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考研英语常用语法(精华版)

考研英语常用语法(精华版)
考研英语常用语法(精华版)

考研英语十二大基础语法体系

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学地道的英语的两个重要方法:parallel writing, and reverse translation,即平行写作和逆翻译。所谓平行写作,就是模仿英语的句子写类似的句子。而逆翻译就是先把英语译成汉语,或根据汉语的译文,再把汉语翻译成英语,再把英语译文同原文比较,分析差异。这两种方法能避免汉语式英语。

二、被动语态

在英语中,语态是动词的一种形式,表示主语和谓语的关系。英语动词有两种语态,即主动语态和被动语态。主动语态(active voice) 表示主语是动作的执行者;被动语态(passive voice)表示主语是动作的承受者。如:

More and more people use computers now.(主动语态)

Computers are more and more widely used now.(被动语态)

English is spoken all over the world. (被动语态)

(二)英汉两种语言在表达被动方式上的差异

汉语表达被动语态非常简单明了,用“被”“遭”“受”等词来表示,如“被捕”、“被杀”、“受到凌辱”等。而英语表达被动的方式也不复杂,用“助动词be+动词的过去分词”表示。其中助动词be有人称、数量和时态的变化,而这正是英语被动语态的难点。

(三)被动语态的构成

被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。这里要强调一定是及物动词的过去分词,因为不及物动词不能带宾语,也就不可能有被动语态。英语主动语态有16个时态;被动语态

(四)被动语态的用法

1、不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者。换个说法,有一件事情不知道是谁干的或者不想说出是谁干的,这时就用被动语态。例如:

I felt a littlie nervous when I was being interviewed. 我接受面试的时候,有点紧张。These fighters are imported from Russia. 这些战斗机是从俄国进口的。

2、说话或发表意见时,为了显得客观公正,也常用被动语态

He’s said/believed/reported to be in the U. S. A. 据说/据信/据报道他在美国。

还有下列常用句型(that后面跟句子):

It is said that…….据说

It is rep orted that…….据报道

It is hoped that…….希望

It is believed that…….人们相信

It is announced that…….据宣布

it is (well) known that…….众所周知

It has been decided that…….已经决定

It is supposed that…….人们认为

It is suggested that…….有人建议

It must be remembered that…….务必记住

It is taken for granted that…….被视为当然

(五)主动句变被动句的注意事项

一是时态不能改变;二是变为被动语态后,谓语动词要和被动语态的主语在人称、数上保持一致。

还要作如下变动:把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语;主动语态的主语放在by的后面,组成介词短语,再把这个介词短语放在被动语态的谓语动词之后。在动作的执行者无须说明或不必要强调时,by短语可以省略。例如:

They will open a new supermarket there soon. 他们很快将在那里开办个新超市。

A new supermarket will be opened there soon. 一个新超市不久将在那里开办。

如果主动语态有两个宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语),变为被动语态时,可将其中任何一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变。但较常见的是将间接宾语变为被动语态的主语。

The reporters asked the president some questions. 记者们问了总统一些问题。

The president was asked some questions by the reporters. (变间接宾语为主语)Some questions were asked the president by the reporters. (变直接宾语为主语)(六)含有情态动词的被动语态

句中含有情态动词时,其被动语态的结构是:情态动词+be+过去分词:

The timetable can be changed any time. 时间表随时可以改变。

This book may not be taken out of the reading room. 这本书不允许带出阅览室。

(七)关于被动语态的几点说明

1、有些动词形式上是主动,意义上是被动。例如:

School begins in September. 学校九月份开学。

The library doesn’t open on Sunday.图书馆星期天不开放。

The machine runs well. 这台机器容易操作。

My pen writes well. 我的钢笔好使。

2、make, see, watch, hear, notice, feel等使役动词和感官动词的宾语后面可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。但在被动语态中,不定式符号to必须补上。例如:

They made him go. 他们让他去。

He was made to go. 他被要求去了。

3、除助动词be外,动词get有时也可跟过去分词构成被动语态,是比较口语化的一种被动语态。这种结构中很少用by短语。例如:

In the end this story got translated into English. 这故事最后被译成了英文。

His car got damaged in a road accident. 他的车在交通事故中被毁了。

4、“have/get+宾语+过去分词”这个句型也表达了一种被动的意思。如:

I’ll have the bike repaired in no time. 我一会就把自行车修好。

I had my wallet stolen/lost last Sunday when I was shopping. 上星期天买东西的时候我的钱夹被盗。

5、在need, want, require后面,主动的-ing形式表达被动的意思:

My watch needs cleaning. (=…needs to be cleaned)我的表需要清洗。

Your garden needs watering. (=…to be watered)你的花园需要浇水。

三、虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人的愿望,是假设的,虚构的,与事实相反的,或者是不太可能的。

英汉两种语言表达虚拟语气的方式差异:

在英语中,虚拟语气是通过句子中谓语动词的特殊形式来表示的。掌握虚拟语气中所使用的各种谓语动词形式变化是掌握虚拟语气的关键,这也是虚拟语气的难点。

(一)虚拟语气用于表示假设的条件状语从句,状语从句相当于汉语的“假如…” “要是…”等。

If she invites me tomorrow, I shall go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我就去。(主将从现,此句不是虚拟语气)

请把这句话与下面虚拟语气的带条件从句的主从复合句进行比较:

1)If she invited me, I should go to the party. 假如她邀请我参加聚会,我就去。(说话人认为邀请的可能性较小或不可能。对现在的虚拟)

2)If she had invited me yesterday, I should have gone to the party. 假如她昨天邀请我参加聚会,我就去了。(对过去的虚拟)

3)If she should invite me tomorrow, I should go to the party. 如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。(对将来的虚拟)

从以上例句可以看出:虚拟语气的条件句是用谓语动词的特殊形式来表示与现在、过去事实相反的情况或对将来发生的情况表示怀疑,和直陈语气条件句的谓语动词形式以及所表达的含义完全不同。虚拟语气条件句中所用的谓语动词过去式、过去完成式、过去将来式等只表示不同的虚拟语气,与直陈语气句子的过去时、过去完成时等毫无关系。

现将虚拟语气在条件句中的各种具体形式和用法分述如下:

1、对现在的虚拟,表示与现在事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去式(be 的过去式用were。而主句中的谓语动词用would (should, could, might) + 动词原形。

2、对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时,

4、当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间来调整。这与以上三种情况不同,虚拟语气的谓语动词形式没有遵循以上规律。

5. 以上句型可以转换成以下形式:

1)条件状语从句省略if:在书面语中,如果条件状语从句的谓语中有were, had 或should, 就可以省略if, 并将were, had 或should 放到句首,谓语主语之前,用“Were/Had/Should + 主语”的形式。这种虚拟语气在意义上与带if 的条件状语从句相同。

2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。(可以改为条件状语从句)。例如:

Without air, there would be no living things.

But for your help, I couldn’t have done it.

3)用其他方式代替条件状语从句(可以改写为条件状语从句。)例如:

It would produce bad results to do that. 用动词不定式=If you did that/should do that, it would produce bad results.

6、虚拟语气省略条件从句或主句

表示虚拟语气的条件句的主句或从句有时可以省略,而省略部分的含义仍有所体现。(二)虚拟语气的其他句型和用法

1、用在“wish+宾语从句”中,表示很难实现或不能实现的愿望,可以翻译为“但愿…”, “悔不该…”等。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;表示将来的愿望,从句的谓语动词用“w ould (could)+动词原形”;对过去的事情表示愿望,从句的谓语动词用“had+过去分词” 或“could + have + 过去分词”。Wish 后面的宾语从句必须用虚拟语气,不管这个愿望是否能实现。如:

I wish it were Spring all the year round.

I wish you could go with us.

We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.

2、用在as if/as though,或even if/even though引导的从句中: 这时,如果从句中表示的动作发生在过去,则谓语动词用had+过去分词形式;如果指的时现在的状况,则用过去式(be 用were);指将来则用would(should, could)+动词原形。这里只看从句动作发生的时间,与主句的时态没有关系。

3、在It is (high) time (that)…句型中,后面的从句的谓语动词常用过去式(be的过去式用were), 或用should+动词原形(should 不能省略)来表示。这句话的意思是“(现在)该…”。It is time we left/should leave.

