最新-2018年职称英语综合B建华版小抄字典小抄 精品

*第六篇Brands

The word brand is a comprehensive term that encompasses other narrower terms.

A brand is a name, term, symbol, and/or special design that is intended to identify the goods or services of one seller or group of sellers. A brand differentiates one seller’s products from those of competitors. A brand name consists of words, letters, and/or numbers that can be vocalized. A brand mark is the part of the brand that appears in the form of a symbol, design, or distinctive coloring or lettering. It is recognized by sight but may not be expressed when a person pronounces the brand name.

A trademark is a brand that is given legal protection because, under the law, it has been appropriated by one seller. Thus trademark is essentially a legal term. All trademarks are brands and thus include the words, letters, or numbers that can be pronounced. They may also include a pictorial design. Some people erroneously believe that the trademark is only the pictorial part of the brand.

One major method of classifying brands is on the basis of who owns them—producers or middlemen. Sunbeam, Florsheim, Spalding (athletic products), and Sara Lee are producers’brands, while Allstate, Shurfine, Sysco, Craftsman, and Penncrest are middlemen's brands.

The terms national and private have been used to describe producer and middleman brand ownership, respectively. However, marketing people prefer the producer middleman terminology. To say that the brand of poultry feed marketed in three states by a small Birmingham, Alabama, manufacturer is a national brand, whereas the brands of Penney’s or Sears are private brands, stretches the meaning of the terms national and private.

译文：品牌

品牌是一个综合性的术语，它包括其他范围更小的术语。一种品牌可以是一个名字、一个术语、一个符号或是一个特殊的标志，用以区别不同卖主或卖主群体的货物或劳务。品牌可以把一个卖主的商品同其他竞争者的商品区分开来。一个品觯的名字由可以清晰读出的单词、字母及数字组成。商标是品牌的一个组成部分，其形式为一个符号、一种图案、一种与众不同的色彩或字母书写。它可以从视觉上确认，但在读品牌的名学时不一定能表达出来。

商标是受法律保护的品牌，因为依据法律，它已被卖主占有了。因此，商标实质上是一个法律术语。所有的商标都是品牌，它也就包括可以被读出的单词、字母及数字。商标上也可能有图案设计。有些人错误地认为，商标仅是品觯中

的图案部分。

品牌分类的一种主要方法是依据其所有人——制造商和中间商来划分。山比母、弗拉什姆、斯巴尔丁（体育用品）和萨拉李等是制造商的品牌，而奥斯泰特、舒费因、赛斯克、克拉夫茨曼和Penncrest则是中间商的品牌。’

国有和私有这两个术语分别用于描述制造商与中间商的品牌所有权。不过，销售人员更偏爱生产者——中间商这个术语。我们说阿拉巴马州伯明翰市一家小广生产的、在三个州都有出售的家禽饲料为国有品牌，而Penney's或Sears 为私有品牌，就把国有和私有这两个术语的意思引申了。

*第八篇Easy Learning

Students should be jealous. Not only do babies get to doze their days away, but they’ve also mastered the fine art of learning in their sleep.

By the time babies are a year old they can recognize a lot of sounds and even simple words. Marie Cheour at the University of Turku in Finland suspected that they might progress this fast because they learn language while they sleep as well as when they are awake.

To test the theory, Cheour and her colleagues studied 45 newborn babies in the first few days of their lives. They exposed all the infants to an hour of Finnish vowel sounds—one that sounds like “oo”, another like “ee”and a third boundary vowel peculiar to Finnish and similar languages that sounds like something in between. EEG recordings of the infant’s brains before and after the session showed that the newborns could not distinguish the sounds.

Fifteen of the babies then went back with their mothers, while the rest were split into two sleep-study groups. One group was exposed throughout their night-time sleeping hours to the same three vowels, while the others listened to other, easier-to-distinguish vowel sounds.

When tested in the morning, and again in the evening, the babies who’d heard the tricky boundary vowel all night showed brainwave activity indicating that they could now recognise this new sound. They could identify the sound even when its pitch was changed, while none of the other babies could pick up the boundary vowel at all.

