1 classification of material材料学专业英语

Unit2 Classification of Materials

Basic Classifications and Engineering Materials

Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications：metals，ceramics and polymers．This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another，although there are some intermediates. In addition，there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites，semiconductor，and biomaterials．Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials，whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics；biomaterials are implanted into the human body．A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next．

Metals：Metallic materials are normally combinations of metallic elements．They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons；that is，these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons．Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat，and are not transparent to visible light：a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance．Furthermore，metals are quite strong，yet deformable，which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications．

Ceramics：Ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements：they are most frequently oxides, nitrides，and carbides．The wide

range of materials that falls within this classification includes ceramics that are composed of clay minerals，cement，and glass. These materials are typically insulative to the passage of electricity and heat，and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers．With regard to mechanical behavior，ceramics are hard but very brittle．

Polymers：Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials．Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon，hydrogen，and other nonmetallic elements；furthermore，they have very large molecular structures．These materials typically have low densities and may be extremely flexible．

Composites： A number of composite materials have been engineered that consist of more than one material type．Fiberglass is a familiar example，in which glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material. A composite is designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of each of the component materials．Fiberglass acquires strength from the glass and flexibility from the polymer．Many of the recent material developments have involved composite materials．

Semiconductors：Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors and insulators．Furthermore，the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms，which concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions．The semiconductors have made

possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries over the past two decades．

Biomaterials: Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts．These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissue(i．e．must not cause adverse biological reactions)．All of the above materials--metals，ceramics，polymers，composites and semiconductors--may be used as biomaterials．For example，some of the biomaterials such as CF／C(carbon fibers／carbon)and CF／PS (polysulfone) are utilized in artificial hip replacements．

Advanced Materials

Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials．By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles；examples include electronic equipment(VCRs，CD players，etc．)，computers，fiberoptic systems，spacecraft，aircraft，and military rocketry．These advanced materials are typically either traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced or newly developed，high—performance materials．Furthermore，they may be of all material types(e．g．metals，ceramics，polymers)，and are normally relatively expensive．

Modern Materials Needs

In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of materials science and engineering within the past few years，there still remain technological challenges，including the development of even more sophisticated and specialized materials，as well as consideration of the environmental impact of materials production．Some comment is appropriate relative to these issues so as to round out this perspective．

Nuclear energy holds some promise，but the solutions to the many problems that remain will necessarily involve materials from fuels to containment structures and facilities for the disposal of radioactive waste．

Significant quantities of energy are involved in transportation．Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles(automobiles，aircraft，trains，etc．)，as well as increasing engine operating temperatures，will enhance fuel efficiency．New high strength，low—density structural materials remain to be developed，as well as materials that have higher—temperature capabilities，for use in engine components．

Furthermore，there is a recognized need to find new，economical sources of energy，and to use the present resources more efficiently．Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role in these developments．For example，the direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy uses silicon materials．To ensure a viable technology，materials that are highly efficient in this conversion process yet less costly must be developed．

Additionally，environmental quality depends on our ability to control air and water pollution．Pollution control techniques employ various materials．In addition, materials Processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that they produce less environmental degradation，that is，less pollution and less despoilage of the landscape from mining of raw materials．Also，in some materials manufacturing processes，toxic substances are Produced，and the ecological impact of their disposal must be considered.

Many materials that we use are derived from resources that are nonrenewable，that is not capable of being regenerated．These include polymers，for which the prime raw material is oil，and some metals．These nonrenewable resources are gradually becoming depleted, which necessitates：(1)the discovery of additional reserves，(2)the development of new materials having comparable properties with less adverse environmental impact，and／or (3) increased recycling efforts and the development of new recycling technologies·As a consequence of economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological factors，it is becoming increasingly important to consider the“cradle—to—grave’’life cycle of materials relative to the overall manufacturing process．

(Selected from Materials Science and Engineering：An Introduction，by William D Callister，2002)

How does the structure of metals and alloys differ from that of ceramics or polymers? The three basic classes of engineering materials are 1) metals and their alloys. 2)Man-made polymers and iii) ceramic materials．Metals and ceramics are quite distinct from each other，but have more in common with each other than with polymers．

Consider first the differences between metals and ceramics．Whereas metals have free electrons，ceramics are ionically or covalently bonded compounds and the electrons are held rigidly in well—defined positions．Consequently，with the exception of graphite，which has an

unusual structure that leaves some of the electrons mobile，ceramics tend to be good electrical

insulators．In many ceramics，the bonding is stronger than in metals and so ceramics tend。for example，to have higher melting points than metals (although some very strongly bonded metals，such as tungsten，have very high melting points)．

