Environmental performance evaluation and indicators

Journal of Cleaner Production 8(2000)

79–88

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f12727180.html,/locate/jclepro

Notes from the Field

Environmental performance evaluation and indicators

Christine Jasch

*

Institute for Environmental Management and Economics,Institut fu ¨r O

¨kologische Wirtschaftsforschung,IO ¨W,Rechte Wienzeile 19,1043Wien Vienna,Austria

Received 5February 1999;received in revised form 23August 1999;accepted 25August 1999

Abstract

This article deals with the new ISO standard ISO 14031on environmental performance evaluation and describes its main outline as well as its link to the EU EMAS Regulation.A further development are sector speci?c frameworks of accounts for massbalances,shown by the example of breweries.The appendices contain more examples of environmental management and operational perform-ance indicators.?2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.

Keywords:ISO 14031;Environmental performance evaluation;Benchmarking;Environmental management indicators;Input–output analysis;Environmental condition indicators;Environmental performance indicators;Environmental frameworks of accounts;Environmental reporting;Eco-controlling;Eco-balance

1.Introduction

Company-speci?c environmental indicator systems are an important tool in planning,steering and control of environmental strain,performance and costs.A com-parison of indicators between previous years,sites or other ?rms (benchmarking)on hand,allows for an evalu-ation of progress and potential savings within a ?rm’s environmental program.

Current environmental management systems,such as the EU-EMAS Regulation [1]or the ISO 14001[2],the ISO standard on environmental management systems,require an explicit commitment for continuous improve-ment of environmental performance,but not the use of indicators per se.These are,however,of great impor-tance in the de?nition of environmental targets and for comprehensive environmental reporting.

Accordingly,work has nearly ?nished on the develop-ment of a separate world wide standard by the Inter-national Standards Organization regarding environmen-tal performance evaluation and indicators (ISO 14031Environmental Performance Evaluation).Although it will not be published until the end of 1999,it will not

*Tel.:+43-1-5872189;fax:+43-1-5876109;www:

http:/www.ioew.at.

E-mail address:info@ioew.at (C.Jasch)

0959-6526/00/$-see front matter ?2000Elsevier Science Ltd.All rights reserved.PII:S 0959-6526(99)00235-8

depart drastically from the DIS version (Draft Inter-national Standard)which was completed in 1998,and which can only be obtained by national standardization bodies [3].

2.What is environmental performance evaluation?Due to the new standard ISO 14031,environmental performance evaluation (EPE)is “an internal process and management tool designed to provide management with reliable and veri?able information on an ongoing basis to determine whether an organization’s environ-mental performance is meeting the criteria set by the management of the organization”.

It is important to note that this de?nition explicitly refers to EPE as

?A process,comparable to the environmental manage-ment systems process and

?A tool,dealing with indicator application.

An organization with an environmental management system in place may evaluate its environmental perform-ance against its environmental policy,objectives,targets and other environmental performance criteria.An organization without an environmental management sys-tem may use EPE to assist in identifying its environmen-

80 C.Jasch/Journal of Cleaner Production8(2000)79–88

tal aspects,determining which aspects it will treat as sig-ni?cant,setting criteria for its environmental performance,and evaluating its environmental perform-ance against these criteria.EPE is therefore also a tool for the initial review within the EMAS Regulation, which requests the comprehensive assessment of a site’s environmental aspects and impacts at the start of the par-ticipation within the scheme.

EPE and environmental audits help the management of an organization to assess the status of its environmen-tal performance and identify areas for improvement as needed.EPE is an ongoing process of collection and assessment of data and information to provide a current evaluation of performance,as well as trends over time. In contrast,environmental audits are conducted period-ically to verify conformance to de?ned requirements. Examples of other tools that management could use to provide additional information for EPE include environ-mental reviews and life cycle assessment(LCA).While EPE focuses on continously describing the environmen-tal performance of an organization,environmental reviews are a comprehensive?rst analysis of the state of environmental protection and improvement options. LCA describes the environmental performance of pro-duct and service systems over their entire life cycle. 3.The role of indicators

Indicators are used to depict the vast quantity of environmental data of a?rm in a comprehensive and concise manner.They are mostly applied to set absolute material and energy data in relation to other variables in order to increase the informational value of quantitat-ive data.

Environmental indicators have the following pur-poses:

?comparison of environmental performance over time ?highlighting of optimization potentials

?derivation and pursuit of environmental target

?identi?cation of market chances and cost reduction potentials

?evaluation of environmental performance between ?rms(benchmarking)

?communicational tool for environmental reports

?feedback instrument for information and motivation of the workforce

?technical support for the EU-EMAS Regulation[1] and ISO14.001[2]

Environmental indicators offer themselves to top man-agement,environmental managers and other departments as comprehensive and concise key data sets in a vast sea of environmental information.They provide decision makers in?rms with an overview of relevant progress,but also highlight problem areas.On this basis,environ-mental targets can be backed up with concrete?gures, which make the de?nition and pursuit of environmental targets controllable and veri?able.Furthermore,their connection to traditional indicators allows for the identi-?cation of potential monetary bene?ts.

The strength of environmental indicators lies above all in the numerical analysis of trends and year-to-year comparisons.Subject to regular evaluation and target control,environmental indicators can highlight adverse trends through environmental controlling—adopting the function of an“early warning system”.Furthermore, benchmarking within a branch offers the opportunity to identify weak points and potential improvements.

4.Demands of the EU-EMAS Regulation

The measurement and monitoring of environmental performance with indicators is important for controlling a company’s compliance with the requirement for con-tinuous improvement of environmental performance. The method of the initial review,at which the relevant data of environmental aspects and impacts(raw materials,energy,emissions,waste,noise),legal require-ments and the organization of environmental protection at the site are checked,vary considerably,ranging from simple checklists to elaborate eco-balances.Which data should be collected to what scope and which methods should be used to evaluate these are not discussed either in EU-EMAS Regulation,or in ISO14031.

An environmental program should aim to arrive at concrete measures resulting from quantitative targets which have been identi?ed through the environmental assessment.It is often observed that?rms lay out meas-ures and then try to assess their improvement potential, instead of setting targets on the basis of previous data as required,and only then decide about organizational and technical measures to be taken.

With regard to environmental audits,indicators should make it quite clear to what extent goals have been real-ized and achieved.Finally,the Regulation lays down rules for the publishing of environmental statements, whereby data should be presented in absolute form,as well as in relation to production units,to allow for com-parison with previous years.As minimum requirements, article5of the EMAS-Regulation asks for the data presented in Fig.1.

