2016.6扬大大学英语期末考试题型和范围
期末考试题型和范围
Part I Listening Comprehension
Section A：Short Conversations (10%)
Section B Short Passages (10%)
（注：听力部分有6分分值来自于新题型综合训练前五套试题的听力部分。）
Part II Reading Comprehension (30%)
（注：阅读部分有一个篇章来自于新题型综合训练前五套试题的阅读部分。）
Part III Blank Filling
Section A (10%)
Directions: In this section, there are several paragraphs from one of the passages you have learned this term. You are required to fill in the blanks with the help of the first letter(s). Use only One word to fill in each blank.
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A课文。）
Section B (10%)（新罗马小四，粗体）
Directions: In the section, there are 10 incomplete sentences. You are required to select one word for each blank from the following word bank. You may not use any of the words in the blank
more than once. Change the form where necessary.
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A或B课文中的单句，以及来自于后面的练习题。）
Part IV Translation
Section A Translation from English to Chinese (15%)
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A或B课文中的单句，以及来自于后面的练习题。）
Section B Translation from Chinese to English(15%)
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A课文中的单句，A课文练习题中的翻译题部分，或来自于新题型综合训练中与所学单元对应的翻译题部分。）
Section A Translation from English to Chinese (15%)
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A或B课文中的单句，以及来自于后面的练习题。）
Unit 1
Translation
1. 6月5日被选定为进攻开始日，其用意是留下一个安全系数，以防万一进攻需要推迟。
2. 然而，当年春夏之交大风暴异乎寻常地多，希望在这个时候天气会出现一个适合进攻的风平浪静的间隙，可能性微乎其微。
3. 要是在原定地区登陆的话，德军海岸炮群无疑会拼命抵抗并给盟军造成惨重伤亡。在新登陆区的登陆几乎没有遭到任何抵抗。
4. 尽管困难重重，艾森豪威尔在与恶劣天气的赌博中赢得了胜利。
Unit 2
Translation
1. 这类系统易受气候变化的影响，提供的数据不够精确，但它们不需要特别的道路设施，只需要将车道标志维护好就行了。
2. 然而，不用多久，其成本就能为广大车辆拥有者和驾驶者所接受，尤其是目前不少可以应用的技术已经走向市场，开始了批量生产。
3. 电子驾驶应用的最大障碍可能在于一种普遍的观念，认为这一技术的应用比实际情况更困难，更昂贵。
4. 考虑到所有这些运用安全自动化交通运输系统的经验，开发由自动控制系统操纵的公路车辆算不上什么大的飞跃。
Unit 3
Translation
1. 父母亲都觉得我不会被录用。―你要有后台才行。那可是一家美国机构，洛克菲勒基金会。你一定要有后台。‖
2. 当然，不工作就没饭吃，除非嫁人，那叫做―终于有了归宿。
3. 她留着新式的发型，是我所喜欢的那种满头卷发竖立着的式样，穿着下摆印有花纹的裙子。由于她怀孕已快足月，所以她向我走过来时似乎是她的肚子最先到达我的面前。
4. 我跟哈内德先生说了，你刚才是因害羞不安而没法做记录的。他挺不错的，只要慢慢习惯起来就行了。
Unit 4
Translation
1. 如果9/11有什么引人注目的地方，那就是恐怖主义者们来自世界上全球化程度最低、最不开放、融合程度最低的地方：沙特阿拉伯、也门、阿富汗和巴基斯坦西北部。
2. ―全球化疲劳在欧美仍很显著，而在中国和印度这样的地方，你会发现人们急切地想参与到经济扩张进程中来，‖印度国大党的首席经济顾问杰伦? 兰密施说。
3. 印度大多数人是不是还生活在贫穷的乡村？确实如此。我们是不是需要强迫富裕的西方国家进一步开放市场，好让贫穷国家销售它们最擅长的东西：食品和纺织品，以使全球化更公平呢？当然需要。
4. 一，全球化有优点也有缺点，但如果参与全球化的国家有恰当的制度和管理，它们就能从中获得最大的好处，并且能缓和最不利的方面造成的影响。
Unit 5
Translation
1. 显然，如果他结了婚的话，他妻子因他改不掉恶习，真会把他一脚踹到马路边上去。
2. 如今回想起来，我感觉到好像那天命运着意要给我上一课。而且它真地好好给我上了一课。
3. 当我试图想着要站起来时，听见从紧挨我的上方传来了一个熟悉的、粗哑的声音。
4. 看见他眼中和蔼的、怜悯的神情，我泪水盈眶。
Unit 6
Translation
1. 瞬时性主宰着一切。人们发表政治演说时，民意调查人员在听众尚未完全形成看法前，就利用电子装置进行当场测定；快餐店增设了快速通道。
2. 我们人类选择了速度，凭借着速度而繁荣兴旺——其情况超过我们普遍承认的程度。我们快节奏工作、娱乐的本领赋予我们力量。我们为此兴奋不已。
3. 随着脑海中充斥着的这种多路并进状态而来的是一种幸福感。我们总是宁要狂热地工作也不要无聊乏味地生活。―人类从未，也永远不会选择放慢速度，‖历史学家斯蒂芬 ? 克恩说。
4. 如果你抓紧干，你就很可能在技术驱动的世界上获得成功。社会学家也发现，富裕程度和教育程度的提高带来对时间的焦虑。我们总认为自己时间太少。
Section B Translation from Chinese to English(15%)
（注：该部分选自于所学6个单元的A课文中的单句，A课文练习题中的翻译题部分，或来自于新题型综合训练中与所学单元对应的翻译题部分。）
A课文练习题中的翻译题部分
UNIT 1
1) 多尔蒂先生和他的家人目前正在农场忙于秋收。（be engaged in doing sth.）Mr. Doherty and his family are currently engaged in getting the autumn harvest in on the farm.
