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英文翻译报告

英文翻译报告
英文翻译报告

毕业设计(论文)英文翻译

学生姓名:张志明学号:2513060140

所在学院:南京工业大学

专业:机械工程及自动化

设计(论文)题目:NJ6597SFF5车架设计及有限元分析

指导教师:王东方

2010年4月1日

车架

整个车辆的基础被称之为车架,车架的作用是增加车身的强度和刚度,以承受弯曲和扭曲载荷。在车辆与地面碰撞的情况下, 车架是受压迫且吸收大部分能量冲击的。它必需托住汽车发动机, 汽车车身,汽车轮子, 和汽车其他元件。车架是由槽钢或U形截面槽钢组成, 利用焊接或用铆钉固定在一起。交叉支柱使他们坚固并足以能够抵抗震动,冲击, 扭转和它们在运行中所碰到的振动。

车架有两个冲压成型的钢制直梁, 五个横梁, 前轮轴, 后轮轴和四个车轮组成。两根钢制直梁的前部比后部靠的更近些。这样做的目的是考虑到前面的那个轮子更好的引导驾驶。后轮轴的功能不只是承载负荷而且也是传送扭转力到后面轮子的。后车桥穿过一个差速器传递一个相等量扭矩给两者车桥。当必要时,差速器是让每个车轮以它自己的速度旋转的一个重要的总成。例如:轿车在转弯行驶时,外侧车轮要比内侧车轮转的快,内侧车轮起到枢轴的作用。

为了要吸收与大地表面的陡震,前车桥和后车桥被板片弹簧连接到车架。现在,前车桥正在被独立的前悬挂系统组件所取代。发动机、车轮,电力系统、制动器和转向系统是装在车架上,然后总成称作为底盘。底盘作为支架,所有的部件都牢牢的固定在上面。在大部份的情形下,发动机被三或四个车架上的位置所托住。支座上的排列包括被放置在发动机支承凸缘和车架托架之间的橡皮衬垫或垫圈。橡皮衬垫或垫圈能够避免金属与金属间的碰撞。他们以此方式吸收发动机的振动和噪音。可阻止发动机的振动和噪音直接传到车架上,进而传给车身和乘客。在这些项目被装在车架上之后,在车身操作完成期间应紧密的装配在一起。

汽车车体总成性质上模拟制度的构架

摘录:车体总成程序设计(BAPD)制度现在在上海交通大学的汽车车体制造技术中心实验室发展之下。要确保总成议题已经适当地在概念上的设计阶段中

被考虑,不同的方法、程序和工具应该要开放式的概念。这报告提供BAPD 系统的系统建筑学的简短思想方式,而且报告将会呈现一个构架携带性质上的模拟proce-dure 而且引导阶层的性质上的模拟已有限制的参数和模糊知识分析并且预测总成变动流量;系统引导总成特征的车身参数的性质上获得数据,而且根据总成程序的定性分析法获得主要因素产生相关变动。一个分析案例被讨论说明定性分析的功能。

1.介绍:

发展一个新车辆模型或现代车辆变型设计,设计者将会需要加发展程序的新技术、新材料和设计方法。随着人工智能技术的迅速发展,它提供一个良好的机会给设计者和制造业者不断地改良产品品质,实行并发设计并且减少销售时间。车辆车体在竞争成本面对现在逐渐增加环境竞争下一定要建造一个完整的空间。自动化制造者应该生产在指定的公差里面的设计组件│产品,所以设计者将细致谨慎地选择适当的装配运作和他们的应用造形一个可行的装配过程顺序。程序逐渐地改变设计的组件│产品的总成误差,主要尺寸需求和最后一个成形工艺。概念上的设计将会大大的影响产品成本的基础结构。在自动车体概念上的设计中,设计者需要决定数以百计的零件│组件之间的复杂的连接和结构。现在,汽车制造商通常由设计者决定联合的结构和长时间测试总成经验的装配顺序。针对设计者的知识和判断能力的限制,对所有的设计观念作出合理、正确选择和决定尤为困难,问题的问题根源缺少概念上的设计尺寸和设计工具。不同的方法和程序应该被发展来确保总成议题已经适当地在概念上的设计阶段中被考虑。整个的总成程序逐渐地改变装配的类型和总成阶段研发最能实行的装配顺序和准许总成合量主要尺寸需求之内的误差和会最后一个成形或被设计的组件的其他功能的需求。在每个装配运作中,这个装配或制造公差将保证按部就班的装配组件,控制设计公差符合要求。每个设计公差被一些装配制造强制加诸于装配运作的公差极限的和│或者保证一直生产组件和副装配。Prisco 和Giorleo [1] 审视了表现的模型的现在状态,操纵和分析了尺寸偏差数据主要通过计算机的数据-现在商用的辅助公差系统。在工程学中, VisVSA 商业的软件熟悉快速的变动分析模拟和促进以蒙地卡罗模拟为基础的零件和总成的空间变化的统计分析的图解式