5.The ISO14.000series of standards for environmental management

To arrive at a world wide methodology of tools for environmental management,a separate Technical Com-mittee TC207under the International Standards Organi-

81

C.Jasch /Journal of Cleaner Production 8(2000)

79–88Fig.1.Environmental indicators in accordance with Article 5of EMAS Regulation.

zation was established in 1993.It was divided into vari-ous sub-committees (SCs)and workgroups,to create the series of standards 14000which would account for all aspects of environmental management.The SCs deal with the following items:?SC 1Environmental Management Systems ?SC 2Environmental Auditing ?SC 3Environmental Labeling

?SC 4Environmental Performance Evaluation ?SC 5Life Cycle Assessment

?

SC 6Environmental Management —Terms and De?nitions

?EAPS Guide for the Inclusion of Environmental Aspects in Product Standards SC 1worked on the speci?cation standards ISO 14.001and the guide ISO 14.004,the requirements for the establishment of environmental management systems.ISO 14.001is the only speci?cation document within TC 207,which if followed,can be con?rmed by the issue of a certi?cate.All other standards are merely guidelines,which offer and simplify methodological steps for environmental management,but do not set any techni-cal requirements.

SC5,Life Cycle Assessment,and SC3,Eco-labeling,deal with the product oriented assessment of environ-mental impacts over the entire life-cycle,and how this can be communicated.Data is needed but not yet avail-able on a ?rm level,whereby input–output data from material and energy ?ows and indicators from SC 4should be applied.Therefore,such analysis of product life-cycles deals mainly with global environmental impacts,such as climate change and ozone level depletion,rather than with regional or site-speci?c effects.

SC1and SC2deal with the organization of ?rm-spe-ci?c environmental protection and its regular audit.The performance data and requirements are to be supplied by SC4.

SC4has divided the areas of environmental perform-ance evaluation into

?environmental management system

?operational system (material and energy ?ows)

?condition of the environment

6.Structure and principles of ISO 14.031,guidance on environmental performance evaluation

ISO 14.031[3]describes environmental performance evaluation as a regularly recurring process as well as placing general requirements for indicators.It also lists detailed examples for each evaluation area.The basis for environmental performance evaluation is the so-called operational system,which corresponds to an input–out-put analysis of material ?ows.

Fig.2(from ISO/DIS 14.031)provides the outline of the EPE process,which is also shaped like the “Plan–Do–Check–Act”management systems model.The refer-ences relate to the numbers and titles of relevant clauses in ISO 14.031.

Data used for environmental performance indicators can be expressed as absolute or relative measurements,and,depending on the their use and application,can be aggregated and/or weighted.Indicators can be classi?ed as follows:

?absolute indicators;e.g.tons of raw material,emis-sions,taken from input–output analysis;

?relative indicators,where input ?gures are referenced to other variables such as production in tons,revenue,number of employees,of?ce space in m 2;e.g.water per hectoliter beer,detergent per m 2;

?indexed indicators,where ?gures are expressed as a percentage with respect to a total,or as a percentage change to values of previous years etc.;

?aggregated depictions,where ?gures of the same units are summed over more than one production step or product life cycle;

?weighted evaluations,which try to depict ?gures of varying importance by means of conversion factors.Data can be collected at the level of the ?rm,separate sites,departments,cost centers or separate machines.Normally the reference unit should be production (in tons).If this proves impossible,alternatives could be revenue,number of employees,or days of production.

82 C.Jasch /Journal of Cleaner Production 8(2000)

79–88

Fig.2.The EPE process.

The choice and calculation of the reference unit is of pivotal importance to the interpretation of the data,and its feature should be clearly explained and laid down in writing,especially when comparing between sites.Even minor differences in the calculation of the number of employees (by head-count,or equivalence by part-time,number on 31.12,or average number),for example,can lead to signi?cant distortions when comparing data.Principles for the derivation of environmental indi-cators also laid down in the standard are

?Comparability :the indicators must be comparable and re?ect changes in environmental performance.

?Target-orientated :the selected indicators must be chosen so they can act towards goals which are able to be in?uenced by the ?rm.

?Balanced :the indicators must re?ect environmental performance in a concise manner,and display prob-lem areas as well as bene?ts in a balanced manner.?Continuity :for sake of comparison,the indicators must be derived the by the same criteria and relate to each other through corresponding time series and units.

?Frequency :indicators must be derived frequently enough (monthly,quarterly,yearly)so that action can be taken in due time.

?Comprehensability :the indicators must be under-standable for the user and correspond to his infor-mation needs.The system has to be lucid and concen-trate on the most important ?gures.

7.Types of environmental performance indicators The standard describes two general categories of indi-cators for EPE:

1.environmental performance indicators (EPIs);and

2.environmental condition indicators (ECIs).

Management performance indicators (MPIs)are “a type of EPI that provides information about management efforts to in?uence the environmental performance of the organization’s operations.MPIs relate to the policy,people,practices,procedures,decisions and actions at all levels of the organization”.

Operational performance indicators (OPIs)are “a type of EPI that provides information about environmental performance of the operations of the organization,and OPIs relate to:

83 C.Jasch/Journal of Cleaner Production8(2000)79–88

1.the design,operation,and maintenance of the organi-

zation’s physical facilities and equipment;

2.the materials,energy,products,services,wastes,and

emissions related to the organization’s physical facili-ties and equipment;and

3.the supply of materials,energy and services to,and

the delivery of products,services and wastes from the organization’s physical facilities and equipment”. ECIs provide information about the condition of the environment which may be useful for the implemen-tation of environmental performance evaluation within an organization.

Operational performance indicators evaluate the actual environmental aspects of?rms.They are sub-div-ided into mass and energy indicators as taken from the input–output analysis,and infrastructure and traf?c indi-cators.Examples include:

?electricity consumption per production unit,

?total waste

?average petrol consumption of the transport?eet.

OPIs are the basis of internal and external communi-cation of environmental data,such as for the EU-EMAS Regulation or for the education of the workforce. Extending their application to cost analysis also allows for their use in environmental cost management.

The organization’s operations include physical facili-ties and equipment,as well as the supply to and delivery from them.Fig.3(adopted from ISO/DIS14.031)illus-trates this approach.

