搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells

Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells

Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells
Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in fish cells

Virus Research 163(2012)66–73

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Virus

Research

j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /v i r u s r e

s

Rana grylio virus as a vector for foreign gene expression in ?sh cells

Li-Bo He,Fei Ke,Qi-Ya Zhang ?

State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology,Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,China

a r t i c l e i n f o Article history:

Received 27May 2011

Received in revised form 16August 2011Accepted 18August 2011

Available online 25August 2011Keywords:Viral vector

Recombinant iridovirus Rana grylio virus (RGV)Thymidine kinase (TK)

Viral envelope protein 53R

Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC)

a b s t r a c t

In the present study,Rana grylio virus (RGV,an iridovirus)thymidine kinase (TK)gene and viral envelope protein 53R gene were chosen as targets for foreign gene insertion. TK-RGV and 53R-RGV,two recom-binant RGV,expressing enhanced green ?uorescence protein (EGFP)were constructed and analyzed in Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC)cells.The EGFP gene which fused to the virus major capsid protein (MCP)promoter p50was inserted into TK and 53R gene loci of RGV,respectively.Cells infected with these two recombinant viruses not only displayed plaques,but also emitted strong green ?uorescence under ?uorescence microscope,providing a simple method for selection and puri?cation of recombi-nant viruses. TK-RGV was puri?ed by seven successive rounds of plaque isolation and could be stably propagated in EPC cells.All of the plaques produced by the puri?ed recombinant virus emitted green ?uorescence.However, 53R-RGV was hard to be puri?ed even through twenty rounds of plaque isola-tion.The puri?ed recombinant virus TK-RGV was veri?ed by PCR analysis and Western blotting.These results showed EGFP was expressed in TK-RGV infected cells.Furthermore,one-step growth curves and electron microscopy revealed that infection with recombinant TK-RGV and wild-type RGV are similar.Therefore,RGV was demonstrated could be as a viral vector for foreign gene expression in ?sh cells.

Crown Copyright ?2011Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.

1.Introduction

Iridoviruses are large,icosahedral,enveloped DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus and cytoplasm of infected cells (Williams et al.,2005).These viruses can infect a variety of invertebrates and poikilothermic vertebrates such as crustaceans,?sh,reptiles and amphibians (Henderson et al.,2001;Williams,1996).As an aquatic virus,iridovirus was increasingly taken into account because it caused heavy economic losses in farmed food and ornamental ?sh,as well as posed great threat to wildlife conservation.The researches about iridovirus focused on complete sequence deter-mination (Eaton et al.,2007;Huang et al.,2009;Jancovich et al.,2010;Shi et al.,2010;Wong et al.,2011;Zhang et al.,2004),tran-scriptome and proteome analysis (Chen et al.,2006,2008;Dang et al.,2007;Ince et al.,2010;Luo et al.,2009;Majji et al.,2009;Song et al.,2006)and individual gene identi?cation (Ao and Chen,2006;Lin et al.,2008;Wan et al.,2010;Wang et al.,2008;Zhao et al.,2007,2008b ),such as RGV thymidine kinase (TK)gene and envelope protein https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html, gene,an early gene of RGV,exists in many large DNA viruses and encodes a cytoplasmic protein (Zhao et al.,2009).53R gene,a core gene of the family Iridoviridae ,encodes an envelope protein of RGV (Eaton et al.,2007;Zhao et al.,2008a ).

?Corresponding author.Tel.:+862768780792;fax:+862768780123.E-mail address:zhangqy@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html, (Q.-Y.Zhang).

Moreover,26core genes and some sequences with promoter activ-ity were also identi?ed in iridovirus (Eaton et al.,2007;Pallister et al.,2005;Willis et al.,1984).

There are a variety of viral vectors (e.g.recombinant virus)used in molecular biology.Recombinant virus could be used for studying individual gene function,constructing delivery vehicle for biological control of some species or diseases.To date,recombinant viruses have been well-studied in some large DNA viruses,such as African swine fever virus (ASFV)(García et al.,1995;Oliveros et al.,1999;Rodríguez et al.,1992,2009;Epifano et al.,2006),vac-cinia virus (Satheshkumar et al.,2009;Sood et al.,2008;Szajner et al.,2001;Resch et al.,2005),human cytomegalovirus (Marchini et al.,2001;Xu et al.,2004)and so on.However,most of the above researches are based on mammalian DNA virus,and knowledge about recombinant aquatic DNA virus (such as iridovirus)is very limited (Pallister et al.,2007).

Rana grylio virus (RGV)is a pathogenic agent that has resulted in high mortality in cultured pig frog (Rana grylio )(Zhang et al.,2001).Previous reports have revealed that RGV is a member of family Iridoviridae and is closely related to frog virus 3(FV3),the type species of the genus Ranavirus (Zhang et al.,1999,2001,2006).Cellular changes and some other viral proteins involved in RGV replication and assembly were investigated and analyzed (Huang et al.,2006,2007;He et al.,2010;Ke et al.,2009;Kim et al.,2010;Sun et al.,2006).The large genome size and many open read-ing frames implied that RGV could be genetically manipulated by

0168-1702/$–see front matter.Crown Copyright ?2011Published by Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.08.012

L.-B.He et al./Virus Research163(2012)66–7367

Table1

Primers for plasmids construction and PCR analysis(enzyme cleavage site is underlined).

Primers Primers sequences(5 -3 )

P1CTCGGTACCAACCTCTGAGAAAG(KpnI)

P2TGATACAAGCTTCAGTTACAGAAGACAT(HindIII)

P3AGAAAGCTTTTCCTTTTTATTATAAGATAC(HindIII) P4CTCAAGCTTAACCTCTGAGAAAGC(HindIII)

P5GATGAATTCACCAGTTACAGAAGACAT(EcoRI)

P6ATCGAATTCATGGTGAGCAAGGG(EcoRI)

P7TTGCTCGAGCCACAACTAGAATGC(XhoI)

P8GAAGGTACCCATCGCAAACGC(KpnI)

P9CCCAAGCTTCGGATTTCTTTG(HindIII)

P10GTCGGCGCCAAAATCTTTCTG(NarI)

P11AGAGTCGACCTCCCCAAAGACTCTC(SalI)

P12GAGAAGCTTACCAGGACCTGTACT(HindIII)

P13GTAGTCGACCAGGTTTAGGCCAG(SalI)

P14TTTGGTACCTCTCCGAAAAAGTG(KpnI)

P15TTCGAATTCAGCATTCCAAGAAC(EcoRI)

P16CTCGTCGACA ACCTCTGAGAAAGC(SalI)

P17TTGGGTACCCCACAACTAGAATGC(KpnI)

P18CTCAAGCTTGGAACTTTCTATGACA(HindIII)

P19TAGGAATTCATAGACAACACAAGACG(EcoRI) homologous recombination.In this study,two recombinant Rana grylio viruses( TK-RGV and 53R-RGV)expressing EGFP gene were constructed through homologous recombination in EPC cells, the features of TK-RGV were further characterized by different methods.

2.Materials and methods

2.1.Virus and cell line

Rana grylio virus(RGV)was used in the study.Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid(EPC)cells were maintained in TC199medium supplemented with10%fetal bovine serum(FBS)at25?C.RGV propagation and viral titer determination were performed as described previously(Zhang et al.,1999,2006)

2.2.Promoter activity detection

The promoter activity was determined by luciferase assay. A221bp DNA fragment named p50containing the nucleotide sequence from?205to+16relative to the translation initi-ation codon of RGV MCP gene,was obtained by PCR from RGV DNA using primers P1/P2(All the primers used in the study were listed in Table1).Another205bp DNA frag-ment named p50 containing the nucleotide sequence from ?205to?1relative to the translation initiation codon of RGV MCP gene,was obtained by PCR using primers P1/P3. The two DNA fragments were digested with KpnI and HindIII, and then inserted into KpnI–HindIII-treated plasmid pGL3-basic (Promega,U.S.A.)to generate plasmids pGL3-p50and pGL3-p50 , respectively.

To assay the promoter activity of p50and p50 ,EPC cells grown in24-well plates were transfected with plasmids pGL3-basic, pGL3-p50and pGL3-p50 using Lipofectamine2000(Invitrogen, U.S.A.)according to the manufacturer’s protocol,respectively. Plasmid phRL-TK(Promega,U.S.A.),which was used as an inter-nal control,was co-transfected with these plasmids at the same time.After24h transfection,cells were infected with RGV at multiplicity of infection(MOI)of1,and then harvested at vari-ous intervals(10,20,30h)after infection.The cells were lysed with lysis buffer(Promega,U.S.A.)and luciferase activity was measured using a dual-luciferase reporter assay kit(Promega, U.S.A.)with a Junior LB9509Luminometer(Berthold,Germany). Relative luciferase activity was normalized to the amount of Renilla luciferase internal control.The results showed p50has stronger promoter activity than p50 ,and thus p50was used.The nucleotide sequence of p50was submitted to Genbank(Genbank ID:JN018069).

2.3.p50promoting EGFP gene expression

In another way,we testi?ed whether p50could promote EGFP expression by RGV inducing.p50was generated by PCR using the primers P4/P5,digested with HindIII and EcoRI,and then inserted into plasmid pCDNA3.1(TaKaRa,Japan)to gener-ate plasmid pCDNA3.1-p50.A0.95kb DNA fragment containing the EGFP gene and polyadenylation signals was obtained by PCR from the pEGFP-N3plasmid using primers P6/P7.The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and XhoI,and then cloned into digested pCDNA3.1-p50to generate plasmid pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP. To ensure that the EGFP gene is downstream of p50,this insert was analyzed by PCR ampli?cation and DNA sequencing(data not shown).The constructed plasmid was further transfected into cells,EGFP gene expression was tested in the presence or absence of RGV.EPC cells grown on coverslips in6-well plates were transfected with plasmid pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP and then infected or mock infected with RGV at MOI of1.At24h post-infection,cells were rinsed with PBS and?xed with4% paraformaldehyde for15min.The cells were then rinsed with PBS and permeabilized with0.2%Triton X-100for15min.Then, staining of viral and cellular DNA with Hoechst33342(Sigma, U.S.A.).Finally,the cells were rinsed with PBS,mounted with 50%glycerol and visualized under?uorescence microscope(Leica, Germany).

2.4.Recombinant plasmids construction

RGV TK gene and53R gene(nucleotide positions92147–92734, 58770–60338in RGV genome,respectively)were chosen as tar-get genes for recombinant plasmids construction.To insert the foreign gene into TK site,two DNA fragments(TKL and TKR,TKL nucleotide positions from?492to+226,TKR nucleotide positions +370to+1103relative to the translation initiation codon of TK gene)containing?anking and partial coding sequence of TK gene were used as homologous arms for recombination.To insert the foreign gene into53R site,two DNA fragments(53R-L and53R-R, 53R-L nucleotide positions from?678to+285and53R-R positions from+1282to+2201relative to the translation initiation codon of53R gene)containing?anking and partial coding sequence of 53R gene were used as homologous arms.EGFP fused to the virus promoter p50(p50-EGFP)from plasmid pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP was used as a marker gene for recombinant virus selection and puri?-cation.