An important feature that metals share in common with ionic compounds is that neither of these forms molecules．In contrast，polymers are made up of distinct molecules(in polymers。these molecules can be very large)．This difference is significant in terms of the properties of metals or ceramics versus those of polymers．For example，suppose that you wanted to melt a metal，a ceramic and a polymer．In the case of the metal，one must put in enough energy(in the form of heat)to break strong bonds between metal atoms．In contrast, in many polymers，what are known as“thermoplastic”polymers，the bonds between molecules (“intermolecular bonds”)are very weak and all that need happen for melting to occur is that the weak intermolecular bonds are broken．In such cases，there is no need to disassemble the molecules themselves to cause melting．Since only very weak intermolecular bonds need be broken，thermoplastic polymers have much lower melting points than most metals or ceramics．

In“thermosetting”polymers，the different molecules are cross—linked to each other．For example，many adhesives harden by a curing process induced by heat，atmospheric exposure and／or a hardening additive．During curing，cross—linking Occurs and this causes a gooey liquid to transform to a strong，rigid solid．Once cross—linking of the polymer chains has occurred，melting would require breaking up of the relatively strong bonds within the polymer chains．Consequently，thermosetting polymers have much higher melting points than do thermoplastics and，if heated in air，thermosetting polymers usually burn before they melt．The polar bonding within polymer molecules (“intramolecular bonds”) is typically far weaker

than that of metals or ionic ceramics．This is a feature of the bonds involved in forming p01ymers，rather than an intrinsic feature of covalent bonding．For example，diamond is very strongly bonded by covalent bonds! This makes diamond very stiff and hard．Thus，a cutting wheel coated with an abrasive grit made up of small(say 10 to 100μm diameter) diamond particles will readily cut glass，for example．

What about semiconductors? In an atom，the outer(valence)electrons normally sit in the valence energy level(the“valence band’’)．These electrons are only free to move if sufficient energy is given to them to move the electrons to a higher energy level (called the “conduction band”)．The difference in energy between the valence and conduction bands is called the “band gap’’ and the larger the band gap the more difficult it will be to allow electrons to move．Electrons either have enough energy to j ump from the valence to the conduction band，in which case electrical conduction becomes possible，or they don’t，in which case the material will behave as an electrical insulator．Electrons can not sit somewhere in between the valence and the conduction bands．In the case of a metal，there is no band gap and the electrons are free to move and the metal conducts electricity，even at very low temperatures．In the case of a“typical”ceramic，say alumina for example，the band gap is very large and so even if a large amount of energy is made available(for example by heating the ceramic)electrons can not j ump from the valence to the conduction band．Hence，alumina is a good electrical insulator even when hot and is widely used as such．The band gap for a semiconductor is smaller than that for an insulator，but is not zero，as in the case of a meta1．Consequently，semiconductors like silicon can be made to conduct electricity if sufficient (e．g．thermal)energy is provided．Each electron carries a single negative charge．so that electrons promoted to the conduction band act as carriers of negative charges，

while the“holes” left in the valence band by electrons promoted to the conduction band effectively act as if they had a positive charge(because a negative charge has been removed)．Left on their own，electrons tend to drop back from the conduction band into the valence band，thus removing both a negative charge in the conduction band and an effective positive charge in the valence band．Pure silicon(an “intrinsic" semiconductor) has exactly the same number of conduction band electrons and valence band holes，since the promotion of one electron from the valence band to the conduction band produces one hole in the valence band．Thus，pure silicon is electrically neutral overall．However，by chemically doping silicon with elements that either donate electrons to the silicon or accept electrons from the silicon，the balance between electrons and holes can be altered so that semiconductors can act as if they conduct electricity by the flow of either negative(“n-type”)or positive(“P—type”)charges．The transistors that form the basis of computer chips depend on putting n-and P—type semiconductors next to each other．If ionic compounds are usually insulators，how come adding salt to water increases the conductivity of the water? Solid sodium chloride is an electrical insulator，because the band

gap is too large for electrons to serve as conductors of electrical charge．Therefore, solid NaCl can not be an electronic conductor．Also，although the Na+ and C1_ ions are charged。these are not free to move，so that the ions themselves can not serve as ionic conductors．However，dissolving sodium chloride in water allows the charged Na+and C1一ions to move freely．Likewise melting a metal salt (such as sodium chloride) can have the same effect．A material that allows conduction by the flow of ionic charges is referred to as an electrolyte．In most ceramics，this requires melting of the ceramic，however there are some ceramics (“solid electrolytes”)that allow weak ionic conduction at high—temperatures in the solid—state．Solid electrolytes form the basis

of many sensors (for example the oxygen sensor in the exhaust system of your car)．(Selected from Materials Science and Engineering：An Introduction，by William D Callister，2002)

