人教必修五 unit2 sightseeing in london课文精讲(批注版)

养成二次阅读习惯，培养逻辑推理能

力

学习母语如此，学习英语也是如此。

我们在掌握基本语言后，必须学会脱

离语言本身，我们首先要理解文章整

体而非个别词句。文章的体裁、内容

可能千差万别，但文章是人写出来

的，那就必定有一定逻辑。词句都不

过是表象，而把握作者的意图才是解

题之关键。考试都在向能力测试转

变，我们也必须摈弃单纯强调应试技

巧的老路。要想快速扎实提高阅读能

力，我们可从以下几个方面努力：

很多书上要求学生学会分析文章的

结构，其实就是要求英语学习的的学

生提高逻辑推理能力。在平时练习

中，学生做完阅读，惟一可做的就是

对答案，事实上，纠正答案后对文章

的再次阅读往往至关重要。第一遍读

文章时，我们应当模拟考试的紧张气

氛，尽量高质快速。但，对完答案后，

我们有充足的时间再次阅读文章。第

二次阅读文章我们的目的不在是获

取信息，而是把握文章的布局安排，

分析作者的意图。我们必须带着思考

再次阅读文章，问问自己以下问题：

如果自己写同样题目或题材的文章，会采取何种文章布局?如我们自己设想的布局与作者不同，那么具体不同之处在何处?这篇英语文章与以前读过的同体裁文章相比，有何特点?

也许有人会说，这样的英语的训练不就成了精读课了吗?如果时间允许，二次阅读成了精读，又有何不可?讲求速度的范读是应试而用，要想真正培养逻辑推理能力，提高阅读水平，还非精读不可。文章的是永远读不完的，如果想着去读200篇各种模拟阅读题，倒不如踏踏实实读50篇历年真题。另外，地道的文章分析多了，对自己写文章布局谋篇也不无好处。

SIGHTSEEING IN LONDON伦敦观光记

Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.

Her first delight was going to the Tower. It was built long ago by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.

Fancy! This solid stone, square tower had remain ed standing for one thousand years.

Although the buildings had expanded around it, it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.

To her great surprise, Zhang Pingyu found the Queen's jewels guarded by special royal soldiers who, on special occasions, still wore the four-hundred-year-old uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

There followed St Paul's Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.

It looked splendid when first built! Westminster Abbey, too, was very interesting.

It contained statues in memory of dead poets and writers, such as Shakespeare.

Then just as she came out of the abbey, Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock, Big Ben, ringing out the hour.

She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace, the Queen's house in London. Oh, she had so much to tell her friends!

The second day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that set s the world time.

What interested her most was the longitude line.

It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation.

It passes through Greenwich, so Pingyu had a photo taken standing on either side of the line.

The last day she visited Karl Marx's statue in Highgate Cemetery.

It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.

Not only that, but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Museum.

Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone.

But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum.

When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other objects on show, she felt very proud of her country.

The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle. "Perhaps I will see the Queen?" she wondered as she fell asleep.

人教版高中英语必修五电子课本

按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放 必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly dise ase of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousand s of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted t o face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never b e controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera ki lled people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person die d. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed eviden ce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enqu iry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the d eaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 a nd 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. H e immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle f rom the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed d own. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deat hs that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away f rom Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it deliver ed to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drin king the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with ce rtainty that polluted water carried the virus.

