes”; 《耶利尔诗集》”Ariel Poems”
1935年《大教堂凶杀案》”Murder in the Cathedral”
1936年《诗歌选集》、《论文集》、《古代和现代》“Collected Poems”, “Collected Essays”, “Ancient and Modern”
1933年《诗歌的用法和评论的用法》”The Uses of Poetry and the Uses of Criticism”
1952年《完美的诗歌与剧作》”The Complete Poems and Plays”
5.他的戏剧作品：1939年《家庭重聚》”The Family Reunion”
1949年《鸡尾酒会》”The Cocktail Part”
1953年《机要秘书》”The Confidential Clerk”
1958年《政界元老》”The Elder Statesman”
6.教材作品：《J·阿尔弗雷德·普鲁弗洛克的情歌》”The Love Song of J·Alfred Prufrock”
《序曲》”Preludes”
《三贤哲的旅程》“Journey of the Magi”
《空心人给老盖伊一文钱吧》“The Hollow Men A Penny for the Old Guy”
七、F· Scott Fitzgerald F·司格特·菲茨杰拉德1896-1940
1.1920年他第一本小说《人间天堂》”This Side of Paradise”取得名声后迎娶美人泽达won success, fame, and Zelda.
这本小说描写了美国“躁动青年”的放荡和随意生活，该作品在商业上立刻获得了极大的成功，泽达和菲茨杰拉德也决心过上他小说中描述的这种放荡无羁的生活，他们甚至有过之而无不及The book, with its portrayal of the casual dissipations of “flaming youth”, was an immediate commercial success, and Zelda and Scott Fitzgerald
attempted to live up to-or even beyond-his fictional portraits of scandalous young men and women.
2.第二本小说《漂亮的和该死的》”The beautiful and Damned”
《爵士时代故事集》”Tales of the Jazz Age”
《蔬菜》或叫《从邮递员到总统》”The Vegetable” or “from Postman to President”
3.1925年的《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”及1934年的《夜色温柔》“Tender Is the Night”，在这两部小
说中，菲茨杰拉德提示了外表闪耀着天真的时代中的刺耳喧嚣。他运用生动优雅的散文，揭露了美国拜金主义的空虚，表现了美国人对爱情、豪华生活和各种欲望无止境的追求had revealed the stridency of an age of glittering innocence. In vivid and graceful prose he had, at the same time, portrayed the hollowness of the American worship of riches and the unending American dream of love, splendor, and fulfilled desires.
4.教材作品：《了不起的盖茨比》”The Great Gatsby”
八、Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特·海明威1899-1961
1954年他因“现代叙述艺术的精湛技巧”而获得诺贝尔文学奖he was awarded a Nobel Prize for his “mastery of the art of modern narration”. 1961年在家自杀。
1.一战中作为美国在法国的救护队的一名志愿驾驶员到军队服役，后转移到意大利前线，后受重伤In World
War I, he volunteered to serve as a driver for an American ambulance unit in France, then transferred to duty on the Italian front, where he was seriously wounded.
2.他极大地推动了报告文学的发展，他认为报告文学句子结构要简单，用语要节制，想象要简练，要采用不受
感情影响的、戏剧化的语调he developed a spare, tight, reportorial prose based on simple sentence structure and using a restricted vocabulary, precise imagery, and an impersonal, dramatic tone.
3.1923年第一本书《三个故事和十篇诗歌》”Three Stories and Ten Poems”
4.1926年《太阳照样升起》”The Sun Also Rises”海明威逐渐成为了格特鲁特·斯泰因所说的“迷惘的一代”的
代言人Hemingway became the spokesman for what Gertrude Stein had called “a lost generation”.
5.对充斥于现代社会人们生活中的无聊、失败、死亡等，海明威有时做出的是消极评论，后来这种人生虚无主
义的观点进行了修改，他反复运用坚定的语气声称，人凭借自己的勇气和方式，还是有可能过上美好生活的，在海明威看来，人类最伟大莫过于在压力之下显示自己的从容，或“最大限度地挖掘自己使自己成为一个纯粹的人”His works have sometimes been read as an essentially negative commentary on a modern world filled with sterility, failure, and death. Yet such a nihilistic vision is repeatedly modified by Hemingway’s affirmative assertion of the possibility of living with style and courage. To Hemingway, ma n’s greatest achievement is to show grace under pressure, or “purity of line through the maximum of exposure”.