统计学专业英语翻译

汉译英 Population 总体，样本总体sample 样本，标本parameter 限制因素 median 中位数odd 奇数，单数even 偶数 range 极差variance 方差standard deviation 标准差Covariance 协方差empty event 空事件product event 积事件 conditional probability 条件概率Random variable 随机变量binominal distribution 二项式分布uniform distribution 均匀分布Poisson distribution 泊松分布residual 残差 central limit theorem 中心极限定律 英译汉 descriptive statistics 描述统计学mathematical statistics 数理统计学inductive statistics 归纳统计学Inferential statistics 推断统计学dimension 维，维数continuous variable 连续变量ordinal variable 有序变量nominal variable 名义变量dichotomous 两分的；二歧的discrete variable 离散变量categorical variable 分类变量location 定位，位置，场所dispersion 分散mean 均值unimodal单峰的 multimodal 多峰的chaotic 无秩序的grouped data 分组数据 frequency distribution频数分布cumulative frequency 累加频数tallying 计算 Uniformly distribution 均匀分布histogram 直方图frequency polygon 频率多边图rectangle 矩形Percentile 百分位数quartile 四分位数 interquartile range 四分位数间距simple event 简单事件Compound event 复合事件mutually exclusive 互斥的，互补相交的complementary event 对立事件Independent 独立的joint probability function 联合概率函数jacobian雅克比行列式 Law of large numbers大数定律point estimate 点估计estimate 估计值 statistic 统计量optimality 最优性Unbiased estimate 无偏估计量efficient estimate 有偏估计量unbiasedness无偏性efficience有效性Consistent estimate 一致估计量 asymptotic properties 渐近性质Confidence interval 置信区间interval estimation 区间估计 null hypothesis 原假设alternative hypothesis 备择假设significance level 显著性水平power function 幂函数testing procedures 检验方法test statistic 检验统计量 rejection region 拒绝区域acceptance region 接受区域critical region 临界区域 first-derivatives 一阶导数second-derivatives 二阶导数Likelihood ratio 似然比dependent variable因变量unexplanatory variable未解释变量independent variable自变量 Error term 误差项regression coefficients 回归系数Sum of squared residuals 残差平方和Marginal probability function 边际概率函数joint probability density function 联合概率密度函数Marginal probability density function边际概率密度函数stochastically independent 随机独立的 Mutually independently distribution 相互独立的分布independently and identically distribution 独立同分布的likelihood function 似然函数maximum likelihood estimator 最大似然估计量 maximum likelihood estimate 最大似然估计值log-likelihood function 对数似然函数 ordinary least squares estimation/estimate/estimator 普通最小二乘估计/估计值/估计量 linear unbiased estimator 线性无偏估计

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Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

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加工方法拉力强度机械性能 低碳钢或铁基层金属& 镀镍镀黄铜 马氏铁体淬火退火淬火 高温回火应力退火温度– 晶粒取向()及非晶粒取向(硬磁材料 表面处理硬度电镀方法锌镀层质量 表面处理拉伸应变焊接防止生锈 硬度及拉力& 连续铸造法 珠光体单相金属 渗碳体奥氏体软磁硬磁 疲劳测试热膨胀系数比重 化学性能物理性能再结晶 硬化包晶反应包晶合金共晶 临界温度自由度相律 金属间化物固熔体置换型固熔体 米勒指数's 晶体结构金属与合金 金属特性抗腐蚀及耐用& 强度无机非金属燃料电池 新能源 材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇材料科学专业学术翻译必备词汇编号中文英文 1 合金 2 材料 3 复合材料 4 制备 5 强度 6 力学 7 力学性能 8 复合 9 薄膜 10 基体 11 增强 12 非晶 13 基复合材料 14 纤维 15 纳米 16 金属 17 合成 18 界面 19 颗粒 20 法制备 21 尺寸22 形状 23 烧结 24 磁性 25 断裂 26 聚合物 27 衍射 28 记忆 29 陶瓷 30 磨损 31 表征 32 拉伸 33 形状记忆 34 摩擦 35 碳纤维 36 粉末 37 溶胶 38 凝胶 39 应变 40 性能研究 41 晶粒 42 粒径 43 硬度 44 粒子 45 涂层 46 氧化 47 疲劳 48 组织 49 石墨 50 机械 51 相变 52 冲击 53 形貌 54 有机 55 损伤 56 有限 57 粉体 58 无机 59 电化学 60 梯度 61 多孔 62 树脂 63 扫描电镜 64 晶化 65 记忆合金 66 玻璃 67 退火 68 非晶态 69 溶胶-凝胶 70 蒙脱土 71 样品 72 粒度 73 耐磨 74 韧性 75 介电 76 颗粒增强 77 溅射 78 环氧树脂 79 纳米 80 掺杂 81 拉伸强度 82 阻尼 83 微观结构 84 合金化