TKL was generated by PCR using primers P8/P9,digested with KpnI and HindIII,and then inserted into KpnI–HindIII-digested pGL3-basic to generate https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,R was obtained by PCR using the primers P10/P11,digested with NarI and SalI,and cloned into NarI-SalI-treated plasmid pGL3-TKL to generate plasmid pGL3-TK. p50-EGFP was generated by PCR using primers P4/P7,digested with HindIII and XhoI,and then inserted into HindIII–XhoI-digested plasmid pGL3-TK to generate pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK.53R-L and53R-R were obtained by PCR using primers P12/P13and P14/P15,respec-tively.p50-EGFP was generated by PCR using primers P16/P17.The construction of recombinant plasmid pUC19-p50-EGFP-53R was the same as pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK.The schematic diagram of two plasmids construction was shown in Fig.1.

Both the plasmids were con?rmed by restriction enzyme diges-tion and DNA sequencing,and then were used for recombinant virus construction.

68L.-B.He et al./Virus Research 163(2012)

66–73

Fig.1.The schematic diagram of recombinant plasmids construction.Recombinant plasmid pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK was generated by inserting TKL,TKR and p50-EGFP into plas-mid pGL3-basic.Recombinant plasmid pUC19-p50-EGFP-53R was obtained by inserting 53R-L,53R-R and p50-EGFP into plasmid pUC19.The sites for restriction endonuclease are marked on the two recombinant plasmids.

2.5.Recombinant virus puri?cation

Recombinant viruses were produced by homologous recombi-nation between RGV genome and recombinant plasmids. TK-RGV was produced by recombination between RGV genome and pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK. 53R-RGV was produced by recombination between RGV genome and pUC19-p50-EGFP-53R.EPC cells were seeded into 6-well cell culture plates using TC199medium contain-ing 5%FBS at 18–24h before transfection.Cells were transfected with recombinant plasmids pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK or pUC19-p50-EGFP-53R using Lipofectamine 2000,respectively.After 24h transfection,the cells were infected with RGV at MOI of 1and harvested at 48h post infection.

The harvested virus suspensions were diluted and infected cells.The infected cells were cultured in medium containing 0.7%melted soft agar and were observed under ?uorescence microscope.Both the wild-type RGV and recombinant RGV could produce plaques in the cells,whereas only the plaques produced by recombinant RGV emitted green ?uorescence.So the plaques emitted green ?uores-cence were marked and selected to infect fresh cells.The infected cells were cultured and puri?ed as above.At the same time,cells were observed under light and ?uorescence microscope for image

L.-B.He et al./Virus Research163(2012)66–73

69

Fig.2.Luciferase assay of two promoters p50and p50 .The activity levels were detected at10,20,30h post-transfection.The activity of pGL3-p50increased evi-dently,displaying2.6-,26.6-and34.7-fold increase compared to pGL3-basic,but the activity of pGL3-p50 increased a little,displaying0.7-,2.7-and3.2-fold increase compared to pGL3-basic,respectively.The data are represented as the average±the standard deviation(S.D.)of three assays.

acquisition.In this way, TK-RGV was puri?ed by seven succes-sive rounds of plaque isolation.However, 53R-RGV was hard to be puri?ed.

2.6.Detection of foreign gene in recombinant viral genome DNA

PCR was carried out to detect the foreign gene in recombinant virus genome.Cells were infected with TK-RGV at MOI of1and the total DNA was extracted as described previously(Du et al., 2004).Brie?y,the collected cells were lysed with TES(10mM Tris, pH8.0,1mM EDTA,1%SDS,100?g/ml of proteinase K),and the lysate was incubated at37?C for3h.The DNA was extracted with phenol:chloroform:isoamyl alcohol(25:24:1,v/v/v)and chloro-form:isoamyl alcohol(24:1,v/v).DNA was precipitated with100% ethanol at?20?C overnight and then by centrifugation at12,000×g for15min.The precipitation was washed with70%ethanol.The DNA pellets were re-suspended in TE with RNase A(50?g/ml)and subjected to PCR analysis.At the same time,total DNA of mock infected and wild-type RGV infected cells were also extracted as a comparison.

To detect the foreign gene in recombinant viral genome DNA, two pairs of primers were used to verify the structure of viral genome.Primers P18/P19were designed to amplify the complete coding sequence of TK gene while primers P16/P17were applied to amplify the p50promoter and EGFP gene.The PCR conditions were as follows:predenaturation at94?C for5min,then31cycles of denaturation at94?C for30s,annealing at50–60?C for30s,and extension at72?C for1min,followed by a post-extension step of 72?C for10min.The products were analyzed by1%agarose gel electrophoresis and visualized by UV irradiation.

2.7.One-step growth curves of TK-RGV

EPC cells were grown in24-well plates and infected with wild-type RGV or TK-RGV at MOI of1,after1h absorption,unbounded virus were removed and then cells were incubated with TC199 medium containing5%FBS.Cells were harvested at various inter-vals(0,4,8,12,16,24,36and48h)after infection and subjected to three freeze–thaw cycles and then titrated on duplicated mono-layers of EPC cells.The experiments were repeated thrice and the averages were presented.The growth curves of TK-RGV was investigated and compared to wild-type RGV.

2.8.Western blotting

Western blotting was performed to prove the foreign gene expression in protein levels.EPC cells were mock infected or infected with wild-type RGV or TK-RGV at MOI of1and har-vested at24h post infection.The cells were lysed in electrophoresis sample buffer.Equivalent amount(about10?g)of the cell lysates were electrophoresed in12%SDS-PAGE and subsequently trans-ferred to nitrocellulose membranes.The membranes were blocked in TBST(150mM NaCl,10mM Tris–HCl,0.05%Tween-20)buffer containing5%skim milk for2h.Then,the diluted(1:1000)goat anti-EGFP antibody(Vector Lab,U.S.A.)as the primary antibody was applied for2h at room temperature(RT).After rinsing3times for15min in TBST,the membranes were incubated with

alkaline

Fig.3.Fluorescence imaging of EPC cells transfected with plasmid pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP.No green?uorescence signals were detected in the cells transfected with pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP(mock).Green?uorescence signals were generated in pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP transfected cells when RGV was present.Nuclei and virus factories(indicated by arrows) were stained by Hoechst33342and they showed blue?uorescence.Magni?cation×100.

70L.-B.He et al./Virus Research 163(2012)

66–73

Fig.4.Light microscope micrographs and ?uorescent micrographs of cells with three viruses infected.RGV:In wild-type RGV infected cells did not show green ?uorescence signals except to plaques. TK-RGV:In recombinant virus TK-RGV infected cells were shown that the ratio of plaques emitted green ?uorescence to total plaque number gradually increases were accompanied by increase in viral generation (F2and F7),and all plaques emitted green ?uorescence in seventh generation. 53R-RGV:In recombinant virus 53R-RGV infected cells were shown few plaques emitted green ?uorescence in second generation (F2),and about half plaques emitted green ?uorescence in twentieth generation (F20).Magni?cation ×5.

phosphatase-conjugated donkey anti-goat IgG (Vector Lab,U.S.A.)diluted (1:1000)in 1%skim milk for 1h at RT.After rinsing in TBST,the membranes were developed with NBT-BCIP substrate system (Promega,U.S.A.)for 5min in the dark.The reaction was stopped with water.

2.9.Electron microscopy

Cells were infected with wild-type RGV or TK-RGV at MOI of 1and harvested when 40%cytopathic effects (CPE)was observed,followed by centrifugation at 700×g for 10min.Sample prepara-tion was performed as described previously (Huang et al.,2006).Brie?y,the pellets were washed with 0.1M phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)and pre-?xed with 1%O s O 4in 0.2M PBS.All pellets were dehydrated stepwise in a graded series of ethanol and embed-ded in Epon-812.The blocks were sectioned on Leica Ultracut macrotome.Ultra-thin sections were double stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate.The grids containing ultra-thin sections

were examine with a JEM-1230electron microscopy (JEOL,Japan)at 100kV and micrographs were taken by CCD camera.

3.Results

3.1.p50has promoter activity

The luciferase activity of pGL3-basic transfected cells was keep at a low level.Luciferase activity of pGL3-p50transfected cells was about 2.6-fold,26.6-fold and 34.7-fold more than pGL3-basic transfected cells at 10h,20h and 30h post-infection,respectively.However,luciferase activity of pGL3-p50 transfected cells was only 0.7-fold,2.7-fold and 3.2-fold more than pGL3-basic transfected cells at 10h,20h and 30h post-infection,respectively (Fig.2).The result showed that p50had strong promoter activity,so it was used for following study.

L.-B.He et al./Virus Research163(2012)66–73

71

Fig.5.Genome structure,PCR and Western analysis of the recombinant virus TK-RGV.(A)Genomic structure of the recombinant virus https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html, gene was ranged from nucleotide positions92147to92734in RGV genome(TK gene,588bp).The EGFP gene fused to the viral promoter p50(p50-EGFP,1.2kb)was inserted into the TK locus of RGV.The nucleotide positions from+226to+513relative to the translation initiation codon of TK gene were replaced by p50-EGFP.(B)PCR ampli?cation of TK-RGV speci?c sequences.An approximate0.6kb DNA band was obtained from wild-type RGV infected cells and a1.5kb DNA band( TK gene:the weighted sum of p50-EGFP gene 1.2kb and partial TK gene0.3kb)was obtained from TK-RGV infected cells by using primers designed to amplify TK gene.A1.2kb DNA band was obtained from TK-RGV infected cells by using primers designed to amplify fusion gene p50-EGFP gene.M:DNA markers.(C)Western blotting analysis.An approximate27kDa protein band was obtained from the lysates of TK-RGV infected cells.M:protein molecular weight markers.

3.2.p50promotes EGFP expression when RGV was present

As shown in Fig.3,green?uorescence signals were generated in pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP transfected cells when RGV was present, and no green?uorescence signals were detected in the cells trans-fected with pCDNA3.1-p50-EGFP(mock).Blue?uorescence signals were generated in nuclei and virus factory.The result indicated that p50promoter could promote EGFP expression when RGV was present and p50-EGFP could be used as a marker for selec-tion and puri?cation of recombinant virus.EGFP gene in plasmid pGL3-p50-EGFP-TK and plasmid pUC19-p50-EGFP-53R could also be promoted by p50promoter when RGV was present(data not shown).

3.3.Recombinant virus TK-RGV and 53R-RGV

Cells infected with wild-type RGV only showed plaques and no green?uorescence was detected under?uorescence micro-scope(Fig.4,RGV).At the second?lial generation of recombinant virus TK-RGV puri?cation,plaques were occurred in the infected cells and only a few plaques emitted green?uorescence.At the seventh?lial generation,all the plaques emitted strong green?u-orescence.The plaques completely overlapped with areas which emitted strong green?uorescence(Fig.4, TK-RGV).The data showed that TK-RGV was puri?ed through seven generations of plaque isolation.