(word完整版)人教版高中语文必修一至必修五文言文电子课本

必修一 1、《烛之武退秦师》 晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。 佚之狐言于郑伯曰：“国危矣，若使烛之武见秦君，师必退。”公从之。辞曰：“臣之壮也，犹不如人；今老矣，无能为也已。”公曰：“吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之过也。然郑亡，子亦有不利焉。”许之。 夜缒而出，见秦伯，曰：“秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣。若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。越国以鄙远，君知其难也。焉用亡郑以陪邻？邻之厚，君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣，许君焦、瑕，朝济而夕设版焉，君之所知也。夫晋，何厌之有？既东封郑，又欲肆其西封，若不阙秦，将焉取之？阙秦以利晋，唯君图之。”秦伯说，与郑人盟。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之，乃还。 子犯请击之，公曰：“不可。微夫人之力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所与，不知；以乱易整，不武。吾其还也。”亦去之。 2、《荆轲刺秦王》 秦将王翦破赵，虏赵王，尽收其地，进兵北略地，至燕南界。 太子丹恐惧，乃请荆卿曰：“秦兵旦暮渡易水，则虽欲长侍足下，岂可得哉？”荆卿曰：“微太子言，臣愿得谒之，今行而无信，则秦未可亲也。夫今樊将军，秦王购之金千斤，邑万家。诚能得樊将军首，与燕督亢之地图献秦王，秦王必说见臣，臣乃得有以报太子。”太子曰：“樊将军以穷困来归丹，丹不忍以己之私，而伤长者之意，愿足下更虑之！” 荆轲知太子不忍，乃遂私见樊於期，曰：“秦之遇将军，可谓深矣。父母宗族，皆为戮没。今闻购将军之首，金千斤，邑万家，将奈何？”樊将军仰天太息流涕曰：“吾每念，常痛于骨髓，顾计不知所出耳！”轲曰：“今有一言，可以解燕国之患，而报将军之仇者，何如？”樊於期乃前曰：“为之奈何？”荆轲曰：“愿得将军之首以献秦，秦王必喜而善见臣。臣左手把其袖，而右手揕其胸，然则将军之仇报，而燕国见陵之耻除矣。将军岂有意乎？”樊於期偏袒扼腕而进曰：“此臣日夜切齿拊心也，乃今得闻教！”遂自刎。 太子闻之，驰往，伏尸而哭，极哀。既已，无可奈何，乃遂收盛樊於期之首，函封之。 于是太子预求天下之利匕首，得赵人徐夫人之匕首，取之百金，使工以药淬之。以试人，血濡缕，人无不立死者。乃为装遣荆轲。 燕国有勇士秦武阳，年十二，杀人，人不敢与忤视。乃令秦武阳为副。 荆轲有所待，欲与俱，其人居远未来，而为留待。 顷之未发，太子迟之，疑其有改悔，乃复请之曰：“日以尽矣，荆卿岂无意哉？丹请先遣秦武阳！”荆轲怒，叱太子曰：“今日往而不反者，竖子也！今提一匕首入不测之强秦，仆所以留者，待吾客与俱。今太子迟之，请辞决矣！”遂发。 太子及宾客知其事者，皆白衣冠以送之。至易水上，既祖，取道。高渐离击筑，荆轲和而歌，为变徵之声，士皆垂泪涕泣。又前而为歌曰：“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！”复为慷慨羽声，士皆瞋目，发尽上指冠。于是荆轲遂就车而去，终已不顾。 既至秦，持千金之资币物，厚遗秦王宠臣中庶子蒙嘉。 嘉为先言于秦王曰：“燕王诚振怖大王之威，不敢兴兵以拒大王，愿举国为内臣，比诸侯之列，给贡职如郡县，而得奉守先王之宗庙。恐惧不敢自陈，谨斩樊於期头，及献燕之督亢之地图，函封，燕王拜送于庭，使使以闻大王。唯大王命之。”

人教版 英语 必修五 课文 电子版

U n i t1G R E A T S C I E N T I S T S JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London — so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air, a cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people have lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 163738 and 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame, Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.

