英文文学术语例析
文学术语例析(Literary terms)
Allegory:The term loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning. This narrative acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but they also stand for something else on the symbolic level.
An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Typically, an allegory involves the interaction of multiple symbols, which together create a moral, spiritual, or even political meaning.
Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress(1678), in which the hero named Christian flees the City of Destruction and travels through the Valley of the Shadow of Death, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, and finally arrives at the Celestial City. The entire narrative is a representation of the human soul's pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation in heaven.
Alliteration: Repeating a consonant sound in close proximity to others, or beginning several words with the same vowel sound. For instance, the phrase "buckets of big blue berries" alliterates with the consonant b.
Allusion: A casual reference in literature to a person, place, event, or another passage of literature, often without explicit identification. Allusions can originate in mythology, biblical references, historical events, legends, geography, or earlier literary works. (Also see OG P663 line11)
Analogy: Analogy is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor, which usually concentrates on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parallel between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of resemblance. Analogy is chiefly used for the purpose of persuasion or for the explanation or
exposition of an idea. For example, “Think of menhaden as the liver of a bay. Just as your body needs its liver to filter out toxins, ecosystems also need those natural filters.” (Also see OG P645 lines 5-9)
Anecdote: A short narrative account of an amusing, unusual, revealing, or interesting event. (See OG P81 lines 70-78)
Autobiography: A non-fictional account of a person's life--usually a celebrity, an important historical figure, or a writer--written by that actual person. (See OG P844-passage 2)
Euphemism: Using a mild or gentle phrase instead of a blunt, embarrassing, or painful one. For instance, saying "Grandfather has gone to a better place" is a euphemism for "Grandfather has died."
Fable: A brief story illustrating human tendencies through animal characters.
Figurative language: A deviation from what speakers of a language understand as the ordinary or standard use of words in order to achieve some special meaning or effect. Perhaps the two most common figurative devices are the simile--a comparison between two distinctly different things using "like" or "as" ("My love's like a red, red rose")--and the metaphor--a figure of speech in which two unlike objects are implicitly compared without the use of "like" or "as."
Figure of speech: A scheme or a trope used for rhetorical or artistic effect.
Flashback: A method of narration in which present action is temporarily interrupted so that the reader can witness past events--usually in the form of a character's memories, dreams, narration, or even authorial commentary (such as saying, "But back when King Arthur had been a child. . . .").
Harlem Renaissance: A dynamic period of writing, poetry, music, and art among
black Americans during the 1920s and 1930s including figures such as Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, Countee Cullen, Sterling Brown, Zora Neale Hurston, Jessie Fauset, and Langston Hughes. These decades were marked by the post-World War I return of servicemen and the mass migration of black citizens to the urban North as African-Americans sought to flee the legal segregation in effect in America's South.
Hyperbole and understatement: the figure of speech, or trope, called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect. (See OG P673 lines 52-57) The contrary figure is understatement, which deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic. (See OG P921 lines 49-53)
Imagery: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. (See OG P479 lines 4-8)
Irony: A mode of expression, through words (verbal irony) or events (irony of situation), conveying a reality different from and usually opposite to appearance or expectation. A writer may say the opposite of what he means, create a reversal between expectation and its fulfillment, or give the audience knowledge that a character lacks, making the character's words have meaning to the audience not perceived by the character.
In verbal irony, the writer's meaning or even his attitude may be different from what he says: "Why, no one would dare argue that there could be anything more important in choosing a college than its proximity to the beach." (Also see OG P606 lines 15-19)
An example of situational irony would occur if a professional pickpocket had his own pocket picked just as he was in the act of picking someone else's pocket. The irony is generated by the surprise recognition by the audience of a reality in contrast
with expectation or appearance, while another audience, victim, or character puts confidence in the appearance as reality (in this case, the pickpocket doesn't expect his own pocket to be picked). The surprise recognition by the audience often produces a comic effect, making irony often funny. Probably the most famous example of situational irony is Jonathan Swift's A Modest Proposal, in which Swift "recommends" that English landlords take up the habit of eating Irish babies as a food staple. (Also see OG P975)
An example of dramatic irony(where the audience has knowledge that gives additional meaning to a character's words) would be when King Oedipus, who has unknowingly killed his father, says that he will banish his father's killer when he finds him.
