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英语长难句分析

英语长难句分析
英语长难句分析

在阅读中,我们经常会遇到一些长而难的句子。长难句通常含有较多、较长的修饰成分、并列成分或从句。长难句的丰富内容和复杂结构往往会导致理解的困难。理解长难句的关键是了解长难句的类型,理

清句子成分,抓住句子中的关键部分。

一、长难句的分类

1、带有较多成分的简单句。

如:Having chosen family television programs and women’s magazines,the toothpaste market er,for instance,must select the exact television programs and stations as well as the specific w omen’s magazines to be used. 例如,决定选择家庭电视节目和妇女杂志后,牙膏经销商还必须挑选出要用的确切的电视节目和电视台,以及那些具体的妇女杂志。

在这个有30多个词的简单句中,动词-ing形式短语用作时间状语,不定式to be used修饰的不仅是women’s magazine,而且还修饰television programs and stations。exact television同时修饰program s和stations两个词,这在翻译中可以看出来。插入语for instance把主语和谓语分隔开了。

2、含有多个简单句的并列句。

如:In the 1970s he was a surgeon at Yale,had a wonderful wife and five beautiful children,but he was terribly unhappy.在20世纪70年代,他在耶鲁当外科医生,有位出色的太太和5个漂亮的

孩子,但他那时过得却很不开心。

在第二个并列句中,即在had前面省略了and he。

Discrimination(歧视) isn’t their only concern;almost everyone testing positive for the Huntingto n’s gene(基因) develops symptoms(症状) during middle age,and doctors can do nothing to help.担心受到歧视并不是他们唯一的忧虑,几乎所有遗传性亨廷顿病基因检测呈阳性的人在中年时症状都会显

现出来,而医生对此却无能为力。

三个分句均为简单句,分别用分号和and连接。

3、含有多个从句的复合句。

如:I can’t live in fear of the possibility that as the earth’s population grows and we use more and more of our nonrenewable(不能再生的) resources,our children may have to lead poorer live s.我不能总是生活在对这种可能性的忧虑中:由于地球上人口的不断增长,由于我们正在消耗掉越来越多的非再生资源,我们的孩子可能不得不过着更加贫穷的生活。

在possibility后由that引导的同位语从句中还含有一并列结构的时间状语从句:as…resources

However,those of us who are parents of children in this age group know that such offers ar e relatively rare and that many liberal-arts students(文科生) graduate with the belief that the pros

pective(预期的) workplace may not have a place for them. 然而,我们这些有这个年龄段孩子的家长们都知道,这样的机会少得可怜;我们也知道,许多文科毕业生认为未来的就业市场没有他们的一席之地。

本句的主谓语是:those of us know。know有两个由that引导的宾语从句,其中第二个省略了know。在主句中还有一个定语从句修饰those of us,在第二个宾语从句中还有一个同位语从句修饰belief。

4、含有多个插入成分的句子。

如:His journey to the e-mail hell began innocently(无知地)enough when, as chairman of C omputer Associates International,a software company,he first heard how quickly his employees had accepted their new electronic-mail system.他在电子邮件的地狱之旅是糊里糊涂开始的。作为国际计算机联合公司这家软件公司的董事长,他当时还是第一次听说他的雇员们是多么快地就接受了他们公司

的新的电子邮件系统。

as chairman of Computer Associates International是he的同位语,a software company是Comp uter Associates International的同位语,他们将从属连词when引导的时间状语从句的主语分隔开了。

5、并列复合句。

如:I have known changes for the better and changes for the worse,but I have never questi oned the fact that whether I liked it or not,change was unavoidable.我经历过好的变化,也经历过坏的变化,但是我从来没有怀疑过这样一个事实,即不管我喜欢与否,变化总是不可避免的。

在but后的那个并列的分句中有一个同位语从句,其中还含有一个让步状语从句。

They also found that the bus conductor had a major role in preventing vandalism(故意破坏行为),and at the times he went up the stairs to the upper deck to collect fares,vandalism did n ot often occur.他们还发现公交车售票员在防止发生故意破坏方面发挥了重要的作用。当售票员到双层公