2) 我们不能低估敌人，他们装备了最先进的武器。(underestimate, equip)
We must not underestimate the enemy. They are equipped with the most sophisticated weapons.
3) 菲尔已三个月没有找到工作了，正变得越来越绝望。(desperate)
Having been out of a job / Not having had a job for 3 months, Phil is getting increasingly desperate .
4) 作为项目经理，山姆办事果断，工作效率高，且判断准确。（efficient, decisive）Sam, as the project manager, is decisive, efficient, and accurate in his
judgement.
5) 既然已证实这家化工厂是污染源，村委会（village neighborhood committee）决定将其关闭，为此损失了一百个工作岗位。（at the cost of）Since the chemical plant was identified as the source of pollution, the village
neighborhood committee decided to close it down at the cost of 100 jobs.
UNIT 2
1）空气中有一种不寻常的寂静，只有远处响着大炮的声音。(in the air)
There was an unusual quietness in the air, except for the sound of artillery in the distance.
2）在某些非洲国家城市的扩展已引起生活水平相当大的下降和社会问题的增多。(expansion)
The expansion of urban areas in some African countries has been causing a
significant fall in living standards and an increase in social problems.
3）研究表明大气中的二氧化碳的含量（atmospheric carbon dioxide levels）与全球温度密切相关。（correlate）
The research shows that atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are closely correlated with global temperatures.
4）最近公共汽车的车辆行驶（bus service）频率已有改善，从15分钟缩短到12分钟一班。(frequency)
The frequency of the bus service has been improved from 15 to 12 minutes
recently.
5）那位跳水运动员（diver）立在跳水板（diving board）边沿，只等教练发出信号便会立刻跳下。(be poised to, signal)
The diver stood on the edge of the diving board, poised to jump at the signal from the coach.
UNIT 3
1) 尽管在此次紧急迫降中，飞机跑道（airstrip）不够长，但经验老到的飞行员还是让飞机滑行了很短一段时间后就停了下来。（veteran, taxi, inadequate）Despite the inadequate length of the airstrip in this emergency landing,the veteran pilot managed to stop the plane after taxiing for only a short while.
2) 在记者反复追问下，该影星终于说漏了嘴，承认自己做过两次整容手术（plastic surgery）。（blurt, grill）
Grilled by the reporters, the movie star eventually blurted (out)that she had undergone two plastic surgeries.
3) 我们有技术，我们的合伙人有资金。一起干，我们就掌握了未来。（partner, in sb.'s hands）
We have the technology and our partner has the capital. Working together, we'll have the future in our hands.
4) 要是我事先知道你会带这么多朋友回家，我会好好准备的。你看，我现有的食品和饮料连小吃一顿（a snack）都不大够。（preparation, barely, beforehand）If I had known beforehand that you would bring so many friends home, I would have made better preparations. You see, I have barely enough food and drinks for a snack.
5) 当人们得知地震灾区（the earthquake-stricken area）将要建造结构更牢固的新校舍时，纷纷慷慨解囊。（structure, generously）
People gave generously upon learning that new school rooms with stronger structures were to be built in the earthquake-stricken area.
UNIT 4
1) 因为约翰不看好欧洲经济，所以把资产转移到了欧洲以外的其它地方。（asset, elsewhere, outlook）
Due to his pessimistic outlook on the European economy, John has moved his assets from Europe to elsewhere.
2) 我喜欢雇佣年轻人。他们愿意学习，而且忠于职守。(be committed to, earnest)
I like hiring young people. They are earnest learners and committed to work.
3) 玛丽和她那些以自己孩子为中心的女友们不同，更在意个人成长。（center, unlike）
Unlike her girl friends who center their lives on their children, Mary cares more about her personal growth.
4) 有一大批同事和你意见不和，这是怎么回事？(at odds with, considerable) Why is it that a considerable number of colleagues are at odds with you?
5) 中国政府出台了一系列政策以加强同发展中国家的合作。(a variety of, strengthen)
The Chinese government has introduced a variety of policies to strengthen cooperation with developing countries.
UNIT 5
1)我的直觉是亨利会设法参加这次探险，因为他有一点冒险家的气质。(something of, instinct)
I have an instinct that Henry will seek to join the expedition, because he is something of an adventurer.
2) 即使置身于一个嘈杂的环境中，他也能坚持做手头的工作。(capable, stick to) He is capable of sticking to the task at hand, even if he is exposed to noises.
3) 这个商标是依据迄今有效的（in force）法律注册的。(hitherto, in accordance with)
The trademark was registered in accordance with the laws hitherto in force.
4) 奇怪的是，许多人自愿帮助组织会议，但是只有少数几人到场。(oddly enough, turn up)
Oddly enough, many people volunteered to help organize the meeting, but only a few turned up.
5) 老师那充满关爱的话语，以及坦诚的评价改变了迈克对于社会和他自己的看法。(affectionate, candid)
The teacher's affectionate words, along with his candid comments, changed the way Mike perceived the society and himself.
UNIT 6
1. 他们正在探索医学研究的新领域，试图治疗那些目前还无药可救的疾病。
(frontier, remedy)
They are exploring the new frontiers of medical science in an attempt to find remedies for incurable diseases so far.
2. 我的数学老师威尔逊女士不仅教学方法独特，而且她从不试图往我脑子里硬塞知识。(... apart, cram)
Her unique teaching methods apart, MS Wilson, my math teacher, never trie
d to cram knowledg
e into my mind.
3. 中央电视台的定时天气预报使得我们旅行时不管走到哪儿都能知道天气的变化。(keep up with, forecast)
The regular weather forecast by Central TV Station keeps us up with the chan ges of weather wherever we go on a trip.
4. 可怕的爆炸引起了一场大火，并造成这幢大楼部分倒塌。(explosion, appalling)
The appalling explosion started a big fire and caused the partial collapse of t he building.