Environmental management indicators describe the measures undertaken by the management to affect the ?rm’s environmental impacts.Indicators such as the number of environmental audits undertaken,percentage of employees with environmental training,number of infringements against emissions quotas or number of environmentally friendly suppliers,all offer internal information on the efforts of management,yet fail to offer any information on the environmental performance or impacts per se.To rely only on management indi-cators for environmental evaluation would be fallacious, since they do not highlight,and in some cases even mask,the material impacts.They are,however,useful in the quanti?cation of environmental management targets. Environmental condition indicators describe the direct strains and impacts on the environment.For example, they can highlight the effect of air emissions on the regional air quality,or the effect of water emissions on waterways in the vicinity of a production site.Because the effects of many environmental factors,such as eutrophication,reduction in biodiversity,global warming etc.display a high interdependancy of causes(e.g.emis-sions of other production sites,households etc.),con-dition indicators are usually only applied by public insti-tutions.Together with environmental political target setting,these national indicators can be used by?rms to aid their selection of their performance indicators,as well as supporting their setting of priorities and goals. Only when a?rm is the main cause of a local impact on a region,such as an airport producing noise pollution, air emission for the electricity sector or the water quality downstream for the pulp and paper sector,are these indi-cators to be applied by individual?rms.

8.Sector-speci?c frameworks of accounts on the example of breweries

The basis of environmental performance indicators is the recording of mass?ows on hand of the input–output analysis[7].To arrive at logical interpretations of the data,however,system boundaries and branch-speci?c standard frameworks of accounts on the?rm balance level have to be de?ned[8].An example of such for a brewery can be seen in Fig.4.The advantage of using a standardized account framework is that no entry can be left out,and that it allows for comparison with other sites.All environmentally relevant entries can thus be systematically investigated,and improvement potentials identi?ed.For SMEs and newcomers to mass balancing, the most relevant items to be monitored are immediately transparent and data collection can be focused.Yearly monitoring allows for the evaluation of improvements and achievements of environmental targets.Furthermore, the most important entries can be used to derive indi-cators for the monitoring of environmental performance and quanti?cation of environmental targets.

For the identi?cation of emission sources and preven-tion options the attribution of data to cost centers and production process stages is of interest.Thus the?rm balance is subdivided into process and production steps, again in the input–output form.The necessary data can usually be obtained from?nancial bookkeeping,pro-duction planning and controlling,and production?ow diagrams.The next step is to assign the process emis-sions to the product of each production step.Material ?ows can therefore be analyzed either for the entire pro-duction process,or separate production steps.The most frequently used unit of analysis is not the calender year as in regular bookkeeping,but rather a unit of production referenced to overall production.Normally a harmoniz-ation of technical data with data from?nancial book-keeping is not undertaken due to lack of inter-depart-mental communication.Experience has shown that such a consistency test would provide great optimization potentials,and has thus become a major tool in environ-mental controlling.Therefore it is desirable for the tech-nical and?nancial bookkeeping to be executed in a com-patible way.

A detailed process?ow-diagram of the production

84 C.Jasch /Journal of Cleaner Production 8(2000)

79–88

Fig.3.The organization’s operations (with additional detail).

process of a brewery is shown in Fig.5.To allow for comparison with other sites it is essential to clearly de?ne the system boundaries.The addition of an own malting house,or lemonade production,for example,will distort beer production data for comparison with dif-ferently organized ?rms.The different stages in the pro-cess ?ow-diagram should be consistent with the cost centers from ?nancial bookkeeping,so that data can be obtained directly from ?nancial bookkeeping and cost calculation.

The advantage of breweries lies in the fact that at one site essentially only one product is being produced,which allows for an easy comparison between sites using indicators.Accordingly,breweries are at the forefront of benchmarking practices,and have generally produced highly informative environmental reports.The reference unit of their indicator systems is almost exclusively hec-toliters of product (beer),a reference unit harder to come by in other branches.

Indicators can be used not only internally,but also as a comparison between sites.The Austrian Brewery Union has used indicators for some years to compare production data between sites,applying indicators which evaluate costs as well as inputs.Signi?cant deviations from the mean can be attributed to historical differences

in site structures and different production cycles.Accordingly,despite the relatively homogeneous pro-duction processes,there are ideas to implement a system of indicators at the process and production line level.9.Conclusions

World wide one can recognize a trend in environmen-tal reporting away from purely qualitative descriptions of environmental practices towards a more comprehensive,quantitative depiction of environmental performance by the use of input–output material ?ow-analysis and environmental indicators [9].The new ISO Standard 14031on environmental performance evaluation has used the material ?ow model as a basis for the indicators on the operational level and thereby provided a world wide framework for methodology and understanding.Some experts claim that ISO 14031is the better standard for environmental management systems as it is also based on the Plan–Do–Check–Act approach but focuses directly on environmental protection,cleaner production,sustainable development and communication of related achievements,without burdening companies with the demand for written procedures and system docu-

85

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79–88Fig.4.Input–output framework of accounts for breweries.

mentation as required in ISO 14001.It is therefore especially relevant for small and medium sized compa-nies.

But,for useful interpretation of the data available,the focus must be on consistent de?nition of system bound-aries and reference units.Therefore,sector speci?c accounting frameworks are in development and might become mandatory reporting formats.

The EU-EMAS Regulation requires a site speci?c environmental statement to be published,which includes quantitative references to emissions and the use of resources (simple input–output analysis).A standard on the general requirements of environmental reporting has been published by the German Standardization Institute,DIN,with the number DIN 33922[4].Other guidance has been issued by several institutes and organizations,the recent most relevant being the document by the Glo-bal Reporting Initiative [5],which includes guidance on a general accepted framework for environmental reporting by FEE,the Federation des Experts Comptables,the European Chamber of ?nancial auditors and accountants [6].Possibly,all this will be extended to a European or International Standard in a few years.The demand for a standardization of a framework of

86 C.Jasch /Journal of Cleaner Production 8(2000)

79–88

Fig.5.Production ?ow of breweries.

accounts for input–output analysis is growing,as the data disclosed at the moment can hardly be compared.Because EMAS registered sites follow the NACE classi-?cation system,environmental reports theoretically could be used to arrive at branch-speci?c indicators.Also,the collection of data at branch and site level as for environmental reports allows for a connection to national economic-environmental accounting and evaluation of the state of the environment.An interest in a standardiz-ation of environmental reporting is,however,not the pri-mary goal of industry representatives at the moment,but more in the focus of research and environmental politics.Appendix A.Examples of management performance indicators

The following Appendices contain examples for environmental performance indicators,mainly taken from the annexes to ISO 14031.