Cheour doesn’t know how babies accomplish this night-time learning, bunt she suspects that the special ability might indicate that unlike adults, babies don’t “turn off”their cerebral cortex while they sleep. The skill probably fades in the course of the first year of life, she adds—so forget the idea that you can pick up tricky French vowels as an adult just by slipping a language tape under your pillow. But while it may not help grown-ups, Cheour is

hoping to use the sleeping hours to give remedial help to babies who are genetically at risk of language disorders.

译文：容易的学习

学生们应该感到嫉妒。婴儿们不仅整天睡觉，而且他们还能在睡眠中掌握学习的艺术。婴儿到了一周岁时，他们可以识别出很多音，甚至一些简单的单词。芬兰Turku大学的Marie Cheour怀疑他们进步这么快的原因可能是他们不仅在醒着时学语言，而且在睡觉时也在学语言。

为了检验这个理论，Cheour 和她的同事们在45个新生儿生命最初的几天里对他们进行了研究。他们让所有的婴儿听一个小时的芬兰元音"一其中一个类似“00”，另一个类似“ee”，还有一个芬兰语和类似语言特有的边界音，听起来像两者之间的声音。在此之If和之后的婴儿大脑的脑电图记录显示新生儿不能辨别这几个声音。

然后，其中15个婴儿随他们的母亲回去了，而另外的婴儿被分成两个睡觉时学习小组。一个组的婴儿夜间睡觉的时候还放着同样三个元音的录音，而其他的婴儿只听其他的较容易区分的元音。

在早晚各进行了测试之后，那些整晚都在听难识别的边界音的婴儿显示出的脑波活动说明他们现在能够识别这个新声音了。甚至当这个音的音调变化时他们仍能够识别出来，而其的婴儿没有一个能识别这个边界音的。

Cheour不知道婴儿是如何完成这个夜间学习的,但是她怀疑这种特殊能力说明跟大人不一样，婴儿睡觉时没有把大脑皮层“关掉”。她接着说，这种技能可能在生命的最初过程中渐渐消失，因应忘掉这样一个想法，即你作为一个成年人只需要把一盘语言录音带塞在枕头下面就可以学会法语中一些麻烦的音。伹是，虽然这并不能帮助成年人，Chedtir希望这些睡眠时间可用来帮助那些从基因上来说会发生语言障碍的婴儿。*第十篇The Workers' Role in Management

Traditionally, it has been the workers' role to work and management's role to manage. Managers have planned and directed the firm's operations with little thought to consulting the labor force. Managers have rarely felt compelled to obtain the workers' opinions or to explain their decisions to their employees. At most, companies have provided"suggestion boxes" in which workers could place ideas for improving procedures. In recent years, however, many management specialists have been arguing that workers are more than sellers of labor一they have a vital stake in the companyand may be able to make significant contributions to its management. Furthermore, major company decisions profoundly affect workers and their dependents. This is particularly true of plant

职称英语核心词汇汇总

职称英语核心词汇汇总

职称英语考试备考技巧 一、词汇： 需要考生在最后阶段练习查字典，建议一天练习查60对，而且一个词汇题要反、正查，同时也要进行职称考试中常考词汇的记忆，这样可以在考试时提高速度，节省时间。 词汇题一般情况下仅凭字典一般也能做对，因此考生对自己不认识、不熟悉或没有绝对把握的题一定要通过字典来确认，从而确保词汇题100%的正确率。特别提醒考生，考试时要带上一本带有同义词的词典。且词典不能含有职称、考试等字样，更不能带电子词典。 二、阅读判断： 答题时需掌握一条原则，就是在文章中有明确提出的才能确定为对。题目中若出现must、only、all、always等时，答案一般不会是对的。 除上面的原则外，一般根据下列原则和规律也可以确定正确答案。选择A、B或C的三种情况： 选A的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全一致或基本一致 选B的情况：如果某题干与原文信息完全相反 选C的情况：如果某题干部分或局部信息在原文中未提到 三、概括大意和完成句子： 概括大意要先看选项，寻找关键词，确定所考段落。完成句子则要根据所给的短句进行选择，比较好的方法是找同类动词。 同时读每段话时，要抓住该段话的主题句和核心词汇，正确答案常常是主题句的改写。读每段话时，并不是该段话全要仔细阅读。这样，既浪费时间，也不容易抓住重点。应该抓住该段话的主题句。 四、阅读理解： 首先要重点掌握教材上的阅读理解的重点文章的背诵，来抓住出自教材上的分数，这是顺利通过考试很关键的一步。