5. 在现代社会里，浪费时间的方式比以往任何时候都要多，各种各样的娱乐消遣正在吞噬我们宝贵的时间。(eat into, waste away)
In the modern world, there are more ways than ever to waste time, and all ki
nds of distractions are eating into our precious time.
新题型综合训练中与所学单元对应的翻译题部分
Unit1
1.人们常说骄兵必败。拿破仑和希特勒在俄罗斯的失败就是典型的例子。
They say that pride comes before a fall. The failure of Napoleon’s and Hitler’s invasions of Russia is a good case in point.
2. 1812年，拿破仑率领大军入侵俄罗斯。他自信会马到成功，预言5周内攻下俄国。In 1812, Napoleon led his Grand Army into Russia. Confident of a quick victory, he predicted the conquest of Russia in five weeks.
3.然而他未能料到会在莫斯科遭遇劲敌---俄罗斯的严冬，从而以失败告终。
But he was not prepared for the devastating enemy that met him in Moscow --- the severity of Russian winter. Thus he ended in failure.
4. 1941年，希特勒不宣而战，对苏联发动袭击。他希望速战速决，预计3个月结束战役。
In 1941, without a declaration of war, Hitler began an invasion of the Soviet Union. He expected a short campaign --- to last no longer than 3 months.
5.但是，他犯下了同样的致命错误---低估了俄罗斯冬季的严酷，而付出了惨重的代价。But he made the same vital mistake --- underestimated the severity of Russian winter, and took a toll on his invading army.
6.任何军事行动都必须考虑到自然因素。对俄罗斯人民而言，严冬是他们的冰雪卫士。The elements of nature must be reckoned with in any military campaign. For the Russian people, the winter was an icy defender.
Unit2
1. 汽车工业---20世纪最赚钱、最有影响力的产业，将感受到计算机革命的影响。
The automobile industry,the most lucrative and powerful industry of the 20th century, is about to feel the effects of the computer revolution.
2. 首先，智能汽车已经制造出来，它们能监控行车过程以及附近行车状况，从而消除绝大多数汽车事故。
First, smart cars have already been built, which can monitor one’s driving and the driving conditions nearby, thus eliminating most of car accidents.
3.其次，有了全球卫星定位系统，驾驶员能确定准确的方位，并得知交通路况，以免迷路和陷入交通堵塞。
Second, with GPS, drivers can determine the precise location and learn about driving conditions to avoid getting lost and getting stuck in traffic.
4.除此之外，远程信息学最终将把智能汽车送上智能高速公路，在计算机的控制下，编组行使。
Besides, “Telematics”will eventually attempt to put smart cars on smart highways, on which cars, controlled by computer, will travel in unison.
5. 总之，智能汽车能节约燃油，减少交通堵塞，降低空气污染，增加高速公路车流量。In a word, smart cars could save fuel, reduce traffic jams, decrease air pollution, and increase highway capacity.
Unit3
1.常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。
As the saying goes, “Well begun is half done”.
2.在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。
It is extremely important for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment.
3.事先作不作准备常常会影响求职者的成功机会。
Whether or not one has done his homework clearly makes a difference in his chances of success.
4.另外，要想得到一份工作，还有以下四个关键：1) 准备去赢。2) 永不中断学习3) 相信自己，哪怕没人相信你。4) 想方设法显得与众不同。
In addition, there are four keys to getting hired: 1) Prepare to win; 2) Never stop learning; 3) Believe in yourself, even when no one else does; 4) Find a way to make difference.
5.拥有了这些品质就会在求职中获得成功。
All these will lead you to be a successful job hunter.
Unit4
1.在人类历史上，所有的强国最终往往衰落，并且为新兴的帝国所取代。
In the history of mankind, all powerful nations tended to decline eventually and gave way to other new empires.
2. 但是，美国现在并没有落败。因为美国新型的社会模式与以往的大相径庭。
But America is not on the decline, for the new type of society is entirely different from any that has gone before it.
3.这个国家正在通过融合太平洋文化、拉丁文化和亚洲文化创造一种拼盘式的文化。This nation is in the process of creating a collage-like civilization by fusing with the Pacific, Hispanic and Asian cultures.
4.一个典型的城市就是洛杉矶。在这里，如此众多的种族、民族和文化正在同时创建一个多元文化的社会。
A typical city is Los Angeles,in which so many races, nationalities, and cultures are simultaneously creating a society of pluralism.
5.因此，在美国每一个人都有尝试的机会。这便构成了这个国家发展的潜力。Therefore, in America everyone has the chance to try, which makes up this country’s potential of development.
Unit5
Summary
1, 就我来说, 很难对一个人进行判断,因为外表往往是靠不住的.
For my part, it is no easy job to judge people for appearances are all too often deceptive.
2, 从外表和举止上看,伯顿好象是一个浑然一体/表里如一的人.
As far as appearance and manners were concerned, Burton seemed a man all of a piece.
3, 善良文雅,伯顿看上去连蚂蚁都不忍伤害.
Kind and gentle, Burton appeared as if he could not bear to hurt an ant.
4, 然而,他队需要帮助的朋友却很残忍.
Nevertheless, he turned out to be cruel to a friend in need of help.
5, 他侮辱和愚弄山穷水尽的特纳,对他的死全然冷漠无情.
He insulted and fooled Turner who was down and out, and was completely indifferent to Turner’s death.
Unit6
1. 以前，我们都认为技术的发展会使我们的生活变得更加安逸。
Once upon a time, technology, we thought, would make our lives easier.
2. 但是技术发展并没有把我们解放出来，反而使我们自己成为了奴隶，人们不得不一直忙碌着。
But instead of liberating us, technology has enslaved us. People are obliged to be on the go all the time.