高中语文必修五背诵篇目

归去来兮辞 陶渊明 归去来兮，田园将芜（wú）胡不归？既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲？悟已往之不谏（jiàn），知来者之可追。实迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟遥遥以轻飏（yáng），风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。 乃瞻（zhān）衡宇，载（zài）欣载奔。僮仆欢迎，稚子候门。三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壶觞（shāng）以自酌，眄（miǎn）庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗以寄傲，审容膝之易安。园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流憩（qì），时矫（ji ǎo）首而遐观。云无心以出岫（xiù），鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳（yì）以将入，抚孤松而盘桓（huán）。 归去来兮，请息交以绝游。世与我而相违，复驾言兮焉求？悦亲戚之情话，乐（l è）琴书以消忧。农人告余以春及，将有事于西畴（chóu）。或命巾车，或（zhào）孤舟。既窈窕以寻壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行（xìng）休。 已矣乎！寓形宇内复几时？曷（hé）不委心任去留？胡为（wèi）乎遑遑（huáng）欲何之？富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔（yún zǐ）。登东皋（gāo）以舒啸，临清流而赋诗。聊乘（chéng）化以归尽，乐夫（fú）天命复奚疑！ 译文： 我家贫穷，种田不能够自给。孩子很多，米缸里没有存粮，维持生活所需的一切，没有办法解决。亲友大都劝我去做官，我心里也有这个念头，可是求官缺少门路。正赶上有奉使外出的官吏，地方大吏以爱惜人才为美德，叔父也因为我家境贫苦（替我设法），我就被委任到小县做官。那时社会上动荡不安，心里惧怕到远地当官。彭泽县离家一百里，公田收获的粮食，足够造酒饮用，所以就请求去那里。等到过了一些日子，便产生了留恋故园的怀乡感情。那是为什么？本性任其自然，这是勉强不得的；饥寒虽然来得急迫，但是违背本意去做官，身心都感痛苦。过去为官做事，都是为了吃饭而役使自己。于是惆怅感慨，深深有愧于平生的志愿。只再等上一年，便收拾行装连夜离去。不久，嫁到程家的妹妹在武昌去世，去吊丧的心情像骏马奔驰一样急迫，自己请求免去官职。自立秋第二个月到冬天，在职共80多天。因辞官而顺遂了心愿，写了一篇文章，题目叫《归去来兮》。这时候正是乙巳年（晋安帝义熙元年）十一月。 回家去吧！田园快要荒芜了，为什么不回去呢？既然自己的心灵为形体所役使，为什么如此失意而独自伤悲？认识到过去的错误已经不可挽回，知道未来的事还来得及补救。确实走入了迷途大概还不远，已觉悟到现在的做法是对的而曾经的行为是错的。船在水上轻轻飘荡，微风吹拂着衣裳。向行人打听前面的路，遗憾的是天亮得太慢。 刚刚看到自己简陋的家门，我心中欣喜，奔跑过去。孩子们欢快地迎接，孩子们守候在门前或院子里。院子里的小路快要荒芜了，松树菊花还长在那里；带着孩子们进了屋，美酒已经盛满了酒樽。我端起酒壶酒杯自斟自饮，观赏着庭树（使我）露出愉快的神色；倚着南窗寄托我的傲世之情，深知这狭小之地容易使我心安。每天（独自）在园中散步，成为乐趣,小园的门经常地关闭着；拄着拐杖走走歇歇，时时抬头望着远方（的天空）。白云自然而然地从山峰飘浮而出，倦飞的小鸟也知道飞回巢中；日光暗淡，即将落山，我流连不忍离去，手抚着孤松徘徊不已。 回去吧！让我同外界断绝交游。他们的一切都跟我的志趣不合，还要驾车出去追求什么？跟亲戚朋友谈心使我愉悦，弹琴读书能使我忘记忧愁；农夫把春天到了的消息告诉了我，将要去西边的田地耕作。有时驾着有布篷的小车，有时划着一条小船，既要探寻那幽深的沟壑，

高中英语必修五课文及翻译

高中英语必修五课文及翻 译 Final approval draft on November 22, 2020

-必修 5 Unit 2 The United Kingdom Reading PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHY People may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. You can clarify this question if you study British history. First there was England. Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century. Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well. Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to "Great Britain". Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well. Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government. So only Northern Ireland joined with England, Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas (eg, the currency and international relations), but they still have very different institutions. For example, Northern Ireland, England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup! England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones. The zone nearest France is called the South of England, the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North. You find most of the population settled in the south, but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England. Although, nationwide, these cities are not as large as those in China, they have world-famous football teams and some of them even have two! It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors. For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by the Romans. There you will find out more about British history and culture. The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums, art collections, theatres, parks and buildings. It is the centre of national

人教版高中英语必修五电子课本

按住Ctrl键单击鼠标打开配套教学视频名师讲课播放必修5 Unit 1 JOHH SHOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA” John Snow was a famous doctor in London - so expert, indeed, that he attend ed Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he tho ught about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly diseas e of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be contr olled until its cause was found. He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera kille d people. The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangero us gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the dis ease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evide nce. So when another outbreak hit London in 1854, he was ready to begin his en quiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods, he began to gat her information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why. First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had liv ed. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the de aths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16, 37, 38 an d 40). He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he mad e further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 C ambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water f rom the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame. Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He imm ediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away fr om Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certaint y that polluted water carried the virus. To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source o f all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally "King Cholera" was defeated. COPERNICUS’ REVOLUTIONRRY THEORY