A.1.Implementation of policies and programs ?number of achieved objectives and targets;

?number of organizational units achieving environ-mental objectives and targets;

?degree of implementation of speci?ed codes of man-agement or operating practice;

?number of levels of management with speci?c environmental responsibilities;

?number of employees that have environmental requirements in their job descriptions;

?number of employees participating in environmental programs (e.g.suggestion,recycle,clean-up initiat-ives,reward and recognition,or others);

?number of employees trained versus the number that need training;

?number of environmental improvement suggestions from employees;

87 C.Jasch/Journal of Cleaner Production8(2000)79–88

?results of employee surveys on their knowledge of the organization’s environmental issues;

?number of suppliers and contractors queried about environmental issues;

?number of contracted service providers with an implemented or a certi?ed environmental manage-ment system;

?number of products with explicit“product steward-ship”plans;

?number of products designed for disassembly,recyc-ling or reuse.

A.2.Conformity

?degree of compliance with regulations;

?number of non-compliances

?degree of compliance with regulations by contracted service providers;

?time to respond to or correct environmental incidents;?numbers of resolved and unresolved corrective actions;

?number of or costs attributable to?nes and penalties;?number and frequency of speci?c activities(e.g.

audits);

?number of audits completed versus planned;

?number of audit?ndings per period;

?frequency of review of operating procedures;

?number of emergency drills conducted;

?percentage of emergency preparedness and response drills demonstrating planned readiness;

A.3.Financial performance

?costs(operational and capital)that are associated with

a product’s or process environmental aspects;

?return on investment for environmental improve-ment projects;

?savings achieved through reductions in resource usage,prevention of pollution or waste recycling;?sales revenue attributable to a new product or a by-product designed to meet environmental performance or design objectives;

?research and development funds applied to projects with environmental signi?cance;

?environmental liabilities that may have a material impact on the?nancial status of the organization.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f12727180.html,munity relations

?number of inquiries or comments about environmen-tally related matters;

?number of press reports on the organization’s environmental performance;?number of environmental educational programs or materials provided for the community;

?resources applied to support of community environ-mental programs;

?number of sites with environmental reports;

?number of sites with wildlife programs;

?number of local cleanup or recycling initiatives,spon-sored or self-implemented;

?favourability ratings from community surveys.

Appendix B.Examples of operational performance indicators

B.1.Materials

?quantity of materials used per unit of product;

?quantity of processed,recycled or reused materials ?quantity of packaging materials discarded or reused per unit of product;

?quantity of auxiliary materials recycled or reused;?quantity of raw materials reused in the production process;

?quantity of water per unit of product;

?quantity of water reused;

?quantity of hazardous materials used in the pro-duction process.

B.2.Energy

?quantity of energy used per year or per unit of pro-duct;

?quantity of energy used per service or customer;

?quantity of each type of energy used;

?quantity of energy generated with by-products or pro-cess streams;

?quantity of energy units saved due to energy conser-vation programs.

B.3.Services supporting the organization’s operations ?amount of hazardous materials used by contracted service providers;

?amount of cleaning agents used by contracted ser-vice providers;

?amount of recyclable and reusable materials used by contracted service providers;

?amount or type of wastes generated by contracted ser-vice providers.

B.4.Physical facilities and equipment;supply and delivery

?average fuel consumption of vehicle?eet;

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?number of freight deliveries by mode of transportation per day;

?total land area used for production purposes;

?number of vehicles in?eet with pollution abatement technology;

?number of business trips saved through other means of communication;

?number of business trips by mode of transportation;?land area used to produce a unit of energy.

B.5.Products

?number of products introduced in the market with reduced hazardous properties;

?number of products which can be reused or recycled;?percentage of a product’s content that can be reused or recycled;

?rate of defective products;

?number of units of by-products generated per unit of product;

?number of units of energy consumed during use of product;

?duration of product use;

?number of products with instructions regarding environmentally safe use and disposal.

B.6.Services provided by the organization

?amount of cleaning agent used per square meter(for

a cleaning services organization);

?amount of fuel consumption(for an organization whose service is transportation);

?quantity of licenses sold for improved processes(for

a technology licensing organization);

?quantity of materials used during after-sales servicing of products.

B.7.Wastes

?quantity of waste per year or per unit of product;?quantity of hazardous,recyclable or reusable waste produced per year;

?total waste for disposal;

?quantity of waste stored on site;

?quantity of waste controlled by permits;?quantity of waste converted to reusable material per year.

B.8.Emissions

?quantity of speci?c emissions per year;

?quantity of speci?c emissions per unit of product;?quantity of waste energy released to air;

B.9.Ef?uents to land or water

?quantity of speci?c material discharged per year;

?quantity of speci?c material discharged to water per unit of product;

?quantity of waste energy released to water;

?quantity of material sent to land?ll per unit of pro-duct;

?quantity of ef?uent per service or customer.

B.10.Other emissions

?noise measured at a certain location;

?quantity of radiation released;

?amount of heat,vibration or light emitted.

References

[1]EEC.Council-Regulation(EEC)No.1836/93of29.June1993

allowing voluntary participation by companies in the industrial sector in a Community Eco-management and audit scheme, EMAS-Regulation.Brussels:EEC,1993.

[2]International Standard Organisation.Environmental management

systems.ISO14001,1995.

[3]International Standard Organisation.Environmental performance

evaluation.ISO/DIS14.031,1998.

[4]Leitfaden Umweltberichte fu¨r die O¨ffentlichkeit.Germany:Deut-

sches Institut fu¨r Normung,1997.DIN33922.

[5]Global Reporting Initiative(GRI).Guidelines for corporate sus-

tainability reporting.Boston,MA:CERES,1999.

[6]Environmental Task Force,Towards a general accepted framework

for environmental reporting.Brussels:FEE,Federation des Experts Comptables,1999.

[7]IO¨W.Die O¨kobilanz—ein betriebliches Informationssystem.

Berlin:Institut fu¨r o¨kologische Wirtschaftsforschung,1989. [8]Jasch CH,Rauberger R.Leitfaden Umweltkennzahlen zur Mes-

sung der betrieblichen Umweltleistung.Wien:Bundesministerium fu¨r Umwelt,Jugend und Familie,1998.

[9]Bundesumweltministerium.A guide to corporate environmental

indicators.Bonn:Umweltbundesamt,1997.