的模拟。Shen [2] 就目前简短的评论商业的计算机辅助的公差分析系统VisVSA。Schlatter [3] 利用 VisVSA 在磁盘驱动器中进行尺寸管理和分析。3DCS 也是一个非常成功的数量变动计算商业软件。然后,公差分析在VisVSA 和 3DCS 被运行,包括一总成顺序和一组公差设定的固定的总成和现有的变动积累。此外,这些工具不能够主动地选择能实行、最佳的总成顺序,变通地变更连接接合器的类型或者主动地调整公差极限实现最佳总成变动合量积累。因此,准备好的设计制度无法具有如此的变动分析方法和工具处理大概念上设计不确定的设计方案和这一个大范围探测。从远景来看,一个模拟模型的建立联合的结构整合,部分结构类型,和装配顺序统在初步设计阶段概念上是非常必要的。通常,一部车辆有大约 4000个组件和超过在他们之中的 100个主要零件。由于这非决定论概念上设计和特性完全了解而且在概念上总成期间做模型变动和机构设计期间,当部分电脑辅助设计模型和总成程序是以设计好或者未知,传统的数字计算不能够被传达尺寸变动的数量模拟。传统的设计技术如 VisVSA 和 3DCS 不完全支持初步设计阶段。因此,新技术,像是专家系统和性质上的模拟,被介绍帮助引导变动模拟配合装配观念。性质上的模拟技术已经进入创作家的调查计划之内。当在概念上的设计期间的不确定性之下对多目的车体总成强延长设计,在这报告中的目标是调查这一个模拟构架的适用性。计划使用类似运算法则抬起箱底座的最能实行的案例之一同样地设计起点和当做参考设计,然后介绍整合的随机程序最佳化方法,启发式地在参考设计期间中生产总成替代选择。质量上模拟以概念上的设计期间的性质形状上各种不同总成变数的处理提供适应性。概要地,报告以公差误差的极限设定在自动车体总成程序设计中,为性质上的推论设计一个新奇的模型,和在不同的总成顺序下的联合的模糊结构。报告依下列各项被排列。第 1 节是简短的介绍。报告评论装配公差设计和报告。第2节是性质上的理论发展的状态。车体总成设计制度的基本系统车架在第 3 节呈现。性质上的模拟概念构架在第 4 节被介绍, 而且在最后一部分中,作者得到一个结论并且介绍较进一步的研究和工作。2相关的研究和问题陈述在辅助的计算机中存在过度、成功的发展和研究,在不变的机械总成设计和各种不同的公差设计方法公差相对一点已经把概念上的设计期间的车辆个放进车体的公差设计里。这报告的目的将描述车辆广泛的架构车体,概念上的装配公差已经在上海交通大学的汽车车

体制造技术中心的实验室在发展设计的。报告将会把重心集中在车辆的系统建筑学装配程序概念上的设计,附带一些简单的分析讨论。

2.车体装配和公差设计

一个典型的汽车车体是由白色的不同类型的复杂的连接方式下超过400张仪表板组成的。自动化制造者希望实现新观念的和探测达成副装配│零件的联合结构方法的最佳结合的连续品质进步,总成顺序和公差配置。

2.1装配设计和公差设计

为装配(DFA) [4,5] 方法的设计在早期产品中被考虑,装配议题设计可能研究在装配运作期间感应的问题。在过去数十年内,重要的工作[6-10] 已经发展到对装配顺序计划的解决办法。Shi 和他的同事[11-13] 首先介绍空间模型描述产品变动横跨车站,他们发展仿制公差的程序排气管-向上而且利用空间模型研究多变化车站机制程序而且研究造形的一个程序诊断方法控制尺寸品质。蔡司[14] 做了很多和公差设计中的深入研究而且发展仿制分析机械的装配的变化的矢量,以装配模型为基础的一个方法。这些模型建构有共同工程元件:矢量链条、运动学的接合器,总成材料、空间、几何学的特征公差和装配公差极限。方法与工程一同设计实践而且很好地为商业的电脑辅助设计系统整合。Gao [15] 比较了直接的线性化方法(DLM)、和蒙地卡罗模拟。线性化使装配限制和矩阵代数的DLM 预测装配的变化或者运动学的变数,从而预测不良品。一个被修正的蒙地卡罗模拟为闭环装配使用了一个反复的技术,比较的结果表示DLM 是正确的,如果公差与组件的公称尺寸相较相对小,装配功能不是高非线性的。显示的试样尺寸对蒙地卡罗模拟的精确度有很大的影响力。从装配的不同观点,匈牙利[16] 为合并非理想零件的装配程序呈现了一个数字的模拟方法。由于装配用工具的变动,焊接畸变、和弹返效果,这一方法在复杂的零件之间认为有交互作用和相互干涉的。经过泰勒的优化,使线性化的方法能很快地运行一个公差分析和配置,因此为概念上的设计重复产生能实行的设计方案是适当的。在自动车体构成概念上的设计期间,部分电脑辅助设计模型和装配程序是在一定的或者模糊之下的,传统的数字方法如 VSA 和 3DCS 用不完全的数据无法善于如

此的变动模拟,因此进一步的研究要在概念上的设计之中寻求先进的本质上的方法。

2.2性质上的模拟研究

传统的数字方法要求完全数据运行分析和评估复杂的产品,当数据是不完全和比较不确定的时候在概念上的设计方案中,通常,设计方案时常将会在较后的设计中被修正或改变。除此之外,许多程序不能很好的够描述数量方程。性质上的模拟技术适用于它本身去解决非常麻烦的一种情形,而且性质上的模拟是将收集关于特定的事件或活动的必要资讯的去尽可能实现自然的研究方法。性质上的模拟作为一种新技术已经取得很大的成功,定性分析的本质将性质地识别系统的一个重要的变数,并且只能使用有限数据预测系统,所以性质上的模拟在早期设计方案中在决策方面,尤其突出。现在,性质上的理论越来越多应用于工程学。在性质上模拟的发展中Kuipers 和Forbus [20,21] 对这个领域作出了非常大的贡献,就像是QSIM 运算法则和性质上的理论程序一样。进而的研究主要地在各种的工程学专注的先进的模拟运算法则和实际的应用中。

3车辆装配设计和建模

在这里在副装配中存在复杂的三个链条,联合的链条,尺寸│公差链条,和装配程序链条,这些三个链条互相影响彼此。误差沿着尺寸链条而增加,装配程序和接合处结构影响尺寸链条的选择。装配顺序链条决定尺寸链条的构成,不同的装配顺序会造成一个不同的变动积聚,而且程序会以相似的方式影响接合形状。接合形状和参数也同样影响装配变动增值。虽然这三个链条持有非常复杂相互的关系,因为这些问题是相关的,但是装配程序的操作应该考虑三个链条,为了要这些三个链条合作而且作装配程序的最佳结合,接合器结构、和公差分布。在正确的安置中,滑动接合器能吸收而且补偿装配变动,因为来自部分的运动学的限制丘状焊痕在各特征接合器间断开。

4.发展展望

未来,计划队将会扩张而且加深更高深的研究调查车辆车体装配的范围。同时, 其他重要的设计目的包括时间和成本因素将会被增加去研究将来概念上的装配方法。最后,作者将会变宽实际应用的数量、性质上的模拟程序,完美实现车辆车体数字并发设计的应用。

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Frame

The basis of the entire vehicle is called the frame, the frame's role is to increase the body's strength and rigidity to withstand bending and twisting loads. V ehicle collision with the ground situation, the frame is the most oppressed and absorb impact energy. It must try to jack up car engines, auto body, car wheels, and other car components. Frame is a channel or U-shaped cross section channel, which uses the welded or riveted together. Cross-pillar make them strong enough to resist shock and, shock, reverse, and they encountered in the operation of the vibration.