人教版语文必修五必背课文

人教版语文必修五必背课文 人教版语文必修五必背课文(一) 归去来兮辞陶渊明 归去来兮，田园将芜胡不归?既自以心为形役，奚惆怅而独悲?悟已往之不谏，知来者之可追。实迷途其未远，觉今是而昨非。舟遥遥以轻飏，风飘飘而吹衣。问征夫以前路，恨晨光之熹微。 乃瞻衡宇，载欣载奔。僮仆欢迎，稚子候门。三径就荒，松菊犹存。携幼入室，有酒盈樽。引壶觞以自酌，眄庭柯以怡颜。倚南窗以寄傲，审容膝之易安。园日涉以成趣，门虽设而常关。策扶老以流憩，时矫首而遐观。云无心以出岫，鸟倦飞而知还。景翳翳以将入，抚孤松而盘桓。 归去来兮，请息交以绝游。世与我而相违，复驾言兮焉求?悦亲戚之情话，乐琴书以消忧。农人告余以春及，将有事于西畴。或命巾车，或棹孤舟。既窈窕以寻壑，亦崎岖而经丘。木欣欣以向荣，泉涓涓而始流。善万物之得时，感吾生之行休。 已矣乎!寓形宇内复几时?曷不委心任去留?胡为乎遑遑欲何之?富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期。怀良辰以孤往，或植杖而耘耔。登东皋以舒啸，临清流而赋诗。聊乘化以归尽，乐夫天命复奚疑! 人教版语文必修五必背课文(二) 滕王阁序王勃 时维九月，序属三秋。潦(lǎo)水尽而寒潭清，烟光凝而暮山紫。俨(yǎn)骖(cān)騑(fēi)于上路，访风景于崇阿(ē)。临帝子之长洲，得天

人之旧馆。层峦耸翠，上出重霄;飞阁流丹，下临无地。鹤汀(tīng)凫(fú)渚(zhǔ)，穷岛屿之萦回;桂殿兰宫，即冈峦之体势。 披绣闼(tà)，俯雕甍(méng)，山原旷其盈视，川泽纡其骇瞩。闾阎(lǘyán)扑地，钟鸣鼎食之家;舸(gě)舰弥津，青雀黄龙之轴(通：舳zhú)。云销雨霁，彩彻区明。落霞与孤鹜齐飞， 秋水共长天一色。渔舟唱晚，响穷彭蠡(lǐ)之滨，雁阵惊寒，声断衡阳之浦。 人教版语文必修五必背课文(三) 陈情表李密 臣密言：臣以险衅，夙遭闵凶。生孩六月，慈父见背;行年四岁，舅夺母志。祖母刘悯臣孤弱，躬亲抚养。臣少多疾病，九岁不行，零丁孤苦，至于成立。既无伯叔，终鲜兄弟，门衰祚薄，晚有儿息。外无期功强近之亲，内无应门五尺之僮，茕茕孑立，形影相吊。而刘夙婴疾病，常在床蓐，臣侍汤药，未曾废离。(愍同：悯)逮奉圣朝，沐浴清化。前太守臣逵察臣孝廉;后刺史臣荣举臣秀才。臣以供养无主，辞不赴命。诏书特下，拜臣郎中，寻蒙国恩，除臣洗马。猥以微贱，当侍东宫，非臣陨首所能上报。臣具以表闻，辞不就职。诏书切峻，责臣逋慢;郡县逼迫，催臣上道;州司临门，急于星火。臣欲奉诏奔驰，则刘病日笃，欲苟顺私情，则告诉不许。臣之进退，实为狼狈。 伏惟圣朝以孝治天下，凡在故老，犹蒙矜育，况臣孤苦，特为尤甚。且臣少仕伪朝，历职郎署，本图宦达，不矜名节。今臣亡国贱俘，至微至陋，过蒙拔擢，宠命优渥，岂敢盘桓，有所希冀!但以刘