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中英文对照外文翻译 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Create and comprehensive technology in the structure global design of the building The 21st century will be the era that many kinds of disciplines technology coexists , it will form the enormous motive force of promoting the development of building , the building is more and more important too in global design, the architect must seize the opportunity , give full play to the architect's leading role, preside over every building engineering design well. Building there is the global design concept not new of architectural design,characteristic of it for in an all-round way each element not correlated with building- there aren't external environment condition, building , technical equipment,etc. work in coordination with, and create the premium building with the comprehensive new technology to combine together. The premium building is created, must consider sustainable development , namely future requirement , in other words, how save natural resources as much as possible, how about protect the environment that the mankind depends on for existence, how construct through high-quality between architectural design and building, in order to reduce building equipment use quantity and

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Unit 3 Text 1.From the periodic table, it can be seen that there are only about 100 different kinds of atoms in the entire Universe. (Unit 3, P21, Para 1, Line 1) 2.The atomic structure primarily affects the chemical, physical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties.(Unit 3, P22, Para 5, Line 1) 3.The microstructure and macrostructure can also affect these properties but they generally have a larger effect on mechanical properties and on the rate of chemical reaction. (Unit 3, P22, Para 5, Line 2) 4.From elementary chemistry it is known that the atomic structure of any element is made up of positively charged nucleus surrounded by electrons revolving around it. (Unit 3, P22, Para 6, Line 1) 5.An element’s atomic number indicates the number of positively charged protons in the nucleus.(Unit 3, P22, Para 6, Line 3) 6.The atomic weight of an atom indicates how many protons and neutrons in the nucleus. (Unit 3, P22, Para 6, Line 4) 7.It is also known that electrons are present with different energies and it is convenient to consider these electrons surrounding the nucleus in energy “shell”.(Unit 3, P22, Para 7, Line 2) 8.For example, magnesium, with an atomic number of 12, has two electrons in the inner shell, eight in the second shell and two in the other shell.(Unit 3, P22, Para 7, Line 4) 9.All chemical bonds involve electrons.(Unit 3, P22, Para 8, Line 1) 10.Atoms are at their most stable when they have no partially-filled electron shells. (Unit 3, P22, Para 8, Line 2) 11.When metal atoms bond, a metallic bond occurs.(Unit 3, P23, Para 1, Line 1) 12.The bond between two nonmetal atoms is usually a covalent bond.(Unit 3, P23, Para 1, Line 4) 13.Where metal and nonmetal atom come together an ionic bond occurs.(Unit 3, P23, Para 1, Line 4) Reading Material

统计英文词汇

A abscissa横坐标 absence rate缺勤率 absolute number绝对数 absolute value绝对值 accident error偶然误差 accumulated frequency累积频数 alternative hypothesis备择假设 analysis of data分析资料 analysis of variance(ANOVA)方差分析 arith-log paper算术对数纸 arithmetic mean算术均数 assumed mean假定均数 arithmetic weighted mean加权算术均数asymmetry coefficient偏度系数 average平均数 average deviation平均差 B bar chart直条图、条图 bias偏性 binomial distribution二项分布 biometrics生物统计学 bivariate normal population双变量正态总体 C cartogram统计图 case fatality rate(or case mortality)病死率 census普查 chi-sguare(X2) test卡方检验 central tendency集中趋势 class interval组距 classification分组、分类 cluster sampling整群抽样 coefficient of correlation相关系数 coefficient of regression回归系数 coefficient of variability(or coefficieut of variation)变异系数 collection of data收集资料 column列（栏） combinative table组合表 combined standard deviation合并标准差 combined variance(or poolled variance)合并方差complete survey全面调查

