高考英语语法考点解读：情态动词和虚拟语气

情态动词主要用来表示说话人的情感、态等，是中英语语法的重点，也是高考的热点，是单项填空必考的一个知识点。情态动词在近五高考中主要考查四点：情态动词表示推测和可能性的用法；情态动词与虚拟语气；情态动词表达“情感、态、语气等”；情态动词表示“必要性”等方面的用法。虚拟语气的考点主要集中在名词性从句、条件句中的用法，以及错综条件句中虚拟语气的应用。

一、情态动词表推测的用法

headmaster.

①That may

not be true.

①He couldn't

have

discovered the

truth.

注意：should (ought to)表示推测是高考考查的重点和难点。如：

—When can I come for the photos？I need them tomorrow afternoon.

—They ________ be ready by 12：00.

A．can B．should C．might D．need

【解析】B A项表示推测时常用于否定句和疑问句中。C项表示推测语气不太肯定。should意为“按理说，理应”，既回答了顾客的询问，不失礼貌，又为照片有可能尚未洗好，顾客到时取不到留下了回旋的余地，体现了店主的精明与用词经过仔细推敲。

二、情态动词的其他用法

1．can, could, may, might

2.must, should

3. need, dare

4.shall/will/would

4.shall/will/would

4.shall/will/would

二、情态动词＋have done

四、虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示说话人所说的话不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。

1．虚拟语气在条件句中的用法

If it were to rain tomorrow, I should not drive my car. 如果明天下雨的话，我就不开车了。(明天的情况还不知道)

If I had done it in time, I should have had a good time. 如果我及时做的话，日子就好过多了。(可惜当时没能及时做)

注意：

(1)主句中的should通常用于第一人称，would可用于任何人称。

(2)条件句中如果动词是be，其过去式所有人称的单复数都可用were；在第一、三人称单数的口语中，可用was代替were。但在if I were you中，不能说成if I was you。

(3)当条件从句的行为与主句所表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，主从句中动词的形式要根据它所标示的时间作出相应的调整，这就是所谓的“错综条件虚拟语气”。如：If they had studied hard, they could do it easily now.

如果他们以前努力习的话，现在干得就会容易些了。

If he had not taken my advice, he wouldn't do it much better like this.

如果他不听我的建议，他就不会干得这么好了。

(4)在条件句中，如果有were, had, should等，则可省略if，但应注意把were, had, should等提到从句主语之前。

如：If he were to come, I would join him in the discussion. ＝Were he to come, I would join him in the discussion. 如果他来，我将和他一道参加讨论。

(5)有些虚拟条件句没有从句，虚拟条件句是通过上下文或介词短语表示出来的。如：

But for air and water, there would be no life on the earth. 要是没有空气和水，地球上就没有生命。(介词短语but for提供了虚拟条件)

With your help, we might finish the plan earlier. 要是有你的帮助，我们就可以早些完成任务。(介词短语with your help充当虚拟条件句)

2．虚拟语气在wish从句中的用法

专题八│ 正面解读

I wish I were a doctor. 我希望我是个医生就好了。(现在)

I wish that the rain would stop. 我希望雨能停下来。(将来)

I wish that he had not made so much fuss about it.

我希望他不要把事情搞大了。(过去)

3．虚拟语气在名词性从句中的使用

(1)在insist；command，order；demand，request，require，desire；advise, propose, suggest，recommend等表示“命令、要求、建议”的动词后接的宾语从句中要使用虚拟语气。如：He suggests that she (should) leave the house at once.

他要她立刻离开这所房子。

He proposed that we (should) deal with the problem by the view of development.

他建议我们应该用发展的眼光处理这个问题。

(2)与上述动词相对应的名词suggestion, order, demand , proposal 等后的表语从句、同位语从句中也要使用虚拟语气(should可省略)。如：

My proposal is that we (should) set a deadline for handing in the plan.

我的建议是为这个计划设定一个上交的期限。

(3)在It be suggested (ordered, demanded, proposed, … )that… 结构中，主语从句中也要使用虚拟语气。如：

It's required that every student be on time for school.

要求每个生准时到校。

(4)在do you suggest/recommend用在特殊疑问句中作插入语时，句子的动词也使用虚拟语气，即“should＋动词原形”的形式，其中should可以省略。如：

What type of computer do you recommend/ suggest we (should) buy?

你建议我们买什么类型的电脑呢？

(5)在It's＋necessary，essential，important, strange, natural等形容词＋that从句或It's a pity，

a shame等名词＋that 从句中，谓语动词可以使用should do。如：

It is necessary that the badly wounded man should be treated immediately. 这位重伤员必须马上治疗。

It's a pity that you should be so careless.