常用英文缩写大全(全)

企业各职位英文缩写： GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监 CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监 CVO: Valuation 评估总监 CWO: Women 妇联主席 CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长 CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人 CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子 常用聊天英语缩写

网络中常用简称(在网络中常用的一些英文缩写及解释)

DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认

网路聊天常用缩略语和中文意思

招呼篇 GTSY：Glad To See You高兴认识你 PMJI：Pardon My Jumping In ＝PMFJI：Pardon Me For Jumping In 败势，加入你们的谈话 WB：Welcome Back 欢迎回来 LTNS：Long Time No See 好久不见 笑篇 BEG：Big Evil Grin （非常）邪恶的笑 C＆G：Chuckle And Grin 喀喀笑 GMBO：Giggling My Butt Off 笑掉我的屁屁 BWL：Bursting With Laughter 笑掉不行 CSG：Chuckle Snicker Grin 嘿嘿窃笑 KMA：Kiss My A$$ ＝MKB：Kiss My Butt 亲我的屁屁 LMAO：Laughing My A$$ Of ＝LMBO：Laughing My Butt Off ＝LMHO：Laughing My Head Off 笑死我了 LOL：Laughing Out Loud 放声笑 LSHMBB：Laughing So Hard My Belly Is Bouncing ＝LSHMBH：Laughing So Hard My Belly Hurts 笑到我肚子痛 告知篇 AFK：Away From Keyboard 离开键盘 BBL：Be Back Later ＝BBS：Be Back Soon ＝BRB：Be Right Back 稍待回来 CNP：Continue In Next Post 请看下一个留言 FYI：For Your Information 只给你知道 OIC：Oh，I See 喔，瞭 PS：Post Script 附注 QSL：Reply 回答 RTF：Read The FAQ 请看常见问题 AKA：Also Known As 又名为 FAQ：Frequently Asked Question 最常被问的问题 IC：I See 瞭 IGP：I Gotta Pee 我要去尿尿 POOF：I Have Left Chat 我已经离开聊天室啰 PM：Private Massage 私下寄消息。在聊天室常见的功能，你可以单独对有兴趣的人私下聊

英文网络聊天口语中非正式用语中的缩写和简写-推荐下载

duno=don't know u=you ur=your kinda=kind of sorta=sort of 2=two或to 4=for shoulda=should have congrat=congratulation thx=thanks X'mas=Christmas wat=what biz=business ad=advertisement ft.=featuring abt=about pls=please rgds=regards ---问好--- 1,hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=你好，大家好 2,wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 ---再见--- 1,cya=cu=see ya=see you=再见 2,laterz=later=cya later=see ya later=see you later=再见 3,gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 4,nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 ---惊叹赞扬--- 1,OMG=oh my god=我的天；**！ 2,OMFG=oh my f ucking god=我的老天；**靠； 3,wtf=what the f uck=怎么会事！？；*！； 4,n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 5, pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) 6,rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) 7,you rock!=你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) ---笑--- 1,lol=laughing out loud /laugh out loud=大笑 2,lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 3,rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 排序:hehe

与外国人聊天常用缩略词

与外国人聊天常用缩略词 刚上线时一般的使用:----------------------------- 1. Hi 嗨 2. Hey 嘿 3. Yo 喂 4. WOW 哇 5. ICQ 我找你. I seek you. 6. TNS 好久不见. Long time no see. 7. VG 很好 Very good. 8. yep 是 <俚> yes. 9. yup 是 <俚> yes. 10. yeah 是 = yes. 11. RYOK 你好吧? Are you ok? 12. YR 对,是的. yeah,right. 中间有事离开一会儿:----------------------------- 13. bbiam 我很快回来 Be back in a minuta. 14. hang on 等一下. 15. bll 过一会儿回来. Be back late. 16. BRB 很快回来. Be right back. 17. RSN 马上 Real soon now. 19. afk 暂时离开(键盘) away from keyboard. 20. bak 回(键盘前)来了. back at keyboard. 21. BBIAB 马上回来. be back in a bit. 告诉对方欲下线:---------------------------- 22. TAFN 到此为止. That's all for now. 23. GTGB 得走了.再见. Got to go,Bye. 24. SRI 对不起. Sorry. 25. Gotta go 我得走了. Gotta go=have to go=I have to go. 告别:---------------------------------------------- 26. Bye 再见. 27. CU 再见. See you. 28. CU2 再见. See you too. 29. CUL 下次再会. See you later. 30. CUA 再会. See you again. 31. HTH 睡觉去了. Hit the hay (hay <俚> 床) 33. See ya. 再见. See ya = See you (ya 表示 you 或 young adult) 34. AMF 再会,我的朋友. Adios my friend.

网络聊天中常见英语缩写词

网络聊天中常见英语缩写词 下面列举一些典型的网络英文潮语。 btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。 g2g(got to go)：要走了。原句是I've got to go。 ttyl(talk to you later)：下次再说。 brb(be right back)：很快回来。也就是I'll be right back 或I'm gonna be right back的简写。 jk(just kidding)：开玩笑，别当真。 omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG! lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。这个缩写已经快被用烂了。 Imao(laughing my arse/ass off)：笑死我了。遇到真正搞笑的事，可以这么说，不过有点粗俗。 rofl(rolling on the floor laughing)：笑到摔到地上。 roflmao(rolling on the floor laughing my ass of)：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。 sth(something)：某事某物。 nth(nothing)：什么也没有。 plz(please)：请。please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。 thx(thanks)：谢谢。按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。 idk(I don't know)：我不知道。 imho, imo(in my humble opinion, in my opinion)：在我看来，常见于论坛。 以上这些网络潮语当然不是叫大家不顾场合，不看对象地乱用。写信给校长，总不能以"Yo! Wassup?" 开头问好吧。运用你的智慧，尽情享用这些最流行的英文潮语吧。 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来