At the second?lial generation of other recombinant virus 53R-RGV puri?cation,plaques were occurred in the infected cells and a few plaques emitted green?uorescence.But even at the twentieth ?lial generation,the plaques were not completely overlapped with areas which emitted strong green?uorescence(Fig.4, 53R-RGV). The results suggested that the 53R-RGV was hard to be puri?ed.

3.4.p50-EGFP was inserted into TK-RGV genome

The recombinant virus TK-RGV possesses the genomic struc-ture(Fig.5A),where the fusion gene p50-EGFP was inserted into the TK gene site of the wild-type virus RGV.Primers P18/P19were used to amplify TK gene from the DNA samples of mock,wild-type RGV or TK-RGV infected cells.A DNA band of0.6kb was obtained from wild-type RGV(RGV)infected cells,which was consistent with the size of TK gene in RGV genome.A DNA band of1.5kb was obtained from TK-RGV( TK)infected cells,which contains1.2kb fusion gene p50-EGFP and0.3kb partial TK gene.When primers for foreign gene p50-EGFP were used to amplify the gene in the mock,wild-type RGV or TK-RGV infected cells,as expected,only a 1.2kb DNA band was obtained from TK-RGV( TK)infected cells, which accorded with the length of fusion gene p50-EGFP(Fig.5B). Sequencing of these PCR products con?rmed that the replacement of partial TK coding sequence with foreign gene p50-EGFP(data not shown).Western blot analysis revealed that a27kDa EGFP protein band was obtained from lysates of cells infected with TK-RGV, but no protein band was detected in the lysates of mock and wild-type RGV infected cells(Fig.5C).The results indicated that EGFP was expressed in TK-RGV infected cells but not in mock and wild-type RGV infected cells.

72L.-B.He et al./Virus Research 163(2012)66–73

44.555.566.577.588.5

4836

24

16

12

8

4

h.p.i

L o g T i t e r ( T C I D 50/ m l )

Fig.6.One-step virus growth curves of recombinant virus TK-RGV and wild-type RGV in EPC cells.Despite the slight differences in virus titers during 8–24h post-infection,they displayed similar curve.The data show the average titers of three independent experiments in lgTCID50±S.D.

3.5.The features of TK-RGV were similar to wild-type RGV One-step virus growth curves of TK-RGV showed that the viral titer was not signi?cantly distinct from wild-type RGV,though some slight difference was present during 8–24h post infection (Fig.6).Electron microscopy observations of infected cells with TK-RGV or wild-type RGV showed a large numbers of virions were assembled and arranged orderly in the host cytoplasm,and they have not distinguished (data not shown).The result implied that the insertion of fusion gene p50-EGFP into TK locus have little or no effect on RGV replication in the ?sh cells.

4.Discussion

Virus promoter is essential for promoting gene transcription in DNA virus.MCP is highly conserved among members of the fam-ily Iridoviridae and is the major structural component of iridovirus particles (Tidona et al.,1998).The promoter regions of MCP gene were identi?ed and two genomic regions with promoter activity in Bhole iridovirus (BIV)has been indenti?ed (Nalc ?acio?g lu et al.,2003;Pallister et al.,2005,2007).So,the promoter sequences of MCP were selected and used in the study.Two DNA fragments p50and p50 with different sizes were cloned from RGV.Luciferase assays show that p50promoter activity is higher than p50 .The results implied that the region +1to +16was critical for the promoter activity.EGFP gene was chosen as marker gene for recombinant virus selec-tion and puri?cation because it is easy to be detected and observed.Moreover,the expression of EGFP had no in?uence on cell living or proliferation.EGFP was expressed only when RGV was present,the result was consistent with previous study that FV3infection was essential for FV3promoter-driven gene expression in transfected cells (Willis and Granoff,1985).

In order to maintain infectivity of the recombinant virus and the virus produced plaques could be easily selected,foreign DNA must be inserted into a nonessential region of wild-type virus (Dimmock et al.,2007).TK gene exists in many large DNA viruses and encodes a cytoplasmic protein as an early gene of RGV (Zhao et al.,2009).Deletion or insertion mutations of TK gene had no effect on virus replication (Rodríguez et al.,1992;García et al.,1995;Szajner et al.,2001;Resch et al.,2005).Thereby TK gene is suitable for insertion of a promoter–foreign gene and recombinant RGV construction.The TK-RGV was constructed and puri?ed.Moreover,the infection with TK-RGV and wild-type RGV are similar.

The successful construction and propagation of TK-RGV drives us to consider whether other genes in RGV could be as targets for foreign DNA insertion.We attempted to construct another

recombinant virus by inserting the fusion gene p50-EGFP into the 53R gene,which is a core essential gene of the family Iri-doviridae and encodes an envelope protein of RGV (Eaton et al.,2007;Zhao et al.,2008a ).Although knockdown of ORF 53R had no effect on overall viral gene expression,inhibition or knockdown of 53R gene in RGV and FV3showed a signi?cant reduction in the viral titers (Kim et al.,2010;Whitley et al.,2010).The progeny virus of 53R-RGV can be dif?cult to purify even through twenty successive rounds of plaque isolation.It is due to that 53R is essen-tial for the assembly of mature virions.The recombinant virus 53R-RGV may be a defective virus,it cannot assemble with-out wild-type RGV that provided 53R protein to support the virus mature and release.So,puri?cation of 53R-RGV is dif?cult.The result obtained in the research accorded with previous report of vaccinia virus (Satheshkumar et al.,2009).

Two recombinant iridoviruses were reported recently.One is a recombinant ambystoma tigrinum virus (ATV 57R)that shows a small plaque phenotype and more sensitive to interferon than wild-type ATV (Jancovich and Jacobs,2011).The other is an EGFP-tagged recombinant soft-shelled turtle iridovirus (EGFP-STIV),which was produced by fusing the EGFP to an envelope protein VP55.This virus shared similar single-step growth curves and ultrastructural morphology with wild-type STIV (Huang et al.,2011).As mentioned above,iridovirus could be genetically manipulated by homologous recombination.

In conclusion,two recombinant viruses TK-RGV and 53R-RGV were constructed,and TK-RGV has been puri?ed.The results suggested that RGV could be used as a vector for foreign gene expression and showed new insight into the study of iridovirus.Acknowledgements

This work is supported by grants from the National Major Basic Research Program (2009CB118704,2010CB126303),the National Natural Science Foundation of China (30871938,31072239),the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sci-ences (KSCX2-EW-Z-3)and the Project of State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology (2008FBZ15,2008FBZ16).References

Ao,J.Q.,Chen,X.H.,2006.Identi?cation and characterization of a novel gene encoding

an RGD-containing protein in large yellow croaker iridovirus.Virology 355(2),213–222.

Chen,L.M.,Tran,B.N.,Lin,Q.,Lim,T.K.,Wang,F.,Hew,C.L.,2008.iTRAQ analysis of

Singapore grouper iridovirus infection in a grouper embryonic cell line.J.Gen.Virol.89(11),2869–2876.

Chen,L.M.,Wang,F.,Song,W.,Hew,C.L.,2006.Temporal and differential gene

expression of Singapore grouper iridovirus.J.Gen.Virol.87(10),2907–2915.Dang,T.L.,Yasuike,M.,Hirono,I.,Kondo,H.,Aoki,T.,2007.Transcriptional pro?le of

red seabream iridovirus in a ?sh model as revealed by viral DNA microarrays.Virus Genes 35(2),449–461.

Dimmock,N.J.,Easton,A.j.,Leppard,K.N.,2007.Introduction to Modern Virology,

6th edition.Blackwell Publishing Ltd.,USA,380p.

Du,C.S.,Zhang,Q.Y.,Li,C.L.,Miao,D.L.,Gui,J.F.,2004.Induction of Apoptosis in a carp

leucocyte cell line infected with turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L .)rhabdovirus.Virus Res.101(2),119–126.

Eaton,H.E.,Metcalf,J.,Penny,E.,Tcherepanov,V.,Upton,C.,Brunetti,C.R.,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,-parative genomic analysis of the family Iridoviridae :re-annotating and de?ning the core set of iridovirus genes.Virol.J.4,11.

Epifano,C.,Krijnse-Locker,J.,Salas,M.L.,Rodríguez,J.M.,Salas,J.,2006.The African

swine fever virus nonstructural protein pB602L is required for formation of the icosahedral capsid of the virus particle.J.Virol.80(24),12260–12270.García,R.,Almazán,F.,Rodríguez,J.M.,Alonso,M.,Vi?nuela,E.,Rodríguez,J.F.,1995.

Vectors for the genetic manipulation of African swine fever virus.J.Biotechnol.40(2),121–131.

He,L.B.,Ke,F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2010.Cloning,expression and localization analysis of a

sequence conserved gene (RGV-12L )from Rana grylio virus.Acta Hydrobiol.Sin.34(6),1166–1171(In Chinese with English abstract).

Henderson,C.W.,Johnson,C.L.,Lodhi,S.A.,Bilimoria,S.L.,2001.Replication of Chilo

iridescent virus in the cotton boll weevil,Anthonomus grandis ,and development of an infectivity assay.Arch.Virol.146(4),767–775.

L.-B.He et al./Virus Research163(2012)66–7373

Huang,Y.H.,Huang,X.H.,Cai,J.,Ye,F.Z.,Guan,L.Y.,Liu,H.,Qin,Q.W.,2011.Construc-tion of green?uorescent protein-tagged recombinant iridovirus to assess viral replication.Virus Res.,doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.018.

Huang,Y.H.,Huang,X.H.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2007.Mitochondrion-mediated apo-ptosis induced by Rana grylio virus infection in?sh cells.Apoptosis12(9), 1569–1577.

Huang,Y.H.,Huang,X.H.,Liu,H.,Gong,J.,Ouyang,Z.H.,Cui,H.C.,Cao,J.H.,Zhao, Y.T.,Wang,X.J.,Jiang,Y.L.,Qin,Q.W.,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,plete sequence determination of a novel reptile iridovirus isolated from soft-shelled turtle and evolutionary analysis of Iridoviridae.BMC Genomics10,224.

Huang,X.H.,Huang,Y.H.,Yuan,X.P.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2006.Electron microscopic exam-ination of the viromatrix of Rana grylio virus in a?sh cell line.J.Virol.Methods 133(2),117–123.

Ince,I.A.,Boeren,S.A.,van Oers,M.M.,Vervoort,J.J.,Vlak,J.M.,2010.Proteomic analysis of Chilo iridescent virus.Virology405(1),253–258.

Jancovich,J.K.,Bremont,M.,Touchman,J.W.,Jacobs,B.L.,2010.Evidence for multiple recent host species shifts among the ranavirus(family Iridoviridae).J.Virol.84

(6),2636–2647.

Jancovich,J.K.,Jacobs,B.L.,2011.Innate immune evasion mediated by the Ambystoma tigrinum virus eukaryotic translation initiation factor2alpha homologue.J.Virol.

85(10),5061–5069.

Ke,F.,Zhao,Z.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2009.Cloning,expression and subcellular distribution of

a Rana grylio virus late gene encoding ERV1homologue.Mol.Biol.Rep.36(7),

1651–1659.