There are two pressing molding frame steel straight beams, five beams, front axle, rear axle and four wheel composition. Two steel beams of the front straight back come closer than some. The aim is to take into account that in front of the wheels to better guide motorists. Rear axle load bearing function of not only power but also sent to the rear wheels turn. After passing a bridge through a differential equal to the amount of torque to both axles. When necessary, the differential is to allow each wheel to the speed of rotation of its own as an important assembly. For example: car driving in the corner, the outside than the inside wheels turn the wheel fast, play a pivotal role in the inside of the wheel.

In order to absorb the shock with the earth's surface and steep, and after the bridge before the bridge plate springs are connected to the frame. Now, be fore the bridge is to be an independent front suspension system components replaced. Engine, wheels, power systems, brakes and steering system is mounted on the frame, then known as the chassis assembly. Chassis as a stand, all the parts are firmly fixed in it. In most cases, the engine was three or four trailers on the location of the lift up. Bearing arrangement including being placed on the supporting flange and the frame in the engine bay rubber gasket or washer between. Rubber gasket or washer to avoid collisions between metal and metal. In this way they absorb the vibration and noise.

To prevent engine vibration and noise transmitted directly to the frame, and then passed to the body and passengers.

These items are mounted on the frame after the operation to be completed in the body the assembly should be close together.

A framework of auto body assembly qualitative

simulation system

Abstract

The body assembly process design(BAPD)system is currently under development at the laboratory of Auto Body Manufacture Technology Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. To ensure that assembly issues have been properly considered in the conceptual design phase, different methods, procedures and tools should be developed. The paper gives a brief view of the system architecture of the BAPD system, and the paper will present a framework to carry qualitative simulation procedure and conduct hierarchical qualitative simulation to analyze and predict assembly variation flow with limited parameters and fuzzy knowledge; the system conducts qualitative information acquisition of physical parameters of assembly features, and obtains cardinal factors influence the variation results by qualitative analysis in the assembly process. An analytical case is discussed to explain the function of qualitative analysis.

1 Indroduction

While developing a new vehicle model or performing vehicle variant design, designers will need to apply new technology, new materials and design methods in the

development process. With the rapid development of AI technology, it provides designers and manufacturers with a great chance to continuously improve product quality, to carry out concurrent design and to reduce the time to market. V ehicle bodies must be built to have high dimensional integrity at competitive costs in the face of the current environment of increasing competitions. Auto- makers should produce the designed components/products within the specified tolerances, so that designers shall delicately select appropriate assembling operations and their application sequence to form a feasible assembling process. The process gradually alters the assembly errors into the key dimensions’ requirements and the final shape of the designed component/product. The conceptual design will greatly impact the basal structure of product cost. In the auto-body conceptual design, designers need to determine complex connection and structures between hundreds of parts/components. Currently, automakers usually determine joint configuration and assembly sequence by virtue of designers’long-tested empirical experience. Subject to the limitation of designer knowledge formation and judgment ability, it is too difficult to make reasonable and right validation and decision to all the design concepts, the root cause of the problem is short of dimension design tools corresponding with the conceptual design stage. Different methods and procedures should be developed to ensure that assembly issues have been properly considered in the conceptual design phase. The whole assembly process gradually alters joint types and assembly steps to produce the most feasible assembling process and enable assembly resultant errors into the key dimensions’requirements and meets the final shape or other functional requirements of the designed component. At each assembling operation, he assembling or manufacturing tolerance is to be specified to assure that the step-by-step assembled component satisfies the design control tolerance. Each design tolerance is warranted by a number of assembling and/or manufacturing tolerance limits imposed on the assembling operations used to produce the component and subassembly. Prisco and Giorleo[1]surveyed the current status of the models for representing, manipulating and analyzing dimensioning and tolerancing data behind the major computer-aided to lerancing systems, now commercially available. In engineering fields, VisVSA

commercial software is familiar with quick variation analysis simulation and friendly graphic presentation, which facilitates statistical analysis of dimensional variations in parts and assemblies, based on Monte Carlo simulation. Shen[2]presented a brief review of the leading commercial computer-aided tolerance analysis system VisVSA. Schlatter[3]made use of VisVSA to perform dimension management and analysis in disk drives.3DCS also is a successful quantitative variation calculation commercial software. While, tolerance analysis in VisVSA and 3DCS is passively performed the existing variation accumulation in the settled assembly solution including one assembly sequence and one set of tolerance settings. Furthermore, these tools cannot actively select the feasible and optimal assembly sequences, flexibly change the types of connection joint or actively adjust the value of tolerance limits to fulfill the optimal assembly variation resultant accumulation. Therefore, ready design systems could not possess such variation analysis methods and tools to deal with big uncertain space of conceptual design and large scope of solution exploration in this stage. From this perspective, construction of a simulation model integrated with joint configuration, part structure types, and assembly sequences concurrently in the conceptual phase is greatly needed.

Generally, a car has about 4000 components and more than 100 key parts among them. Due to the non-deterministic characteristics of conceptual design and the inability to fully understand and model the mechanisms of variation propagation and behavior during the conceptual assembly design phase and when part CAD model and assembly process are underdetermined or unknown, conventional numerical calculation cannot be carried to perform quantitative simulation of dimension variation. Such conventional design techniques as VisVSA and 3DCS are inadequate to support the conceptual phase. Therefore, new technologies such as expert system and qualitative simulation are introduced to help conduct variation simulation catering to assembly concept. Qualitative simulation technology has been investigated into the project by authors. It is the goal in this paper to investigate the applicability of this simulation framework when extended to multi-objective body assembly robust design

under uncertainty during the conceptual design stage. The project employs similarity algorithm to pick up one of the most feasible cases from the case base as design beginning point and as reference design, and then introduce integrated stochastic optimization methods to heuristically produce assembly alternatives in term of reference design solution.