3. 生活的节奏似乎比以前更快。结果，当人们努力挣扎着去应付被他们看做是时间缺乏的问题时，他们就感受到了压力。
The pace of life seems to grow ever faster.As a result, feelings of stress are common as people struggle to cope with what they see as a shortage of time.
4. 这样广泛存在的感情部分是由大量涌向我们的信息导致的。
Such widespread feelings are in part caused by the large quantity of information that comes pouring in on us.
5.如果我们希望逃避分秒不饶人的时间，我们应学会设定更加现实的目标。
We should learn to set more realistic goals for ourselves if we are to hope to escape from the tyranny of time.
UNIT 1
攻势已经持续了三天，但是我们并没有取得多少进展。师长(division commander)命令我们营(battalion) 夜晚绕到敌人后方发起突然袭击。然而，要绕到敌人后方，我们必须越过一片沼泽地 (marshland)。我们很多人担心会陷入泥潭之中。我们营长决定冒一下险。所幸由于寒冷天气沼泽地都结上了冰，我们于天亮前到达目的地并从敌人后方发起进攻。这一下扭转了战局。敌人没有戒
备，不久便投降了。
The offensive had already lasted three days, but we had not gained much ground. The division commander instructed our battalion to get around to the rear of the enemy at night and launch a surprise attack. To do so, however, we had to cross marshland and many of us were afraid we might get bogged down in the mud. Our battalion commander decided to take a gamble . Lucky enough, thanks to the severely cold weather which made the marchland freeze over, we arrived at our destination before dawn and began attacking the enemy from the rear. This turned the tide of the battle. The enemy, caught off guard , soon surrendered.
UNIT 2
汽车自从发明以来使交通运输发生了革命性的变化，永远地改变了人们的生活、旅行和办事的方式。但另一方面，也带来了危害，尤其是公路死亡事故。然而，现今由于计算机技术和电子传感器的使用，有可能消除发生的大多数交通事故。例如，装在你汽车上的电子传感器能检测到空气中的酒精雾汽并拒绝启动引擎。同样，传感器还能通过接受在轨道上运行的卫星发出的信号监测路况并大大
减少你陷入交通拥堵的可能性。
Automobiles have, since their invention, revolutionized transportation, changing forever the way people live, travel, and do business. On the other hand, they have brought hazards, especially highway fatalities. However, today the application of computer technology and electronic sensors in designing and manufacturing cars makes it possible to eliminate most of traffic accidents. For example, electronic sensors mounted in your car can detect alcohol vapor in the air and refuse to start up the engine. They can also monitor road conditions by receiving radio signals sent out from orbiting satellites and greatly reduce your chances of getting stuck in traffic jams.
UNIT3
常言道，好的开端是成功的一半。在求职时，求职者事先做好充分的准备是非常重要的。我认为，事先做不做准备显然会影响求职者的成功机会。
我的一位朋友在一家大型计算机软件公司供职，年薪十万美元左右。他根据自己的经历告诉我说，那些面试未来雇员的具有录用决定权的人喜欢有充分准备的人。那些没有在了解未来雇主方面尽全
力的人很难有成功的希望。
Well begun, half done, as the saying goes. It is extremely important for a job applicant to do his homework while seeking employment. From my standpoint, whether or not one has done his homework clearly makes a difference in his chance of success.
I have a friend who is earning somewhere in the neighborhood of100,000 dollars a year in a large computer software company. He told me that from his own experience the decision makers who interview prospective employees like people who are well prepared. Those who make no endeavor to learn as much about his prospective employer as possible don't have much of a chance of success.
UNIT 4
全球化对中国年轻人具有重大影响。例如，年轻的农民正在大规模流向城市寻找工作。而对那些想出国深造或进外企工作的年轻人来说，英语变得越来越重要。另一方面，许多海外学子近年来回归祖国，因为他们看好中国经济的长期增长前景。因特网加强了中国年轻人和其它地方年轻人的联系。他们跟踪最新的潮流，模仿外国的时尚。他们中一些人似乎不在乎中国的传统美德，更不要说发扬
光大，这使得有人忧虑中国传统文化会不会有一天终将消失。
Globalization has great implications for young Chinese. For example, young farmers are moving on a large scale to urban areas to look for jobs. And for those young people who aspire to study abroad or work in foreign-invested enterprises, English has become increasingly important. At the same time, a considerable number of overseas Chinese students have returned home in recent years, for they hold an optimistic outlook for the long-term growth of the Chinese economy. The Internet has strengthened the links between Chinese young people and those elsewhere. They follow the latest trend and copy foreign fashions. Some of them don't seem to care for traditional Chinese virtues, let alone carry them forward, which has given rise to worries that the traditional Chinese culture might one day vanish.
UNIT 5
就我来说，我发现外表往往是靠不住的。譬如，要是你仅凭外表去判断诸如爱德华·海德·伯顿这样的人，你就错了。外表上，伯顿像是个表里一致的人。他个子很小，满头白发，有着一双温和、蔚蓝的眼睛，文雅且坦率。然而，他原来却是十分的残忍。他侮辱和愚弄穷困潦倒的伦尼，让他去做
那样的蠢事。更让人吃惊的是，他对伦尼的死全然冷漠无情。毫无疑问，他是个铁石心肠的家伙。For my own part, I find that appearances are all too often deceptive. For instance, you might be wrong if you judged by appearances only people like Edward Hyde Burton. In appearance, he seemed a man all of a piece. He was a tiny little fellow with white hair and mild blue eyes, gentle and candid. Nevertheless, he turned out to be very cruel. He insulted and fooled Lenny who was down and out and made him commit himself to an insane venture. What was still more surprising was that he was completely indifferent to Lenny's death. Without doubt, Burton was a man with a heart of stone.