Kim,Y.S.,Ke,F.,Lei,X.Y.,Zhu,R.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2010.Viral envelope protein53R gene highly speci?c silencing and iridovirus resistance in?sh cells by amiRNA.PLoS one5(4),e10308.

Lin,P.W.,Huang,Y.J.,John,J.A.,Chang,Y.N.,Yuan,C.H.,Chen,W.Y.,Yeh,C.H.,Shen, S.T.,Lin,F.P.,Tsui,W.H.,Chang,C.Y.,2008.Iridovirus Bcl-2protein inhibits apo-ptosis in the early stage of viral infection.Apoptosis13(1),165–176.

Luo,Y.W.,Weng,S.P.,Wang,Q.,Shi,J.X.,Dong,C.F.,Lu,Q.X.,Yu,X.Q.,H,J.G.,2009.

Tiger frog virus can infect zebra?sh cells for studying up-or down-regulated genes by proteomics approach.Virus Res.144(1–2),171–179.

Majji,S.,Thodima,V.,Sample,R.,Whitley,D.,Deng,Y.,Mao,J.,Chinchar,V.G.,2009.

Transcriptome analysis of Frog virus3,the type species of the genus Ranavirus, family Iridoviridae.Virology391(2),293–303.

Marchini,A.,Liu,H.,Zhu,H.,2001.Human cytomegalovirus with IE-2(UL122) deleted fails to express early lytic genes.J.Virol.75(4),1870–1878.

Nalc?acio?g lu,R.,Marks,H.,Vlak,J.M.,Demirba?g,Z.,van Oers,M.M.,2003.Promoter analysis of the Chilo iridescent virus DNA polymerase and major capsid protein genes.Virology317(2),321–329.

Oliveros,M.,García-Escudero,R.,Alejo,A.,Vi?nuela,E.,Salas,M.L.,Salas,J.,1999.

African swine fever virus dUTPase is a highly speci?c enzyme required for ef?-cient replication in swine macrophages.J.Virol.73(11),8934–8943. Pallister,J.,Goldie,S.,Coupar,B.,Hyatt,A.,2005.Promoter activity in the5 ?anking regions of the Bohle iridovirus ICP18,ICP46and major capsid protein genes.

Arch.Virol.150(9),1911–1919.

Pallister,J.,Goldie,S.,Coupar,B.,Shiell,B.,Michalski,W.P.,Siddon,N.,Hyatt,A.,2007.

Bohle iridovirus as a vector for heterologous gene expression.J.Virol.Methods 146(1–2),419–423.

Resch,W.,Weisberg,A.S.,Moss,B.,2005.Vaccinia virus nonstructural protein encoded by the A11R gene is required for formation of the virion membrane.

J.Virol.79(11),6598–6609.

Rodríguez,J.M.,Almazán,F.,Vi?nuela,E.,Rodriguez,J.F.,1992.Genetic manipulation of African swine fever virus:construction of recombinant viruses expressing the ?-galactosidase gene.Virology188(1),67–76.

Rodríguez,I.,Nogal,M.L.,Redrejo-Rodríguez,M.,Bustos,M.J.,Salas,M.L.,2009.The African swine fever virus virion membrane protein pE248R is required for virus infectivity and an early postentry event.J.Virol.83(23),12290–12300. Satheshkumar,P.S.,Weisberg,A.,Moss,B.,2009.Vaccinia virus H7protein con-tributes to the formation of crescent membrane precursors of immature virions.

J.Virol.83(17),8439–8450.Shi,C.Y.,Jia,K.T.,Yang,B.,Huang,J.,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,plete genome sequence of a Megalo-cytivirus(family Iridoviridae)associated with turbot mortality in China.Virol.J.

7,159.

Song,W.,Lin,Q.,Joshi,S.B.,Lim,T.K.,Hew,C.L.,2006.Proteomic studies of the Singapore grouper iridovirus.Mol.Cell.Proteomics5(2),256–264.

Sood,C.L.,Ward,J.M.,Moss,B.,2008.Vaccinia virus encodes I5,a small hydrophobic virion membrane protein that enhances replication and virulence in mice.J.

Virol.82(20),10071–10078.

Sun,W.,Huang,Y.H.,Zhao,Z.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2006.Characterization of the Rana grylio virus3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and its novel role in suppress-ing virus-induced cytopathic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,mun.351(1), 44–50.

Szajner,P.,Weisberg,A.S.,Wolffe,E.J.,Moss,B.,2001.Vaccinia virus A30L protein is required for association of viral membranes with dense viroplasm to form immature virions.J.Virol.75(13),5752–5761.

Tidona,C.A.,Schnitzler,P.,Kehm,R.,Darai,G.,1998.Is the major capsid protein of iridoviruses a suitable target for the study of viral evolution?Virus Genes16(1), 59–66.

Wan,Q.J.,Gong,J.,Huang,X.H.,Huang,Y.H.,Zhou,S.,Ou-Yang,Z.L.,Cao,J.H.,Ye, L.L.,Qin,Q.W.,2010.Identi?cation and characterization of a novel capsid pro-tein encoded by Singapore grouper iridovirus ORF038L.Arch.Virol.155(3), 351–359.

Wang,F.,Bi,X.,Chen,L.M.,Hew,C.L.,2008.ORF018R,a highly abundant virion protein from Singapore grouper iridovirus,is involved in serine/threonine phos-phorylation and virion assembly.J.Gen.Virol.89(5),1169–1178.

Whitley,D.S.,Yu,K.,Sample,R.C.,Sinning,A.,Henegar,J.,Norcross,E.,Chinchar, V.G.,2010.Frog virus3ORF53R,a putative myristoylated membrane protein,is essential for virus replication in vitro.Virology405(2),448–456.

Williams,T.,1996.The iridoviruses.Adv.Virus Res.46,345–412.

Williams,T.,Barbosa-Solomieu,V.,Chinchar,V.G.,2005.A decade of advances in iridovirus research.Adv.Virus Res.65,173–248.

Willis,D.,Foglesong,D.,Granoff,A.,1984.Nucleotide sequence of an immediate-early frog virus3gene.J.Virol.52(3),905–912.

Willis,D.B.,Granoff,A.,1985.Trans activation of an immediate-early frog virus3 promoter by a virion protein.J.Virol.56(2),495–501.

Wong,C.K.,Young,V.L.,Kleffmann,T.,Ward,V.K.,2011.Genomic and proteomic analysis of invertebrate iridovirus type9.J.Virol.85(15),7900–7911.

Xu,Y.,Cei,S.A.,Huete,A.R.,Pari,G.S.,2004.Human cytomegalovirus UL84inser-tion mutant defective for viral DNA synthesis and growth.J.Virol.78(19), 10360–10369.

Zhang,Q.Y.,Li,Z.Q.,Gui,J.F.,1999.Studies on morphogenesis and cellular inter-actions of Rana grylio virus in an infected?sh cell line.Aquaculture175, 185–197.

Zhang,Q.Y.,Xiao,F.,Li,Z.Q.,Gui,J.F.,Mao,J.H.,Chinchar,V.G.,2001.Characterization of an iridovirus from the cultured pig frog Rana grylio with lethal syndrome.Dis.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,an.48(1),27–36.

Zhang,Q.Y.,Xiao,F.,Xie,J.,Li,Z.Q.,Gui,J.F.,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/724833353.html,plete genome sequence of lymphocystis disease virus isolated from China.J.Virol.78(13),6982–6994. Zhang,Q.Y.,Zhao,Z.,Xiao,F.,Li,Z.Q.,Gui,J.F.,2006.Molecular characterization of three Rana grylio virus(RGV)isolates and Paralichthys olivaceus lymphocystis disease virus(LCDV-C)iniridoviruses.Aquaculture251,1–10.

Zhao,Z.,Ke,F.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2007.Characterization of an early gene encoding for dUTPase from Rana grylio virus.Virus Res.123(2),128–137.

Zhao,Z.,Ke,F.,Huang,Y.H.,Zhao,J.G.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2008a.Identi?cation and characterization of a novel envelope protein in Rana grylio virus.J.Gen.Virol.89

(8),1866–1872.

Zhao,Z.,Ke,F.,Shi,Y.,Zhou,G.Z.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2009.Rana grylio virus thymi-dine kinase gene:an early gene of iridovirus encoding for a cytoplasmic protein.

Virus Genes38(2),345–352.

Zhao,Z.,Shi,Y.,Ke,F.,Sun,W.,Gui,J.F.,Zhang,Q.Y.,2008b.Constitutive expression of thymidylate synthase from LCDV-C induces a transformed phenotype in?sh cells.Virology372(1),118–126.

ps中各个工具的作用

Ps中各个工具的作用 1、移动工具,可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。 2、矩形选择工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 3、单列选择工具,可以对图像在垂直方向选择一列像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 4、裁切工具,可以对图像进行剪裁,前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框,用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放,用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转,用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。 5、套索工具,可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围,一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。 6、多边形套索工具,可用鼠标在图像上某点定一点,然后进行多线选中要选择的范围,没有圆弧的图像勾边可以用这个工具,但不能勾出弧度。 7、磁性套索工具,这个工具似乎有磁力一样,不须按鼠标左键而直接移动鼠标,在工具头处会出现自动跟踪的线,这条线总是走向颜色与颜色边界处,边界越明显磁力越强,将首尾连接后可完成选择,一般用于颜色与颜色差别比较大的图像选择。 8、魔棒工具,用鼠标对图像中某颜色单击一下对图像颜色进行选择,选择的颜色范围要求是相同的颜色,其相同程度可对魔棒工具双击,在屏幕右上角上容差值处调整容差度,数值越大,表示魔棒所选择的颜色差别大,反之,颜色差别小。 9、喷枪工具,主要用来对图像上色,上色的压力可由右上角的选项调整压力,上色的大小可由右边的画笔处选择自已所须的笔头大小,上色的颜色可由右边的色板或颜色处选择所须的颜色。 10、画笔工具,同喷枪工具基本上一样,也是用来对图像进行上色,只不过笔头的蒙边比喷枪稍少一些。 11、铅笔工具,主要是模拟平时画画所用的铅笔一样,选用这工具后,在图像内按住鼠标左键不放并拖动,即可以进行画线,它与喷枪、画笔不同之处是所画出的线条没有蒙边。笔头可以在右边的画笔中选取。 12、图案图章工具,它也是用来复制图像,但与橡皮图章有些不同,它前提要求先用矩形选择一范围,再在"编辑"菜单中点取"定义图案"命令,然后再选合适的笔头,再在图像中进和行复制图案。 13、历史记录画笔工具,主要作用是对图像进行恢复图像最近保存或打开图像的

ps基本工具介绍初学者必看解析

广军影视2015-11-15 初学者必看 工具介绍 1、移动工具:可以对PS里的图层进行移动。 2、 矩形选框工具:可以对图像选择一个矩形的选择范围 单列选框工具:可以在图像或图层中绘制出1个像素高的横线或竖线区域,主要用于修复图像中丢失的像素。 椭圆选框工具:可以对图片选择一个椭圆或正圆的选择范围。【椭圆变正圆:按着shift 画圆为正圆;按shift+alt是从中心点出发往外画正圆】 3、【取消选区:ctrl+d 或菜单栏【选择】--取消选择】 套索工具:可以用来选区不规则形状的图像【在图像适当的位置单机并按住鼠标左键,拖曳鼠标绘制出需要的选区,松开鼠标左键,选区会自动封闭】 有羽化50所以看到的效果为圆选区) 属性栏红框:为选择方式选项【相加、相减、交叉】。 黄框:用于设定边缘的羽化程度。 白框:用于清除选区边缘的锯齿。 多边形套索工具:可以用来选取不规则的多边形图像(属性与套锁工具相同)【没有圆弧的图像沟边可以用这个工具,但不能勾出弧度】 【使用套索工具选区时,按enter键封闭选区。按ESC键取消选区,按delete键,删除上一个单击建立的选区点。】