结构设计常用专业英语

结构设计常用专业英语 词汇汇编

Chapter 1 Loads and Action (1) 第一章荷载与作用 (1) Chapter 2 Seismic Design (8) 第二章抗震设计 (8) Chapter 3 Foundation (14) 第三章地基基础 (14) Chapter 4 Reinforcement Concrete (22) 第四章钢筋混凝土结构 (22) Chapter 5 Steel Structure (28) 第五章钢结构 (28) Chapter 6 Composite Structure (37) 第六章组合结构 (37) Chapter 7 Masonry Structure (40) 第七章砌体结构 (40) Chapter 8 Others (42) 第八章其它 (42)

第一章荷载与作用 (43) Chapter 1 Loads and Action (43) 第二章抗震设计 (50) Chapter 2 Seismic Design (50) 第三章地基基础 (56) Chapter 3 Foundation (56) 第四章钢筋混凝土结构 (65) Chapter 4 Reinforcement Concrete (65) 第五章钢结构 (71) Chapter 5 Steel Structure (71) 第六章组合结构 (80) Chapter 6 Composite Structure (80) 第七章砌体结构 (83) Chapter 7 Masonry Structure (83) 第八章其它 (85) Chapter 8 Others (85)

化学材料类期刊影响因子排名

Nature 31.434 Science28.103 Chem Rev 23.592 Nature Materials 23.132 Nature Nanotechnology 20.571 Annu Rev Phys Chem 14.688 Mater Today 12.929 Accounts Chem Res 12.176 Angewandte Chemie International Edition 10.879 Nano Letters 10.371 Nano Today 8.795 Adv Mater8.191 J Am Chem Soc 8.091 Phys Rev Lett 7.18 Adv Funct Mater 6.808 Small 6.525 ACS Nano 5.472 Chem-Eur J 5.454 Chem Commun 5.34 Chem Mater 5.046 J Mater Chem 4.646 Cryst Growth Des 4.215 Journal of Physical Chemistry B 4.189 Inorg Chem 4.147 Langmuir 4.097 Phys Chem Chem Phys 4.064 Appl PHys Lett 3.726 Nanotechnology 3.446 Journal of Physical Chemistry C 3.396 Phys Rev B 3.322 J Chem Phys 3.149 Eur J Inorg Chem 2.694 Current Nanoscience 2.437 Aust J Chem 2.405 JOurnal of Nanoparticle Research 2.299 J Appl Phys 2.201 Chem Phys Lett 2.169 IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 2.154 Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 1.929 J Sold State Chem 1.91 Appl Phys A 1.884 Inorg Chem Commun 1.854 Mater Res Bull 1.812 Mater Chem Phys 1.799 Mater Chem Phys 1.799 J Cryst Growth 1.757 Mater Lett 1.748

材料科学与工程专业英语第三版 翻译以及答案

UNIT 1 一、材料根深蒂固于我们生活的程度可能远远的超过了我们的想象，交通、装修、制衣、通信、娱乐（recreation）和食品生产，事实上（virtually），我们生活中的方方面面或多或少受到了材料的影响。历史上，社会的发展和进步和生产材料的能力以及操纵材料来实现他们的需求密切（intimately）相关，事实上，早期的文明就是通过材料发展的能力来命名的（石器时代、青铜时代、铁器时代）。 二、早期的人类仅仅使用（access）了非常有限数量的材料，比如自然的石头、木头、粘土（clay）、兽皮等等。随着时间的发展，通过使用技术来生产获得的材料比自然的材料具有更加优秀的性能。这些性材料包括了陶瓷（pottery）以及各种各样的金属，而且他们还发现通过添加其他物质和改变加热温度可以改变材料的性能。此时，材料的应用（utilization）完全就是一个选择的过程，也就是说，在一系列有限的材料中，根据材料的优点来选择最合适的材料，直到最近的时间内，科学家才理解了材料的基本结构以及它们的性能的关系。在过去的100年间对这些知识的获得，使对材料性质的研究变得非常时髦起来。因此，为了满足我们现代而且复杂的社会，成千上万具有不同性质的材料被研发出来，包括了金属、塑料、玻璃和纤维。 三、由于很多新的技术的发展，使我们获得了合适的材料并且使得我们的存在变得更为舒适。对一种材料性质的理解的进步往往是技术的发展的先兆，例如：如果没有合适并且没有不昂贵的钢材，或者没有其他可以替代（substitute）的东西，汽车就不可能被生产，在现代、复杂的（sophisticated）电子设备依赖于半导体（semiconducting）材料 四、有时，将材料科学与工程划分为材料科学和材料工程这两个副学科

