英语国家概况名词解释

英语国家概况名词解释

VOA: It’s the abbreviation of the voice of America.It’s the American official international broadcasting. Station and it was established in 1942. It was controlled by the American government and subordinate to the American international communi cation. Bureau. VOA’s headquarter is located in Washington and it has 16 broadcasting stations. It’s programs are broadcasted by 41 languages

BBC: it’s the abbreviation of the British broadcasting corporation. It was established in1922, and it was moved and operated in 1927. It was financed by the government and it’s managed by the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication. And its program is broadcasted by 39 languages. It is also financed by the payment from all people who possess TV sets

ABC: it’s the abbreviation of the American Broadcasting Company.

NBC: it’s stands for the National Broadcasting Company

CNN: It’s the abbreviation of the Cable News Network

Quality Newspaper:It’s one of the 2 types of British Newspapers. The Times, The Guardian and The Daily Telegraph all belong to this kind of

newspaper

Times: It’s a very famous weekly magazine in the USA.It was founded in 1923. It has 5.5 million copies.

Five Great lakes:These are the most important lakes in America,extending about 1600km and forming a section of the boundary between the United States and Canada. The Great Lakes include Lake Michigan, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario.

Mississippi river:it is the second longest river, after the Missouri,in the United States and it is the largest river system in North America.

The Severn River:it is the longest river in the UK,is 338km in length,beginning in Wales flowing through the Midlands of England and emptying into the Atlantic Ocean near Bristol

The Mackenzie Ri ver: the major river in Canada.It’s 4241km long.

Nickname of British people: John Bull. It’s originated from a book named History of John Bull.

Nickname of American people: Uncle Sam.

Boxing Day: it’s on the first work day after Christmas. This festival is celebrated in order to show the respect to those people sending newspaper and milk everyday.

Constitutional Monarchy: Constitutional Monarchy: it’s the Political System of U.K. It was established at the end of the 17th century. The Monarch is hereditary, she or he reigns but does not rule the country, and it takes no part in policies. The monarch is just the symbol and the representative of the interest of people.

Cabinet of Britain: the head of Cabinet of Britain is the Prime Minister, and the members of the cabinet are nominated by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Monarch

Parliament: Its headquarter is the Palace of Westminster. And it is divided into House of Loads and House of Commons. House of Load’s President called The Load Chancellor. It has the load temporal, the load spiritual and law loads. The House of loads sits in the south part of the Palace of West Minster.And the President of the House of Commons is called The Speaker. It sits at the Northern Part of the Palace of Westminster.

Conservative Party: it was founded in 1833. It was originated from the Tory Party, it’s the party of right, and it represents monopolists’ interest.

Labor Party: it was founded in 1900. After 1922, Labor party tool place the Liberal Party,becoming one of the two major parties in the UK. It’s a Bourgeois Party,socialism and nationalization.

The prime Minister: the Prime Minister is the leader of UK Government. He lives in NO.10 Downing Street.The Prime Minister is the leader of the Party that holds the most seats in the House of Commons; he serves as the chief executive of the Government and performs the executive functions of the United Kingdom.

White Hall: It’s the name of a street but it is the symbol of the U.K Government. It is the administrative center of the Britain,the official Building of the Prime Minister.

Constitution of America: it was adapted in 1787. On Sept.17.1787, came into effect in 1789.it is the first comparatively complete written, constitution in the world. It consists of one short preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendments

Election of the UK: it’s held every 5 years. Controlled by two major parties, it has 659 constituencies in2001 and 646 constituencies in 2005

Congress: Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government. Law-making and supreme legislative body of the nation. It is divided into the senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 100 V oting members, 2 from each state. And the House of Representatives has 435 members

Pentagon: It’s the official building of the USA National Defense Department, it is located in the Washington .D.C. It was attacked by terrorists in 2001.9.11

CIA: It is the abbreviation of Central Intelligence Agency. It is the Executive office of the President

FBI: It’s t he abbreviation of the Federal Bream of Investigation. It is subordinate to the Department of Justice

Abraham Lincoln:He was the first president of the Republic Party in the U.S.A. And he was also the leader of the Civil War. He abolished the

Slavery Policy. But was assassinated unfortunately

Franklin Roosevelt: He is one of the most famous presidents in the U.S.A. He played an initial important role in the Great Depression in the 20th century. He saved the economic crisis

The War of Independence: It occurred in 1775, and in 1776.7.4. The Declaration of Independence was passed by the Continental Congress, which symbolizes the Independence of the U.S.A.