磁性套索工具:可以用来选取不规则的并与背景反差大的图像【不须按鼠标而直接移动鼠标,在工具头处会出现自动跟踪的线,这条线总是走向颜色与颜色边界处,边界越明显磁力越强,将首尾相接后可完成选择】 属性:“宽度”选项用于设定套索检测检测范围,磁性套索工具将在这个范围内选取反差最大的边缘。“对比度”选项用于设定选取边缘的灵敏度,数值越大,则要求边缘与背景的反差越大。“频率”选项用于设定选区点的速率,数值越大,标记速率越快,标记点越多。 频率57 频率71 对比度10% 对比度50% 4、 魔棒工具:可以用来选取图像中的某一点,并将与这一点颜色相同或相近的点自动融入选区中。【直接在图像上单击就会出现选区】

ps工具作用介绍大全

ps工具作用介绍大全 位图:又称光栅图,一般用于照片品质的图像处理,是由许多像小方块一样的"像素"组成的图形。由其位置与颜色值表示,能表现出颜色阴影的变化。在PHOTOSHOP主要用于处理位图 矢量图:通常无法提供生成照片的图像物性,一般用于工程持术绘图。如灯光的质量效果很难在一幅矢量图表现出来。 分辩率:每单位长度上的像素叫做图像的分辩率,简单讲即是电脑的图像给读者自己观看的清晰与模糊,分辩率有很多种。如屏幕分辩率,扫描仪的分辩率,打印分辩率。 图像尺寸与图像大小及分辩率的关系:如图像尺寸大,分辩率大,文件较大,所占内存大,电脑处理速度会慢,相反,任意一个因素减少,处理速度都会加快。 通道:在PHOTOSHOP中,通道是指色彩的范围,一般情况下,一种基本色为一个通道。如RGB颜色,R为红色,所以R通道的范围为红色,G为绿色,B为蓝色。 图层:在PHOTOSHOP中,一般都是多是用到多个图层制作每一层好象是一张透明纸,叠放在一起就是一个完整的图像。对每一图层进行修改处理,对其它的图层不含造成任何的影响。 图像的色彩模式: 1)RGB彩色模式:又叫加色模式,是屏幕显示的最佳颜色,由红、绿、蓝三种颜色组成,每一种颜色可以有0-255的亮度变化。 2)CMYK彩色模式:由青色Cyan、洋红色Magenta、禁用语言Yellow。而K取的是black最后一个字母,之所以不取首字母,是为了避免与蓝色(Blue)混淆,又叫减色模式。一般打印输出及印刷都是这种模式,所以打印图片一般都采用CMYK模式。 3)HSB彩色模式:是将色彩分解为色调,饱和度及亮度通过调整色调,饱和度及亮度得到颜色和变化。4)Lab彩色模式:这种模式通过一个光强和两个色调来描述一个色调叫a,另一个色调叫b。它主要影响着色调的明暗。一般RGB转换成CMYK都先经Lab的转换。 5)索引颜色:这种颜色下图像像素用一个字节表示它最多包含有256色的色表储存并索引其所用的颜色,它图像质量不高,占空间较少。 6)灰度模式:即只用黑色和白色显示图像,像素0值为黑色,像素255为白色。 7)位图模式:像素不是由字节表示,而是由二进制表示,即黑色和白色由二进制表示,从而占磁盘空间最小。 ___________工____________具_____________用_____________法_____________ 移动工具,可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。 矩形选择工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 单列选择工具,可以对图像在垂直方向选择一列像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 裁切工具,可以对图像进行剪裁,前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框,用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放,用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转,用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。 套索工具,可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围,一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。

PS基本用法工具介绍

PS基本用法工具介绍 它是由Adobe公司开发的图形处理系列软件之一,主要应用于在图像处理、广告设计的一个电脑软件。最先它只是在Apple机(MAC)上使用,后来也开发出了forwindow的版本。 一、基本的概念。 位图:又称光栅图,一般用于照片品质的图像处理,是由许多像小方块一样的"像素"组成的图形。由其位置与颜色值表示,能表现出颜色阴影的变化。 在PHOTOSHOP主要用于处理位图。 矢量图:通常无法提供生成照片的图像物性,一般用于工程持术绘图。如灯光的质量效果很难在一幅矢量图表现出来。 分辩率:每单位长度上的像素叫做图像的分辩率,简单讲即是电脑的图像给读者自己观看的清晰与模糊,分辩率有很多种。如屏幕分辩率,扫描仪的分辩率,打印分辩率。 图像尺寸与图像大小及分辩率的关系:如图像尺寸大,分辩率大,文件较大,所占内存大,电脑处理速度会慢,相反,任意一个因素减少,处理速度都会加快。 通道:在PHOTOSHOP中,通道是指色彩的范围,一般情况下,一种基本色为一个通道。如RGB颜色,R为红色,所以R通道的范围为红色,G为绿色,B为蓝色。 图层:在PHOTOSHOP中,一般都是多是用到多个图层制作每一层好象是一张透明纸,叠放在一起就是一个完整的图像。对每一图层进行修改处理,对其它的图层不含造成任何的影响。 二、图像的色彩模式 1)RGB彩色模式:又叫加色模式,是屏幕显示的最佳颜色,由红、绿、蓝三种颜色组成,每一种颜色可以有0-255的亮度变化。 2)、CMYK彩色模式:由品蓝,品红,品黄和黄色组成,又叫减色模式。 一般打印输出及印刷都是这种模式,所以打印图片一般都采用CMYK模式。 3)、HSB彩色模式:是将色彩分解为色调,饱和度及亮度通过调整色调,饱和度及亮度得到颜色和变化。 4)、Lab彩色模式:这种模式通过一个光强和两个色调来描述一个色调叫a,另一个色调叫b。它主要影响着色调的明暗。一般RGB转换成CMYK 都先经Lab的转换。 5)、索引颜色:这种颜色下图像像素用一个字节表示它最多包含有256色的色表储存并索引其所用的颜色,它图像质量不高,占空间较少。 6)、灰度模式:即只用黑色和白色显示图像,像素0值为黑色,像素255为白色。

PS工具作用介绍 及 快捷键大全

基本术语了解: 位图:又称光栅图,一般用于照片品质的图像处理,是由许多像小方块一样的"像素"组成的图形。由其位置与颜色值表示,能表现出颜色阴影的变化。在PHOTOSHOP主要用于处理位图 矢量图:通常无法提供生成照片的图像物性,一般用于工程持术绘图。如灯光的质量效果很难在一幅矢量图表现出来。 分辩率:每单位长度上的像素叫做图像的分辩率,简单讲即是电脑的图像给读者自己观看的清晰与模糊,分辩率有很多种。如屏幕分辩率,扫描仪的分辩率,打印分辩率。 图像尺寸与图像大小及分辩率的关系:如图像尺寸大,分辩率大,文件较大,所占内存大,电脑处理速度会慢,相反,任意一个因素减少,处理速度都会加快。 通道:在PHOTOSHOP中,通道是指色彩的范围,一般情况下,一种基本色为一个通道。如RGB颜色,R为红色,所以R通道的范围为红色,G为绿色,B为蓝色。 图层:在PHOTOSHOP中,一般都是多是用到多个图层制作每一层好象是一张透明纸,叠放在一起就是一个完整的图像。对每一图层进行修改处理,对其它的图层不含造成任何的影响。 图像的色彩模式: 1)RGB彩色模式:又叫加色模式,是屏幕显示的最佳颜色,由红、绿、蓝三种颜色组成,每一种颜色可以有0-255的亮度变化。 2)CMYK彩色模式:由青色Cyan、洋红色Magenta、禁用语言Yellow。

而K取的是black最后一个字母,之所以不取首字母,是为了避免与蓝色(Blue)混淆,又叫减色模式。一般打印输出及印刷都是这种模式,所以打印图片一般都采用CMYK模式。 3)HSB彩色模式:是将色彩分解为色调,饱和度及亮度通过调整色调,饱和度及亮度得到颜色和变化。 4)Lab彩色模式:这种模式通过一个光强和两个色调来描述一个色调叫a,另一个色调叫b。它主要影响着色调的明暗。一般RGB转换成CMYK 都先经Lab的转换。 5)索引颜色:这种颜色下图像像素用一个字节表示它最多包含有256色的色表储存并索引其所用的颜色,它图像质量不高,占空间较少。 6)灰度模式:即只用黑色和白色显示图像,像素0值为黑色,像素255为白色。 7)位图模式:像素不是由字节表示,而是由二进制表示,即黑色和白色由二进制表示,从而占磁盘空间最小。 工具用途: 移动工具,可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。 矩形选择工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 单列选择工具,可以对图像在垂直方向选择一列像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 裁切工具,可以对图像进行剪裁,前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框,用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放,用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转,用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。 套索工具,可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围,一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。

Photoshop基本操作介绍(图文介绍)

第一课:工具的使用 一、Photoshop 简介: Adobe 公司出品的Photoshop 是目前最广泛的图像处理软件,常用于广告、艺术、平面设计等创作。也广泛用于网页设计和三维效果图的后期处理,对于业余图像爱好者,也可将自己的照片扫描到计算机,做出精美的效果。总之,Photoshop 是一个功能强大、用途广泛的软件,总能做出惊心动魄的作品。 二、认识工具栏 1、 选框工具 :用于选取需要的区域 ----选择一个像素的横向区域 属性栏: 注:按shift 键+框选,可画出正方形或正圆形区域 2、移动工具: -----用于移动图层或选区里的图像 3、套索工具: ----用于套索出选区 ----用于套索出多边形选区 ----可根据颜色的区别而自动产生套索选区 4、魔术棒工具: ----根据颜色相似原理,选择颜色相近的区域。 注:“容差”,定义可抹除的颜色范围,高容差会抹除范围更广的像素。 5、修复工具: 且是 ----类似于“仿制图工具”,但有智能修复功能。 选区相减