同时充分利用老师在课上讲的解题技巧，如大标题做题法、红花绿叶原则、顺序出题原则、关键词回归定位法通过做模拟试题来进行解题技巧的演练和应用。 在做题时要注意：搞清主旨题、细节题、推理题、逻辑关系题、观点态度题。注意标题、首尾段、首尾句、逻辑关系处、细节处等出题点；在阅读时见到日期、数量等要先做好标记，这样有重点有理有节的解题，才有可能取得满意的成绩。 五、补全短文： 要先看标题定文体，再看选项，观察选项时应注意抓主干，猜大意，弄清选项大意是表示定义、因果、例子还是措施；不要放过代词、专用名字、连接词、数字等特征词；然后回头再去看课文，明确1-5的位置。 解每道题时只需要阅读该题所在段落，不需要阅读其他段落。往往通过阅读该题目的前后句就能够确定答案，在考试时，应该注意利用以下前后句子存在的关系来做题： (1)利用转折关系 (2)利用归纳总结关系 (3)利用总分关系 (4)利用并列关系 六、完形填空： (1)掌握教材上的文章内容，尤其是2013年新增文章。把这些文章在考前一个月内，争取背到“滚瓜烂熟”，这样，就算考试时怎样变化都可以应付。 (2)语法知识的总结和固定搭配、词组的记忆。这样在做题时，阅读整篇文章，考生才能从头判断每个空所缺的词的语言形式，如词类、时态、语态，并判断该词应具有的符合文章上下文的词义，最后从给出的四个选项中，选出在语法与词义上均与原文相符合的一个。除掌握以上解题技巧外，考生最好配合在模拟真实的考试时间进行模拟试题的演练，这样不但可以直接掌握复习效果，还可以迅速找到自己的薄弱环节，通过单项训练，逐一提高成绩。最后，提醒考生，在抓紧时间复习的同时要放松心情，以轻松的心态迎接考试。预祝顺利通过考试！ 全国职称英语考试必过秘籍（免背单词+免读全文版） 1、试题概况及答题顺序 1.1、必杀技：见下表中“答题顺序”：