网络英语聊天中常用缩写短语

网络英语聊天中常用缩写短语（很好很强大！！！）来源：郭年顺的日志 问好 hiho = hola = yo = hi = hey = hellow 你好，大家好 wuz up = sup = S’up What's up?原意:怎么样你?有什么事儿嘛?也可作为问好用(熟人之间候) 再见 cya = cu =see ya see you 再见 laterz = later = cya later = see ya later see you later 再见 gn = gn8 = gnight good night 晚安 nn = nite 晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 惊叹赞扬 OMG oh my god 我的天 OMFG oh my f ucking god = 我的老天；**靠 wtf what the f uck = 怎么会事！？；我日！ n1 = nice 1 nice one 漂亮 pwnz = ownz 牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) rullz 强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) you rock! 你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。)

lol laughing out loud / laugh out loud 很好笑.因为lol像笑脸，和我们常用的^-^一样 lmao laughing my ass off 笑的屁股尿流 rofl roll on floor laughing 笑翻天了 其他简写 FU fuck you *你；滚 STFU Shut the fuck up! ***给我闭嘴！ k=ok=okay=okie 好的，恩 gimme give me 给我 em them 他们的宾格 thx thanks 谢谢 ty thank you 原本用的不多，不过现在又开始兴起来了 happy bday = happy b-day happy birthday! 生日快乐 dunno dont know 不知道 kinda a little bit 有点(例句：The game is kinda hard for me.i kinda think i should get it d one as soon as possible.) cmon = c'mon come on 加油/别吹了/快点/起来（这个词意思太多了，不赘述了） hax = hack = cheat 作弊，说谎(很地道时尚的词，老外用的比较多)

网络常用英语缩写

网络常用英语缩写 A字头： ASL = Age/Sex/Location AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AYSOS = Are You Stupid Or Something B字头： B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now

BCNU = Be Seein’You BF = Boyfriend BFN = Bye For Now BIF = Basis In Fact BITD = Back In The Day Biz = Business BM = Byte Me BMOTA = Byte Me On The Ass BNF = Big Name Fan BOHICA = Bend Over Here It Comes Again BR = Bathroom BRB = Be Right Back BRT = Be Right There BS = Big Smile BT = Byte This BTDT = Been There Done That BTW = By The Way BTWBO = Be There With Bells On BWDIK = But What Do I Know? BWO = Black, White or Other C字头： Cam = Web Camera

全部缩写

别再抱怨看不懂英文缩写了。超全国际流行缩写！【现在不用也留着，以后会用上的】来源：陳庆馨﹏mUsIC′?的日志 超全国际流行缩写 asl是Age, sex and location 的所写，年龄，性别和地址（国籍） lol是laugh out loud的缩写，意思是大声笑,笑的很开心的样子 ppl=people bbs=be back soon=很快回来 thx=thanks ur=your asap=as soon as possible g2g = got to go ttyl = talk to you later brb = be right back bbl = be back later bio brb=上个厕所就回 afk = away from keyboard (away) u = you plz = please y = why w8 = wait l8er = later

cya = see ya (later) nvm = nevermind nm = not much gl = good luck gf = girlfriend bf = boyfriend luv=love RUOK=are you ok? 各位热爱英语，热爱生活的童鞋好~楼主最近参加了一个环保公益活动，暂时在这里拉个票~ https://www.sodocs.net/doc/7f12727180.html,/corp/csr/delightedimage/environment/greenvolunteer/201 1/team.html?teamid=396 点击网址进入页面就是我们队伍的界面，不需要输入验证码，只需点击投票的红色按钮就可以了。谢了！每人一次可以投5票！！！ 如果可以的话请暂时收藏这个网页，5月31日之前只要你重联一次网络就能再次投票。所以，可以的话给我们 \EOS Repick/ 队多一些鼓励吧！我们的目标是30000票！任务有点艰巨！

聊天常用英语缩写

1.你的老板转发了一封邮件给你。他唯一写的是"FYI"。你该怎么处理邮件的内容呢？ 没什么，他只是想确认你知道了，FYI是for your information的缩写。 2. 你去开会，客户问你他的"R.O.I." 将是什么。他想要知道的是： 他的投资将多快能得到回报，R.O.I.是return of investment的缩写。 3.你的电子邮箱内有一封来自客户的邮件。他希望你"ASAP"的为他办件事。你应该这样处理： 马上处理。不用说ASAP是as soon as posible的缩写。 4. 什么是"cover letter"？ 自我介绍及背景介绍信 5. 一家公司的"president" 和"CEO"的区别在哪里呢？ CEO的职位更高–他掌管整家公司 6. 你在一家美国公司获得一席职位而"401K" 列在福利之一。什么是"401K"？ 退休金 7. 你的公司被收购而你被通知和"H.R. Department"联系。"H.R. department"是做什么的呢？ 雇用新职员，处理福利和培训。H.R.是human resources的缩写。 8. 一位熟人遇见你时给了你一张他的名片。他的头衔是"CTO"。那他是做什么的呢？ 他负责决定公司所用的技术种类。全称是Chief Technology Officer，要和CEO区分开。 9. 你遇到在"Information Technology"工作的人。他是做什么的？ 任何和设计网站，数据库或软件有关的东西。 10. 如果有人说他们要给你发"invoice"，那你会得到什么呢？ 一张帐单 “CU”：See you 的缩写带音译，再见。例句：CU, 我们今天就到这里吧，我要睡觉了。

网络聊天英文缩写

网络聊天英文缩写 121: one to one ADN: any day now ADR/addy: address AFAIK: as far as I know AFK: away from keyboard A/S/L: age, sex, location (or just "ASL") ASAP: as soon as possible B4: before B4N: bye for now BB: best boy BBFD: big bad forum discussion BBL: be back later BF: boyfriend or best friend BFF: best friends forever BFFL: Best Friends For Life BFN: bye for now BG: big grin / best girl BMA: best mate always BNR: but not really BRB: be right back BRT: be right there BTA: but then again BTW: by the way C: see? CID: crying in disgrace CNP: continued [in my] next post CP: chat post CU: see you CUL: see you later CYA: see you (later) CYO: see you online DBAU: doing business as usual DD, DH, DS, DW: dear daughter, dear husband, dear son, dear wife (often used on boards where you discuss personal things, but wish to keep private the names of your loved ones) DW: dont worry EIP: editing in progress FTW: for the win or f*** the world or For The World FUD: fear, uncertainty, and doubt