6.1929年《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
1932年《死在午后》”Death in the Afternoon”
1935年《非洲的青山》”The Green Hills of Africa”
1940年《丧钟为谁而呜》”For Whom the Bell Tolls”
1950年《过河入林》”Across the River and into the trees”
1952年《老人与海》”The Old Man and the Sea” (triumphant even in defeat)
7.教材作品：《永别了，武器》”A Farewell to Arms”
九、John Steinbeck约翰·斯坦贝克1902-1968
1.斯坦贝克对同时代社会问题的探讨，尤其是对无产农民的苦难的描写，于1940年获得普利策奖，1962年获
得了诺贝尔文学奖Steinbeck’s treatment of the social problems of his time, particularly the plight of the dispossessed farmer, earned him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940, and, in 1962, a Nobel Prize for literature.
2.他是二十世纪三十年代，美国大萧条时期最杰出的小说家was the foremost novelist of the American Depression
of the 1930s
3.由于他对人们苦难生活有着直接的接触，因此他的大部分作品表达的都是对那些移民工人和下层社会人们的
同情，他的作品反映的主要是体力劳动者的真实生活His sympathy for the migrant workers and the down-trodden, so evident in his writing, was the result of firsthand knowledge of their struggles. His writing reflected his concern with the rituals of manual labor.
4.1935年《托蒂亚平地》”Tortilla Flat”
《胜负未决的战斗》”In Dubious Battle”
1937年《鼠与人》”Of Mice and Men”
1938年《长谷》“The Long Valley”
1939年《愤怒的葡萄》“The Grapes of Wrath”, 作品讲述的是“奥克斯”人从一个长期遭受干旱和沙暴袭击的“沙尘谷”地区移民到加利福尼亚的一段故事，故事在移民的梦想破灭和悲惨的结局中结束，书中他肯定了普通老百姓为了生活与生命抗争的顽强品质showed the migration of the “Okies”from the “Dust Bowls”to California, a migration that ended in broken dreams and misery but at the same time affirmed the ability of the common people to endure and prevail.
19441年《科特兹之海》”The Sea of Cortez”
5.教材作品：《愤怒的葡萄》”The Grapes of Wrath”
十、William Faulkner威廉·福克纳1897-1962
1950年获诺贝尔文学奖
1.1．1931年《圣殿》”Sanctuary”; 1927年《沙多里斯》”Sartoris”.随后他开始认识到“故乡的一枚小小邮票也
值得去写，故乡有它一辈子也写不完的素材，我把这些素材经过升华，最后成为小说，有了这些基础以后，我可以随心所欲地达到一种绝对的高境界。打开别人的金矿，为自己创造了一个宇宙”then he “discovered”, as he said later, “that my own little postage stamp of native soil was worth writing about and that I would never live long enough to exhaust it and that by sublimating the actual into the apocryphal I would have complete liberty to use whatever talent I might have to its absolute top. It opened up a gold mine of other people, so I created a cosmos of my own”.
2.1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury”
1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying”
1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”
1934年《马蒂诺医生和其它故事选》”Doctor Martino and Others Stories”
1949年《大树林》”Big Woods”
1936年《押沙龙，押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”
1942年《去吧，摩西》”Go Down, Moses”
史努比家族三部曲，第1部1940年《小乡村》，第2部1957年《小镇》，第3部《大宅》，the trilogy on the Snopes family: “The Hamlet”, “The Town”, “The Mansion”.