It is high time that you got married.

4、在I would rather (that)…句型中,后面从句的谓语动词用过去式(be的过去式用were)。这句话的意思是“我宁可…”,表示说话人的意愿。

I’d rather I were in the rain now.

I’d rather you did not tell him.

5、用在suppose开头的祈使句中,从句的谓语动词变化与as if后面的动词变化规律相同,用过去式、过去完成式、或过去将来式。意思是“假如…”,但suppose 是动词,不是连词。如:

Suppose the boss walked in. What should I do?

6、用在for fear that或lest引导的从句中,表示“怕…”“万一…”等意思。从句的谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。如:

She closed the windows for fear that she (should) catch cold.

The officer forbade the use of artillery lest the city’s industry (should) be damaged.

7. 在表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词,如arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest, beg, move(提议)后面的宾语从句中,谓语动词用(should)+动词原形,而引导宾语从句的that 不能省略。例如:

We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.

We insisted that they (should) go with us.

He demanded that we (should) start right away.

The commander ordered that the bridge (should) be bombed.

8、使用上述表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词派生的名词,或在这些动词用作名词时,名词之后的从句用虚拟语气,即从句的谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。从句的引导词that 不能省略。如:

He made a request that he (should) be allowed to take 3 days off. = He requested that he be allowed to take 3 days off.

Our suggestion is that education not be industrialized. = We suggest that education not be industrialized.

.

9、上述动词在It is suggested that…, It is required that…, It’s requested that…, It’s ordered that…, It’s arranged that…句型中,that 之后的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用(should)+动词原形,但引导词that 不能省略。如:

It was suggested that he attend the conference.

It was requested that the trial be openly reported.

10、在It’s important (imperative, necessary, essential, vital, desirable, advisable, better) that…句型中,that 引导的从句用虚拟语气,即谓语动词用(should)+动词原形。这个句型表示说话人的意见、要求等。

It is essential that there should be enough food and clothing for the winter.

It is desirable that your wedding be postponed until next July.

It is imperative that the board chairman be present at the board meeting.

另外,在一些习惯用语中也有虚拟语气的形式。

May you be happy!

Long live the People’s Republic of China!

总之,虚拟语气是英语中的一个难点,因为虚拟语气的用法和句型较多,动词的变化比较复杂。根据动词的变化,大致可以把虚拟语气分为三种:

一种是动词用过去式,过去分词式,或过去将来式,这主要是用if…, wish, suppose的情况;

一种是动词用(should)+动词原形,这主要用于表示建议、要求、命令等意思的动词或名词后面所接的从句,以及It is important (necessary) that…后面所接的从句;

一种是动词用过去式,如It is (high) time (that)…和I would rather 后面的从句。

四、非谓语动词

非谓语动词没有人称和数的变化。需要特别注意的是:英语的单句一般只有而且必须有

一个主谓结构,即一个谓语,如果单句中出现了另外的动词,这些动词就要改变成非谓语形式。非谓语动词是不随人称和数的变化而变化的,它们不受人称和数的限定,所以又叫“非

限定动词”。动词在句子中除了充当谓语外,还可以起名词、形容词或副词的作用,在句子

中充当主语、宾语、表语、补语、定语和状语,这就是动词的非谓语形式。当句子中需要用某种动作作主语、宾语或作某种修饰、说明的成分时,就要使用这种形式。

动词的非谓语形式有三种:

(1)动词不定式:to study (to + 动词原形)

(2)分词:studying (现在分词)、studied (过去分词)

(3)动名词:studying (形式与现在分词相同)

动词非谓语形式仍具有动词的一般特征,可以带有宾语、状语等构成短语。

A、动词不定式

形式是“to+动词原形”。to是不定式符号,无词义。其否定式是在to前面加上not, never等否定词。不定式可以有自己的逻辑主语,由for引出,加在不定式短语前面。