UNIT 6
当今我们处于持续的压力之下，要工作更长的时间，要生产更多，拥有更多。许多人有一种错误的认识：幸福就在于拼命地干，使劲地赚。
许多妇女今天感到同样的压力，要工作，要出人头地，而与此同时，又要养育子女，承担起家庭责任的负担。
研究表明，工作狂（workaholism）往往使我们与家人的关系疏远。他会迫使我们长时间辛苦劳作，仅留微乎其微的时间与我们的亲人呆在一起、交流感情。家庭成员之间的亲密关系在此过程中注定
要消亡。
Today we ar e under constant pressure to work longer hours, to produce more, a nd to possess more. Lots of people hold the wrong perception that happiness lie s in working hard and earning well/ good money.
Many women today feel the same stress to work and get ahead and, at the same time, to nurture their offspring and shoulder the burden of domestic responsibi lities.
Research shows that workaholism tends to d istance us from our immediate fam ilies. It forces us to toil longer and longer hours, leaving a minute fraction of ou r time to be physically and emotionally available to our loved ones. Intimacy am ong family members is doomed to die in the process.
新题型综合训练中与所学单元对应的翻译题部分
大学英语一期末考试题以及答案(完整版)
精心整理 大学英语（一） 行政班级分级班级姓名学号 I II III IV V 总分 (请将答案写在答题卡上） 得分 PartⅠListening Comprehension (15%) 听力题（共15题,每题1分,共15分） Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions:There are 5 recorded questions in it. After each question, there is a pause. The question will be spoken only once. 1. A. A testing system. B. A monitor system. C. A measuring system. D. A control system. 2. A. Car prices. B. Car services.
C. The company’s business. D. The company’s culture. 3. A. It’s easy to do. B. It’s challenging. C. He can get a high pay. D. He did the same job before. 4. A. She’ll meet a friend. B. She’ll take a flight. C. She’ll attend an interview at 5:00. D. She’ll see a doctor before 5:00. 5. A. She will report the complaint to the manager. B. The manager refused to talk to the man. C. The manager was on a business trip. D. She will deal with the complaint. Section B Directions:There are 2 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there are some recorded questions. Both the conversations and questions will be spoken two times. Conversation 1
扬州大学期末考试军事理论重点
第一章：中国国防 【知识点】 1.国防的概念及其基本要素。现代国防的基本类型。 国防的概念：国家为防备和抵抗侵略，制止武装颠覆，保卫国家主权，统一，领土完整和安全所进行的军事活动，以及与军事有关的政治，经济，科技，外交， 教育等方面的活动。 基本要素：一是国防的主体即国家；二是国防的对象即入侵外敌及武装颠覆；三是国防的目的即保卫国家的主权，统一，领土完整和安全；四是国防的手段即 军事活动，以及与军事有关的政治，经济，外交，科技，教育等方面的活动。 现代国防的基本类型：当今世界各国的国防类型按军事战略和国防建设的目标可以归纳 为四种类型：扩张型（美国）联盟型（日本，韩国，北约中28 个国家）自卫型（中国）中立型（瑞士，瑞典） 2.中国国防历史的启示。 启示：①经济发展是国防强大的基础②政治昌明是国防巩固的根本③国家统一和民族团结是国防强大的关键 3.国防法规的概念及其特性。 国防法规的概念：调整国防和武装力量建设领域各种社会关系的法律法规的总和 特性：（一）调整对象的军事性（二）司法适用的优先性（三）处罚措施的严厉性 4.中国现行的主要国防法规。 国防法、兵役法、国防教育法、人民防空法和国防动员法 5.我国现行的兵役制度。 中华人民共和国实行义务兵与志愿兵相结合，民兵与预备役相结合的兵役制度。 6.应届高校毕业生入伍的三种形式。 ①作为义务兵应征入伍②按军官待遇入伍③作为士官应征入伍 7.全民国防教育日的时间：每年九月的第三个星期六 8.我国公民的国防义务和权利。公民履行兵役义务的三种形式。 ㈠权利：对国防建设提出建议的权利、检举危害国防行为的权利，国防活动中获得经济损失补偿的权利。 ㈡义务：兵役义务（三种形式：服现役，服预备役，参加军事训练）、接受国防教育义务、保护国防设施义务、保护国防密码义务、协助国防活动义务。 9.国防建设的概念。新中国国防建设取得的主要成就。 国防建设的概念：为国家安全利益需要，提高国防能力而进行的各方面的建设，是国 家建设的重要组成部分。 主要成就：（一）中国人民解放军的现代化，正规化和革命化建设取得突破性进展。 （二）形成了门类齐全，综合配套的国防科技工业体系。 （三）国防后备力量建设取得长足发展。 10.国防政策的概念。新时期中国国防目标和任务的主要内容。 国防政策的概念：国家在一定时期所制定的关于国防建设和国防斗争的行动准则。 国防目标任务的主要内容：（一）维护国家主权，安全，发展利益（二）维护社会和谐 稳定(三)推进国防和军队现代化（四）维护世界和平稳定 11.武装力量的概念。中国武装力量的构成。 武装力量的概念：国家或政治集团所拥有的各种武装组织的总称 中国武装力量的构成：中国人民解放军，中国人民武装警察部队，民兵
0l-xjubb大学英语期中考试与平日成绩评分细则