3.尽管福克纳一生几乎都是在密西西比度过的，但他游历却非常广泛，他作品的中心主题却是不局限在牛津，
“人类心灵与自己冲突”才是宇宙永恒的主题although his home 也不在密西西比河，甚至也不在美国，在他看来，
was always in Mississippi, Faulkner traveled extensively. His central theme, however, was not Oxford, or Mississippi, or even America. It was, as he put it, the universal theme of “the problems of the human heart in conflict with itself”. 教材作品：《给艾米莉小姐的玫瑰》：“A Rose for Emily”
附：作者及作品（第一、二册）
一、殖民主义时期The Literature of Colonial America
1．船长约翰·史密斯Captain John Smith
《自殖民地第一次在弗吉尼亚垦荒以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍》
“A True Relation of Such Occurrences and Accidents of Note as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony”
《弗吉尼亚地图，附：一个乡村的描述》
“A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country”
《弗吉尼亚通史》“General History of Virginia”
2．威廉·布拉德福德William Bradford
《普利茅斯开发历史》“The History of Plymouth Plantation”3．约翰·温思罗普John Winthrop
《新英格兰历史》“The History of New England”
4．罗杰·威廉姆斯Roger Williams
《开启美国语言的钥匙》”A Key into the Language of America”
或叫《美洲新英格兰部分土著居民语言指南》
Or “A Help to the Language of the Natives in That Part of America Called New England ”
5．安妮·布莱德斯特Anne Bradstreet
《在美洲诞生的第十个谬斯》
”The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America”
二、理性和革命时期文学The Literature of Reason and Revolution 1。本杰明·富兰克林Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)
※《自传》“ The Autobiography ”
《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac”
2。托马斯·佩因Thomas Paine (1737-1809)
※《美国危机》“The American Crisis”
《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of the Excise”《常识》“Common Sense”
《人权》“Rights of Man”
《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”
《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”
3。托马斯·杰弗逊Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
※《独立宣言》“The Declaration of I ndependence”
4。菲利浦·弗瑞诺Philip Freneau (1752-1832)
※《野忍冬花》“The Wild Honey Suckle”
※《印第安人的坟地》“The Indian Burying Ground”
※《致凯提·迪德》“To a Caty-Did”
《想象的力量》“The Power of Fancy”
《夜屋》“The House of Night”
《英国囚船》“The British Prison Ship”
《战争后期弗瑞诺主要诗歌集》
“The Poems of Philip Freneau Written Chiefly During the Late War”
《札记》“Miscellaneous Works”
三、浪漫主义文学The Literature of Romanticism
1。华盛顿·欧文Washington Irving (1783-1859)
※《作者自叙》“The Author’s Account of Himself”※《睡谷传奇》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow”
《见闻札记》“Sketch Book”
《乔纳森·欧尔德斯泰尔》“Jonathan Oldstyle”
《纽约外史》“A History of New York”
《布雷斯布里奇庄园》“Bracebridge Hall”
《旅行者故事》“Tales of Traveller”
《查理二世》或《快乐君主》“Charles the Second” Or “The Merry Monarch”
《克里斯托弗·哥伦布生平及航海历史》
“A History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus”
《格拉纳达征服编年史》”A Chronicle of the Conquest of Grandada”
《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》
”V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus”《阿尔罕布拉》“Alhambra”
《西班牙征服传说》“Legends of the Conquest of Spain”《草原游记》“A Tour on the Prairies”
《阿斯托里亚》“Astoria”
《博纳维尔船长历险记》“The Adventures of Captain Bonneville”《奥立弗·戈尔德史密斯》”Life of Oliver Goldsmith”
《乔治·华盛顿传》“Life of George Washington”2．詹姆斯·芬尼莫·库珀James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851) ※《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《间谍》“The Spy”
《领航者》“The Pilot”
《美国海军》“U.S. Navy”
《皮袜子故事集》“Leather Stocking Tales”
包括《杀鹿者》、《探路人》”The Deerslayer”, ”The Pathfinder”
《最后的莫希干人》“The Last of the Mohicans”
《拓荒者》、《大草原》“The Pioneers”, “The Praire”
3。威廉·卡伦·布莱恩特William Cullen Bryant (1794-1878) ※《死之思考》“Thanatopsis”
※《致水鸟》“To a Waterfowl”
4。埃德加·阿伦·坡Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849)
※《给海伦》“To Helen”
※《乌鸦》“The Raven”
※《安娜贝尔·李》“Annabel Lee”
※《鄂榭府崩溃记》“The Fall of the House of Usher”《金瓶子城的方德先生》“Ms. Found in a Bottle”
《述异集》“Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque”5。拉尔夫·沃尔多·爱默生Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) ※《论自然》“Nature”
※《论自助》“Self-Reliance”
《美国学者》“The American Scholar”
《神学院致辞》“The Divinity School Address”《随笔集》“Essays”
《代表》“Representative Men”
《英国人》“English Traits”
《诗集》“Poems”
6。亨利·戴维·梭罗Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862)
※《沃尔登我生活的地方我为何生活》
“Walden Where I Lived, and What I Lived For”
《平民反抗》“Civil Disobedience”
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
美国文学重点的名词解释
New England Transcendentalism: Philosophically, Transcendentalism means the recognition in man of the capacity of knowing truth intuitively, or of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses. New England Transcendentalism stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature. Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is enabling and the individual is divine and therefore, self-reliant. The leading figure of New England Transcendentalism is Emerson and Thoreau. American Romanticism: It is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. Being a period of the great flowering of American literat ure, it is also called “the American Renaissance.” American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allen Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others. Free Verse: Poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme American Puritanism: The first settlers who came to America wer e called “Puritans”, so named after because they wished to “purify” the religious practice in the church. They established their own religious and moral principles as American Puritanism, which stressed predestination, original sin, total depravity, and li mited atonement from God’s grace. American Puritanism is one of the enduring influences in American thought and American