The Civil War: It was led by Abraham Lincoln and it occurred in 1861. It was ended by the victory of Northern Army and then the Slavery Policy was abolished.

Election of America: It was held every 4 years. The president candidates have to make speeches, debate and compete for more votes. If one of the president candidates has more than 270votes, he will win the election and he will make a speech again on the20th.January the next year

White House: it’s the settlement of the President and it’s situated in Washington. D.C.

Democratic Party:it was founded in 1828.It’s symbol is Donkey Thomas Jefferson, is a famous president in Democratic Party.

Republican Party:it was founded in 1854. The symbol is elephant,it’s a more conservative Party. Lincoln is the first republican president in 1860

The Open University of UK:a degree granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through TV. Radio, produced books and so on. It opened in 1969, and was intended to give opportunities to adults who had been unable to take conventional higher education.

The Boat race: it was a result of a challenge issued to Oxford by Cambridge in 1829.

A Level of GC5: A level of General Certificate of Education

answer two of the following questions.

1.Talk about the two systems of secondary education in Great Britain. Selective system and comprehensive system

Selective system: is an old unreasonable system. It’s now totally abolished. The Eleven Plus: the result is very important

It contains The grammar school, Technical schools and Secondary

modern schools

comprehensive system was established before 1960.

It is a given district, regardless of their background and intelligence system.

O students graduated from it can gain a level of the General Certificate of Education (GCE), in 16 or 18

2.What are the three main principles for the political system of USA?

1.Federalism

2.The Separation of Powers

3.Respect for the Constitution and the rule of law

3.What is the procedure of making-laws in America?

1. The first house

Introduce a bill or legislative proposal

Sent to an appropriate legislative committee

The recommendations of the bill are reported to the house by the committee (the House of Representatives and the Senate are divided into small groups which take care of special matters such as education or foreign affairs. )

2. The second house do the same thing like the first house

3. Goes to the White House for presidential action

What is the procedure of making-laws in Britain?

A bill will begin in the House of Commons, After the period of three readings in the House of Commons, the House of Lords does the same and finally it goes to the Queen for her signature.

3 readings:

The 1st reading: introduce a bill

he 2nd reading: the bill is read in detail, a vote is taken by the whole House, the bill is sent to a committee for a detailed examination

The 3rd reading: short debate before the whole house

5.What is quality newspaper in Great Britain?

Quality Newspaper were Founded before 1896

And Contain political, industrial, financial and cultural news in the U.K. and international news as well.

Their Characteristic Lengthy articles and have an undramatic design.

What are the features of British newspaper?

British newspapers are characterized by freedom of speech, freedom of the press.

What are the features of American newspaper?

The United States newspaper features is rich in content, do not belong to any political party and lots of advertisements.

8.How many types of higher educational institutions are there in America? What are they?

1. Two-year college: community college

Master’s degree

2. Four-year college: college of arts and science

BA : Bachelor of Arts

BS : Bachelor of Science

Doctor’s degree

3. Universities: comprehensive and complex

Doctor’s degree

9.What are the two features of the old universities in Britain?

Oxford University: 1167 , arts

Cambridge University: 1284, scientific studies

College System 学院制

Tutorial System 大学导师制

What are the common features of the Canadian educational system?

Free schooling available throughout Canada from kindergarten (age 5) to grade 12(grade 13 in Ontario and grade 11 in Quebec).

School attendance is compulsory from the age of 6 or 7 to 14 or 16.

The elementary schools include kindergarten through grades 6 to 8. Secondary or high schools provide instruction up to grades 9 or 10 or 12.

The provincial governments have the power in the field of education. The thirteen education systems are established by 13 legislatures of the provinces and territories. The 13 educational systems are unique in their own ways.

第三大题，explanation

一.

VOA：voice of American，1942，founded by government, American International Communication Bureau, Washington, 16 broadcasting stations,（广播站）41 languages.

BBC；the British Broadcasting Corporation, 1922, 1927, the government

and the Minister of Posts and Telecommunication, 39 languages, financed by payment from all people who possess TV sets。Designed by G Val Myer and built in 1932, Broadcasting House was the BBC’s first purpose-built home for radio broadcasting. It is situated in central London between Oxford Street and Regents Park, adjacent邻近的to Nash’s All Souls’ church.

ABC；The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcasting television network. Created in 1943. Its first broadcast on television was in 1948. It is the largest broadcaster in the world by revenues. As one of the Big Three television networks, its programming has contributed to American popular culture.

