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2014年职称英语综合类考试教材概况大意文章及译文（3）2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。小编为您整理职称英语教材中，概括大意部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。

English and English Community

1 There is no denying that1 English is a useful language. The people who speak English today make up the largest speech community in the world with the exception of speakers of Chinese. Originally they were small tribes of people from northern Europe who settled in England. Their languages became more and more similar to each other. Finally, the language had enough uniformity

2 to be used by all speakers in England. The people were united into a speech community through their shared language.

2 A speech community is similar to other kinds of communities. The people who make up the conimunity share a common language. Often they live side by side, as they do in aneighborhood, a village, or a city. More often they form a whole country. National boundaries, however, are not always the same as the boundaries of a speech community. A speech community is any group of people who speak the same language no matter where they happen to live.

3 We may say that anyone who speaks English belongs to the English speech community. For convenience3, we may classify the speakers into two groups: one in which the speakers use English as their native language, the other in which the speakers learn English as a second language for the purpose of education, commerce, and so on.

4 English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.4 English has been adoptedas the language of air traffic, commerce, as well as international diplomacy. Moreover, English is the language of the majority of published materials in the world so that education has come to rely heavily on an understanding of English.

5 Learning a second language extends one's vision and expands the mind. The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture;5 a knowledge of them adds to our ability to understand and to feel as they feel. Learning English as a second language provides another means of communication through which the window of the

entire English speech community becomes a part of our heritage.

注释：

1.There is no denying that…：毫无疑问……

2.uniformity：一致性。uniformity是uniform的名词形式。全句译为：最终，这种语言具有足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。

3.for convenience：意为“为了……方便起见”

4.English serves as an alternative language in several areas of public activity for the many nations of the world which employ it as an international second language.对世界上许多在国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。

5.The history and literature of a second language record the real and fictional lives of people and their culture.第二语言记载的历史和文学记述了一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化。句中history和real lives相对应，literature和fictional lives相对应。

练习：

1.Paragraph 2_________

2.Paragraph 3_________

3.Paragraph 4_________

4.Paragraph 5_________

A The Wide Use of English

B Historical Account of English and Its Community

C The Advantages of Learning a Second Language

D The Composition of the English Community

E The Threat That English Poses to Other Languages

F The Definition of a Speech Community

5.Only through the shared language_________.

6 The idea of the national boundaries is often different from_________.

7.Speakers are classified into two groups_________.

8.An understanding of English_________.

A that of a speech community

B can a speech community be formed

C in order to learn English better

D for the sake of simplicity

E has played an important role in the field of education

F is widely used in several areas of public activity

答案与题解：

1.F 此段解释何为语言群体，最后一句话是关键，可以看做是语言群体的定义。

2.D 此段是讲英语语言群体包括的两类人，所以用composition“构成”一词。

3.A 此段讲述英语在全世界许多领域被广泛应用，如航空、商务、外交、教育等。

4.C 此段主要谈的是学习第二语言的益处，最后一句话更具体到学习英语的益处。

5.B 答案来自第一段最后一句，说明人们是通过他们所拥有的共同语言组成一个语言群体。以only 开头的句子谓语部分要求使用倒装句。

6.A 第二段第四句话表明国界与语言群体的界限并不总是一致的。that用来替代the+有关前述名词，以避免重复。

7.D 第三段第二句表明，为了方便起见我们将说话者分为两类。for the sake of指“出于……的考虑”。

8.E 第四段最后一句话表明教育越来越依赖对英语的理解。也就是说对英语的理解能力在教育中起着重要的作用。

译文：英语和英语群体

毫无疑问英语是一种有用的语言。现在说英语的人构成类除了汉语者之外最大的语言群体。最初他们是从北欧定居英格兰的一些小部落。他们的语言变得越来越相似。最终，这种语言具有类足够的统一性，致使所有在英格兰居住的人都能使用。人们由于共享同一种语言而组成了一个语言群体。

一个语言群体和其他类型的群体相似。构成这个群体的人共同使用一种语言。通常他们彼此相邻，就像四邻、一个村庄或城市那样。通常他们组成一个国家。然而国界并不一定是一种语言群体的分界线。一个语言群体是讲同一种语言的人群，无论他们住在哪里。

我们可以说讲英语的人都属于英语语言群体。为了方便起见，我们可以把说英语的人分为两类：第一类中讲话者把英语作为他的母语，另一类中讲话者因为教育、商业等目的把英语作为第二语言来学。

对世界上许多国际交往中把英语作为第二语言的国家来说，英语是在公共活动的几个领域中可供选用的语言之一。英语被用作空中交通、商业和国际外交的语言。而且，英语是世界上大部分出版物所用的语言，因此教育开始严重地依赖对英语的理解。

学习第二语言能开阔人的眼界和拓宽人的思维。第二语言记载的历史和文学记述类一个民族真实和虚构的生活和文化;了解它们能够提高我们的理解力，并且像他们那样去感受。把英语作为第二外语来学口语提供另一种交流途径，通过这个途径整个英语语言群体的窗口就成为我们的文化遗产的一部分。