、 .~ 1 我们‖打〈败〉了敌人。 ②我们‖〔把敌人〕打〈败〉了。 大学英语期中考试与平日成绩评分细则 （2010—2011第2学期） 为了贯彻落实教育部《大学英语课程基本要求》中对培养学生英语综合应用能力的精神，在日常教学中，通过加强形成性评估所占比重，对学生的学习全过程进行科学的考察、督促和评价，从而实现帮助学生掌握科学的学习方法，改善英语学习效度，培养自主学习能力的目的。本学期期中考试与平时成绩评分细则如下： 一、平日成绩〈本科20分，专科40分〉 平日成绩由两部分组成：学生课堂表现以及学生作业的完成情况。 1、课堂表现根据课堂上学生回答教师提问、课文预习、单词听写、课 文朗读或背诵、课堂出勤、参与课堂互动活动等表现打分。本科学生课堂表现满分为10分，专科学生课堂表现满分为30分； 2．作业根据学生是否按时完成教师布置的笔头或口头作业，作业完成质量情况酌情打分。本科学生作业成绩满分为10分，专科学生作业成绩满分为10分； 二、口语考试 按照教学计划，本学期期中口语考试定于第十一周进行，在学生总评成绩中所占分值分别为专科20分；2009级本科及2010级本科音体美专业20分； 2010级本科（不含音体美专业）口语考试成绩包括读写教师期中口语考试10分和外教口语课10分两部分； 1.考试方式： 1）考试按照教学计划随堂进行。 2）以小组讨论为基本形式，学生自由结合，4-6人一组。从上述话题中自由选题，由一人执笔写出一篇英文报告。 内容包括：题目、小组成员、准备所用时间、每个成员的观点（每人120词左右）、结论。 3）考试时每个小组要有一人串联谈话内容并做出总结，成员之间要有互动交流，避免孤立地背诵。成员之间观点一致时要就观点做出深入阐述。 4）每个小组限时5分钟。
大学英语B级期末考试题与答案
Test Seven, Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (15 minutes) Directions: This part is to test your listening ability. It consists of 3 sections. Section A Directions: This section is to test your ability to give proper answers to questions. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a pause. The questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 1. A) Mary is not here, because she is ill. B) No, it isn't. C) Yes, it is. D) We are ready. 2.A) I am not hungry. B) But the price is too high. C) I like doing some cooking. D) I want to have a rest. 3.A) No, you can't. B) Yes, you can. C) I want a seat near the window. D) That's all right. 4. A) Thank you. B) I agree with you. C) Me, too. D) A little better. 5.A) It's snowing now. B) I like it. C) Yes, the grounds are white. D) it sounds good. Section B Directions: This section is to test your ability to understand short dialogues. There are 5 recorded dialogues in it. After each dialogue, there is a recorded question. Both the dialogues and questions will be spoken two times. When you hear a question, you should decide on the correct answer from the 4 choices marked A) , B) , C) and D) given in your test paper. Then you should mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. 6.A) $16. B) $32. C) $8. D) $64. 7.A) Patient and doctor. B) Waitress and customer. C) Wife and husband. D) Secretary and boss. 8. A) Worried and frightened. B) Quite unhappy. C) Very relaxed. D) Angry with the professor. 9. A) The woman was late for coming. B) The woman asked the man to wait. C) The man was annoyed by her late coming. D) The man was quite all right. 10. A) Young people are quick in making decisions. B) They seldom stay long on one job. C) They are easy to lose jobs. D) They are too eager to succeed. Section C Directions: In this section you will hear a recorded passage. The passage is printed in the test paper, but with some words or phrases missing. The passage will be read three times. During the second reading, you are required to put the missing words or phrases on the Answer Sheet in order of the numbered blanks according to what you have heard. The third reading is for you to check your writing. Now the passage will begin. Dick was a sailor on a big ship. It went to Japan and Australia, so Dick was often on the ship for some months at a time. When he (11) up in the morning and looked out, he only (12) the sea, or sometimes a port. When he was twenty-three, Dick married and bought a small (13) with a garden in his wife's town. It was (14) away from the sea. Then he had to go back to his ship, and was away (15) home for two months. He went from the port to the town by bus, and was very happy to see his wife again.
扬州大学期末考试气象学名词解释