----用于大面积的修复 一新 ----用采样点的颜色替换原图像的颜色 注:Alt+鼠标单击,可拾取采样点。 6、仿制图章工具----仿制图章工具从图像中取样,然后您可将样本应用到其它图像或同一图像的其它部分。 ----仿制图章工具从图像中取样,然后将样本应用到其它图像或同 一图像的其它部分(按Alt键,拾取采样点)。 ----可先自定义一个图案,然后把图案复制到图像的其它区域或其它图像上。 三、小技巧: ①、取消选区:【Ctrl+D】 ②、反选选区:【Shif+F7】 ③、复位调板:窗口—工作区—复位调板位置。 ④、ctrl+[+、-]=图像的缩放 ⑤空格键:抓手工具 ⑥Atl+Delete = 用前景色填充 Ctrl+Delete = 用背景色填充 第二课:工具的使用二 一、工具栏 二、小技巧 1、自由变换工具:【Ctrl 、使用框选工具的时候,按【

PS CC 面及工具介绍

工具栏: 1.移动工具,可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。 2.矩形选框工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 3.椭圆选框工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 4.单行选框工具,可以对图像在水平方向选择一行像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 5.单列选框工具,可以对图像在垂直方向选择一列像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 6.?套索工具,可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围,一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。 7.?多边形套索工具,可用鼠标在图像上某点定一点,然后进行多线选中要选择的范围,没有圆弧的图像勾边可以用这个工具,但不能勾出弧线,所勾出的选择区域都是由多条线组成的 8.磁性套索工具,这个工具似乎有磁力一样,不须按鼠标左键而直接移动鼠标,在工具头处会出现自动跟踪的线,这条线总是走向颜色与颜色边界处,边界越明显磁力越强,将首尾连接后可完成选择,一般用于颜色与颜色差别比较大的图像选择。 9.魔棒工具,用鼠标对图像中某颜色单击一下对图像颜色进行选择,选择的颜色范围要求是相同的颜色,其相同程度可对魔棒工具双击,在辅助工具栏上容差值处调整容差度,数值越大,表示魔棒所选择的颜色差别大,反之,颜色差别小。 10.快速选择工具,选择快速选择工具后我们可以调节工具的大

小,(工具大的话选择的快一些,小的话可以更精准)。根据处理的图片选择快速选择工具的大小。如果多选或者少选可以添加选区,从选区减去。 11.裁切工具,可以对图像进行剪裁,前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框,用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放,用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转,用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。 12.吸管工具,主要用来吸取图像中某一种颜色,并将其变为前景色,一般用于要用到相同的颜色时候,在色板上又难以达到相同的可能,宜用该工具。用鼠标对着该颜色单击一下即可吸取。 13.画笔工具,用来对图像进行上色,主要用来对图像上色,上色的压力可由右键的选项调整压力,上色的大小可由右边的画笔处选择自已所须的笔头大小,上色的颜色可由右边的色板或颜色处选择所须的颜色。 14.铅笔工具,主要是模拟平时画画所用的铅笔一样,选用这工具后,在图像内按住鼠标左键不放并拖动,即可以进行画线,它与画笔不同之处是所画出的线条没有蒙边。笔头可以在右边的画笔中选取。 15.仿制图章工具,主要用来对图像的修复用多,亦可以理解为局部复制。先按住Alt键,再用鼠标在图像中需要复制或要修复取样点处单击一左键,再在右边的画笔处选取一个合适的笔头,就可以在图像中修复图像。 16.?图案图章工具,它也是用来复制图像,但与橡皮图章有些不同,它前提要求先用矩形选择一范围,再在”编辑”菜单中点取”定义图案”命令,然后再选合适的笔头,再在图像中进和行复制图案。 17.?历史记录画笔工具,主要作用是对图像进行恢复图像最近保存或打开图像的原来的面貌,如果对打开的图像操作后没有保存,使

Photoshop工具箱中各工具的名称及功能介绍

Photoshop工具箱中各工具的名称及功能介绍: 一、选择工具组 1、矩形选框工具:选择该工具可以在图像中创建矩形选区。按住“Shift”键拖动光标,可创建出正方形选区。 2、移动工具:移动选区的图像部分,如果没有建立选区,则移动的是整幅图像。 3、套索工具:用这个工具可以建立自由形状的选区。 4、魔棒工具:这个工具自动地以颜色近似度作为选择的依据,适合选择大面积颜色相近的区域。如果想选定不相邻的区域,按住“Shift”键对其它想要增加的部分单击,得以扩大选区。 5、裁切工具:可用来切割图像,选择使用该工具后,先在图像中建立一个矩形选区,然后通过选区边框上的控制句柄(边线上的小方块)来调整选区的大小,按下“Enter”键,选择区域以外的图像将被切掉,同时Photoshop会自动将选区内的图像建立一个新文件。按“Esc”键可以取消操作。使用该工具时,光标会变成按钮上的图标样子。 6、切片工具:可以在Photoshop6.0中切割图片并输出和将切割好的图片转移至ImageReady重进行更多的操作。 二、着色编缉工具组: 1、喷枪工具:用来绘制非常柔和的手绘线。 2、画笔工具:用来绘制比较柔和的线条。 3、橡皮图章工具:这是自由复制图像的工具。选择该工具后,按住“Alt”键单击图像某一处,然后在图像的其他地方单击鼠标左键,即可将刚才光标所在处的图像复制到该处。如果按住鼠标左键不放拖动光标,则可将复制的区域扩

大,在光标的旁边会有一个十字光标,用来指示你所复制的原图像的部位。(注意:可以在同是地打开的几个图像之间进行这种自由复制。) 4、历史记录画笔工具:使用该工具时,按住鼠标左键,在图像上拖动,光标所过之处,可将图像恢复到打开时的状态。当你对图像进行了多次编辑后,使用它能够将图像的某一部分一次恢复到初始状态。 5、橡皮擦工具:能把图层擦为透明,如果是在背景层上使用此工具,则擦为背景色。 6、模糊工具:用来减少相邻像素间的对比度,使图像变模糊。使用该工具时,按住鼠标左键拖动光标在图像上涂抹,可以减弱图像中过于生硬的颜色过渡和边缘。 7、减淡工具:拖动此工具可以增加光标经过之处图像的亮度。 三、专用工具组: 1、渐变工具:用逐渐过渡的色彩填充一个选择区域,如果没有建立选区,则填充整幅图像。 2、油漆桶工具:用前景颜色填充选择区域。 3、直接选择工具:用来调整路径上锚点的位置的工具。使用时光标变成箭头样。 4、文字工具:用来向图像中输入文字。 5、钢笔工具:路径勾点工具,勾画出首尾相接的路径。(注意:路径并不是图像的一部分,它是独立于图像存在的,这点与选区不同。利用路径可以建立复杂的选区或绘制复杂的图形,还可以对路径灵活地进行修改和编辑,并可以在路径与选区之间进行切换。) 6、矩形工具:选择此工具,拖到光标可画出矩形。 7、吸管工具:将所取位置的点的颜色作为前景色,如同时按住“Alt”键,则选取背景色。使用时,光标会变成按钮上标示的图标样。

ps中各种工具的介绍

1、选框工具共有4种包括【矩形选框工具】、【椭圆选框工具】、 【单行选框工具】和【单列选框工具】。它们的功能十分相似,但也有各自不同的特长。 矩形选框工具 使用【矩形选框工具】可以方便的在图像中制作出长宽随意的矩形选区。 操作时,只要在图像窗口中按下鼠标左键同时移动鼠标, 拖动到合适的大小松开鼠标即可建立一个简单的矩形选区了。 椭圆选框工具 使用【椭圆选框工具】可以在图像中制作出半径随意的椭圆形选区。 它的使用方法和工具选项栏的设置与【矩形选框工具】的大致相同。 单行选框工具:使用【单行选框工具】可以在图像中制作出1个像素高的单行选区. 单列选框工具:与【单行选框工具】类似,使用【单列选框工具】可以在 图像中制作出1个像素宽的单列选区。 2、套索工具:快捷键:L 套索工具也是一种经常用到的制作选区的工具, 可以用来制作折线轮廓的选区或者徒手绘画不规则的选区轮廓。 套索工具共有3种,包括:套索工具、多边形套索工具、磁性套索工具。 套索工具 使用【套索工具】,我们可以用鼠标在图像中徒手描绘, 制作出轮廓随意的选区。通常用它来勾勒一些形状不规则的图像边缘。 多边形套索工具 【多边形套索工具】可以帮助我们在图像中制作折线轮廓的多边形选区。 使用时,先将鼠标移到图像中点击以确定折线的起点, 然后再陆续点击其它折点来确定每一条折线的位置。 最后当折线回到起点时,光标下会出现一个小圆圈, 表示选择区域已经封闭,这时再单击鼠标即可完成操作。 3、魔棒工具:快捷键:W 【魔棒工具】是Photoshop中一个有趣的工具, 它可以帮助大家方便的制作一些轮廓复杂的选区,这为我们了节省大量的精力。 该工具可以把图像中连续或者不连续的颜色相近的区域作为选区的范围, 以选择颜色相同或相近的色块。魔棒工具使用起来很简单, 只要用鼠标在图像中点击一下即可完成操作。 【魔棒工具】的选项栏中包括:选择方式、容差、消除锯齿、连续的和用于所有图层 ⑴选择方式:使用方法和原理与【矩形选框工具】提到的一样,这里就不再介绍了。 ⑵容差:用来控制【魔棒工具】在识别各像素色值差异时的容差范围。 可以输入0~255之间的数值,取值越大容差的范围越大;相反取值越小容差的范围越小。

ps的工作界面的介绍

ps的工作界面的介绍(界面介绍) 界面的组成 photoshop的界面是由以下6个部分组成的。 标题栏 标题栏左边显示photoshop的标志和软件名称。右边三个图标分别是最小化、最大化和关闭按钮。菜单栏 photoshop菜单栏包括文件、编辑、图像等9个菜单。 工具属性栏 主要用来显示工具箱中所选用工具的一些延展的选项。选择不同的工具时出现的相应选项也是不同的,具体内容在工具箱介绍中详细讲解。 工具箱 对图像的修饰以及绘图等工具,都从工具箱中调用。几乎每种工具都有相应键盘快捷键,工具箱很想画家的画箱。 调板窗 用来存放不常用的调板。调板在其中只显示名称,点击后才出现整个调板,这样可以有效利用空间。防止调板过多挤占了图像的空间。 浮动调板(调板区) 用来安放制作需要的各种常用的调板。也可以称为浮动面板或面板。 其余的区域称为工作区,用来显示制作中的图像。Photoshop可以同时打开多幅图像进行制作,图像之间还可以互相传送数据。 除了菜单的位置不可变动外,其余各部分都是可以自由移动的,我们可以根据自己的喜好去安排界面。并且调板在移动过程中有自动对齐其他调板的功能,这可以让界面看上去比较整洁。 ★.标题栏 标题栏左边显示软件标志和软件名称,通过标题栏可以确认软件的版本。