如果不定式的逻辑主语是表示不定式动作的承受者,则不定式用被动语态。所谓逻辑主语,就是指非谓语动词等动作的执行者。由于非谓语动词等带有动词的特征,但又不是谓语动词,所以这个动作的执行者就不能称为主语,而在逻辑上又是这个动作的执行者,所以就称为逻辑主语。

如果不定式在逻辑上的主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者,这个不定式一般要用被动语态。疑问词(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how还包括whether)等后面加不定式构成不定式短语,可做主语,表语,宾语等。

(一)作主语。在不定式短语作主语的句子中,往往用it 作形式主语,而把不定式短语放在句子的后面,避免头重脚轻现象的出现。如:

It’s difficult to know oneself.

Never to offend anyone is my principle. 永远不得罪任何人就是我的原则。

It’s against nature to remain single.保持单身是违反自然的。

T o see is to believe. 眼见为实。

It’s not proper for us not to accept the invitation.我们不接受邀请不合适。(否定)

但是,当描写人的性格和特点的形容词做表语时,不定式的逻辑主语由of 引出:careless,clever,cruel,foolish,good,kind ,naughty,nice,polite,right,rude,silly,stupid,unwise,wise,wrong。“It is +形容词+of sb + to do sth”这样的句型更强调某人如何如何,可以改写为:“Sb + be + 形容词+ to do sth.” 而“for sb to do sth”这一结构更强调做某事如何如何。例如:

1、It is difficult for me to learn English.

2、It is unwise of you to go to the United States at this time.

3、It’s very kind of yo u to come to see us off.

4、It’s extremely cruel of John to kill animals.

(二)作宾语及宾语补语。

1、有些及物动词常用动词不定式作宾语。

I agreed to support him. 我答应支持他。

He said he wanted to be a professor. 他说他想当教授。

2、不定式可以和how, which, what, who, whom, whose, when, where还有whether等词连用作宾语。

I don’t know where to get so much money. 我不知道去哪里搞这么多钱。

They haven’t decided whether to leave or stay. 他们还没决定是走还是留。

此外,这种不定式结构还可作主语,表语,和介词宾语等。

How to live a happy life is a difficult question to answer. The question is whom to choose for the position. 问题是这个位置选谁。

That was a discussion about how to increase their strength.

He said nothing about what to do with her. 关于拿她怎么办,他啥也没说。

3、有些动词需要不定式作宾语补足语。

I asked my mother to buy a new bike for me. 我请求妈妈给我买辆新自行车。

They helped you to get o n the bus, didn’t they? 他们帮你上了汽车,是吗?

4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。这样的动词有:feel觉得,have使,hear 听见,help帮助,let让,listen to 听,look at看,make使,notice 注意,see看见,observe 观察,watch观看等,一类是感官动词,一类是使役动词。

A policeman saw the accident happen. 一位警察看见事故发生。

We listened to her talk about her experience abroad. 我们听她讲国外的经历。

在被动语态中,上述动词后面的不定式要把省去的to还原。

I heard the dog come in. 我听见那条狗进来。

=The dog was heard to come in. 有人听见那条狗进来。

I saw her go out by bike. 我看见她骑着自行车出去了。

=She was seen to go out by bike. 有人看见她骑着自行车出去了。

在had better(最好),would rather(宁愿),would sooner(宁愿),would (just) as soon (宁愿),cannot but(不能不,不由得不),cannot help but(不能不,不由得不)等成语后面也跟不带to的不定式:

He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人也不愿自己说。

He would sooner play than work. 他宁愿玩也不愿干活。

You had better go away right now. 你最好立即就走。

She’d sooner stay at home.

I would just as soon stay as go. 我宁愿住下也不愿去。

We couldn’t but weep at the sad news.

Rather than和sooner than同义,都是“宁可”“与其…(不如)”“不是…(而是)”的意思。当它们放在句首时,其后跟不带to的不定式;在其它位置时其后的不定式可带也可不

带to

Rather than risk breaking up his marriage, he told his wife everything.

Rather than cause trouble, he left. 他宁可走开而不愿引起麻烦。

Sooner than marry that man, she would earn her living as a waitress.