建筑结构专业英语词汇

A acceptable quality 合格质量 acceptance lot 验收批量 aciera 钢材 admixture 外加剂 against slip coefficient between friction surface of high-strength bolted connection 高强度螺栓摩擦面抗滑移系数 aggregate 骨料 air content 含气量 air-dried timber 气干材 allowable ratio of height to sectional thickness of masonry wall or column 砌体墙、柱容许高厚比 allowable slenderness ratio of steel member 钢构件容许长细比 allowable slenderness ratio of timber compression member 受压木构件容许长细比allowable stress range of fatigue 疲劳容许应力幅 allowable ultimate tensile strain of reinforcement 钢筋拉应变限值 allowable value of crack width 裂缝宽度容许值 allowable value of deflection of structural member 构件挠度容许值 allowable value of deflection of timber bending member 受弯木构件挠度容许值allowable value of deformation of steel member 钢构件变形容许值 allowable value of deformation of structural member 构件变形容许值 allowable value of drift angle of earthquake resistant structure 抗震结构层间位移角限值 amplified coefficient of eccentricity 偏心距增大系数 anchorage 锚具 anchorage length of steel bar 钢筋锚固长度 approval analysis during construction stage 施工阶段验算 arch 拱 arch with tie rod 拉捍拱 arch—shaped roof truss 拱形屋架

材料科学与工程专业英语 短句词汇翻译 前10课

Unit1： 交叉学科interdiscipline 介电常数dielectric constant 固体性质solid materials 热容heat capacity 力学性质mechanical property 电磁辐射electro-magnetic radiation 材料加工processing of materials 弹性模量（模数）elastic coefficient 1.直到最近，科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Material engineering mainly to solve the problem and create material application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构，同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process is not only to de structure and decided that the material characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Material mechanical properties with the extemal force or in de deformation of the load. Unit2： 先进材料advanced material 陶瓷材料ceramic material 粘土矿物clay minerals 高性能材料high performance material 合金metal alloys 移植implant to 玻璃纤维glass fiber 碳纳米管carbon nanotub 1、金属元素有许多有利电子，金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons，many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. 2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物，并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures. 3、半导体材料的典型特征介于导体材料（如金属、金属合金）与绝缘体（陶瓷材料和聚合体材料）之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insulators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ). 4、生物材料不能产生毒性，并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues. Unit3： 微观结构microstructure 宏观结构macrostructure 化学反应chemical reaction 原子量atomic 电荷平衡balanced electrical charge 带正电子的原子核positively charge nucleu 1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属，成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breathe to the metal used to support tall buildings.

统计学专业英语词汇完整版

统计学专业英语词汇 1 统计学专业英语词汇 A Absolutedeviation, 绝对离差 Absolutenumber, 绝对数 Absoluteresiduals, 绝对残差 Accelerationarray, 加速度立体阵 Accelerationinanarbitrarydirection,任意方向 上的加速度Accelerationnormal,法向加速度 Accelerationspacedimensi on, 加速度空间的维数 Accelerationtange ntial, 切向加速度 Accelerationve ctor,加速度向 量 Acceptablehypothe sis, 可接受假设Accumulation,累积 Accuracy,准确 度 Actualfreque ncy,实际频数Adaptiveestima tor, 自适应估计量Addition,相 加 Additiontheore m, 加法定 理 Additivity, 可加性Adjustedrate,调整率 Adjustedvalu e, 校正值 Admissibleer ror, 容许误差Aggregation,聚集 性 Alternativehypoth esis, 备择假设Amonggroups,组间 Amounts,总量 Analysisofcorrela tion, 相关分析Analysisofcovaria nce, 协方差分析Analysisofregress ion, 回归分析Analysisoftimeser ies, 时间序列分析Analysisofvariance,方差 分析 Angulartransforma tion, 角转换 ANOVA （analysisofvariance ）,方差分析ANOVAModels, 方差分析模 型 Arcing,弧/弧 旋 Arcsinetransforma tion, 反正弦变换Areaunderthecurve , 曲线面 积 AREG,评估从一个时间点到下一个时间点回归相关时的误差 ARIMA,季节和非季节性单变量模型的极大似然估计Arithmeticgridpaper, 算术格纸Arithmeticmean, 算术平均数 Arrheniusrelation, 艾恩尼斯关系Assessingfit,拟合的评估 Associativelaws, 结合律