Qualitative simulation provides the flexibility in the manipulation of various assembly variables in qualitative form during the conceptual design stage. Summarily, the paper proposes a novel model for qualitative reasoning in auto-body assembly process design with inaccuracy handling in tolerance limits setting and vague joint configuration at the different assembly sequence.

The paper is organized as follows. Section 1 is a brief introduction. The paper reviews the state of art of assembly tolerance design and qualitative theories development in the second section of the paper. The basic system frame of body assembly design system is presented in Section 3.The qualitative simulation conceptual framework is introduced in Section 4,and in the last section, the authors come to a conclusion and introduce further research and work.

2 Related research and problem statement

There exists excessive and fruitful development and research in computer aided tolerancing in rigid mechanical assembly design and various tolerance design methods, however, relatively little attention has been paid to tolerance design of vehicle sheet body during the conceptual design stage. The objective of this paper is to describe a comprehensive framework for vehicle body conceptual assembly tolerance design that has been under development at the laboratory of Auto Body Manufacture Technology Center of Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The paper will focus on the system architecture of the vehicle body assembly process design in the conceptual design stage, with some simple analytical discussion.

2.1 Body assembly and tolerance design

A typical automotive body-in-white is composed of more than 400 sheet panels, which are joined together through different kinds of complex connection methods. Auto-makers hope to fulfill the quick generation and exploration of new concepts to achieve continuous quality improvement by optimal combination of joint configuration methods of subassembly/parts, assembly sequence and tolerance allocation.

2.1.1 Assembly design and tolerance design

Design for assembly(DFA)[4,5]methods consider the assembly issues at the early product design stage to foresee problems that may be induced during the assembly operations. In the past decades, significant work[6–10] has been done to develop solutions to assembly sequence planning. Shi and his colleagues[11–13]first introduced the state space model to describe the product variation propagation across multi-station assembly, they have developed procedure of modeling tolerance stack-up and utilized the state space model to study the stream of variation in multi-station machining process and formed a process level diagnostic methodology to control dimension quality. Chase[14]has made much and deep research in tolerance design and has developed a method based on vector assembly models for modeling and analyzing variations in mechanical assemblies. These models are constructed of common engineering elements: vector chains, kinematic joints, assembly datum, dimensional and geometric feature tolerances, and assembly tolerance limits. The method is consistent with engineering design practice and is well suited for integration with commercial CAD systems. Gao[15]compared the direct linearization method(DLM),and Monte Carlo simulation. The DLM uses linearized assembly constraints and matrix algebra to estimate the variations of the assembly or kinematic

variables, and to predict assembly rejects. A modified Monte Carlo simulation employs an iterative technique for closed loop assemblies, the results of the comparison show that the DLM is accurate if the tolerances are relatively small compared to the nominal dimensions of the components, and the assembly functions are not highly nonlinear. Sample size is shown to have great influence on the accuracy of Monte Carlo simulation. From different perspectives of assembly, Hu[16]presented a numerical simulation method for the assembly process incorporating compliant non-ideal parts. This method considers the interaction and interference between compliant parts due to part variation, assembly tooling variation, welding distortion, and spring back effects. Through Taylor’s series, the linearized methods can perform a tolerance analysis and allocation quickly, so it is suitable to generate feasible solutions for conceptual design iteration. During the auto-body structure conceptual design, part CAD models and assembly process is underdetermined or fuzzy, conventional numerical methods such as VSA and 3DCS could not be adept at such variation simulation with incomplete information, therefore further research into conceptual design calls for advanced qualitative methods.

2.1.2 Joint configuration in body assembly design

Joint configuration plays an important role in the optimization of complex part assembly process. Liu and Hu[17]found that different joint type configuration and combination would result in different dimensional assembly quality in sheet metal assembly. V ariation of these flexible products is less than traditional products which have the same part structure and same tolerance limit setting because slip joint can absorb variations in its mating surface. Nikolaidis and Long, et al.[18]described a method to develop tools that relate response parameters that describe the performance of a component to the physical design variables that specify its geometry. Neural networks and response surface polynomials were used to rapidly predict the performance characteristics of the components given the component dimensions. The method was applied in design of an automotive joint. Lee and Saitou[19]used genetic

algorithm to generate candidate assemblies based on a joint library specific for an application domain. Each candidate assembly is evaluated by an internal optimization routine that computes the subassembly partitioning for optimal in-process adjust- ability, by solving an equivalent minimum cut problem on weighted graphs. In conclusion, joint design is a dynamical and non-quantified process based on designers empirical knowledge joint design so far has not had a method to quantitatively determine design rules and design experience.

2.2 Qualitative simulation research

Conventional numerical methods require complete information to perform analysis and evaluation for complex product, while the information is incomplete and under-determined in the conceptual design phase, generally, design schemes will often be modified or changed in the later design stages. Besides that, many processes cannot be well described by quantitative equations. Qualitative simulation technology applies itself to solve such a troublesome situation, and qualitative simulations are such research methods whose purpose is to gather essential information about certain events or activities in a state as natural as possible.

Qualitative simulation as a new technology has achieved some great success, the essence of qualitative analysis is to qualitatively identify the significant variables in a system, and only use limited information to predict the system’s behavior, so that qualitative simulation does well in intelligent decision-making especially in the early phase.

Nowadays, qualitative theory is applied in more and more engineering fields. In the development of qualitative simulation, Kuipers and Forbus[20,21]have made a great contribution to this domain, such as QSIM algorithm and qualitative process theory. Ongoing research mainly concentrate on advanced simulation algorithm and practical application in all kinds of engineering fields.

2.2.1 Qualitative information presentation

Acquirement and presentation of such limited and critical information in the conceptual design stage is a key element of effective and successful qualitative decision-making. Coiera[22]summarized the representation of physical systems using qualitative formalisms in detail. Qualitative data can come from multiform sources, such as design experience, expert knowledge, and case learning. Qualitative data are mostly described as written/spoken words or observations; sometimes, qualitative data do not have a direct numerical interpretation. Exploration is the most often motive for using qualitative methods. Given these conditions and functions, it is really natural to make good use of qualitative simulation methods, which aim to provide understanding and explanations by studying selected issues based on information of a qualitative nature. The authors will have an attempt to construct a conceptual framework for the systemic treatment of vagueness and uncertainty both qualitatively and quantitatively via fuzzy sets and qualitative methods, which allow for a set of concrete steps to be taken for assembly productivity and quality improvement, based on a tangible understanding of the relevant assembly process issues in a particular scheme.