Irony is the most common and most efficient technique of the satirist, because it is an instrument of truth, provides wit and humor, and is usually at least obliquely critical, in that it deflates, scorns, or attacks.
Metaphor: A comparison or analogy stated in such a way as to imply that one object is another one, figuratively speaking. When we speak of "the ladder of success," we imply that being successful is much like climbing a ladder to a higher and better position. (Also see OG P577 lines12-13)
Metonymy: Using a vaguely suggestive, physical object to embody a more general idea. Some examples of metonymy are using the metonym crown in reference to royalty or the entire royal family. (Also see OG P81 lines 6-8)
Oxymoron(plural oxymora, also called paradox): Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level. For instance, the phrase “agonizing bliss.”
Paradox (also called oxymoron): Using contradiction in a manner that oddly makes sense on a deeper level. Common paradoxes seem to reveal a deeper truth through their contradictions, such as noting that "without laws, we can have no freedom." (Also see OG P606 lines 52-64)
Parallelism: When the writer establishes similar patterns of grammatical structure and length. To get across ideas of equal value or to create snazzy sentences, use parallel sentence structure. (Also see OG P488 lines 18-22)
Parody. The term refers to a satiric imitation of a work or of an author with the idea of ridiculing the author, his ideas, or work. The parodist exploits the peculiarities of an author's expression--his propensity to use too many parentheses, certain favorite words, or whatever. The parody may also be focused on, say, an improbable plot with too many convenient events. Fielding's Shamela is, in large part, a parody of Richardson's Pamela.
Personification: A trope in which abstractions, animals, ideas, and inanimate objects are given human character, traits, abilities, or reactions. (See OG P391 lines 1-2)
Point of view: The way a story gets told and who tells it. It is the method of narration that determines the position, or angle of vision, from which the story unfolds. Point of view governs the reader's access to the story.
Many narratives appear in the first person (the narrator speaks as "I" and the narrator is a character in the story who may or may not influence events within it). Another common type of narrative is the third-person narrative (the narrator seems to be someone standing outside the story who refers to all the characters by name or as he, she, they, and so on). When the narrator reports speech and action, but never comments on the thoughts of other characters, it is the dramatic third person point of view or objective point of view.
The third-person narrator can be omniscient--a narrator who knows everything that needs to be known about the agents and events in the story, and is free to move at will in time and place, and who has privileged access to a character's thoughts, feelings, and motives. The narrator can also be limited--a narrator who is confined to what is experienced, thought, or felt by a single character, or at most a limited number of characters.
Finally, there is the unreliable narrator (a narrator who describes events in the story, but seems to make obvious mistakes or misinterpretations that may be apparent to a careful reader). Unreliable narration often serves to characterize the narrator as someone foolish or unobservant.
Pun (also called paronomasia/play on words): A play on two words similar in sound but different in meaning. Shakespeare, in Romeo and Juliet, puns upon Romeo's vile death (vile=vial, the vial of poison Romeo consumed). (Also see OG P792-10)
Rhetoric: The art of persuasive argument through writing or speech--the art of eloquence and charismatic language.