新人教版高中英语必修五完整课文译文

新人教版高中英语课文译文 必修五 第一单元伟大的科学家 Reading 约翰.斯诺击败“霍乱王” 约翰.斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生—他的确医术精湛，因而成为照料维多利亚女皇的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，他就感到很振奋。霍乱在当时是最致命的疾病，人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解它的治疗方法。每次暴发霍乱时，就有大批惊恐的老百姓病死。约翰.斯诺想面对这个挑战，解决这个问题。他知道，在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。 斯诺对霍乱致人死地的两种推测都很感兴趣。一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中腐殖着，像一股危险的气流到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者为止。第二种看法是在吃饭的时候人们把这种病毒引入体内的。病从胃里发作而迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。 斯诺推测第二种说法是正确的，但是他需要证据。因此，在1854年伦敦再次暴发霍乱的时候，约翰.斯诺着手准备对此调研。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延的时候，约翰.斯诺就开始收集资料。他发现特别在两条街道上霍乱流行的很严重，在10天之内就死去了500多人。他决心要查明其原因。 首先，他在一张地图上标明了所有死者住过的地方。这提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者是住在宽街的水泵附近（特别是这条街上16、37、38、40号）。他发现有些住宅（如宽街上20号和21号以及剑桥上的8号和9号）却无人死亡。他以前没预料到这种情况，所以他决定深入调查。他发现，这些人都在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工，而酒馆为他们免费提供啤酒喝，因此他们没有喝从宽街水泵抽上来的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。 接下来，约翰.斯诺调查了这两条街的水源情况。他发现，水是从河里来的，而河水被伦敦排出的脏水污染了。他马上叫宽街上惊慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵上的把手。这样，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到了缓解。他证明了，霍乱是由病菌而不是由气团传播的。 在伦敦的另一个地区，他从两个与宽街暴发的霍乱有关联的死亡病例中发

人教版高中语文必修一至必修五文言文电子课本x

必修一 1《烛之武退秦师》 晋侯、秦伯围郑，以其无礼于晋，且贰于楚也。晋军函陵，秦军氾南。 佚之狐言于郑伯曰：“国危矣，若使烛之武见秦君，师必退。”公从之。辞曰：“臣之壮也，犹不如人；今老矣，无能为也已。”公曰：“吾不能早用子，今急而求子，是寡人之过也。然郑亡，子亦有不利焉。”许之。 夜缒而出，见秦伯，曰：“秦、晋围郑，郑既知亡矣。若亡郑而有益于君，敢以烦执事。越国以鄙远，君知其难也。焉用亡郑以陪邻？邻之厚，君之薄也。若舍郑以为东道主，行李之往来，共其乏困，君亦无所害。且君尝为晋君赐矣，许君焦、瑕，朝济而夕设版焉，君之所知也。夫晋，何厌之有？既东封郑，又欲肆其西封，若不阙秦，将焉取之？阙秦以利晋，唯君图之。”秦伯说，与郑人盟。使杞子、逢孙、杨孙戍之，乃还。 子犯请击之，公曰：“不可。微夫人之力不及此。因人之力而敝之，不仁；失其所与，不知；以乱易整，不武。吾其还也。”亦去之。 2、《荆轲刺秦王》 秦将王翦破赵，虏赵王，尽收其地，进兵北略地，至燕南界。 太子丹恐惧，乃请荆卿曰：“秦兵旦暮渡易水，则虽欲长侍足下，岂可得哉？”荆卿曰: “微太子言，臣愿得谒之，今行而无信，则秦未可亲也。夫今樊将军，秦王购之金千斤，邑万家。诚能得樊将军首，与燕督亢之地图献秦王，秦王必说见臣，臣乃得有以报太子。”太子曰：“樊将军以穷困来归丹，丹不忍以己之私，而伤长者之意，愿足下更虑之！” 荆轲知太子不忍，乃遂私见樊於期，曰：“秦之遇将军，可谓深矣。父母宗族，皆为戮 没。今闻购将军之首，金千斤，邑万家，将奈何？”樊将军仰天太息流涕曰：“吾每念，常痛于骨髓，顾计不知所出耳！”轲曰：“今有一言，可以解燕国之患，而报将军之仇者，何如？”樊於期乃前曰：“为之奈何？”荆轲曰：“愿得将军之首以献秦，秦王必喜而善见臣。臣左手把其袖，而右手揕其胸，然则将军之仇报，而燕国见陵之耻除矣。将军岂有意乎？” 樊於期偏袒扼腕而进曰：“此臣日夜切齿拊心也，乃今得闻教！”遂自刎。 太子闻之，驰往，伏尸而哭，极哀。既已，无可奈何，乃遂收盛樊於期之首，函封之。 于是太子预求天下之利匕首，得赵人徐夫人之匕首，取之百金，使工以药淬之。以试人, 血濡缕，人无不立死者。乃为装遣荆轲。 燕国有勇士秦武阳，年十二，杀人，人不敢与忤视。乃令秦武阳为副。 荆轲有所待，欲与俱，其人居远未来，而为留待。 顷之未发，太子迟之，疑其有改悔，乃复请之曰：“日以尽矣，荆卿岂无意哉？丹请先 遣秦武阳！”荆轲怒，叱太子曰：“今日往而不反者，竖子也！今提一匕首入不测之强秦，仆所以留者，待吾客与俱。今太子迟之，请辞决矣！”遂发。 太子及宾客知其事者，皆白衣冠以送之。至易水上，既祖，取道。高渐离击筑，荆轲和而歌，为变徵之声，士皆垂泪涕泣。又前而为歌曰：“风萧萧兮易水寒，壮士一去兮不复还！复为慷慨羽声，士皆瞋目，发尽上指冠。于是荆轲遂就车而去，终已不顾。 既至秦，持千金之资币物，厚遗秦王宠臣中庶子蒙嘉。 嘉为先言于秦王曰：“燕王诚振怖大王之威，不敢兴兵以拒大王，愿举国为内臣，比诸 侯之列，给贡职如郡县，而得奉守先王之宗庙。恐惧不敢自陈，谨斩樊於期头，及献燕之督亢之地图，函封，燕王拜送于庭，使使以闻大王。唯大王命之。” 秦王闻之，大喜。乃朝服，设九宾，见燕使者咸阳宫。 荆轲奉樊於期头函，而秦武阳奉地图匣，以次进。至陛下，秦武阳色变振恐，群臣怪之, 荆轲顾笑武阳，前为谢曰：“北蛮夷之鄙人，未尝见天子，故振慑，愿大王少假借之，使毕 使于前。”秦王谓轲曰：“起，取武阳所持图！” 轲既取图奉之，发图，图穷而匕首见。因左手把秦王之袖，而右手持匕首揕之。未至身, 秦王惊，自引而起，绝袖。拔剑，剑长，操其室。时恐急，剑坚，故不可立拔。