2.2.2 Qualitative evaluation and application

The essential sources of many problems and errors which happen in the production, customer use, and maintenance phases are concealed early in the conceptual design stage, so that designers should determine these latent key factors the first time. Qualitative techniques can deal well with underdetermined and/or incomplete information to form qualitative description of physical system states in rigorous logic. Though at the absence of complete information, designers still could utilize qualitative reasoning technology to compare and improve design alternatives to form optimal design solutions. Characteristics of body conceptual assembly design model are: that model parameters are uncertain and difficult to numerical analysis and

the other that assembly process is hierarchical process, in this situation, assembly design should conduct assembly variation predictive simulation analysis with the help of qualitative methods.

There exist much development and research in qualitative evaluation and application. Adam[23,24]has developed a qualitative modeling toolbox called QMTOOL which was constructed using AI and object oriented software to design and develop application independent control architecture’s for automated workcells.He applied the QMTOOL to deal with discrete-time description of electromechanical systems and processes. Bohanec and Rajkovic[25,26]have developed the DEX, an expert system shell for qualitative multi-attribute decision modeling and support with the integration of qualitative knowledge and multi-attribute decision, and have applied it in many fields with relatively great successes. Qualitative assembly research is a method of research that yields nonnumeric information generated by conceptual design. Because assembly sequence and joint configuration are not easily translated into numbers and/or not quantifiable, qualitative data is utilized to perform multi-attributes qualitative evaluation to evaluate the joint configuration in the early assembly design scheme. Qualitative decision system constructs qualitative description function of inputs parameters(tolerance allocation, joint configuration, and assembly sequence)and output parameters(body assembly resultant variation),and builds corresponding reasoning methods and reasoning mechanism with the support of database and knowledgebase systems.

3 V ehicle assembly design and modeling

There exist three chains in a complex subassembly or product in Fig.1,joint chain, dimension/tolerance chain, and assembly sequence chain, these three chains interact and affect each other. Errors propagate along the dimension chain, the selection of dimension chain is effected by assembly sequence and joint configuration.

Assembly sequence chain determines the composition of dimension chain, a different assembly sequence would result in a different variation accumulation, and the sequence would affect joint connection type in like manner. Joint types and parameters also affect assembly variation propagation.

Though the three chains possess a really complex mutual relationship because these issues are interrelated, the task of assembly process should take into consideration three chains together in order to cooperate these three chains and make optimal combination of assembly sequence, joint configuration, and tolerance distribution. In the right arrangement, slip joint can absorb and compensate assembly variation, because kinematic constraints pass from part to part across the feature joints.

References

[1]Prisco U,Giorleo G(2002)Overview of current CAT systems. Integrated Comput Aided Eng 9(4):373–387

[2]Shen Z(2003)Tolerance analysis with EDS/VisVSA.J Comput Inf Sci Eng 3:95–99

[3]Schlatter B(1996)Computer-aided 3D tolerance analysis of disk drives. IBM J Res Develop 40(5):537–542

[4]Boothroyd G,Dewhurst P(1991)Product design for assembly. Boothroyd Dewhurst Inc, Wakefield, RI,USA

[5]Boothroyd G,Dewhurst P(1988)Product design for manufacture and assembly. Manuf Eng 111(1):42–46

[6]de Mello H,Sanderson AC(1991)A correct and complete algorithm for the generation of mechanical assembly sequence. IEEE Trans Robot Automat 7(2):228–240

[7]Zha XF,Lim SYE, Fok SC(1999)Development of expert system for concurrent product design and planning for assembly. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 15(3):153–162

[8]Wang JF, Liu JH, Zhong YF(2005)A novel ant colony algorithm for assembly sequence planning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 25(11–12):1137–1143

[9]Zha XF, Lim SYE, Fok SC(1998)Integrated knowledge-based assembly sequence planning. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 14(1):50–64

[10]Ong NS, Wong YC(1999)Automatic subassembly detection from a product model for disassembly sequence generation. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 15:425–431

(完整word版)英语专业翻译实践报告

实践报告 这周是英语专业的翻译实践周,这次的专业实习让我受益匪浅,收获颇多。专业实习的主要目的是要培养我们理论联系实际,综合运用所学基础知识、基本理论和技能,独立分析、解决问题的能力。在大学的第三学年,实习是一个很重要的环节,对我们以后的工作实习也有一定的帮助。所以,我们要端正态度,认真对待这次的专业实习。 我们的主要任务是进行英译汉和汉译英的翻译实践,为此在实践的过程中,我总结了四种必备的翻译工具:一是灵格斯翻译工具,里面可安装各式的词典;二是百度搜索工具;三是有道词典;四是英汉词典;五是汉英词典。翻译的过程如下:首先可以现在灵格斯里查询不懂的单词和词组,寻找最符合原文的解释。然后采取同时在百度和有道词典搜索的做法,并对同种搜索工具搜索结果进行比较。他们有着各自的优缺点。所以我们最后用到的就是英汉和汉英辞典,可以对我们翻译之中的词汇,进行最后的确认,确定出最最准确的译法。 在翻译过程中也遇到到了一些困难,这说明在漫漫的英语学习过程中我还要继续努力。学如逆水行舟,不进则退,只要每天我认真学习,那就是一种进步。人生总归会有许多挫折,但我们若不跨过这道坎,就不会有进步,滞留不前。我们要用有限的生命创造无限的价值,勇敢面对每一个挑战。 翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地表达出来的语言行为。当然纸上谈兵是无稽之谈,光有理论知识而不实践操作也是没有用的。有位翻译家这么说过,“学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。”所以要想提高自己的翻译能力,一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类,直接的实践和间接的实践。 所谓直接的实践,就是自己亲身参加的实践,也就是自己动手翻译。一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的,从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此,还需要借助于间接的实践。 所谓间接的实践,就是研究别人的译文。比如,一篇文章在手,准备翻译,这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看,在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物,看了别人的译文,就是从事间接实践。