你竟然如此粗心，真是可惜。

4．虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法

在as if/though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在相反的情况；用过去完成式，表示与过去相反的情况等。其变化与wish后的宾语从句的变化相同。如：I've loved you as if you were my relative.

我一直爱你仿佛你是我的亲人。

5．虚拟语气在其他一些句型中的用法

(1)It's high time that-从句中，谓语动词可以使用过去式，也可使用should＋动词原形；表示“早该……了”，其中should不可省略。如：

It's high time we got up/should get up. 我们早该起床了。

(2)would rather＋从句中，谓语动词用过去式表示与现在或将来的情况相反；用过去完成式，表示与过去的情况相反。如：

I would rather you came tomorrow. 我宁愿你明天来。

(3)if only…要是……多好啊。如：

If only you hadn't offended him. 你当时不惹他就好了。

If only he could come tomorrow. 他明天能来就好了。

(4)其他一些表示祝愿的句型。如：

May you succeed！祝你成功！

Long live the People's Republic of China.

中华人民共和国万岁！

1. 【误】The streets are all dry; it mustn't have rained last night.

【正】The streets are all dry; it can't have rained last night.

【解析】对某一事实的否定推测不能用must，而要用can't 或couldn't表示“不可能”。

2．【误】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might be ill, I guess.

【正】I didn't see Mary at the meeting yesterday. She might have been ill, I guess.

【解析】猜的事情发生在昨天，因此要用情态动词＋have done形式，当动词是be时，很容易忽略它的时态意义，要特别留意。

3．【误】He must be very friendly at times.

【正】He can be very friendly at times.

【解析】句意为：他有时会很友好。可知此处并非对现在的状态进行推测，而是一种理论上的可能性，因此用can。

4．【误】I can't find my keys. I may/might forget them on the playground yesterday.

【正】I can't find my keys. I may/might have left them on the playground yesterday.

【解析】表示对过去情况的推测，通常用must/may/might have done sth. 另外，表示“把……忘记在某地”应用动词leave。

5．【误】The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone could get out.

【正】The fire spread through the hotel quickly, but everyone was able to get out.

【解析】表示在过去成功地做到了某事，肯定句中通常用was/were able to do sth.。

6．【误】Will I open the window for you?

【正】Shall I open the window for you?

【解析】shall与第一、第三人称连用，表示征求意见或请求指示，这时不可用will。will 通常与第二人称连用，即Will you…？

7．【误】The plant is dead. Maybe I should give more water.

【正】The plant is dead. Maybe I should have given more water.

【解析】根据第一句可知，植物已经死亡，所以应该是自责：本应该多浇些水的。要用should have done形式表示“本应该做……而未做”。

8．【误】Hadn't they saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river.

【正】Had they not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river.

【正】If they had not saved us, we would have been drowned in the stormy river.

【解析】当条件中含有were, had, should等时，可省略if，从而把were, had, should提到主语之前。若条件句为否定句，则只把were, had, should提前，not仍放在主语之后。

9．【误】If only I saw the film yesterday.

【正】If only I had seen the film yesterday.

【解析】if only后句子若表示过去的一种愿望，其谓语动词应用过去完成式，即if only sb. had done sth. 。

1．—Everyone in my class passed the exam.

—Oh，really？It ________ difficult.

A．can't have been B．needn't have been

C．must be D．mightn't be

【解析】A考查情态动词。对过去进行推测，表示“一定不”应使用can't have done。句意为：“我们班上每个人都通过了考试。”“哦，真的吗？那题目一定不难。”

2．[·安徽卷] Some people who don't like to talk much are not necessarily shy；they ________ just be quiet people.

A．must B．may C．should D．would

【解析】B句意为：有些人不喜欢讲话不一定是害羞，他们可能是安静的人。此处用may表示“可能”之意。

3．—Why didn't you answer the phone last night?

—I ________ when you called.

A．had to have slept

B．had to be sleeping

C．must have been sleeping

D．must have slept

【解析】C由时间状语和结合语境来看，这是对过去某个时间点正在发生事情的肯定推测，再结合题意，应该是must have been doing结构，选C。

4．When I lived with my roommates in the university, we ________ often talk into the night.

A．might B．must C．should D．would

【解析】D这里描述的是过去经常发生的动作(或过去经常做的事情)。

5．—This is the first time I ________ my first picture with my own hands.

—It is time that you ________ a picture for me.

A．took; took

B．have taken; took

C．took; will take

D．will take; have taken

【解析】B This/It is the first time that…中，从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成式；It's (high) time that…中，从句谓语动词通常用一般过去式(即虚拟语气)，意为“该是做……的时候了”。

6．—Why hasn't Jack come back yet？________anything have happened to him?

—I'm not sure, but I guess something________.