交车的上层收费时,破坏行为就不常发生。

在前一个并列分句中有一个宾语从句,在后一个并列的分句中有一个修饰times的定语从句,这个定语

从句前省略了关系词that或when。

二、长难句分析步骤

1、首先确定句子是简单句、复合句或并列句。

2、如果是简单句,首先确定主谓结构;接着确定宾语和宾语补足语(如有的话);然后确定定语和状语等次要成分,即找出主语、谓语和宾语各自的修饰语。按照所确定的各个成分,给出全句大意(可用翻译法)。译文意思应当通顺,并和上下文意义基本吻合。如意义出入较大,文理不通,则分析可能有误,这时应考

虑重新进行句子结构分析。

3、如果是并列句,首先应找出并列连词并把全句分解为若干个分句;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各

分句的内部结构和句意;然后将全句综合考虑。

4、如果是复合句,首先找出从属连词并确定出主句,这时应特别注意连词省略现象和多义连词在句中的确切含义;接着按照简单句的分析方法再细分各分句的内部结构和句意;然后确定从句的性质,即该从句在句中修饰什么词语或结构;最后整体考虑全句大意,尤其要注意对修饰语的判断是否准确。

三、长难句分析的注意事项

在分析句子成分时,还应特别注意下列几点:

1、是否有同位语和插入语。

2、是否有省略、倒装和分隔等现象。

3、替代词的所指对象。

4、判断并列成分的层次。

5、句首的并列连词and、or、but、for通常起承上启下的作用,不要将他们归入后文的句法分析。

6、在从句多的句子中,从句中又包含从句的现象。

7、非限定动词短语在句中作次要成分(定语和状语)时又带着自己较长的从属成分,尤其是状语从句或宾

语从句时的结构分析。

8、在有多个从句的复合句和并列句中,状语(单个词、短语或从句)究竟是全句的修饰语还是某个从句或

词语的修饰语。

四、长难句分析实例

1、Such tasks are generally important in their outcome,which only adds to the pressure to do good job,and yet their very complexity makes it difficult to know just where or how to begin.这些任务的结果通常都很重要,这为做好工作增加了压力,然而这些任务的复杂性使人很难知道该从何处开

始和怎样开始。

这是一个并列复合句。在第一个并列分句中,有一个非限制性定语从句,但它不修饰outcome,而是修饰前面的整个分句。后一并列分句中有一个复合宾语结构,用it作形式宾语,实际宾语为带有连接副词

的不定式短语。

2、Today it is not unusual for a student,even if he works part time at college and full time d uring the summer,to have $5,000 in loans(贷款) after four years—loans that he must start to rep ay within one year after graduation.一个学生即使在上课期间做兼职工作,在暑假期间做全职工作,四年下来他仍会欠下5,000美元学费贷款,而这笔钱必须在毕业后一年内开始偿还。这样的事现在已经是

很平常了。

分析本句应抓住其关键结构:it is not unusual for a student to have $5,000 in loans after four y ears。it是形式主语,实际主语为由for引出逻辑主语的不定式结构for a student to have $5,000 in loa ns after four years。这里应注意not unusual是双重否定,实际表示肯定含义。让步状语从句even if h

e works part time at college and full time during the summer被插在不定式结构中。破折号引出带形容词从句的同位语。由于for到句末是一个完整的内容,因此翻译中将他们连在一起,而把it is not unus

ual分译。

3、What emerges(浮现) is a picture of an environment where the emphasis is on managing th

e technology as it spies on people doing their jobs,rather than promoting quality service to cust omers and providing a fair workplace.这就勾画出了这样一种工作环境,在这种环境中,只重视科技手段对员工工作的监视作用,而不考虑提高客户服务质量和提高公平的工作场所。