气象学解释题 昼夜形成的原因：1、地球本身是一个不透明不发光的球体2、太阳光在同一时间内只能照到地球的一半表面积3、地球的自转！ 昼夜交替形成的原因：地球的自转 四季形成的根本原因：公转时地轴与公转轨道面成66°的倾斜角【太阳高度角在变化各地获得的热量也在变化所以形成了四季，角度越大热量越多昼越长】 天空的蔚蓝色：当天空晴朗时，大多数质点比较小时，发生了一种有选择性的散射，其散射强度与波长的四次方成反比，阳光中波长较短的蓝光更容易被散射，使得天空呈现蔚蓝色 阴天的乳白色：阴天或有雾时，大气质点较大时，发生了一种无选择的，同程度的粗粒散射【阳光是复合光，看起来是白色的】 秋冬耕制过的地块易有霜出现：粗糙不平的下垫面比平滑下垫面的地面有效辐射要大，地面温度特别低，近地面的水蒸气遇冷凝华成小冰晶附着在地面或植物上形成了霜 气旋多阴雨天气的原因：在摩擦层，由于摩擦作用，气旋中的气流在逆时针旋转（北半球）的同时向中心辐合，产生上升运动，空气绝热冷却，水汽凝结，成云致雨，多阴雨天气 反气旋多晴好天气的原因：在摩擦层，由于摩擦作用，反气旋中的气流在顺时针旋转（北半球）的同时由中心向四周辐散，产生下沉运动，空气绝热增温，致使反气旋氛围内的广大区域无云或少云，多晴朗天气。 【补充】 碰并增长（吞并现象）：云滴在大气的上升、下降及乱流混合作用下发生相互碰撞并合并成较大云滴的过程。【名词解释同时在出现在降水的形成过程中】 洋流：指大规模的海水的定向流动 暖流：由低纬度流向高纬度称为暖流，影响所到地区冬季偏暖，气温年变幅小，降水略多寒流：由高纬度流向低纬度称为寒流，影响所到地区冬季寒冷，气温年变幅大，干燥，降水少 盆地气候年较差大，趋于严酷 高山气候年较差小，趋于温和 山地的迎风坡降水多于背风坡。【原因：气流被迫抬升，温度降低，水汽压饱和】 中国气候： （1）季风气候明显表现在： 1、风向的转换上：夏季偏南风，冬季偏北风 夏季风渐进3~6月北进，7~8月控制我国（盛行） 冬季风突进9~10月南下，11~12月控制我国（盛行） 2、气温上的反映：我国的气温年较差比世界上同纬度地区大 3、降水上的反映：1、雨季起止日期与夏季风的进退日期保持一致 2、年降水量的季节分配以夏季为多 3、我国降水的时间分布是由东南沿海向西北递减 （2）大陆性强： 1、大陆度（K）：【名词解释和公式不说了……】K>=50为大陆性气候，K越大大陆性越强；K<50为海洋性气候，K越小海洋性越强 2、我国大陆度的分布：我国除东南沿海狭窄地带外，绝大部分地区的K值均>=50，新疆、内蒙、东北是典型的大陆性气候地区 （3）温较差异大 1、气温年较差比世界同纬度地区大
人教版六年级上册数学 期末考试试题及答案解析
2020-2021学年度第一学期期末测试 六年级数学试题 （考试时间：90分钟试卷分值：100分） 一、选择题（10分） 1. 甲数是100，比乙数多20，甲数比乙数多（）。 A、25% B、125% C、16.7 D.20% 2. 若a是非零自然数，下列算式中的计算结果最大的是（）。 A. a ×5 8 B. a÷ 5 8 C. a ÷ 3 2 D. 3 2 ÷a 3. 已知a的1 4 等于b的 1 5 （a、b均不为0），那么（）。 A、a=b B、 a 〉b C、 b〉a D. 无法判断 4. 一个长方形的周长是32厘米，长与宽的比是5：3，则这个长方形的面积是（）平方厘米。 A、16 B、60 C、30 D. 15 5. 一根绳子剪成两段，第一段长3 7 米，第二段占全长的 3 7 ，两段相比（）。 A. 第一段长 B. 第二段长 C. 一样长 D. 无法确定 6. 要表示出陈老师家今年六月份各项生活支出占月总收入的百分比情况，用（）统计图比较合适。 A.扇形 B.折线 C.条形 7. 一种商品原价1000元，第一季度售价比原价降低10%，第二季度售价比第一季度再降低10%，第二季度的售价是（）元。 A.800 B.810 C.900 8. 如果x、y互为倒数，那么“xy+3”的计算结果是（）。 A.3 B.4 C.不能确定 9. 六（2）班有男生25人，比女生多5人，男生人数比女生人数多百分之几？
正确的列式是（）。 A.（25-5）÷25 B.5÷（25+5） C.5÷（25-5） 10. 把一个圆平均分成32份，然后剪开，拼成一个近似的长方形，这个转化过程中（）。 A.周长、面积都没变 B.周长没变，面积边了 C.周长变了，面积没变 二、判断题（5分） （1）、4∶5的后项扩大3倍，要使比值不变，前项也应扩大3倍。（）（2）、半径是2厘米的圆它的周长和面积相等。（） （3）、如果男生人数比女生人数多，那么女生人数就比男生人数少．（）（4）、一批布用去了40%，还剩60%米。（）（5）、李家民做50道口算题，每题都正确，正确率就是50%。（） 三、填空题（20分） 1、45分=（）小时 450千克=（）吨。 2、25%的计数单位是（），它有（）这样的计数单位，再加上（）个这样的计数单位就等于1。 3、225：45化成最简整数比是（），比值是（）。 4、在一个长10cm宽8cm的长方形内画一个最大的圆，这个圆的周长是（）cm ,面积是（）cm2 。 5、把3米长的铁丝平均分成5段，每段是（）米，每段占全长的（）%。 6、（）千克的25%是12千克，比4.5米长三分之一的是（）米。 7、大圆的半径等于小圆的直径，大圆与小圆的周长比是（）， 大圆与小圆的面积比是（）。 8、某班男生与女生的比是4：5，那么男生是女生的（）%，女生比男生多（）%。 9、在一个长25厘米，宽20厘米的长方形铁片上切下一个最大的圆，这个圆的
大学英语3 期中考试答案
Unit 1 Education: A Transformation of the Soul 1On my first day of high school, my teacher showed the class a Power Point presentation entitled The Value of Education. The first slide read simply this: ―Education = $‖. I felt uncomfortable, not knowing exactly why. 2 Education, throughout my high school experience, continued to be described to me like this: college means a diploma. A diploma means a better job. A better job means more money. More money means a good life. But I wondered who had decided the criteria for a ―better‖ job and a ―good‖ life. It all seemed so mathematical. Education was presented to me as an equation equaling a person I had not chosen to be. 重点单词的句子翻译： 1.她读了一首题为《想起你》的诗。(entitle) 2.他给这本书取名为《野性的爱》。(entitle) 3.教育的关键在于激励和享受，而不是一所学校或一个大学文凭。(diploma) 4.那青年用了3 年的时间取得研究生文凭。(diploma) 5.我自己成功的标准是能够努力工作和快乐生活。(criteria) 3 I went on to college, of course, as everyone told me to do. College is how you become an earner, they told me. My major that first semester was International Relations. I liked the woman I envisioned myself as in this field – a diplomat, a savvy citizen of the world. But gradually I began to realize that this person was not someone I bore any resemblance to. She was, rather, a clone of the well-educated, well-moneyed ideal my teacher had presented to me years ago. This woman had earning potential; she was smart and worldly. But she was not someone I would become. She had nothing I really wanted.