网络聊天中常见的时髦英语缩写词

网络聊天中常见的时髦英语缩写词 默认分类2008-12-30 14:13:01 阅读88 评论0 字号：大中小订阅 现代通讯即时工具工具越来越先进了，网络聊天工具已经成了生活中必不可少的一部分，而现代的一些新新人类更是时髦前卫，在网聊中使用很多“一般人”看不懂的语言，本文就介绍介绍一些网聊的缩写词吧。 言归正传，下面列举一些典型的网络英文潮语。 btw(by the way)：这个大多数人都会用，就是“顺便再说一句”的意思。 g2g(got to go)：要走了。原句是I've got to go。 ttyl(talk to you later)：下次再说。 brb(be right back)：很快回来。也就是I'll be right back 或I'm gonna be right back的简写。 jk(just kidding)：开玩笑，别当真。 omg(oh my god)：我的天啊！有时为了表达更强烈的情感，有人会打：OMGGGGGGG! lol(laugh out loud)：大声地笑。这个缩写已经快被用烂了。 Imao(laughing my arse/ass off)：笑死我了。遇到真正搞笑的事，可以这么说，不过有点粗俗。 rofl(rolling on the floor laughing)：笑到摔到地上。 roflmao(rolling on the floor laughing my ass of)：前两个的结合版，也就是超级搞笑的意思。 sth(something)：某事某物。 nth(nothing)：什么也没有。

plz(please)：请。please 字尾是z 音，所以按照读音缩写为plz。 thx(thanks)：谢谢。按照发音来看，thanks字尾的ks可以用字母X代替。 idk(I don't know)：我不知道。 imho, imo(in my humble opinion, in my opinion)：在我看来，常见于论坛。 以上这些网络潮语当然不是叫大家不顾场合，不看对象地乱用。写信给校长，总不能以"Yo! Wassup?" 开头问好吧。运用你的智慧，尽情享用这些最流行的英文潮语吧。 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来 BRB：Be right back很快回来 CU：See you再见 CUL：See you later下次再会 DIIK：Damned if I known我真的不知道 DS：Dunce smiley笨伯 FE：For example举例 FTF：Face to face面对面 FYI：For your information供参考 GF：girlfriend女朋友 IAE：In any event无论如何 IC：I see我明白 ILY：I love you我爱你 IMHO：In my humble opinion依愚人之见 IMO：In my opinion依我所见 IOW：In other words换句话说

网聊常用的英文缩写

网聊常用的英文缩写 ASAP: As soon as possible 尽快BF: Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW: By the way 说起来……BRB: Be right back 走开一下，立刻回来 CU: See you 再见 DND: Do not disturb 请勿打扰FD: Friend 朋友 FIY: For your information 供您参考 GF: Girlfriend 女朋友 IC: I see 明白了 ILY: I love you 我爱你 IMHO: In my humble opinion 依我愚见 （没H便不愚） J/K: Joking 开玩笑 LOL: Laughing out loudly 大声笑NOYB: None of your business 不关你事 OIC: Oh，I see 哦，明白了PLS: Please 麻烦你 ROFL: Rolling on the floor laughing 笑得滚在地上 TTUL: Talk to you later 晚些再谈TY: Thank you 谢谢 WB: Welcome back 欢迎回来What’s up 怎么样你？ 有什么事儿嘛？/也可作为熟人问好用 gn=gn8=good night 晚安 k=ok=okay=okie=好的，嗯gimme=give me=给我 happy bday=happy birthday!生日快乐 dunno=don’t know不知道 plz=please请 enuff=enough足够 smh=shake my head (摇头叹气) w00t=woot=what什么(虾米)？！主要表示what和yeah的意思，例如惊叹和兴奋。 Pffffff=whatever=随便；爱咋咋的； (“f”的多少和“pffffff”的长短代表你的感情激烈程度) n00b=newbie=新人，新手

网络聊天常用英语缩略词

网络聊天常用英语缩略词 ASAP As soon as possible尽快 BF Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW By the way 随便说一下 BBL Be back later 稍后回来 BRB Be right back 很快回来 CU See you 再见 CUL See you later 下次再会 DIIK Damned if I known 我真的不知道 DS Dunce smiley 笨伯 FE For example 举例 FTF Face to face 面对面 FYI For your information 供参考 GF girlfriend 女朋友 IAE In any event无论如何 IC I see 我明白 ILY I love you 我爱你 IMHO In my humble opinion 依愚人之见 IMO In my opinion 依我所见 IOW In other words 换句话说 LOL laughing out loudly 大声笑

NRN No reply necessary 不必回信 OIC Oh, I see 哦,我知道 PEM Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件RSVP Reply if you please 请答复 TIA Thanks in advance 十分感谢 TTUL Talk to you later 以后再讲 TY Thank you 谢谢 VG very good 很好 WRT With respect to 关于 WYMM Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗？

网络英语聊天常用缩略语大全

2 = to/too 2B or not 2B = To be or not to be 4 = for 4ever = forever AFAIC = As Far As I’m Concerned AFAIK = As Far As I Know AFK = Away From Keyboard AIAMU = And I’m A Monkey’s Uncle AISI = As I See It AKA = Also Known As AMBW = All My Best Wishes ANFAWFOWS = And Now For A Word Word From Our Web Sponsor AOTS = All Of The Sudden ASAFP = As Soon As "Friggin" Possible ASAP = As Soon As Possible ATST = At The Same Time AWGTHTGTTA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Again AWGTHTGTTSA = Are We Going To Have To Go Through This Sh Again B4 = Before B4N = Bye For Now BBFBBM = Body By Fisher, Brains by Mattel BBIAB = Be Back In A Bit BBIAF = Be Back In A Few BBL = Be Back Later BBN = Bye Bye Now BCNU = Be Seein’ You BF = Boyfriend

网络聊天常用英语的简写

网络聊天常用英语的简写ASAP →As soon as possible尽快 BF →Boyfriend 男朋友 BTW →By the way 随便说一下 BBL →Be back later 稍后回来 BRB →Be right back 很快回来 CU →See you 再见 CUL →See you later 下次再会 DIIK →Damned if I known 我真的不知道 DS →Dunce smiley 笨伯 FE →For example 举例 FTF →Face to face 面对面 FYI →For your information 供参考 GF →girlfriend 女朋友 IAE →In any event无论如何 IC →I see 我明白 ILY →I love you 我爱你 IMHO →In my humble opinion 依愚人之见 IMO →In my opinion 依我所见 IOW →In other words 换句话说 LOL →laughing out loudly 大声笑 NRN →No reply necessary 不必回信 OIC →Oh, I see 哦，我知道 PEM →Privacy enhanced mail 保密邮件 RSVP →Reply if you please 请答复 TIA →Thanks in advance 十分感谢 TTUL →Talk to you later 以后再讲 TY →Thank you 谢谢 VG →very good 很好 WRT →With respect to 关于 WYMM →Will you marry me 愿意嫁给我吗 感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。