标题栏右边是最小化,最大化和关闭按钮。 ★.菜单栏 菜单栏是Photoshop CS2的重要组成部分,和其他应用程序一样,Photoshop CS2根据图像处理的各种要求,将所有的功能命令分类后,分别放在9个菜单中,如下图所示,在其中几乎可以实现Photoshop的全部功能。 ★.工具属性栏 在默认状态下,Photoshop CS2中的工具属性栏位于菜单栏的下方,在其中可详细设置所选工具的各种属性。选择不同的工具或者进行不同的操作时,其属性栏中的内容会随之变化。 ★.工具箱 用phtoshop处理图像,首先要熟悉工具的使用。工具面板如下图。 根据工具的作用和特性,可分为: 1.选择与切割类; 2.编辑类; 3.矢量与文字类; 4.辅助工具,四大类,中间用分隔栏分开. 此外我们发现在一部分工具图标的右下角有个黑色的小箭头,这表示这里是一个相类似的工具的集合,用鼠标按下一个工具的按钮不放稍停一下,就会展开下级菜单,显示该集合的全部工具。

PS基本工具详解

【PS基本工具详 解】 01.选框工具---快捷键【M】 01-1.问:如何快速切换选框工具列表? 答:按住键盘“ALT”键,鼠标左击选框工具。 01-2.问:圆形选框或矩形选框如何画出正圆形或正方形选区? 答:按住键盘“shift”键,鼠标左键在画布拖动即可。 01-3.问:如何精确设定选区的大小? 答:在选框工具状态下,属性栏中样式一栏,选择固定比例或者固定大小,然后在其后的宽高设置中输入固定数值,再点击画布即可。 01-4.问:选框工具的属性栏中,羽化是干嘛的? 答:羽化就是对选区边缘进行模糊处理,使其内外衔接有个自然的过渡。在创建选区之前设置好羽化数值,创建后就能看到效果。 01-5.问:矩形选框的属性栏中,消除锯齿项为什么是灰色不能用的? 答:因为矩形选框都是直线的,所以不存在锯齿。其选项只有在椭圆选框状态下才可以勾选。 01-6.问:单行选框和单列选框是干嘛的? 答:这两个工具是为了方便选择一个像素的行和列而设置的,多用于线条绘制。 01-7.问:为什么用了单行单列选框在画布上操作,画布却不显示选区?填充也看不见? 答:这是因为画布大小设置过大,一像素的选区或者填充后的内容与画布的比例过大,所以显示不了,这时只要放大画布就能显示了。 01-8.问:如何重复制作单列或单行选区?

答:按住键盘“SHIFT”键,在画布不同位置上左键点击即可。 01-9.问:选框工具做好的选区大小不适合,能不能自由更改选区大小? 答:当然可以。点击“选择-变换选区”就能自由变换选区的大小,调整合适后,确认即可。 01-10.问:如何退出选框工具创建的虚线选区? 答:快捷键" Ctrl+D "即可。 02.选择工具---快捷键【V】 02-1.问:什么是选择工具? 答:选择工具,顾名思义是用来移动一个图层或者移动选中的内容。 02-2.问:选择工具如何快速复制? 答:在选择工具状态下,按住键盘"ALT"键,就可以实现快速复制图层或者选中内容。 02-3.问:当图层内容很多的时候,如何用选择工具快速选择想要的画面而不是每次都要点选图层才能够做移动编辑操作? 答:选择“选择工具”,勾选属性栏的“自动选择”,就能够快速选中鼠标点选的画面。 03.套索工具---快捷键【L】 03-1.问:用套索工具做出选区抠出来的图有很多的锯齿怎么办? 答:可以在使用套索之前,在属性栏的“羽化”项里设置好羽化数值,再使用套索,就能平滑边缘锯齿。 03-2.问:用套索创建选区后有多余的选区部分或者没有选到的部分,要怎么处理? 答:套索工具状态下,按住键盘“ALT”键来减去多余的选区,按住键盘“SHIFT”键来添加不够的选区。 03-3.问:用磁性套索创建选区的时候不好控制,老是产生错误的偏离的边界点,怎么办? 答:使用磁性套索工具时,可以结合DELETE删除错误的边界点再单击重新创建。 03-4.问:磁性套索工具属性栏中的宽度、边对比度和频率有什么作用? 答:1>宽度。数值框可以输入0-40之间的数值,对于某一给定的数值,

photoshop(基本功能介绍)

PS面板介绍大全 “色板”面板:该面板用于保存经常用的颜色。单击相应的色块,该颜色就会内指定为前景色。 “通道”面板该面板用于管理颜色信息或者利用通道指定的选区。主要用于创建Alpha通道及有效管理颜色通道。 “图层”面板:在合成若干个图像时使用该面板。该面板提供图层的创建和删除功能,并且可以设置图像的不透明度、图层蒙版等。 “信息”面板:该面板以数值形式显示图像信息。将鼠标的光标移动到图层上,就会显示相关信息。 “颜色”面板:用于设置背景色和前景色。颜色可通过拖动滑块指定,也可以通过输入相应颜色值指定。 “样式”面板:用于制作立体图标。只要单击鼠标即可制作出一个用特性的图像。 “直方图”面板:在该面板中可以看到图像的所有色调的分布情况,图像的色调分为最亮的区域(高光)、中间区域(中间色调)和暗淡区域(暗调)三部分。 “字符样式”面板:在该面板中可以对文字进行字体、符号、文字间距特殊效果的设置,字符样式仅作用于选定的字符。 1.“3D”面板:可以为图像制作出立体可见的效果。选择3D图层后,“3D”面板中会显示与之关联的3D文件组件,面板的顶部列出了文件中的场景、网络、材质和光源,面板底部显示了在面板顶部选择的3D组件的相关选项。

2.“动作“面板:利用该面板可以一次完成多个操作过程。记录操作顺序后,在其他图像上可以一次性应用整个过程。 3.“导航器”面板:通过放大或缩小图像来查找指定区域。利用视图框便于搜索大图像。 4.“测量记录”面板:可以为记录中的列重新排序,删除行或列,或者将记录中的数据导出到逗号分隔的文件中。 5.“段落”面板:利用该面板可以设置与文本段落相关选项。可调整行间距,增加缩进或减少缩进等。 6.“调整”面板:该面板用于对图像进行破坏性的调整。 7.“仿制源”面板:具有用于仿制图章工具或修复画笔工具的选项。可以设置5个不同的样本源并快速选择所需要改为不同的样本源时重新取样。 8.“字符”面板:在编辑或修改文本是提供相关功能的面板。可设置的主要选项有文字大小和间距、颜色、字间距等。 9.“动画”面板:利用该面板便于进行动作操作。 10.“路径”面板:用于将选区转换为路径,或者将路径转换为选区。利用该面板可以应用各种路径相关功能。 11.“历史记录”面板:该面板用于恢复操作过程,将图像操作过程按顺序记录下来。 12.“工具预设”面板:在该面板中可保持常哦那个的工具。可以将相同的工具保存为不同的设置,由此刻提高操作效率。 photoshop里各工具的用法,用途 1、选框工具:快捷键:M 选框工具共有4种包括【矩形选框工具】、【椭圆选框工具】、【单行选框工具】和【单列选框工具】。它们的功能十分相似,但也有各自不同的特长。矩形选框工具使用【矩形选框工具】可以方便的在

PS基本工具介绍

选框工具:快捷键:M 1、选框工具共有4种包括【矩形选框工具】、【椭圆选框工具】、【单行选框工具】和【单列选框工具】。它们的功能十分相似,但也有各自不同的特长。矩形选框工具 使用【矩形选框工具】可以方便的在图像中制作出长宽随意的矩形选区。操作时,只要在图像窗口中按下鼠标左键同时移动鼠标,拖动到合适的大小松开鼠标即可建立一个简单的矩形选区了。 椭圆选框工具 使用【椭圆选框工具】可以在图像中制作出半径随意的椭圆形选区。 它的使用方法和工具选项栏的设置与【矩形选框工具】的大致相同。 单行选框工具:使用【单行选框工具】可以在图像中制作出1个像素高的单行选区. 单列选框工具:与【单行选框工具】类似,使用【单列选框工具】可以在图像中制作出1个像素宽的单列选区。 2、套索工具:快捷键 套索工具也是一种经常用到的制作选区的工具, 可以用来制作折线轮廓的选区或者徒手绘画不规则的选区轮廓。 套索工具共有3种,包括:套索工具、多边形套索工具、磁性套索工具。 套索工具 使用【套索工具】,我们可以用鼠标在图像中徒手描绘, 制作出轮廓随意的选区。通常用它来勾勒一些形状不规则的图像边缘。 多边形套索工具 【多边形套索工具】可以帮助我们在图像中制作折线轮廓的多边形选区。 使用时,先将鼠标移到图像中点击以确定折线的起点, 然后再陆续点击其它折点来确定每一条折线的位置。 最后当折线回到起点时,光标下会出现一个小圆圈, 表示选择区域已经封闭,这时再单击鼠标即可完成操作。 3、魔棒工具:快捷键:W 【魔棒工具】是Photoshop中一个有趣的工具, 它可以帮助大家方便的制作一些轮廓复杂的选区,这为我们了节省大量的精力。该工具可以把图像中连续或者不连续的颜色相近的区域作为选区的范围, 以选择颜色相同或相近的色块。魔棒工具使用起来很简单, 只要用鼠标在图像中点击一下即可完成操作。 【魔棒工具】的选项栏中包括:选择方式、容差、消除锯齿、连续的和用于所有

PS基础工具全面介绍

PS基础工具全面介绍!!! 位图:又称光栅图,一般用于照片品质的图像处理,是由许多像小方块一样的"像素"组成的图形。由其位置与颜色值表示,能表现出颜色阴影的变化。在PHOTOSHOP主要用于处理位图 矢量图:通常无法提供生成照片的图像物性,一般用于工程持术绘图。如灯光的质量效果很难在一幅矢量图表现出来。 分辩率:每单位长度上的像素叫做图像的分辩率,简单讲即是电脑的图像给读者自己观看的清晰与模糊,分辩率有很多种。如屏幕分辩率,扫描仪的分辩率,打印分辩率。 图像尺寸与图像大小及分辩率的关系:如图像尺寸大,分辩率大,文件较大,所占内存大,电脑处理速度会慢,相反,任意一个因素减少,处理速度都会加快。 通道:在PHOTOSHOP中,通道是指色彩的范围,一般情况下,一种基本色为一个通道。如RGB颜色,R为红色,所以R通道的范围为红色,G为绿色,B为蓝色。 图层:在PHOTOSHOP中,一般都是多是用到多个图层制作每一层好象是一张透明纸,叠放在一起就是一个完整的图像。对每一图层进行修改处理,对其它的图层不含造成任何的影响。 图像的色彩模式: 1)RGB彩色模式:又叫加色模式,是屏幕显示的最佳颜色,由红、绿、蓝三种颜色组成,每一种颜色可以有0-255的亮度变化。 2)CMYK彩色模式:由青色Cyan、洋红色Magenta、禁用语言Yellow。而K取的是black最后一个字母,之所以不取首字母,是为了避免与蓝色(Blue)混淆,又叫减色模式。一般打印输出及印刷都是这种模式,所以打印图片一般都采用CMYK模式。 3)HSB彩色模式:是将色彩分解为色调,饱和度及亮度通过调整色调,饱和度及亮度得到颜色和变化。 4)Lab彩色模式:这种模式通过一个光强和两个色调来描述一个色调叫a,另一个色调叫b。它主要影响着色调的明暗。一般RGB转换成CMYK 都先经Lab的转换。 5)索引颜色:这种颜色下图像像素用一个字节表示它最多包含有256色的色表储存并索引其所用的颜色,它图像质量不高,占空间较少。6)灰度模式:即只用黑色和白色显示图像,像素0值为黑色,像素255为白色。 7)位图模式:像素不是由字节表示,而是由二进制表示,即黑色和白色由二进制表示,从而占磁盘空间最小。 ___________工____________具_____________用_____________法_____________ 移动工具,可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。 矩形选择工具,可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。 单列选择工具,可以对图像在垂直方向选择一列像素,一般对比较细微的选择用。 裁切工具,可以对图像进行剪裁,前裁选择后一般出现八个节点框,用户用鼠标对着节点进行缩放,用鼠标对着框外可以对选择框进行旋转,用鼠标对着选择框双击或打回车键即可以结束裁切。 套索工具,可任意按住鼠标不放并拖动进行选择一个不规则的选择范围,一般对于一些马虎的选择可用。 多边形套索工具,可用鼠标在图像上某点定一点,然后进行多线选中要选择的范围,没有圆弧的图像勾边可以用这个工具,但不能勾出弧度 磁性套索工具,这个工具似乎有磁力一样,不须按鼠标左键而直接移动鼠标,在工具头处会出现自动跟踪的线,这条线总是走向颜色与颜色边界处,边界越明显磁力越强,将首尾连接后可完成选择,一般用于颜色与颜色差别比较大的图像选择。 魔棒工具,用鼠标对图像中某颜色单击一下对图像颜色进行选择,选择的颜色范围要求是相同的颜色,其相同程度可对魔棒工具双击,在屏幕右上角上容差值处调整容差度,数值越大,表示魔棒所选择的颜色差别大,反之,颜色差别小。 喷枪工具,主要用来对图像上色,上色的压力可由右上角的选项调整压力,上色的大小可由右边的画笔处选择自已所须的笔头大小,上色的颜