He decided to write rather than telephone. 他决定写信,不打电话。

The manager believes it is important to invest in new machinery rather than to increase wages. 经理相信重要的是投资买新机器,而不是增加工资。

4、有些动词要求省掉to的不定式作宾语补语。

在Why 起首的疑问句中跟不带to的不定式:

Why not come with us? 为什么不跟我们一起来呢?=Why don\' t you come with us? Why not go for a game of tennis? 为什么不去打网球呢?

5、不定式作宾语而后面还有宾语补语时,常用it来代替不定式短语,作形式宾语,而把真正作宾语的不定式短语放在补足语后面。常见的动词有:consider认为,feel觉得,find发现,make使,think认为,等。

I think it best to go. 我想最好走。

Do you consider it right to send our doctors over? 你觉得派我们的医生去对吗?

I found it strange for her not to come today. 我发现她今天没来是很奇怪的。

注意:hope希望,demand要求,suggest建议,这三个词不能跟不定式作宾补。

错误的句子:

I hope you to be happy. 我希望你快乐。

I suggest you to take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。

We demanded them to give us a definite answer.我们要求他们给个确切的答复。

正确的句子:

I hope that you’ll be happy. 我希望你快乐。

I suggest that you take him seriously. 我建议你要把他当回事。

We demanded that they give us a definite answer. 我们要求他们给个确切的答复。

(三)作定语。

不定式短语作定语时,一般放在被修饰的词之后,有些名词的后面常用不定式作定语。常见的有:ability能力,agreement一致,协议,ambition抱负、野心,anxiety焦急,attempt 试图,campaign战役,chance机会,claim声称,courage勇气,decision决定,determination决心,drive努力,eagerness殷切的心情,effort努力,failure失败,hope 希望,intention目的意图,motive force动力,movement运动、协议,need需要,opportunity机会,plan计划,promise诺言,readiness乐意,refusal拒绝,reluctance 勉强不愿,resolution决心,tendency倾向,right权力,struggle斗争,threat威胁,time 时候,way方法,willingness愿意,wish希望。

与这些词相对应的形容词或动词常接动词不定式。如ability →be able to, refusal →refuse to 等。

作定语时不定式表示将要发生的动作。

Have you got a key to unlock this door? 你有开这个门的钥匙吗?

He needs a place to live in. 他需要有个住的地方。

I have not a friend to talk with. 我没有能谈心的朋友。

作定语时,也可以给不定式加上主语。例如:

The order for the army to start has been given. 已经发出了让部队开始的命令。

The power for science to serve mankind is limitless. 科学为人类服务的力量是无穷的。

(四)作表语。放在系动词之后。

T o gamble is to commit suicide, but not to get rich. 赌博就是自杀,而不是致富。

T o criticize others is to make enemies. 批评别人就是树敌。

T o do everything is to do nothing. 什么都做等于什么也做不成。

(五)不定式短语和疑问词连用(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how,还包括whether)

(1)做主语。

Who to turn to is what she wants to know. 找谁帮忙是她想知道的。

It’s problem what to do. 干什么还是个问题。

How to be wealthy, healthy and happy will always remain a question mark.

(2)做表语。

The question is which to take first. 问题是先拿哪一个。

The question is which of the methods to adopt. 问题是采取这些方法中的哪一个。

(3)作宾语。

I’ve found out wh ere to buy them cheaply. 我发现了在哪里买这些东西便宜。

Do you remember when totch off the machine? 你记得什么时候关掉机器吗?

(4)做定语。

I must find a pen with which to fill in this form. 我必须找支钢笔填表用。

Nobel began to seek ways in which to make the explosive safer to handle.诺贝尔开始寻找那种炸药操作起来更安全的方法。

(六)作状语。不定式短语作状语,表示目的、原因、结果等。位置一般在句尾或句首。(1)表示目的。如:

We waved flags, beat drums and blew bugles to encourage the players. 我们摇旗擂鼓吹号,来鼓励运动员。

They went to the U.S.A. not to study English but to study law and business. 他们去了美国,不是为了学英语,而是为了学法律和商务。