职称英语考试全文翻译-Youth Emancipation in Spain

Youth Emancipation in Spain西班牙年轻人的解放 The Spanish Government is so worried about the number of young adults still living with their parents that it has decided to help them leave the nest.西班牙政府正担心他们国家的大龄青年一直跟他们父母住一起，政府已经决定帮助他们离开家。 Around 55 percent of people aged 18～34 in Spain still sleep in their parents' home, says the latest report from the country's state-run Institute of Youth.大约55％的18?34岁的人在西班牙还睡在自己的父母家，根据国家青年协会的最新报告。 To coax(劝诱)young people from their homes, the Institute started a "Youth Emancipation(解放)” programme this month. The programme offers guidance in finding rooms and jobs.为了哄年轻人离开他们的家，这个月研究所开始了“青年解放”。此项活动为年轻人寻找客房和工作提供指导。 Economists blame young people's family dependence on the precarious(不稳定的)labour market and increasing housing prices. Housing prices have risen 17 percent a year since 2,000.经济学家指责年轻人的家庭受困于不稳定的劳动力市场和住房价格上升。2000年以来，房屋价格已经上涨了17％。 Cultural reasons also contribute to the problem, say sociologists(社会学家).Family ties in south Europe — Italy, Portugal and Greece — are stronger than those in middle and north Europe, said Spanish sociologist Almudena Moreno Minguez in her report "The Late Emancipation of Spanish Youth: Key for Understanding"，文化因素也有利于解释问题，社会学家说，在南欧洲的意大利、葡萄牙和希腊的家庭关系强于在欧洲中部和北部，西班牙社会学家阿尔穆德纳，莫雷诺Minguez在她的报告中写道，“晚解放的西班牙青年---关键在于理解“ “In general 2, young people in Spain firmly believe in 3 the family as the main body around which their private life is organized," said Minguez.“一般情况下，在西班牙，年轻人认同在家庭为主体的组织萦绕着他们的私人生活”Minguez说。 In Spain — especially in the countryside, it is not uncommon to find entire groups of aunts, uncles, cousins, nieces and nephews(外甥/侄子)all living on the same street. They regularly get together for Sunday dinner.在西班牙，特别是在农村，这是不难发现，整个群体的阿姨，叔叔，表兄弟姐妹，侄女和侄子都生活在同一条街上。他们经常聚在一起周日晚餐。 Parents' tolerance is another factor. Spanish parents accept late-night partying and are wary of 4 set-ting bedtime rules.家长的耐受性是另一个因素。西班牙接受父母深夜开派对和警惕的设置睡前规则。 “A child can arrive home at whatever time he wants. If parents complain he'll put up a fight and call the father a fascist,” said Jose Antonio Gomez Yanez, a sociologist at Carlos III University in Madrid.“孩子可以在任何时间回家。如果家长抱怨，他们就会抗争并认为父母是个法西斯，在马德里卡洛斯三世大学的社会学家何塞·安东尼奥·亚涅斯·戈麦斯说。 Mothers' willingness to do children's household chores(家务)worsens the problem. Dionisio Masso, a 60-year-old in Madrid, has three children in their 20s 6. The eldest 28, has a girlfriend and a job. But life with mum is good.母亲们的情愿做孩子的家务使得问题恶化。今年60岁，生活在马德里，有三个孩子在20多岁的Dionisio Masso， 最年长的儿子28岁，有一个女朋友和一个工作。但是她儿子说与妈妈一起生活是不错。

2013年职称英语综合类B级真题及答案(基本完整版)

2013年职称英语综合类B级真题及答案(基本完整版) 第1部分：词汇选项(第1~15题，每题1分，共15分)下面每个句子中均有1个词或者短语有括号，请为每处括号部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。 1. Come out，or I’ll bust the door down. A shut B break C set D beat 2. The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town. A naked B blind C cautious D private 3. The rules are too rigid to allow for human error. A general B inflexible C complex D direct 4. It seemed incredible that he had been there a week already. A right B unbelievable C obvious D unclear 5. These animals migrate south annually in search of food. A explore B inhabit C prefer D travel 6. Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems. A send B hear C confirm D spread 7. She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8. I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9. As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused，waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk.

国家技术职称评定条件和方法

助理职称评定条件（1）大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作一年以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作二年以上。 （3）中专毕业，从事专业技术工作三年以上。 （4）高中毕业，从事专业技术工作七年以上。 （5）初中以下学历人员，从事专业技术工作十年以上，同时应具备员级职务。 中级职称评定条件 （1）大学本科毕业，从事专业技术工作五年以上，担任助理职务四年 以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作六年以上，担任助理职务四年 以上。 （3）中专（高中）毕业，从事专业技术工作十年以上，担任助理职务 四年以上。 （4）初中以下学历人员须从事专业技术工作十五年以上，担任助理职 务四年以上。 编辑本段 高级职称评定条件 （1）大学本科毕业，从事专业工作十年以上，担任中级职称职务五年以上。 （2）大学专科毕业，从事专业技术工作十五年以上，并担任中级职称职务五年以上。 （3）中专、高中毕业，从事专业技术工作二十年以上，并担任中级职称职务五年以上。 并且要到当地的人事部门进行学习培训(lucrehuang )