本句的主谓结构是What emerges is a picture,主语What emerges本身即为一个从句。在说明pic ture的介词短语中还有一个定语从句修饰environment,在这个定语从句中又有一个as引导的状语从句修饰managing,介词on后有三个动词-ing形式短语作其宾语,分别为:managing,promoting和providin

g。

4、Justice does demand that murderers be punished. And common sense demands that societ y be protected from them. But neither justice nor self-preservation demands that we kill men who m we have already imprisoned. 正义确定要求严惩凶手。常识也要求社会受到保护不被(恶人)侵犯。

但是无论正义还是自我保护都没有要求我们处死已被监禁的囚犯。

第二、三两句中的第一个词均为并列连词,他们起承上启下的作用。三个句子中各有一个that引导的宾语从句,最后一句中还有一个由whom引导的、修饰men的定语从句。

Musical style

Although TVXQ was initially marketed as an a cappella group, most of the group's music is mainstream K-pop and J-pop. Their debut single "Hug" was a bubblegum pop song, where as their follow up single "The Way U Are" was a dance/R&B number, complete with stylized outfits and choreographed dance moves.

近些年考研英语试卷中,考生普遍认为难度较大的是长难句的理解与翻译。这些句子一般为多个从句,因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及从句之间的关系。然而,“看花容易,绣花难”,究竟该如何攻克考研英语中的难点长难句呢?英语考研辅导专家为2011年考生浓缩了以下对策:

一、观其“形”

这里的“形”指的是从比较中总结这类句子的特点。长难句其实并不难,它仅仅是将多个从句或者较复杂的从句呈现在了考生面前,只要了解考查点,熟悉从句几种形式,再复杂的长句也称不上难句了。

长难句的一般形式包括名词性从句,形容词性从句(即定语从句),状语从句。其中,名词性从句又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

为了同学们更便于理解,接下来给大家分别举几个例子助“消化”。

例一:Robert Fulton once wrote, "The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges,

wheels, etc. ,like a poet among the letters of the alphabet , considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea. "

【句子主干】

Robert Fulton once wrote, “The mechanic should sit down…, like a …, considering them as…, in which a…”

【语法难点】

1)like…分句是省略了who 的主语从句中的分句,considering…分句是现在分词引导的状语从句。这个状语从句可以拿到句首,也可以在句尾。一般来说较长的状语从句置于句尾,较短的置于句首,为的是使句子看上去显得简洁一些。

2)like分句中出现了比较多的省略,补全以后是who like a poet who is among the letters…。英语中的从句之所以是难点就是因为大量地省略引导词。

【句子翻译】

罗博特·富尔顿曾经写道,机械工将坐在杠杆、螺丝、楔、轮子等周围,像诗人对待字母表中的每个字母一样,把它们作为自己的思路展示,每一个新组合都传送一个新概念。

【翻译技巧】

如果严格地翻译,like分句应该译为“像对待字母表中字母的诗人一样”,原因是这个从句修饰的是机械工,应该用诗人来对应,但这样一来,就不符合汉语的表达习惯了。

例二:Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.

【句子主干】

Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased …shareholders as a class, (which was) an element…

【语法难点】

本句是典型的非限定性定语从句,难点在其主语和宾语都有较长的短语和of结构限定,并且分句是由两个and相连的3个部分组成的。分句an element…landowners 又带有两个定语从句,一个是(which was)representing…,另一个是(which was)detached…。

可见,定语从句的难点在于经常省略“引导词+be”的结构,从而在理解上容易和分词结构相混淆。

【句子翻译】

对资本和企业的这种大规模的非个人操纵大大增加了股东作为一个阶级的数量和重要性。这个阶层作为国计民生的一部分,代表了非个人责任的财富与土地及土地所有者应尽义务的分离,而且也几乎与责任管理相分离。

【翻译技巧】

实际上定语从句并不符合汉语的使用习惯。所以翻译时遇上定语从句,一定不要机械地按照原来的顺序生搬硬套。像这样分句较长的情况,把主句和分句拆为两句是比较好的方法。所以这里从“这个阶层”开始另起一句。