NBC; The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American commercial broadcasting television network and former headquartered in New York City ,NBC is sometimes referred to as the "Peacock 孔雀Network", due to its peacock logo. Formed in 1926，NBC was the first major broadcast network in the United States. In 1986, control of NBC passed to General Electric (GE)。

CNN; Cable News Network (CNN) is a U.S. cable news channel founded in 1980. Upon its launch, CNN was the first channel to provide 24-hour

television news coverage报道，and the first all-news television channel in the United States.

quality newspaper（质量报，大报）；Founded before 1896；Contain political, industrial, financial and cultural news in the U.K. and international news as well；Lengthy articles and have an undramatic design.

the Times；is quality newspaper of UK. The Times is a British daily national newspaper, first published in London in 1785 under the title The Daily Universal Register and it became The Times on 1 January 1788.

Times，is a kind of magazine in American。First published in 1923. It is a weekly magazine about economic. It has about 5.5million copies.

二.

1．five great lakes；

Lake Erie伊利湖is the fourth largest lake of the five Great Lakes in North America, and the tenth largest globally全局的. It is the southernmost, shallowest, and smallest by volume of the Great Lakesand therefore also has the shortest average water residence time.

Lake Michigan 密歇根湖is one of the five Great Lakes of North America and the only one located entirely within the United States. The other four Great Lakes are shared by the US and Canada. It is the second

largest of the Great Lakes by volume量and the third largest by surface area.

Lake Ontario 安大略湖is one of the five Great Lakes of North America. It is bounded on the north and southwest by the Canadian province of Ontario, and on the south by the American state of New York. Lake Ontario is also the only one of the five Great Lakes not to share a coast with the state of Michigan.

Lake Huron休伦湖is one of the five Great Lakes of

Lake Superior 苏必利尔湖是北美洲五大湖最西北和最大的一个，也是世界最大的淡水湖之一，是世界仅次于里海的第二大湖。湖东北面为加拿大，西南面为美国。湖面东西长616公里，南北最宽处257公里，湖面平均海拔180米，水面积82103平方公里，最大深度405米。蓄水量1.2万立方公里。is the largest of the five traditionally demarcated Great Lakes of North America. It is generally considered the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area. It is the world's third-largest freshwater lake by volume.

2，Mississippi river

The Mississippi River is the chief river of the largest river system in North America. Flowing entirely in the United States. The Mississippi ranks as the fourth longest and tenth largest river in the world.

3, The Severn river塞文河，The River Severn is the longest river in the United Kingdom, at about 354 kilometers, and the second longest in the

British Isles, behind the River Shannon. 香侬河.the Severn is the greatest river in terms of water flow in England and wales.

4,the Mackenzie river,麦肯齐河The Mackenzie River is the largest and longest river system in Canada. The river's mainstem runs 1,738 kilometers in a northerly direction to the Arctic Ocean. It is the largest river flowing into the Arctic from North America, and with its tributaries is one of the longest rivers in the world.

5．Nickname of British people, john bull. The new Scotland in early eighteenth century, a man named john ,he published a book, named “john bull hist ory” . In the book, john bull is a conservative country gentleman. He is stout, quick-tempered, clumsy antics, always followed by a bulldog. Since this image is typical of British gentry. Therefore since 19th century , British and American cartoonists have used this image of john bull refers to the British people.

6.Nickname of American people；Uncle Sam

During the War of 1812, Wilson was in the business of slaughtering 屠宰and packing meat. He provided large shipments of meat to the US Army, in barrels 桶that were stamped with the initials “U.S.” The suggestion that the meat shipments came from "Uncle Sam" led to the idea that Uncle Sam symbolized the federal government。

7.Easter day；is a Christian festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus Christ on the third day after his death.easter is the

most important festival in the year after the vernal equinox ,the first Sunday .therefore the date of easter varies between 22 march and 25 April 8.Halloween’s day；is a yearly celebration observed in a number of countries on October 31, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows (or All Saints).

9，Christmas day；Christmas is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christand a widely observed holiday, celebrated generally on December 25 by millions of people around the world.

10.Valentine’s day；is observed on February 14 each year. It is the west traditional festival. This is love, romance and flowers, chocolates, cards holiday. And send gifts to each other on this day to express love or friendship.

11.boxing day；节礼日Boxing Day is traditionally the day following christmas day when servants and trademen would receive gifts from their superiors[ or employers, known as a "Christmas box". Today, Boxing Day is better known as a bank or public holiday that occurs on 26 December, or the first or second weekday after Christmas Day, depending on national or regional laws.