英文翻译模板-(户口本全本)

Household Register Under Supervision of the Ministry of Public Security of P. R. C. ANNOUNCEMENTS 1.Household register has the legal validity that certifies the attorney ship of a citizen and the

relationship of family members, and it is the main reference for the censor and checkup of domiciliary register which is undertaking by the household registration authority. When the functionary of household registration authority censor and verify the household register, the householder and members of this family shall take the initiative in presenting the household register. 2.The householder shall take the household register in safekeeping; the household register is prohibited to be altered, transferred and leased. When the household register is lost, the household registration authority should be informed. 3.The right for registering the household register shall be performed by the household registration authority; any other unit and individual shall not make any records on the booklet. 4.The member of this family shall go to the household registration authority for transacting the declaration and registration, applying bring with the booklet, in case of the increase and decrease of the members and the alteration of registration items. 5.In case of that the whole family moves out of the residency, the household register shall be turned in and cancelled. Record of Dwelling Address Alteration

检测报告常用专业翻译

骑缝章分两种,一种是盖有许多页纸的文件时,为了避免有人换掉其中几页纸又不想每页都去盖章,而把文件几页纸张的边缝连在一起盖章(我要用的应该是这个)。还有一种是在一张可以分成两半,留下底根的的介绍信上盖章,一个章盖在撕下的正本介绍单位落款处,一个章盖在将要撕开在地方,撕开后介绍信上有一半,底根上有一半,以防假冒。前一种应该叫paging seal,后一种才叫a seal on the perforation。 Instruction 1. the report is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp. -----报告无‘检验报告专用章’ 或检验单位公章无效。 2. The report copy is invalid when there is no ‘special stamp for inspection report’ or inspection organization stamp. ――复制报告未重新加盖‘检验报告专用章’或检验单位公章无效。 3. The report is invalid when there is no auditor and certifier’s signature. ――报告无审核、批准人签章无效。 4. The aultered report is invalid. ――报告涂改无效。 5. Telling the inspection organization in 15 days since you receive the report when you don’t agree, otherwise it is not accepted. ――对检验报告若有异议,应于收到报告之日起十五日内向检验单位提出,逾期不予受理。 6. The entrust inspection is responsibility for the received sample only. ――委托检验仅对来样负责。 未经本中心许可本报告不得用于任何广告宣传和成果鉴定,本报告部分复印无效。 ――The report could not be used f or any advertisement and evaluation. ------The part report copy is invalid. 国家汽车质量监督检验中心National Quality Control & Inspection Center for Automobiles 希望对大家有用. 一>质量检验报告单----Quality Inspection Report 一般包括: 1.日期----Date 2.检验员---Inspector 3.产品名称---Item Description 4.产品编号---Part Number/PT.NO 5.检验数量---Quantity Inspected 6.客户定单号---P.O.NO 7.发现问题详述:----Discrepancies found(一般与检验标准对照,列出不符合标准的差异) 8.不合格数量:Reject Number

英语翻译实践报告

英语翻译实践报告 《翻译1》课程实践报告 翻译课程介绍 翻译是全国高等教育自学考试英语专业本科阶段的一门必考课程。英汉翻译包括英译汉和汉译英,是一门实践性很强的课程。 通过学习本课程,学生应该熟悉英汉两种语言各自的特点;能将中等难度的英语文章译成汉语,内容准确,文字流畅;能将比较简易的汉语文章译成英语,用词得当,语法平稳。本课程与英语专业其他课程相辅相成。它作为一门实践课,有赖于英语专业其他课程为应考者打下良好的基础,使应考者掌握一定的词汇量和语法知识,初步达到阅读英文原著的水平,并有一定的写作能力,因而具备从事英汉翻译的条件。另一方面,通过大量翻译实践和语言对比研究,学生可以进一步认识英汉两种语言各自的特点。但在翻译时,往往因受原文的影响,而容易忽略在译文中体现原有的特点。这也就是本课程的难学之处。但通过学习本课程,了解了英汉两种语言的各自特点,并能在翻译实践中恰当地加以运用,定会提高使用两种语言的能力和翻译水平。 课程实践目的及过程 为了将课堂上所学知识更好地运用于实践,10级翻译3班在王静老师的带领下,来到了位于德胜工业园区的百瑞源枸杞养生馆和厚生记食品有限公司进行参观学习。 在参观之前,王老师要求同学们查找关于枸杞的相关资料,基本上了解了枸杞的种植技术、生产流程、营养价值等知识。 宁夏枸杞产业在宁夏省外也有不少公司,而且,百瑞源是宁夏唯一一个进驻2010年上海世博会的企业,这不仅提升了宁夏在国内外的知名度,也让更多国内

外朋友了解了宁夏枸杞的与众不同,同时也为百瑞源走出中国,迈向国际舞台提供了良机。 在参观过程中,同学们品尝了味美色鲜的枸杞、其他枸杞制品和,可谓是大饱了口福。但同学们并未忘记此行的目的,大家一边参观,一边了解相关的知识,对于枸杞的营养价值和种类有了进一步了解;同时,在参观过程中,同学们发现了不少汉英翻译的错误,对于一个企业来说,要想进入全球市场,对外宣传和对外交流是至关重要的,所以企业品牌的跨文化交流成为了一种必然趋势。这让同学们不禁为企业的进一步发展担忧。作为翻译专业的学生,对此比较敏感,于是,大家纷纷把有错误的地方拍下来,准备参观结束后再进行更正。 回校后,王老师把全班分成若干组,每组负责一部分企业的宣传资料,然后让同学们查找翻译的错误并改正。我们组分到的任务比较少,但是,在我们仔细读过之后发现了不少错误,而且有些还是由于英汉表达习惯的不同导致的比较明显的错误。虽然字数不多,却涉及不少商贸以及新闻语体。我们小组成员认真思考,经过讨论后把我们最后的翻译结果交给了王老师。 课程实践的收获 通过这次的翻译实践,我更加清楚的认识到自己英语相关方面的知识还远远不足,也让我更加清醒的认识到,丰富自己的词汇量及语境英语句型的重要性。我对翻译充满了热爱,怀着这份热爱,我要跟加严格的要求自己。今后,把更多的时间和精力投身到翻译知识中去,争取在翻译方面有所突破和发展。 翻译是一项很困难的工作,要做到精益求精,专业性非常强,而且要与时俱进,这让我知道了仅有翻译技巧是远远不够的,需要平时大量的艰苦练习,不断积累,才能在翻译中获得巨大收获。而且,作为翻译专业的学生,只凭课堂上学到的理论知识,是远远不够的。要想成为一名优秀的翻译人员,就要抓好每一个机会,在实践中不断磨练自己,不断强化自己的翻译技能,同时提升自身的综合能力,,