literature. American Puritanism was greatly influenced by Calvinism. Symbolism: Symbolism is the practice of representing things by means of symbols or of attributing symbolic meanings or significance to objects, events, or relationships. American Literature: Literature refers to body of work which for whatever reason deserves to be preserved as part of the reproduction of meaning within a given culture. It mainly includes novel, drama, poetry, short stories, biography and some other forms. American Literature refers to literature written by Americans in English. Epic A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down. Analysis "To a Waterfowl" is written in iambic trimeter and iambic pentameter, consisting of eight stanzas of four lines. The poem represents early stages of American Romanticism through celebration of Nature and God's presence within Nature. Bryant is acknowledged as skillful at depicting American scenery but his natural details are often combined with a universal moral, as in "To a Waterfowl" Figures of speech alliteration metaphor anaphora personification:
英美文学学习笔记-The_Romantic_Period-EL1
Chapter 3 The Romantic Period-the English Literature A basic introduction to the romantic period. 1) Began in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament. 2) what are the characxteristics of the Romantic literature? A) In poetry writing, the Romantics employed new theories and innovated new techniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the "Lyrical Ballads"acts as a manifesto for the new school B)The Romantics not only extol the faculty of Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. B) The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration. C) They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominant subject. D) Romantics also tend to be nationalistic. 3) The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. 4) We can say that Romanticism actually consitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer 1) Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet , shwoing a contempt for the rule of reason,i th l i l t diti f th 18th t d t i th i di id l'i i ti )y y g world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.William Blake opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century, and treasuring the individual's imagination.2) The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy and innocent world, though not without its evils and sufferings; his Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery,poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone . 3) particularly the practice of selling young children into apprenticeships, a practice which provides the context for the opening lines of the "Chimney Sweeper." The two "Chimney Sweeper" poems are good examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance,i.e.the exploitation of child labor,examples to reveal the relation between an economic circumstance, i.e. the exploitation of child labor,and an ideological cir cumstance, i.e. the role played by religion in making people compliant to exploitation. The poem from the Songs of Innocence indicates the conditions which make religion a consolation, a prospect of "illusory happiness;" the poem from the Songs of Experience reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor children. 4) Blake's Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity(天堂与地狱的结合一诗标志着他创作上的成熟). 5) The Bok of Urizen, The Book of Los, The Four Zoas, and Milton (尤来森之书，洛斯之书，四个左义斯，弥尔顿）。 The Tyger The Chimney Sweeper ( from Songs of Innocence/Experien ce)
美国文学史复习资料
美国文学史复习（colonialism) 第一部分殖民主义时期的文学 一、时期综述 1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记 2、清教徒在美国的写作内容： 1）their voyage to the new land 2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops 3) About dealing with Indians 4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit 3、清教徒的思想： 1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式 2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位 3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝 4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。 4、典型的清教徒：John Cotton & Roger William 他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America. 5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。没有任何政治秩序和教会体制能够直接体现神本身的意旨。 6、英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet 7、在殖民时期最好的清教徒诗人：the best of Puritan poets is Edward Tayor. 学习指南： 1、Could you give a description of American Puritans? 关于美国清教徒的描绘 Like their brothers back in England, were idealists, believing that the church should be restored to the "purity" of the first-century church as established by Jesus Christ himself. To them religion was a matter of primary importance. They made it their chief business to see that man lived and thought and acted in a way which tended to the glory of God. They accepted the doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God, all that John Calvin, the great French theologian who lived in Geneva had preached. It was this kind of religious belief that they brought with them into the wildness. There they meaant to prove that were God's chosen people enjoying his blessings on this earth as in Heaven. 2、Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the Puritan values that dominated much of the earliest American writing. 3、The work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet & Edward Taylor, rose to the level of real poetry.