Rhetorical question: it is a sentence in the grammatical form of a question which is not asked in order to request information or to invite a reply, but to achieve a greater expressive force than a direct assertion. For example, if we utter the rhetorical question “Isn’t it a shame?” it functions as a forceful alternative to the assertion “It’s a shame.” (Also see P921 line 24-29)
Simile: An analogy or comparison implied by using an adverb such as like or as, in contrast with a metaphor which figuratively makes the comparison by stating outright that one thing is another thing. (See OG P81 line32-37)
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南京航空航天大学金城学院 毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译 系部经济系 专业国际经济与贸易 学生姓名陈雅琼学号2011051115 指导教师邓晶职称副教授 2015年5月
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美国文学选读第三版课后习题答案洁(部分) Unit 1 Benjamin Franklin Questions 1.Why did Franklin write his Autobiography? Franklin says that because his son may wish to know about his life, he is taking his one week vacation in the English countryside to record his past. He also says that he has enjoyed his life and would like to repeat it 2.What made Franklin decide to leave the brother to whom he had been apprenticed? His brother was passionate, and had often beaten him. The aversion to arbitrary power that has stuck to him through his whole life .After a brush with the law, Franklin left his brother. 3.How did he arrive in Philadephia? First he set out in a boat for Amboy, the boat dropped him off about 50 miles from Burlington, the next day he reached Burlington on foot, in Burlington he found a boat which was going towards Philadelphia, he arrived there about eight
文学创作的两个阶段是什么
文学创作的两个阶段是什么? 指作家为现实生活所感动,根据对生活的审美体验,通过头脑的加工改造,以语言为材料创造出艺术形象,形成可供读者欣赏的文学作品,这样一种特殊的复杂的精神生产活动称为文学创作.文学创作是最基本的文学实践,它是作家对一定社会生活的审美体验的形象反映,既包含对生活的审美认识,又包含着审美创造. 在中国文学史上,随着文学的发展,人们曾不断地总结文学创作的经验,探讨文学创作问题.从先秦开始,人们就逐渐注意到文学托物言志反映生活的特点.晋代陆机的《文赋》,是中国文学理论史上第一篇系统论述创作的文章,其中心内容就是“论作文之利害所由”.陆机根据文学的实践经验,指出文学创作的难处在于“意不称物,文不逮意”,从而提出了文学创作中主体与客体的关系、内容与形式的关系等问题,对“物、”“情”、“文”三者的关系进行了探索,并比较细致地论述了创作中的构思过程,奠定了研究文学创作的基础.齐梁时代的刘勰在《《文心雕龙》》中,也把创作论列为他的文学理论体系的重要组成部分.他在《神思》中指出了文学创作过程中“神与物游”的思维特点；在《情采》篇中阐明了“为情而造文”的创作原则,在《物色》篇中提出了“以少总多,情貌无遗”的艺术概括理论,同时还涉及文学创作的其他许多方面的问题,大大地开拓了有关文学创作理论研究的领域.此后,出现了浩如烟海的文论、诗话、评点等,其中不乏有关文学创作的甘苦之谈和真知灼见,如清代叶燮在《原诗》中把被表现的客观事物概括为理、事、情,把作者的主观条件归纳为才、识、胆、力,对文学创作中的主客观关系问题提出了可贵的见解；明代李贽、清代金人瑞、李渔等研究了小说、戏剧的创作经验,也提出了不少精辟见解.主张主观和客观统一,崇尚物我交融,寓情于景,形神兼备,是中国文学创作理论的优良传统. 马克思主义文学理论,以辩证唯物主义的反映论为指导,从美学的观点和历史的观点揭示了文学创作的基本原理.马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中指出了人的生产的共同规律,即“按照美的规律来建造”.人不仅要认识世界,而且要按照自己的目的去改造世界.文学创作是人对现实的审美关系的集中表现,既要反映客观的社会生活,又要表现主体的审美意识,作为审美主体和审美客体的交融和结合,无疑地要受“美的规律”的直接制约.许多杰出作家的经验表明,文学创作要对人生进行探索,必定要在作品中反映作家对生活的审美体验,倾注他们的感情和理想.鲁迅在《我怎么做起小说来》中谈到自己的创作经历时指出,文学创作“必须是‘为人生’,而且要改良这人生”.他在《俄译本〈阿Q正传〉序及著者自叙传略》中又说,《阿Q正传》反映的正是“在我的眼里所经过的中国的人生”.巴金在《文学生活五十年》中总结自己的创作道路时指出：“我曾经说过：‘我是从探索人生出发走上文学道路的.’五十多年中我也有放弃探索的时候；停止探索我就写不出作品.……我的每篇作品都是我追求光明的呼声.”作家的这种探索和追求,正说明了文学创作的审美性质. 文学创作需要正确处理主观与客观的关系、内容与形式的关系,这个过程极为复杂,其中包含着诸如素材积累、艺术构思、语言表达等方面的问题.它因时因事而异,变化无穷,但又有一定的共同规律可循. 生活是文学的唯一源泉,作家从事文学创作应当从对生活的审美感受出发.他的生活积累越深厚,就越能培育出丰硕的果实.因此,作家首先必须投身到社会实践中去.文学描写的中心是作为“一切社会关系的总和”的人,对于文学创作来说,了解人熟悉人的工作是第一位的工作,要善于在社会实践中观察人、剖析人的内心世界,关心人们的各种命运,设身处地地体察不同的性格、不同的心理、不同的情绪、不同的色彩和节奏,从生活中获得只有作家个人才能捕捉到的那种独特的感受,抓住最能代表人物性格的特征和行为.同时,要在这个基础上,进行反复的深入思考,透过生活现象探求生活真谛,逐步加深对生活的理解.在深入生活中,观察、体验、研究、分析各种人和各种社会现象,这是文学创作的前提. 文学创作作为一种特殊的审美创造,不能简单地记录事实,而需要把日常的生活现象典型化,这就是孕育作品时的艺术构思过程.所谓典型化,就是化生活素材为具有典型意义的艺术形象,这是文学创作的基本规律之一.为此,必须经过艺术概括对生活进行选择、提炼、改造、集中,虚构出新的形象.正如鲁迅在《我怎么做起小说来》中所说的：“所写的事迹,大抵有一点见过或听到过的缘由,但决不全用这事实,只是采取一端,加以改造,或生发开去,到足以几乎完全发表我的意思为止.