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2013职称英语阅读理解英文及译文 2013年新增（一）阅读判断 1.第一篇：Taking Pictures of the world 2.*第十二篇：Starting a New Tradition （二）概括大意与完成句子 1.第五篇：US Signs Global Tobacco Treaty 2.第八篇：How We Form First Impression （三）阅读理解 1.第三篇：Shark Attack ！ 2.第五篇：The Travels of Ibn Battuta 12年新增的篇目：第1、8、10、11、16、19、20、26、30、33、34、35、37、38、47篇 13年新增的篇目：第3、5篇。 12年第8篇(C级)第33篇B级，第35篇A级2012年已考 职称英语阅读理解文章译文(参加综合A、B、C级考试需要掌握文章) 3 第一篇讲述关于人们的故事 Telling Tales about People 第二篇课外学习带来很大不同 4 Outside-the-classroom Learning Makes a Big Difference 5 第三篇小心鲨鱼 5 Shark Attack! 6 第四篇火鸡盛宴和感恩节的祝福 6 Feast on Turkey and Good Wishes at Thanksgiving 7 第五篇伊本白图泰游记7 The Travels of Ibn Battuta 8 第六篇看电视与长途汽车旅行9 TV Shows and Long Bus Trips 10 第七篇现代日光浴者10 Modern Sun Worshippers 11 第八篇变化中的中产阶级11 The Changing Middle Class 12 第九篇单亲幼儿最出色12 Single-parent Kids Do Best 13 第十篇艾伦的来信13 A Letter from Alan 14 第十一篇芭蕾舞的发展14 The Development of Ballet 15 第十二篇走私15 Smuggling 15 第十三篇芭比娃娃16 The Barbie Dolls 16 第十四篇睡眠17 Sleep 17

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https://www.sodocs.net/doc/701608686.html,/ .375. School Lunch Research has shown that over half the children in Britain who take their own lunches to school do not eat properly in the middle of the day.In Britain schools have to provide meals at lunchtime.Children can choose to bring their own food or have lunch at the school canteen. One shocking finding of this research is that school meals are much healthier than lunches prepared by parents.There are strict standards for the preparation of school meals,which have to include one portion of fruit and one of vegetables,as well as meat,a dairy item and starchy food like bread or pasta.Lunchboxes examined by researchers contained sweet drinks,crisps and chocolate bars.Children consume twice as much sugar as they should at lunch time. The research will provide a better understanding of why the percentage of overweight students in Britain has increased in the last decade.Unfortunately,the government cannot criticise parents,but it can remind them of the nutritional value of milk,fruit and vegetables.Small changes in their children’s diet can_affect their future health.Children can easily develop bad eating_habits at this age,and parents are the only ones who can prevent it.A Powerful Influence There can be no doubt at all that the Internet has made a huge difference1to our lives.Parents are worried that children spend too much time playing on the Internet,hardly ever doing anything else in their spare time.Naturally,parents are curious to find out why the Internet is so attractive,and they want to know if it can be harmful for their children.Should parents worry if their children are spending that much time staring at their computers? Obviously,if children are bent over their computers for hours,absorbed in some game,instead of doing their homework,then something is wrong.Parents and children could decide how much use the child should_make of the Internet,and the child should give his or her word that it won’t interfere with homework.If the child is not holding to this arrangement,the parent can take more drastic steps dealing with a child’s use of the Internet is not much different from negotiating any other sort of bargain about behaviour.Any parent who is_seriously alarmed about a child’s behaviour should make an appointment to discuss the matter with a teacher.Spending time in front of the screen does not necessarily affect a child’s performance at school.Even if a child is absolutely crazy about using the Internet,he or she is probably just going through a phase,and in a few months there will be something else to worry about!The Old Gate In the Middle Ages the vast majority of European cities had walls around them.This was partly for defensive reasons but another factor was the need to keep out anyone regarded as undesirable,like people with contagious diseases.The Old City of London gates were all demolished by the end of the 18th century.The last of London’s gates was removed a century ago,but by a stroke of luck,it was never destroyed. This gate is,in actual fact,not called a gate at all;its name is Temple Bar,and it marked the boundary between the Old City of London and Westminster.In 1878the Council of London took the Bar down,numbered the stones and put the gate in storage because its design was unfashionable it was expensive to maintain and it was blocking the traffic. The Temple Bar Trust was set up in the 1970’s with the intention of returning the gate home.The aim of the Trust is the preservation of the nation’s architectural heritage.Transporting the gate will mean physically pulling it down,stone by stone,removing and rebuilding it near St Paul’s Cathedral.Most of the facade of the gate will probably be replaced,though there is a good chance that the basic structure will be sound.The hardest job of all,however,will be to recreate the statues of the monarchs that once stood on top of the gate.Family History In an age when technology is developing faster than ever before,many people are being attracted to the idea of looking back into the past.One way they can do this is by investigating their own family history.They can try to find out more about where their families came from and what they did.This is now a fast-growing hobby,especially in countries with a fairly short history,like Australia and the United States. It is one thing to spend some time going through a book on family history and to take the decision to investigate your own family’s past.It is quite another to carry out the research work successfully.It is easy to set about it in a disorganized way and_cause yourself many problems which could have been avoided with a little forward planning. If your own family stories tell you that you are connected with a famous character,whether hero or criminal,do not let this idea take over your research.Just treat it as an interesting possibility.A simple system for collecting and storing your information will be adequate to start with;a more complex one may only get in your way.The most important thing,though,is to get started.Who knows what you might find? Helen and Martin With a thoughtful sigh,Helen turned away from the window and walked back to her favourite armchair.Would her brother never arrive?For a brief moment,she wondered if she really cared that much. Over the years Helen had given up waiting for Martin to take an interest in her.Her feelings for him had gradually weakened until now,as she sat waiting for him,she experienced no more than a sister’s curiosity to see what had become of her brother. Almost without warning,Martin had lost his job with a busy publishing company after spending the last eight years in New York as a key figure in the US office.Somehow the two of them hadn’t bothered to keep in touch and,left alone,Helen had slowly found