凡符合上述申报条件的人员，还必须遵纪守法，具有良好职业道德，能认真履行岗位职责，在本专业岗位上做出显著成绩，且具备相应的专业理论水平和实际工作能力；此外一般还需要参加职称英语、职称计算机考试，同时必须有相关论文。 编辑本段 职称破格申报条件 为了不拘一格选拔人才，对确有真才实学，成绩显著、贡献突出的人 员，可以不受学历、资历的限制破格申报高、中级职务任职资格。 1. 破格申报高级职务者必须具有下列条件中的二条： （1）、获得部、省级表彰的学科带头人；地市级以上有突出贡献的中、 青年专家；荣获国家、省级表彰的乡镇企业家或优秀厂长、经理。 （2）、获得国家科技进步三等奖以上；省、部二等奖以上；地市一等奖以上（含发明奖、成果奖、自然科学奖、星火奖）项目的主要完成者；获得国家级金、银产品奖或省、部级名牌产品奖或优秀工程奖的主要生产技术负责人；创国家级、省级新产品奖的主要生产技术负责人。 （3）、直接主持完成大型项目或全面负责大中型企业生产经营管理工作或对非公有制企业技术发展作出突出贡献，取得明显经济效益者；企业连续二年营业收入在2000万元以上（省确定的山区县1000万元以上）、或利税在400万元以上（省确定的山区县200万元以上）的主要负责人。 （4）、在技术发明、创新、改造、专利、推广、应用中，取得的经济 效益连续二年（申报高级职务的前二年）占本企业利税总额（400万元以上，贫困山区200万元以上）20%以上的主要技术负责人。 （5）、对本专业技术岗位的工作创立了有价值的经验，并在省内同行业中推广的主要贡献者；担任中级职务期间，成绩显著，并获得省级以上先进工作者称号的；或者在地市以上报刊或会议上发表过两篇以上被同行专家认定为有价值的学术论文，或正式出版过有价值的著作或译著。

职称英语综合类B级 13

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a branch of/a division of a quarter of/a fourth of abandon/give up/desert/cease/stop/quit abide by/ stick to/ adhere to abnormal/ unusual abrupt/ sudden/unexpected abundant/plentiful/adequate/suffi cient/enough accelerate/ step up/quicken/speed up acclaim/hail acceptable/satisfactorily account for/ explain account/consideration/takeint accout/explain accumulate/ collect/gather/buildup accuse …of/ charge… with achieve/ attain/get/gain/abtain adhere/to follow/stick fast adverse/unfavorable advisable/wise aim /goal aircraft/plane/aeroplane alike/similer alleviate/ lessen/relieve allocate /assign/distribute/gaven allow/permit alternative/ choice almost/nearly/vcitually/practicall y although/while/though an improved/a better annoying/irritating/unpleasant annuallay/every year anyhow/anyway appalling/dreadful appear/be seen/come into view/ be in sight apply to/put into / use / action / operation /function appraisal/evaluation argue/contend arise/get up arouse/excite/wake assemble/gather assert/state firmly assume/postulate astonish/surprise at any price/for love or money at once/immediately at stake/in danger attend/go to attend to/wait on attraction/lure/temptation authentically/genuinely authority/government

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7.She came across three children sleeping under a bridge. A found by chance B passed by C took a notice of D woke up 8.I have little information as regards her fitness for the post. A about B at C with D from 9.As a politician，he knows how to manipulate public opinion. A express B divide C influence D voice 10. He was tempted by the high salary offered by the company. A taught B kept C changed D attracted 11. He paused，waiting for her to digest the information. A withhold B exchange C understand D contact 12. Make sure the table is securely anchored. A repaired B cleared C booked D fixed 13. She gets aggressive when she is drunk. A offensive B worried

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4 Everybody was glad to see Mary back A．sorry B．sad C．angry D．happy 5 What is your goal in life？ A．plan B．aim C．arrangement D．idea 6 Jack is a diligent student. A．hardworking B．ambitious C．lazy D．slow 7 Mary said mildly， that she was just curious A．gently B．shyly C．weakly

8 Practically all animals communicate through sounds. A．Clearly B．Almost C．Absolutely D．Basically 9 The story was very touching. A．inspiring B．boring C．moving D．absorbing 10 I wasn't qualified for the job really, but I got it anyhow. A．somehow B．anyway C．anywhere D．somewhere 11 She was a puzzle.

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