为了强调,有时用in order to (为了)或so as to (以便)加动词原形,放在句首或句尾均可。

In order to improve my English, I read China Daily every day. 为了提高英语水平,我每天都看《中国日报》。

He took a taxi so as not to miss the train. 为了不误火车,他坐了出租车。

有些不定式习惯用语放在句首或句尾,作独立成分。

T o be frank(with you), this is not satisfactory. 老实(和你)说,这不令人满意。

T o be fair, she is an honest girl. 说句公道话,她是一个诚实的姑娘。

T o tell you the truth, you are wrong.. 实话告诉你,你错了。

这样的短语还有to tell you the truth实话告诉你,to conclude 最后,to begin with首先,to cut a long story short 简而言之,to go back to the point回到正题,not to make too much of it 别小题大做,to put it another way 换句话说,to hear him talk听他说话的口气,等等。

(2)表示原因。

T o hear him talk in that manner, you would think him a foreigner. 他这样说话,你会以

为他是外国人。

The old father smiled to know his success. 知道他成功的消息,那位老父亲笑了。

不定式短语可以和表示情绪的形容词和过去分词连用,有时说明产生这种情绪的原因,有时不是说明原因,而是和形容词一起说明主语的情况。

常见的这类形容词和过去分词有:

able有能力的,afraid 害怕的,amazed 感到惊异的,angry生气的,anxious 急于的,astonished 感到惊讶的,careful小心的,certain有把握的,clever聪明的,comfortable 舒服的,cruel残忍的,deep深的,delighted 高兴的,difficult有困难的,disappointed 感到失望的,determined 有决心的,eager 急于的,easy容易的,fit 合适的,foolish 愚蠢的,fortunate 幸运的,free自由的,frightened感到害怕的,glad高兴的,good好的,happy幸福的,hard艰苦的,lucky 幸运的,overjoyed 高兴的,pleased高兴的,possible 可能的,proud 自豪的,ready 准备好的,relieved 感到轻松的,right正确的,sad悲伤的,shocked感到惊讶的,sorry难过的,sure 肯定的,surprised感到惊讶的,unable没能力的,useless没用的,willing 愿意的,worthy 值得的,wrong 错误的等。例如:

He’ll be angry to hear these words. 听到这些话他会生气的。

You’re lucky to have me as your teacher. 有我当你们老师,你们很幸运。

He feels proud to be on the school football team. 作为校足球队队员他感到很自豪。(3)不定式做结果状语只限于下面几个词:learn得知,find 发现,see 看见,hear 听见,to be told被告知,make 使得等。only+不定式常表示出乎意料的结果。例如:

He hurried to the airport to learn that the flight had already taken off. 他急忙赶到机场,却得知飞机已经起飞了。

He returned home from his holiday only to find that his house had been broken into. 他休假回家,却发现他的房子被破门而入了。

(4)不定式还可以与“be said, be reported,…”等连用构成复合谓语。这一结构可变成“It’s said, It’s reported,…”(见被动语态部分)。如:

An explosion is reported to have happened, and three are known to have been killed. 据报道发生了一起爆炸,已知三人被炸死。

(七)不定式的时态。动词不定式一般有三种时态形式,即一般式、进行式和完成式。(1)一般式(to+动词原形):表示与主句谓语动词动作同时(或几乎同时)发生或在主句谓语动词之后发生的事情。例如:

We’re happy to have you on our side. 有你在我们这边我们很高兴。

I saw him go out. 我看见他出去了。

(2)进行式(to be+现在分词):表示主句谓语的动作发生时,不定式动作正在进行。例如:She’s said /believed to be living nearby. 据说/据信她就住在附近。

When he came in, I happened to be sleeping in bed. 他进来时,我碰巧正在床上睡觉。(3)完成式(to have+过去分词):表示在主句谓语的动作之前发生的事情。

I’m glad to have met your parents here. 我很高兴在这儿见到了你父母。(已见过)

I’m so rry to have kept him waiting for me so long. 我很抱歉让他等了我这样久。(已经等过了)

(八)不定式的被动语态。当不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时,不定式一般要用被动形式。不定式的被动形式有两种:

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