A．May；must have B．Can；may have

C．Must；may D．Dare；might have

【解析】B考查情态动词。在一般疑问句或特殊疑问句中表推测时常用can或could，推测发生过的事情时情态动词后要接完成式，只能选B。

7．It is usually warm in my hometown in March, but it________ be rather cold sometimes.

A．must B．can C．should D．would

【解析】B can用在肯定句中可以指“有时会，可能会”，表示客观情况或逻辑上的可能性。句意为：三月份在我们家乡通常比较暖和，但有时也会非常冷。

8．Liza________ well not want to go on the trip—she hates traveling.

A．will B．can C．must D．may

【解析】D may well (not) do sth.意为“很可能(不)干某事，完全(没)有可能干某事”。

9．Look at the floor, Tom！________you watch TV while having a meal?

A．Should B．Could

C．Would D．Must

【解析】D must 表示与说话人愿望相反或不耐烦“非得、偏要”。如：

Must you make so much noise？你就非得弄出这么大声吗？

10．The soccer team has been doing well this season，so they ________win the championship.

A．should B．might C．would D．must

【解析】A本题考查情态动词。句意为：这个足球队在这个季训练得很好，因此，他们应该会赢得冠军。根据常理进行推测表示“应该……”时用should。

11．When the ship sailed out from Thailand, the 16 sailors on board ______ that only half of them would return again.

A．will never think

B．can never think

C．needn't have thought

D．couldn't have thought

【解析】D考查“情态动词＋完成式”的用法。根据句意“当这艘轮船从泰国驶出的时候，船上的16名船员不会想到他们当中只有一半的人会返回”可知，这里表示对过去事情的否定推测，选D。

12．—What does the sign over there read?

—No person ________ smoke or carry a lighted cigarette in this area.

A．will B．shall C．may D．must

【解析】B考查情态动词的特殊用法。答句句意为：任何人在这里都不能吸烟或者是携带点燃的香烟。shall在这里表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”。

专题八│ 实战演练

13．It's hard to believe that such a greedy man________ donate so much to Project Hope.

A．may B．need C．can D．shall

【解析】C考查情态动词的特殊用法。句意为：这么贪婪的人竟能为希望工程捐出这么多钱，真是难以置信！can在这里表示惊讶、不相信，意为“居然会，竟能”。

14．For environmental reasons，we ________ as well take these waste products and have them

recycled.

A．should B．would C．might D．could

【解析】C考查情态动词。所填词与as well构成固定搭配，意思是不妨，用might，选C。

15．We ________ here at lunch time; we were delayed at the airport, though.

A．could be B．should be

C．must have been D．would have been

【解析】D would have done sth.表示与已经发生的事实相反，意思是“本来会……但实际没有”。句意为：我们本来能在午餐时到达，但我们在机场被延误了。

16．—Jenny took the 8：00 bus to Guangzhou this morning.

—Really？He ________ the 9：00 train. It's much more comfortable and safer to travel by train.

A．could have taken B．should take

C．must have taken D．can take

【解析】A考查情态动词的用法。上句表示珍妮已乘坐8点的汽车去了广州。答句句意为：她本可以坐9点的火车去的，坐火车舒服得多，安全得多。“情态动词could＋完成式”表示“本来可以，而实际上并没有那么做”。

17．[·四川卷] —________ I take the book out?

—I'm afraid not.

A．Will B．May C．Must D．Need

【解析】B考查情态动词词义辨析。may用于一般疑问句，表示请求。

18．[·安徽卷] Jack described his father，who ________ a brave boy many years ago，as a strong-willed man.

A．would be B．would have been

C．must be D．must have been

【解析】D考查情态动词。句意为：杰克把他父亲描写成一个有坚强意志的人，他很多前就一定是一个勇敢的男孩。根据many years ago可知，是对过去事情的推测。would have

been多用于条件句的虚拟语气中。

19．[·浙江卷] Had I known about this computer program，a huge amount of time and energy________.

A．would have been saved

B．had been saved

C．will be saved

D．was saved

【解析】A本题考查虚拟语气。根据Had I known提示，可知此句是虚拟语气，且与过去事实相反，故主句谓语用would have done的形式。此外本句还是被动，选A。

20．[·湖南卷] You ________ buy a gift，but you can if you want to.

A．must B．mustn't

C．have to D．don't have to

【解析】D考查情态动词。don't have to意为“没有必要”，符合语境。句意为：你没有必要买礼物，但如果你想买的话，你也可以买。

21．[·陕西卷] —May I take this book out of the reading room?

—No，you________. You read it in here.

A．mightn't B．won't C．needn't D．mustn't

【解析】D本题考查情态动词的用法。表示“禁止；千万别做某事”时，要用mustn't。

22．[·江西卷] I have told you the truth. ________ I keep repeating it?