翻译实践心得体会

笔译实践 院系名称:外语学院 专业年级:英语f1101 姓名:王欢 学号 心得体会 在做这次笔译实践题目之前,关于笔译我是完全不了解的。在我的感觉中笔译相对于口译而言应该算是比较简单的,但是在做完全部题目之后我就彻底改变了原有的这种认知,原来看起来简单的事情并不定就像表象上呈现出的那样容易做到。表面看来笔译能够看着文本逐字逐句翻译,貌似很简单,只要把文本内容真实的翻译出来就可以达到要求了。实际上则不然。这学期我们有一门专业课就是关于英汉翻译的。课堂上老师曾经讲述过关于翻译的历史、理论、要求等一系列相关知识,所以在简单翻阅这次翻译之后,我觉得看似简单的题目确实需要投入大量的精力才能较好地完成任务。在翻译过程中我发觉自己存在以下几点问题: 1、对某些专业术语了解甚少。例如第一篇the high-tech student中出现的gopher program,generic2 database,moby dick,等等,类似这样的词汇我就需要上网查阅相关资料才能进而推测了解作者想要借此来表达怎样的意思。再如a roller-coaster ride in the stock market中,关于股市的一些专用名词,dow and nasdaq,cnbc等也是这样。 2、对统计数字的描述能力较差。如何用不同的描述性词汇来体现数字的增长和下降及其各自升降的幅度,如何准确把握那些不同用词之间细微的差别,较好地描述数字变化,这对我来说是比较困难的。此次翻译题目中出现的仅仅只是一些已经被数字化的统计数据,但是要用合适的词汇来体现尚且不简单,倘若是给出bar chart, pie chart, line chart等这一类图标来自行描述其内容,就会更加困难了。题目中出现数字最多的莫过于描述汶川大地震的这一部分了。各种数字,表示年月的,表示伤亡人数、经济损失的,以及各个地区经济损失所占的不同比例,这对我来说无疑是亟待加强训练的部分。 3、关于某些长句翻译起来较困难。长句出现最多的就是最后一篇题目描述"我"的文本。这片文章涉及不同领域大家的杰出作品及其艺术特色,各式各类的建筑,建筑中体现出的精湛的技巧,还有各种被写入经典的景物,所有的描写都交织在一起,翻译起来很容易找不到方便。摸不清头绪,到底哪里才是开始,应该如何结束。在翻译课上老师曾经说过长句的翻译技巧,要先根据谓语动词进行切分,之后再根据逻辑顺序进行重新组合,之后才能慢慢进行翻译,听起来就很繁琐的程序。我一直在试着这样做,却发现这要求太难达到了,而且每次被提问翻译总是被说翻译的一塌糊涂。关于长句,我可能还要经历一段很艰难的路程。 虽然完成所有题目有点困难,但是我觉得收获还是很不小的。这是第一次这么耐心的昨晚这么多翻译题目,最大的感触就是那些翻译工作者们真的是好辛苦,之前还以为翻译是我们英语专业发展的目标。事实上也是,但是这项工作并不是所有人都能胜任的,这也是我的真实感触之一。总结一下,收获可以归纳为以下几点: 1、一定程度上开阔了知识面,提高了自己的专业能力。虽然这次实践题目只有几个,但是各个题目都具有的一定的代表性。这些题目涉及科技、经济、文学、报道等各种题材的不同内容,对于我们这样的初学者算是一个挑战但是同时也是一个很好的锻炼自己的机遇。初次涉猎翻译领域就得到这样的锻炼,既让我们看到了自己的不足之处,又给自己之前的知识积淀找到了一个合适的展现平台,对于一个语言学习者无疑是一次很好的机会。 2、增加了对专业的认知。在刚入学的时候每每都被别人问到你们英语专业出来 的是不是只能做翻译,这句话给我的最初印象就是英语翻译既然这么容易做,那我学这个专业不就一点竞争力都没有了,可是自己亲身时间之后才知道翻译并不是每个人都能做来的,只要好好学专业,任何专业都是

211重点大学英语专业:翻译实践报告

《世界历史百科全书(World History Encyclopedia)》(节 选)翻译项目报告

摘要 本文是一篇翻译项目报告。翻译项目原文选自《世界历史百科全书(World History Encyclopedia)》——一部由多位作者共同完成的、全面介绍世界范围内各人种各文明历史发展的巨著。该项目选取的是该书“哥伦布大交换与人类适应性”章节作为翻译报告材料。哥伦布大交换是一场东半球与西半球之间生物、农作物、人种(包括黑奴)、文化、传染病、甚至思想观念的突发性交流。本翻译报告的内容主要分为四个部分, 第一部分为翻译项目介绍,包括项目的来源、意义以及报告结构等。第二部分为原作背景介绍,包括作者简介、主要内容和原作分析等。第三部分为翻译难点与翻译方法,包括翻译难点分析、译前的准备工作,以及翻译理论与方法的选择与简述。第四部分总结了在翻译过程中所获得的经验教训、启发并指出仍待解决的问题。在该翻译报告中,译者以奈达的功能对等理论为支撑,并结合翻译实践经验,采用多种翻译策略并运用具体的实例论证了该理论在翻译中得重要性。 关键词:翻译项目报告,《世界历史百科全书(World History Encyclopedia)》,功能对等理论,翻译策略