例三:This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

【句子主干】

This trend began during …, when…,that…

【语法难点】

1)有套和从句。这个句子实际上是This trend began.其余的成分都是在起修饰和限定作用。在分析长难句时一定要注意找出句子的主干,关键是确定句子的主语和谓语,只有这样才不会被众多的修饰成分所迷惑。

2)When引导的是时间状语从句。第一个that引导的是修饰conclusion的定语从句,第二个that引导的是修饰demands的定语从句,wants前省略了which,是引导的修饰a government的主语从句。

【句子翻译】

这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间,当时一些国家的政府下了结论,认为:政府向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的。

【翻译技巧】

此句中短语较多。

come to the conclusion形成某种结论/make of提出/in detail详细地

二、闻其“声”

长难句当然没有声音,但是它的方法确是可以通过传授,让困惑中的你尽快的明了其中的“奥秘”。考研的时间毕竟紧张,有限的时间只有靠最有效的方法才能提高效率。建议2011年考生,可以向英语基础较好的同学,或者已经考上研究生的师哥师姐取经。如果你已经毕业,或者即使是在校却很少能见到自己的老师,那么选择一个权威些的考研辅导班,去听一听课,课后再向那些专家请教一下,一定会获得事半功倍的效果。

三、解其“疑”

除了上面的建议可以帮助考生答疑解惑以外,攻克长难举最关键的办法还在于真正了解考研英语中长难句的考点,真正的学会分析长难句。万学海文特别列出以下几点最为基础的步骤供考生参考:

1、找出句中所有的谓语结构、非谓语结构、介词短语和从句的引导词;

2、分析从句和短语的功能,例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等;以及词,短语和从句之间的关系;

3、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分;

4、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构。

以上几种复习英语长难句的方法希望考生在复习的过程中好好体会,通过多做练习更好地运用和把握,这也是往年考生的难点所在,因此希望这些方法能够对大家有所帮助。

英语长难句70句分析

如何掌握长难句 复杂长句是考研阅读理解短文的最显著特点之一,是文章语言难度所在,也是命题者常常出题之处。因此具备较好的剖析复杂长句的能力,对于考研阅读理解至关重要。复杂长句典型的特点是,多个语法现象或特殊句式同时出现在一个较长的句子中,使句子修饰词很多,句中套句,成分中套成分,从而造成考生对其准确意义的理解困难。 对于复杂长句,不管其结构多么复杂多变、盘根错节,只要把握住句子结构的主脉络抓住句子的关键词和关键信息,再根据自己所掌握的各种语法知识及一些特殊句式的构成规律,就可理清头绪,找到思路。由于复杂长句很难理解,考生在平时阅读时应多加练习。 下面分8类总结了最典型的70句真题长难句,希望考生复习时能多揣摩,如能将其中英文全部背熟,长难句肯定过关。 第一节比较结构 1.There are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. 【参考译文】现在已有一些机器人系统能够进行精确到毫米以下的脑部和骨骼手术---这要比极具技巧的医生单单用手精确得多。 2.I have discovered,as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress,that abandoning the doctr ine of “juggling your life”,and making the alternative move into “downshifting” brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. 【参考译文】或许正像凯尔西在不堪积劳重负而公开地辞去她在《她》杂志社的编辑一职之后—样,我已经发现,放弃那种“为生活忙碌”的人生信条并转而追求比较悠闲的生活带给你的回报远远大于经济成功和社会地位。 3.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline—after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s—and is still linked to the politics of thrift,in Britain,at least among the middle-class down shifters of my acquaintance,we have different reasons for seeking to simplify our lives. 【参考译文】在美国,这一返朴趋势是以经济衰落的反应为开始的---那是在80年代末期裁员而引起大量的失业之后---现在依然与提倡节俭的政纲相关;而在英国,最起码在我所熟识的中产阶级返朴归隐者中,追求简约生活的原因就多种多样了。

(完整)高考英语长难句解析练习教师篇

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