人物的模特儿也一样,没有专用过一个人,往往嘴在渐江,脸在北京,衣服在山西,是一个拼凑起来的脚色.”在这个过程中,首先是选取题材.作家所写的应当是他受了感动而又认为有意义的审美对象,接着而来的,是酝酿主题.文学创作要取得成功,不仅要题材选择得恰当,而且尤需从中发掘出它的深刻的含义,揭示出别人没有觉察到的事物之间的某种本质联系,获得对生活的独特的审美体验.主题应该是从丰富的生活感受中反复思索和探求而酝酿成熟的结晶,它来自生活的深处,是和生动的表象有血有肉地联系在一起的.艺术构思由此继续深化,使生活表象和作家的审美意识融合起来,逐渐形成意象,最后才能化为艺术形象. 文学创作在艺术构思的基础上,还有一个语言表达的过程.既要力求做到主观与客观的统一,又要寻找形式与内容的完美结合.高尔基说：“语言把我们的一切印象、感情和思想固定下来,它是文学的基本材料.文学就是用语言来表达的造型艺术.”(《论散文》)语言具有描绘形象、唤起读者形象联想的功能,是因为语词所表现的概念是同有关的表象联系在一起的.作家应当掌握语言艺术的特点和技巧.从所反映的生活出发,去寻求最恰当的语言.老舍在《语言与生活》中说过：“语言脱离了生活就是死的.语言是生命与生活的声音.”作家有深厚的生活底子,对所写的人物有深刻的了解,才能更好地驾驭语言. 在文学创作过程中,作家掌握世界的方式有其特点,人们把作家形象地认识和反映生活的过程称为形象思维或艺术思维.别林斯基在《智慧的痛苦》中说：“诗人用形象来思考;他不证明真理,却显示真理.”他在《艺术的观念》中又指出:“艺
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765） American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th) 北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱) Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical） 2、The Enlightenment and Revolution Period Benjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源 3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war） American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature. 早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature
文献综述英文版
Title ：Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design Author：yu Department of Materials "Magnetic motor shell stamping process and die design" literature review Abstract摘要 By read these references and documents, in-depth understanding of the contemporary mold of advanced manufacturing technology and metal forming technology, a number of instances of mold design and the understanding and learning, to further study the method of stamping die design, die design and thus have a directionalguidance.As used in this design and drawing die punching die and so on, through the design of the book related to mold in-depth study, this drawing die and the punching die and so the design methods have shape.These references and documents, the design of low-cost high-accuracy die with directional guidance. Keywords： Mold advanced manufacturing technology Mold Manufacturing Trends Drawing Punching CAE Die Materials Prices Preface前言 As China's economic integration with the world economy, the rapid development of basic industries, mold manufacturing industry is also developing fast.In the current economic situation, people pay more attention to efficiency, product quality, cost, and new product development capabilities.The innovation and development of mold manufacturing concern. 1.1 The history of the development of mold Archaeological discoveries in China, as early as 2,000 years ago, China has been used to make bronze stamping dies to prove that in ancient China stamping die stamping and achievements to the world's leading.In 1953, the Changchun First Automobile Works in China for the first time established a stamping plants, the plant began manufacturing cars in 1958, cover mold.60 years of the 20th century began producing fine blanking dies.In walked a long path of development temperature, the present, China has formed more than 300 billion yuan (not including Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan statistics) the production capacity of various types of stamping dies. 1.2 Development Status and Trends Die Since reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand of mold growing.In recent years, the mold industry has been the growth rate of about 15% of the rapid development of industrial enterprises in the ownership of the mold components also changed dramatically, in addition to professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.