最常用英文缩写和短信缩写

最常用的英文缩写和短信缩写 由于英文的字母太多，不方便的时候发短信很慢，所以外国人很多都在短信上输入缩写，这样就节省了很多时间。需要说明的是，不是所有的人都明白这些缩写是什么意思，因为太多了，这里也不是所有的，只是选了一些比较有意思的，并标红了那些在英国最常用的。 从数字到Z的顺序列出，其实还蛮多的。前面大写的是缩写（如果发短信的话不需要大写），后面附加的是英文和中文翻译。大家可以快速过一下前面的英文缩写（但注重记一下标红的那些），建议花多点时间看看后面的英文解释，因为很多都是非常生活化，很本土的英文短句，是出国留学的朋友们必须了解和明白的，中文翻译翻的比较中国化，没有那么生硬，这样大家应该能够更好的理解。 P.S (postscript附录）：如果你知道还有什么很常用的英文缩写，请与我们交流。Others & Numbers @TEOTD– At the end of the day 最后 121 – One-to-one 一对一 10X – Thanks 谢谢 10Q – Thank you 谢谢你 1CE– Once 从前 1DR – I wonder 我想 1NAM – One in a million 100个里头的一个 2– Meaning ‘to’ in SMS 英文的“to” 2EZ – Too easy 太简单了 2moro– Tomorrow 明天 2nite– Tonight 今晚 4– Short for ‘for’ in SMS 英文的“for” 411 – Information 信息 4COL – For crying out loud 搞什么名堂；哎呀 4EAE – Forever and ever 永永远远 4EVER– Forever 永远 ^5 – High-five 击掌 6Y – Sexy 性感 7K – Sick 生病 A A3 – Anytime, anywhere, anyplace 哪里都成 AAP – Always a pleasure 很高兴 AAR – At any rate 任何价格 AB/ ABT– About 关于 ABT2 – Meaning ‘about to’将…… ACC – Anyone can come 谁都能来 ACK – Acknowledgement 感谢 ADBB – All done, bye-bye 完了，再见 ADD/ ADR– Address 地址 ADMIN– Administrator 管理员

网络常见缩略语你知道多少-

网络常见缩略语你知道多少? Abbreviations, or short forms of words and phrases, are quite common in English. They are particularly common in electronic communication such as emails, texting, messaging on social media, and so on. One of the reasons written abbreviations are so common is because they are quicker to type than full words. So they save time and we all like to save time, right? Knowing common English abbreviations is important for understanding, of course, but learning to use them yourself is also a great way to add new vocabulary to your repertoire. Just keep in mind that abbreviations are definitely informal English and best used with friends and family, but not in formal school or business writing. 缩写（或单词和词组的缩短形式）在英文中是非常常见的。尤其是在一些电子交流方式的社交媒体上，如邮件，短信，留言等等。书面缩写存在的其中一条重要原因就是它跟全拼整个单词比起来更便捷。因此，它为我们节省了时间，谁不喜欢节省时间呢？当然，了解一些常用的英文缩写是非常有助于理解的，但是学会运用缩略语更是给你的词汇量增加动力。你只要记住，缩略语是非正式用语，最好用于朋友和家人之间，而不是正规的学校或商务写作中。 Note: Abbreviations traditionally are written in all capital letters in English, like acronyms, but when they are used in texting, chat rooms, or on social media they are more commonly written in all lowercase letters. Using either all capital letters, or all lower case letters, is fine. 注：英文缩略语通常都是大写字母组成，就像首字母缩略词一样，但是当用于发短信，聊天室或社交媒体上时他们往往是用小写字母的。总之，用大写或小写都可以了。 AMA – ask me anything 随便问。 BRB – be right back 马上回来。 BTW – by the way 顺便问一下。 FYI – for your information 仅供参考。

常用英文缩写大全..

CEO CEO(Chief Executive Officer)，即首席执行官， IT信息技术，即英文Information Technology 的缩写. BT 一种P2P共享软件，全名叫"BitTorrent",中文全称:"比特流"又名"变态下载" diy是什么意思? DIY是每个电脑爱好者熟悉的新名词，是英文Do It Yourself的首字母缩写,自己动手制作的意思,硬件爱好者也被俗称DIYer. oem是什么意思? OEM是英文Original Equipment Manufacturer的缩写，意思是原设备制造商。 bbs是什么意思? BBS是英文Bulletin Board System的缩写，中文意思是电子公告板系统，现在国内统称做论坛。 xp是什么意思? XP，是英文Experience（体验）的缩写, 自从微软发布Office XP后,成为软件流行命名概念. ZT是什么意思? 论坛上常见文章标有zt字样,新手不知所云,其实不过是"转帖"的拼音缩写而已. ps是什么意思? 在网上,常用软件一般都用缩写代替photoshop简称ps,DreamWeaver简称dw. ID是什么意思？ ID是英文IDentity的缩写,ID是身份标识号码的意思. IP是什么意思? 为了使Internet上的众多电脑主机在通信时能够相互识别，Internet上的每一台主机都分配有一个唯一的32位地址，该地址称为IP地址，也称作网际地址。IP 地址由4个数组成，每个数可取值0～255，各数之间用一个点号“.” msn是什么意思? MSN 即MICROSOFT NETWORK, 是微软公司的一个门户站点. MSN作为互联网上最受欢迎的一个门户, 具备了为用户提供了在线调查、浏览和购买各种产品和服务的能力. DJ是什么意思?

英语网络聊天 常用缩写简写

m8=minute w8=waite bcoz = because f9=fine mu= miss you brb = be right back 马上回来 *XXXX =*后面的词语代表纠正上一句里的某个打字错误。ttyl= Talk to you later 一会再聊 OMG= Oh my god 天啊 cu= see you 回头见 BTW = by the way 顺便 WTF = what the fuck 我靠 Thx = Thanks 谢谢 ASAP：As soon as possible尽快 BF：Boyfriend男朋友 BTW：By the way随便说一下 BBL：Be back later稍后回来 BRB：Be right back很快回来 CU：See you再见 CUL：See you later下次再会 DIIK：Damned if I known我真的不知道 DS：Dunce smiley笨伯 FE：For example举例 FTF：Face to face面对面 FYI：For your information供参考 GF：girlfriend女朋友 IAE：In any event无论如何 IC：I see我明白 ILY：I love you我爱你 IMHO：In my humble opinion依愚人之见 IMO：In my opinion依我所见 IOW：In other words换句话说 LOL：laughing out loudly大声笑 NRN：No reply necessary不必回信 OIC：Oh, I see哦,我知道 PEM：Privacy enhanced mail保密邮件 RSVP：Reply if you please请答复 TIA：Thanks in advance十分感谢 TTUL：Talk to you later以后再讲 TY：Thank you谢谢 VG：very good很好 WRT：With respect to关于