英国文学笔记
Middle English Middle English is the stage in the history of the English language during the High and Late Middle Ages, or roughly during the four centuries between the late 11th and the late 15th century.For three centuries after Norman conquest , two languages were were used side by side in England , Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, used in official and formal conditions.however the inflectional system of old English was weakened and a large number of French words had been absorbed.and many inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified. Romance Romance is a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.Romance , in the original sense of the word , means the native language,as opposed to Latin,and later it means a tale in verse, embodying the life and adventures of knights. John wycliff He was one of the first man who demand to reform the church in order to do away with the corruption and rottenness, he was the one who translate the bible into standard english. His translation for bible is a great contribution to english literature ,as well as english lanuage. For he fixed a national standard for englsih prose to replace various dialects. His work owned him the title of father of english prose. William langland He is the author of Piers Plowman 《农夫皮尔斯》or the vision of piers plowman.The story takes the form of an allegory, but it gives a realsitic picture of 14th century England, (an allegory is a story or description in which the characters and events symbolize some deeper underlying meaning,and serve to spread moral teaching)in his work , within the scope of allegorical characters, the lives of the religious people and the laymen are vividly portrayed.the corruption and the rottenness of the church people are truthfully exposed. Chaucer （The Canterbury Tales） Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, father of English literature.was born, about 1340, in London. Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced the "heroic couplet"into English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.
常耀信美国文学知识点
Introduction 1. The Youngest National Literature 1781 (Independence War) --- 2012= about 200 years 2. Great achievement: 1930-1980, nine American writers won the Nobel Prize The Periods of American Literature 1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765) 2. The period of enlightenment and Independence War (1765-1800) 3. The romantic period (1800 - 1865) 4. The realistic period (1865 - 1914) 5. The period of modernism (1914 - 1945) 6. The Contemporary Literature (1945 -) Chapter I Colonial America American Puritanism 1. The beliefs and practices characteristic of Puritans(most of whom were Calvinists who wished to purify the Church of England of its Catholic aspects) 2. Strictness and austerity in conduct and religion Puritans‘ religio us belief: Calvinism ◆John Calvin, the great French theologian. The principal concepts: 1) Original sin and total depravity. 2) Predestination 3) Salvation of selected few ◆ The Puritans carried with them to America a code of values, a philosophy of life, and a point of view, which, in time, took root in the New world and became what is known as American Puritanism. (p11) The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature 1) Idealism（optimism） 2) Symbolism 3) Simplicity in writing Significance of Puritanism With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets. Time: From the arrival of the first settlers in the early 17th century to the end of the 18th century Literary Features 1. Forms Personal literature in various forms --- diaries, histories, common books (札记)，journals, letters, travel books, sermons etc. 2. Content 1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people ―at home‖ what life was like in the new world 2) highly theoretical discussions of religious questions. 3. Style In Style, English literary traditions were imitated and transplanted. Early writers in the colonial period John Smith, a captain, one of the founders of the colony of Jamestown, Virginia; the writer of A Description of New England. William Bradford, the first governor of the Plymouth Plantation, his writing: Of Plymouth Plantation (P16) John Winthrop, the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, In his famous speech A Model of Christian Charity ,he states that there was a agreement between God and his people of building a new Garden of Eden in the new world. (P17) Therefore let us choose life, 所以，让我们选择生活， that we and our seed 这样，我们和我们的后代， may live by obeying His 可以听从上帝的声音， voice and cleaving to Him, 须臾不离上帝， for He is our life and 因为，上帝是我们的生命， our prosperity. 我们的兴旺 1
美国文学复习大纲
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英国文学史及选读__复习要点总结
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