三

constitutional monarchy,this system has been formed at end of 17th century. The monarch has enormous power, but given the nature of the

constitutional monarchy. She or he is supposed to reign but not rule. The crown mainly performs ceremonial duties whose work consists largely of signing paper. Under most modern constitutional monarchies there is also a prime minister who is the head of government and exercises effective political power. the British monarchy is largest reigning monarchy in the world. The current queen’s title in the united kingdom is “Elizabeth the second ”

2，cabinet of Britain, the cabinet, the major decision-making body in the government is often associated with the office of the prime minister. Headed by the prime minister. The cabinet mainly comprises about 20 senior minister of important government department. The cabinet meets in private and normally weekly at 10 dowing street and initiates most of important bills under debate in parliament. The cabinet acts under the principle of collective responsibility.

3. Parliament. The uk parliament is one of the oldest representative assemblies in the world. Parliament is the supreme legislative body and the assembly that government is drawn from and answerable to. It comprises three element: the crown, the non-elected house of lords, and the elected house of commons, of which the latter is the source of real political power in the united kingdom. In theory, the main function of parliament is to legislate, that is, to create, abolish or amend new laws for the entire nation. But, in practice, it normally passes bills that are often

proposed by the government. In addition, parliament also votes the taxation and expenditures of the government, examines government policies and administration, and debates major political issues of the day.

4. Conservative party，originally referred as the Tory party, the conservative party was founded in 1833. The party was one of two dominant parties in the 19th century.

5. labor party. The Labor Party is a centre-left political party in the United Kingdom, and one of the two main British political parties along with the Conservative Party. The Labor Party was founded in 1900. After 1922 the Labor Party gradually replaced the Liberal Party to become one of the two major parties in Great Britain.

6，the prime minister；The Prime Minister is the leader of the party that holds the most seats in the house of common，and for that reason，serves as the chief executive of the government that performs the executive functions of UK. His responsibility include presiding over the cabinet, allocating functions among ministers and meeting with the queen regularly to inform her of the general business of government.

white hall, 白厅是英国首都伦敦西敏内的一条道路，位于英国国会大厦和特拉法加广场之间。除了是旅游热点，也是英国政府中枢的所在地。因此白厅也是英国政府的代名词。is the British capital London Westminster within a road, is located in the The House of Parliament and Trafalgar Square.In addition to a tourist hot spot, is also the British

government central location.Therefore the Whitehall is synonymous with the British government.

四．

1, Constitution of American 美国宪法adopted in 1787, on Sept. 17.and came into effect in 1789.constitution of American is the first comparatively complete written constitution.

It consists of one short preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendments.

2，Congress；The United States Congress , the legislature branch of the federal government, is made up of the senate and the house of representative.there are 100 senators, two from each state. The house of Representative has 435 member, elected every two years for two-year terms. Congress meets in the capitol in Washington, D.C.

3.cabinet of American；The United States cabinet is the United States federal executive departments, namely the United States federal government structure in the central government's most advanced architecture.总统有权提名，并于取得参议院的意见和同意后，任命大使、公使及领事、最高法院的法官，以及一切其它在本宪法中未经明定、但以后将依法律的规定而设置之合众国官员；国会可以制定法律，酌情把这些较低级官员的任命权，授予总统本人，授予法院，或授予各行政部门的首长。the president has the power to nominate, and obtains the advice and consent of the Senate, appointed ambassadors,

ministers and consuls, a judge of the Supreme Court, and all other in the Constitution without stated, but later will be in accordance with the law, provided the United States officials; the Congress may by law, as appropriate, to these lower level officials the right of appointment, granted the president himself, conferred on the court, or to the heads of departments.

4. The Pentagon，is the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense, As a symbol of the U.S. military,the Pentagon" is often used metonymically to refer to the Department of Defense rather than the building itself.

5.CIA The Central Intelligence Agency is an independent

civilian intelligence agency of the United States government belonging to president.is the government organization in the United States that collects secret information about other countries. （CIA）是美国政府的情报、间谍和反间谍机构，主要职责是收集和分析全球政治、经济、文化、军事、科技等方面的情报，协调美国国内情报机构的活动，并把情报上报美国政府各部门.

FBI; The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is a governmental agency belonging to the United States Department of Justice that serves as both a federal criminal investigative body and an internal intelligence agency. 5，Abraham Lincoln,亚伯拉罕·林肯（Abraham Lincoln，1809年－1865年），美国政治家，第16任总统（任期：1861年3月4日－1865年

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