高中语文必修五课文成语

《归去来兮辞》 1心为形役：形：形体。心神被生活、功名利禄所驱使，受到形体的奴役。形容人的思想不自由，做一些违心的事。（中性词）2往者不谏，来者可追：往者：过去的事；谏：规劝；来者：未来的事；犹：还；追：赶上。过去的不能挽回弥补，未来的还是能赶得上的。后多用作鼓励之辞。 3无心出岫：出岫：1、出山，从山中或山洞中出来。2、比喻出仕。 无心出岫指无心做官，无心于仕途。 4晨光熹微：早上天上微明。 5迷途知返：迷了路才意识到回来。比喻犯了错误能改正。 6今是昨非：现在是对的，过去是错的。指认识过去的错误。 7事与愿违：事情的发展与自己的愿望相违背。 8倦鸟知还：疲倦的鸟知道飞回自己的巢。比喻辞官后归隐田园；也比喻从旅居之地返回故乡。 9息交绝游：屏绝交游活动而隐居。 10欣欣向荣：比喻事业蓬勃发展，兴旺昌盛。 11乐天知命：安于自己的处境，由命运安排。 《陈情表》 1.【茕茕孑立，形影相吊】茕茕：孤独的样子；孑：孤单；形：指身体；吊：慰问。孤身一人，只有和自己的身影相互慰问。形容无依无靠，非常孤单。

2.【日薄西山】薄：迫近。太阳快落山了。比喻人已经衰老或事物衰败腐朽，临近死亡。 3.【气息奄奄】形容呼吸微弱，快要断气的样子。也比喻事物衰败没落，即将灭亡。 4.【人命危浅】浅：时间短。形容寿命不长，即将死亡。 5.【朝不虑夕】早晨不能知道晚上会变成什么样子或发生什么情况。形容形势危急，难以预料。 6.【乌鸟私情】乌鸟：古时传说，小乌能反哺老乌。比喻侍奉尊亲的孝心。 7.【皇天后土】皇天：古代称天；后土：古代称地。指天地。旧时迷信天地能主持公道，主宰万物。 8.【零丁孤苦】伶仃：孤独，没有依靠。孤单困苦，没有依靠。 9.【门衰祚薄】门庭衰微，福祚浅薄。 10.【急于星火】星火：流星。象流星的光从空中急闪而过。形容非常急促紧迫。 11.【结草衔环】结草：把草结成绳子，搭救恩人；衔环：嘴里衔着玉环。旧时比喻感恩报德，至死不忘。 《逍遥游》 鹏程万里：相传鹏鸟能飞万里路程。比喻前程远大。 扶摇而上：指乘着风势快速上升。也比喻指仕途得志或飞快上升。扶摇：迅猛盘旋而上旋风。