文学理论文学创作与作家
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ? 二、文学创作与文化传统对于创作具有重大影响的，既有来自现实的生活经验，也有来自历史的文化传统。所以中国古代文学理论在讲到文学创作时，既讲师法自然，也讲师法古人。1、经典的影响经典对于后世文学创作的深刻影响，并不完全是指后人的创作对经典的自觉学习，更普遍的现象是经典以潜移默化的形式在无形之中影响甚至决定着后人的创作。a、经典是一种先验的规范。b、经典是后人创作的法则、标准和参照系统，使创作避开曲折的摸索。c、经典的成就和权威性具有一种不可抗拒的魅力。返回经典几乎成为中国文学发展史的通例先秦有孔子的“乐则韶舞”和孟子的“尚友古人”六朝有刘勰的“宗经”和“征圣”唐代有韩愈、柳宗元的古文运动明代有前后七子的复古思潮前驱者像洪水一样向我们压来，我们的想象力可能被淹没，但是，新诗人如果完全回避前驱者的淹没，那末他就永远无法获得自己的想象力的生命。哈罗德??布鲁姆《影响的焦虑》如何化解或超脱经典的压迫？布鲁姆开出的方法是“创造性的误读”，又称“戏谑性摹仿”，即将前代作家某些次要的特点在自己身上加以强化，以造成一种错觉――似乎这种风格是“我”首创的，前人反而似乎由于巧合而在摹仿“我”。2、原型经验我们祖先反复体验的精神模式在我们心灵上的积淀物，是“种族记忆”。集体无意识和原型是人的无意识的深层结构。它是人的生命之流赖以奔腾的河床，是人的灵魂的“家”。原型的主要特征非私人性普遍性仪式性符号性反复性原型的置换1、作为主题原型的置换2、作为形象架构原型的置换3、作为语义单位的原型的置换西方文学有: “错认身份”“老少婚配”“儿子寻父”、“子女对父亲的忘恩负义”……中国文学中的“垂死化生”：夸父→桃木，盘古→草木万物，女娃→精卫鸟衔木填海。焦仲卿、刘兰芝→连理枝和比翼鸟《搜神记》韩凭夫妇→相思树和鸳鸯“梁祝化蝶”具体图例背景资料生肖图腾彝族图腾壁挂原型举例《聊斋》创造的鬼狐世界与中国的某种文化原型有密切关系。《说文解字》：“狐，妖兽，鬼所乘也，有三德。其色中和，小前大后，死则丘首。”鬼狐美女可谓中国文学的一种原型鬼和狐化为人形通常为女性，所以其作祟的方式是“媚”。女鬼或女狐又必和狡猾、淫荡、媚惑、阴险相联系，于是有“狐狸精”之说。从《天问》、《抱朴子》、《初学记》、《太平广记》到唐诗宋词，都有记载或描写。* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * 3、何谓对象化文学创作的对象化是指主体以体验的方式把握生活材料，将外在于自己的生活材料，成为表现作家人生感受对象的过程。对象化的过程
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