A Project Report on Translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts) ABSTRACT This is a project report on translation of World History Encyclopedia (excerpts), the first comprehensive work to take a large-scale thematic look at the human species worldwide. The excerpts of this report are from the chapter of “The Columbian Exchange and Human Adaption”. The Columbian Exchange, also known as the Grand Exchange, was a dramatically widespread exchange of animals, plants, culture, human populations (including slaves), communicable disease, and ideas between New World and Old World. The main content of this report is divided into four parts: Part one is the translation projection description, including project significance, project origin and structure of the report. Part Two is the introduction of the source text background, including introduction of the author, main content and analysis of the source text. Part Three is about quality control, including preparations before translation,the difficulties encountered while translating and how to settle those problems through various translation strategies. Part Four concludes with the lessons, enlightenments and unsolved problems in the translation project. Underpinned by Nida’s The Functional Equivalence Theory, the reporter argued the importance of Functional Equivalence in translation using different translation strategies and concrete examples. Key Words:translation report; World History Encyclopedia; Functional Equivalence theory; translation strategies

英文翻译 模板

目录 Housing Consumption and Economic Growth in China (2) 住房消费和经济增长在中国 (10) 摘要 (10) 关键词: (10) 一、介绍 (11) 二、方法 (11) c .固定式测试 (12) d .协整检验 (12) E大肠误差修正模型(ECM)[6] (13) f.格兰杰因果关系检验 (13) 三、应用程序和结果 (14) a .数据和变量 (14) b .固定式测试 (14) e系列是平稳序列 (14) d .误差修正模型 (14) 四、结论 (15) 引用 (15)

Housing Consumption and Economic Growth in China Wang XJ (Wang Xijun) School of Economics & Management, Weifang University of China, xjwang69@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/746142683.html, Abstract: Consumption is a very important part in social reproduction, and its driving effect on social economic growth always plays the leading role. Housing is the basic living material which is essential for people?s life; housing consumption is the important material condition for the labor force reproduction. This study, based on China?s statistical data from 1985 to 2007,by employing co-integration theory, Granger causality test and error correction model (ECM),respectively investigates the relationship between consumption, housing consumption and economic growth. The empirical result denotes that there exists bilateral Granger causality relationship between consumption and economic growth. For a long period, there exists long term stable equilibrium relationship between GDP, consumption, and housing consumption; consumption and housing consumption both promote the growth of GDP. Housing consumption?s contribution to the growth of GDP is obviously higher than consumption. For a short period, consumption spurs the growth of GDP more than housing consumption. Keywords:Housing consumption; Economic growth; Co-integration ; ECM; Granger causality test I. INTRODUCTION Consumption is a very important part in social reproduction, and its driving

翻译实践报告80937

翻译实践报告 姓名:荆一嵘学号:041180 进入英语系伊始,周围的朋友便不断以“帮忙翻译东西”相求。似乎存在着一种共识:语言学习的直接作用就是翻译。而实际上,在不得已而帮朋友的忙,以及逐渐参与翻译可学习的过程中,我却越来越明显地感觉到:语言学和翻译是两种学问。语言的学习可能其目的作用皆与翻译无关。而同时,懂得或熟练的掌握一门语言,也并不等同于可以从事翻译工作。在此谨以我在学习翻译理论前后的实践活动作比较,一来总结我的所学和进步,提出实践中遇到的问题;二来例证我前面所述的观点。 (一)??在接触翻译课之前 1观念上 只要学好两门语言,就可以从事其互译工作。在翻译工作中,力求更优美更纯熟地运用文字,尤其是专业词汇的正确运用,是做好翻译的必经之路。 2实践上 由于学习英语专业,周围朋友和自己都感到在英语方面我可能更胜一筹,于是就帮助同学翻译论文和简历。这成为我“翻译生涯”的开端。 3实践总结 为了“不丢英语系的人”,自己力求精准优美,大量的查字典学词汇,客观上还是基本合格地传达了原文意思,并且学到了不少知识。但是,整个实际操作的过程却显得尤为艰难,而且交付定稿时很多地方都还不尽如人意,颇有“心有余而力不足”之感。尽管之前听过“信,达,雅”之类的说法,但用到实处,却无从下手。现在回想起当时的情形来,大约是看到洋洋洒洒的几页文字,鼓足勇气下定决心,抱着“排除万难,不怕牺牲”的信念,硬着头皮从一个个生词查起,

心中念着“死要面子”,活受罪到最后,才一句加一句地弄完。那份活里面,恐怕除了“辛勤的汗水”,还包含了我日后面对翻译时抹不去的“心理阴影”。 首先,由于那时还没有接触到翻译课,仅凭自己英语比同学好点,之前写过些有人拍手叫好的中文文章,就贸然行动。一没能对文章体裁语言风格等清楚定位,二还带点想“显摆显摆”的小聪明,结果弄到后来大词生词大用特用,从句长句连篇累牍,洋腔汉腔混杂一气,书面口语轮流上阵。现在看看,真是热闹得很。 其次,那时最突出的感觉是,明明很清楚明白的读懂一句话,再换个语言转述,就怎么都不地道了。正是这种感受,让我开始认识到,语言的学习可能只是停在更好地理解一门语言,更熟练的运用它去阅读和交流。但翻译,远比说明一个词一句话的意思要难,文化背景(成语典故等为例)语言习惯(句式句法等)方言以及词的引申义等等,都是易懂难翻的。 最后,回到“阴影”问题。经历了那次痛苦不堪的战役,我对翻译大有敬而远之之势。乐意花时间去读英文小说,写自己的感想日记。唯独不愿翻译东西,且对翻译的印象保持在矛盾不断困难重重的阶段。一直到大三听说要上翻译课,都再三确认是必修还是选修。 (二)??被迫无奈上翻译课时 1认识上 首先,开始重新对翻译定义。认识到至少大体上讲文学性的和实用类的翻译,其功能和语言要求是不同的,要“对症下药”。其次,接触到不同的翻译方法,如直译,意译等。再次,对于遣词造句,从“华丽”的审美走向“恰当”的标准。最后,虽然迄今为止自己的翻译水平还处于初级阶段,但感觉无论是理论上还是操作上还是(至少比以前)入门了。尤其要说的一点是。不知不觉有了推敲的习惯,常有晚上做完一篇翻译,半夜突然灵感大发又起来删删改改的情形。那时改完一篇手稿,总要在室友微微的鼾声中“孤芳自赏”一下再睡。

英语专业翻译实践报告

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