A．Must B．Can C．May D．Will

【解析】A考查情态动词的用法。句意为：我已经告诉你真相了。要我一再重复吗？must在此用于加强语气，意为“必须……吗？非得……吗？”

23．[·江苏卷] —I haven't got the reference book yet，but I'll have a test on the subject next month.

—Don't worry. You ________have it by Friday.

A．could B．shall

C．must D．may

【解析】B本题考查情态动词。当主语为第二、三人称时，情态动词shall表示说话人给对方命令、警告、允诺或威胁，本句表示允诺。

24．[·江苏卷] George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but I'd rather he ________ more on its culture.

A．focus B．focused

C．would focus D．had focused

【解析】B本题考查虚拟语气。would rather＋从句表示对现在或将来虚拟时应使用一般过去时。

25．[·全国卷①] Just be patient. You ________ expect the world to change so soon.

A．can't B．needn't

C．may not D．will not

【解析】A考查情态动词的用法。can't表示“不能”，语气强烈。

26．[·福建卷] Teachers recommend parents ________ their children under 12 to ride bicycles to school for safety.

A．not allow

B．do not allow

C．mustn't allow

D．couldn't allow

【解析】A考查虚拟语气。句意为：教师们建议：为了孩子们的安全，父母不应让12岁以下的孩子骑自行车去校。recommend意为“建议”，其后接的宾语从句采用虚拟语气，从句谓语动词用“should＋动词原形”的形式，should可以省略。

27．[·天津卷] Mark ________ have hurried. After driving at top speed，he arrived half an hour early.

A．needn't B．wouldn't

C．mustn't D．couldn't

【解析】A needn't have done 本没有必要做某事，实际上做了。

28．[·重庆卷] You ________ park here! It's an emergency exit.

A．wouldn't B．needn't

C．couldn't D．mustn't

【解析】D考查情态动词词义辨析。由句意“这里是紧急出口”，可知此处不允许停车，所以用mustn't表示“禁止，不许”。

29．[·北京卷] —Good morning. I've got an appointment with Miss Smith in the Personnel Department.

—Ah，good morning. You ________be Mrs. Peters.

A．might B．must C．would D．can

【解析】B本题考查情态动词。根据句子意思“你肯定是Mrs. Peters”可知用must来表示肯定推测。

30．[·山东卷] I ________ have watched that movie—it'll give me horrible dreams.

A．shouldn't B．needn't C．couldn't D．mustn't

【解析】A shouldn't have done意为“本不应该做但实际已经做了(表达后悔的情绪)”

1．(·潍坊第一次模拟)—Why didn’t Alex attend the party yesterday evening?

—He________not have wanted to see me.

A．should B．might

C．could D．would

解析：考查情态动词。语意：他可能不想来见我。might have done 表示对过去一种不太肯定的推测。

答案：B

2．(·青岛市模拟)—May I tell this to my close friend?

—No，you________.Never let anybody else know about it.

A．needn’t B．shouldn’t

C．mustn’t D．can’t

解析：由“决不可以让其他任何人知道”可知选C，mustn’t 表示“不允许，不可以”，语

气强烈。

答案：C

3．(·杭州市教检测)—Mum，I am feeling tired and sleepy now.

—You________so late last night.

A．couldn’t have stayed up

B．mustn’t have stayed up

C．shouldn’t have stayed up

D．needn’t have stayed up

解析：考查情态动词。shouldn’t have stayed up本来不该熬夜。couldn’t have stayed up 不可能熬夜；needn’t have stayed up本没有必要熬夜。根据语意可知本句是母亲责备孩子昨晚熬夜了，故选C项。

答案：C

4．(·南通一模)Shopping online can save much time as you________go to a shop or walk around crowded shopping centers.

A．don’t have to B．oughtn’t to

C．won’t D．mustn’t

解析：本题考查情态动词。句意为：由于不必去商店或者拥挤的购物中心，网上购物能够节省大量时间。根据句意，应选A。

答案：A

5．(·青岛市联合模拟)—Everyone in my class passed the exam.

—Oh，really？It ________difficult.

A．can’t have been B．needn’t have been

C．must be D．mightn’t be

解析：考查情态动词。对过去进行推测，表示“一定不”应使用can’t have done。语意：——我们班上每个人都通过了考试。——哦，真的吗？那题目一定不难。

答案：A

6．(·济宁市第一次联考)—Did you punish him for losing your digital camera?

—Yes，but I don’t think I________.

A．should do that B．need to have done so

C．ought have done that D．should have done so

解析：考查情态动词的用法。句意为：——他把你的数码相机弄丢了，你处罚他了吗？——是的。但我现在认为当时我不应该这样做。shouldn’t have done sth.意为“(过去)不应该做某事，但实际上已做了”。此处否定发生了转移。

答案：D

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