PS工具介绍

Photoshop工具介绍 一、矩形选择/椭圆形选择(选取物体、限制编辑范围) (1)按Shift,由一边向另一边画正方形或正圆 (2)按Alt,由中心向两侧画对称的形状 (3)按Shift+Alt:由中心向外画正方形或正圆 (4)按Shift+Ctrl+I:反选 (5)取消选择: 按Ctrl+D或在空白处单击 羽化:使填充的颜色边界产生柔和虚化效果 二、移动工具: 移动已选择的图像,没选区的将移动整幅画面 三、套索工具 套索:按住鼠标拖动绘制出任意的选择范围 多边形套索:由直线连成选择范围 磁性套索:沿颜色的边界进行选择 四、魔棒工具:根据图像中颜色的相似度来选取图形 容差:值越小,选取的颜色范围越小,反之,范围大 五、裁切工具:裁切画面,删除不需要的图像 六、切片工具 七、 1、修复画笔:修复图像中的缺陷,并能使修复的结果自然溶入周围图像 方法:按ALT键取样,到目标点拖动 2、修补工具:可以从图像的其它区域或使用图案来修补当前选中的区域 源:将源图像选区拖至目标区,则源区域图像将被目标区域的图像覆盖目标:将选定区域作为目标区,用其覆盖共他区域 图案:用图案覆盖选定的区域 3、颜色替换工具:用于修改红眼 八、 1、画笔:用前景色在画布上绘画,模仿现实生活中的毛笔进行绘画, 创建柔和的彩色线条 +shift:画连接的直线不透明度:决定颜色的深浅 2、铅笔:用于创建硬边界的线条 自动抹掉:前景色、背景色相互转换 参数: 1、直径:笔刷的大小 2、角度:笔刷的旋转角度 3、圆度:控制笔刷的长短轴比例,以制作扁形笔刷 4、硬度:控制笔刷边界的柔和程度,值越小,越柔和 5、间距:两笔之间的距离

PS“计算工具”的功能与用法详解

PS“计算工具”的功能与用法详解(网摘) 初学Photoshop的同学,最早接触“计算”工具,应该是网上大堆大堆介绍通道磨皮法那几个步骤,“选择反差适中的绿色通道,然后高反差保留,然后计算,然后再高反差保留,然后再计算,然后再再高反差保留,然后再计算……”。为什么计算过程中我们选择的是绿通道副本到绿通道副本的“强光”混合模式而不是选择“变暗”或者其他的混合模式呢?我们只是按部就班记住了这些过程,然后得出了想要的效果,但为什么计算工具有如此美妙之处呢?其实,通道磨皮法是通道作为选区功能的一次彻底的应用,它通过计算工具选取出人物皮肤需要提亮美化的部分,“计算”是通道的一个选择手段或者工具。“计算”和“应用图像”以及“图层混合模式”既有关联又有区别,要了解计算的作用,并且熟练为自己所用,就需要对通道、图层混合有一个初步的认识。今天我们就来通过实例来剖析一下Photoshop的“计算”工具有些什么功能,是如何工作的。 第一、“计算”工具和“通道”紧密关联 它在通道中运算产生,形成新的ALPHA专用通道,ALPHA通道,又是为我们所需要的选取部分。通道就是选区,实际上,“计算”也是通道“选区”作用的一个产生工具而已。 第二、“应用图像”和“计算”的区别 “应用图像”是直接作用于本图层,是不可逆的,而“计算”是在通道中形成新的待选区域,是待选或备用的。

第三、“计算”和“图层混合模式”紧密相连 要了解图层混合模式,必须从色彩开始系统了解PS的基础应用,图层混合模式的应用是中级阶段PS学习应该熟练掌握和认识的,后面附件中有各个混合模式的比例或者公式。 第四、“图层混合”、“应用图像”与“计算” “图层混合”是图层与图层之间以某种模式进行某种比例的混合,“图层混合”是层与层之间发生关系。 “应用图像”是某一图层内通道到通道(包括RGB通道或者ALPHA通道)采用“图层混合”的混合模式进行直接作用——实质上是把通道(包括RGB通道或者ALPHA通道)看成为图层与图层的一种混合,只是这种混合的主题是图层内的单一通道或者RGB通道,是通道到通道发生作用而直接产生结果于单一图层,“应用图像”的结果是单一图层发生了改变。 “计算”的结果,既不像图层与图层混合那样产生图层混合的视觉上的变化,又不像“应用图像”那样让单一图层发生变化,“计算”工具实质是通道与通道间,采用“图层混合”的模式进行混合,产生新的选区,这个选区是为下一步操作所需要的。 明白了以上几点之后,下面我们通过实例了解计算是如何做出我们需要的选区,这是掌握“计算”法最最关键的一点。我们拿到一张准备PS的图片,要养成没处理之前,就要想到我们将会处理什么样子或者怎样去处理。而这里的关键,就是我们充分了解图层混合这样的光和色的比例关系。这是初级迈向高级的应用的一个坎。了解这个坎,借助“图层混合”,“应用图像”,“计算”这几个工具,飞跃这个坎。 附:图层混合模式的应用 图层混合模式可以将两个图层的色彩值紧密结合在一起,从而创造出大量的效果。 混合模式在Photoshop应用中非常广泛,大多数绘画工具或编辑调整工具都可以使用混合模式,所以正确、灵活使用各种混合模式,可以为图像的效果锦上添花。 单击图层混合模式的下拉组合框,将弹出25种混合模式命令的下拉列表菜单,选择不同的混合模式命令,就可以创建不同的混合效果;图层的混合模式是用于控制上下图层的混合效果,在设置混合效果时还需设置图层的不透明度,以下介绍混合模式选项说明的不透明度在100%的前提下。 正常:该选项可以使上方图层完全遮住下方图层。 溶解:如果上方图层具有柔和的关透明边缘,选择该项则可以创建像素点状效果。 变暗:两个图层中较暗的颜色将作为混合的颜色保留,比混合色亮的像素将被替换,而比混合色暗像素保持不变。 正片叠底:整体效果显示由上方图层和下方图层的像素值中较暗的像素合成的图像效果,任意颜色与黑色重叠时将产生黑色,任意颜色和白色重叠时颜色则保持不变。 颜色加深:选择该项将降低上方图层中除黑色外的其他区域的对比度,使图像的对比度下降,产生下方图层透过上方图层的投影效

PS基本用法工具介绍

P S基本用法工具介绍 Document serial number【UU89WT-UU98YT-UU8CB-UUUT-UUT108】

PS基本用法工具介绍 它是由Adobe公司开发的图形处理系列软件之一,主要应用于在图像处理、广告设计的一个电脑软件。最先它只是在Apple机(MAC)上使用,后来也开发出了forwindow的版本。 一、基本的概念。 位图:又称光栅图,一般用于照片品质的图像处理,是由许多像小方块一样的"像素"组成的图形。由其位置与颜色值表示,能表现出颜色阴影的变化。在PHOTOSHOP主要用于处理位图。 矢量图:通常无法提供生成照片的图像物性,一般用于工程持术绘图。如灯光的质量效果很难在一幅矢量图表现出来。 分辩率:每单位长度上的像素叫做图像的分辩率,简单讲即是电脑的图像给读者自己观看的清晰与模糊,分辩率有很多种。如屏幕分辩率,扫描仪的分辩率,打印分辩率。 图像尺寸与图像大小及分辩率的关系:如图像尺寸大,分辩率大,文件较大,所占内存大,电脑处理速度会慢,相反,任意一个因素减少,处理速度都会加快。 通道:在PHOTOSHOP中,通道是指色彩的范围,一般情况下,一种基本色为一个通道。如RGB颜色,R为红色,所以R通道的范围为红色,G为绿色,B为蓝色。 图层:在PHOTOSHOP中,一般都是多是用到多个图层制作每一层好象是一张透明纸,叠放在一起就是一个完整的图像。对每一图层进行修改处理,对其它的图层不含造成任何的影响。

二、图像的色彩模式 1)RGB彩色模式:又叫加色模式,是屏幕显示的最佳颜色,由红、绿、蓝三种颜色组成,每一种颜色可以有0-255的亮度变化。 2)、CMYK彩色模式:由品蓝,品红,品黄和黄色组成,又叫减色模式。一般打印输出及印刷都是这种模式,所以打印图片一般都采用CMYK模式。 3)、HSB彩色模式:是将色彩分解为色调,饱和度及亮度通过调整色调,饱和度及亮度得到颜色和变化。 4)、Lab彩色模式:这种模式通过一个光强和两个色调来描述一个色调叫a,另一个色调叫b。它主要影响着色调的明暗。一般RGB转换成CMYK都先经Lab的转换。 5)、索引颜色:这种颜色下图像像素用一个字节表示它最多包含有256色的色表储存并索引其所用的颜色,它图像质量不高,占空间较少。 6)、灰度模式:即只用黑色和白色显示图像,像素0值为黑色,像素255为白色。 7)、位图模式:像素不是由字节表示,而是由二进制表示,即黑色和白色由二进制表示,从而占磁盘空间最小。 三、工具介绍移动工具:可以对PHOTOSHOP里的图层进行移动图层。矩形选择工具:可以对图像选一个矩形的选择范围,一般对规则的选择用多。

相关主题