大学英语一级期末考试试题
大学英语一级期末考试试题（B卷） 课程名称:《大学英语读写I 》任课教师签名: 大学英语教学部（一教） 出题教师签名: 题库审题教师签名: 张文君_____ 考试方式（闭）卷适用专业 07级化工与制药学院、材料学 院、理学院、经管学院和 法学院共58个班 考试时间（ 120 ）分钟 Part I. Reading Comprehension (2’X20=40’) Directions: Read the following three passages carefully and do the multiple-choice questions. Passage One Dogs are social animals and without proper training, they will behave like wild animals. They spoil your house, destroy your belongings, bark excessively, fight other dogs and even bite you. Nearly all behavior problems are perfectly normal dog activities that occur at the wrong time or place or are directed at the wrong things. The key to preventing or treating behavior problem is learning to teach the dog to redirect its normal behavior problems, but it is the foundation for solving just about any problem. Training opens up a line of communication between you and your dog. Effective communication is necessary to instruct your dog about what you want it to do. Training is also an easy way to establish the social rank order. When your dog obeys a simple request of “come here, sit”, it is showing obedience and respect for you. It is necessary to establish yourself as top dog or leader of the dog pack by using extreme measures. You can teach your dog its subordinate role by teaching it to show submission to you. Most dogs love performing tricks for you pleasantly if they accept that you are in charge. Tainting should be fun and rewarding for you and your dog. It can enrich your relationship and make living together more enjoyable. A well-trained dog is more confident and more safely allowed a greater amount of freedom than an untrained animal. 1. Behavior problems of dogs are believed to _______. A) worsen in modern society B) be just part of their nature C) occur when they go wild D) present at threat to the community 2. The primary purpose of obedience training is to ________. A) enable the dog to regain its normal behavior B) teach the dog to perform clever tricks C) make the dog aware of its owner’s authority D) provide the dog with outlets for its wild behavior 3. Effective communication between a dog and its owner is _______. A) an extreme measure in obedience training B) a good way to teach the dog new tricks C) the foundation for dogs to perform tasks D) essential to solve the dog’s behavior problems 4. Why do pet dogs love performing tricks for their masters? A) To show their willingness to obey. B) To show their affection for their masters. C) To avoid being punished. D) To win leadership of the dog pack. 5. When a dog has received effective obedience training, its owner________. A) will enjoy a better family life. B) can give the dog more freedom C) can give the dog more rewards D) will have more confidence in himself Passage Two: Once upon a time there was a wise man that used to go to the ocean to do his writing. He had a habit of walking on the beach before he began his work. One day he was walking along the shore. As he looked down the beach, he saw a human figure moving like a dancer. He smiled to himself at the thought of someone who would dance on the beach. So he began to walk faster to catch up. As he got closer, he saw that it was a young man and the young man wasn't dancing, but instead he was reaching down to the shore, picking up something and
扬州大学基因工程期末试题复习要点整理
基因工程期末试题复习要点整理 基因工程是70年代出现的一门科学，是生物学最具生命力和最引人注目的前沿科学之一，是现代生物技术的代表，是生命科学类专业中的一门重要的专业课。本课程主要介绍基因工程概述、重组DNA基本技术及原理、基因克隆、基因的分离及鉴定、基因工程的表达系统、基因工程的应用等。通过本课程的学习，使学生掌握基因工程技术的基本原理和了解该技术在动物、植物和微生物等方面的应用，为今后从事生物学教学、生物技术研究和产品开发，或进一步的研究生学习科研打下坚实的理论及专业基础。扬州大学试题纸 一、名词解释：共10题，每题2分，共20分。 1. 基因: 是DNA分子中含有特定遗传信息的一段核苷酸序列，是遗传物质的最小功能单位。 2. 定位克隆: 获取基因在染色体上的位置信息，然后采用各种方法对该基因进行定位和克隆 3. 融合基因: 是指应用DNA体外重组技术构建的一类具有来自两个或两个以上的不同基因核苷酸序列的新型基因。 4. 转化子: 导入外源DNA后获得了新遗传标志的细菌细胞或其他受体细胞，又称重组体。 5. 人工接头：是人工合成的具有一个或数个特定限制性内切酶识别和切割序列的双股平端DNA短序列。 6. RT-PCR: 是指以mRNA在反转录酶作用下合成cDNA第一链为模板进行的PCR。 7. ORF : 起始于AUG、止于UAA、UGA、UAG的连续的密码子区域，是潜在的编码区。 8. MCS: 指载体上人工合成的含有紧密排列的多种限制核酸内切酶的酶切位点的DNA片段。 9. gene targeting : 基因工程中利用活细胞染色体DNA可与外源DNA的同源性DNA序列发生重组的性质，来进行定点修饰改造染色体上某一目的基因的技术 10. 5’RACE: 是一种通过PCR进行cDNA末端快速克隆的技术，是以mRNA为模板反转录成cDNA第一链后用PCR技术扩增出某个特异位点到5’端之间未知序列的方法。 四、简答题：共4题，共20分。 1．简述获得目的基因常用的几种方法。（5分）
2016级大学英语 I 期末考试题型及分值(新视野)
2016级大学英语I 期末考试题型及分值 (新视野) I.Writing （15 分） 选题范围尽量贴近所学单元的主题。 II.Listening （25 分，每题1分）(视听说课本内容占10分) 基本按照四级新题型。课本内容来自《视听说I》所学单元的 Further Listening部分。 (1)Section A: 新闻3篇，共7题。（课外） (2)Section B: 长对话2个。每个对话后各有4个问题，一共8题。 （1篇<4分>来自视听说所学单元，1篇来自课外） (3)Section C: 短文3篇。共10题。（2篇<共6分>来自视听说所 学单元+ 1篇课外） III.Reading （40 分）（课本的内容占20分） 1)Word Bank ：15选10型填空阅读(10 分，每空1分) Direction: 共10题。范围来自所学读写单元课后Section A和 《综合训练册》相应单元的练习题。 2）Locating信息匹配题(10 分，每题1分) Direction: 共10题。所选材料来自课外。10个句子，找出每 个句子信息所对应的段落。
3）In-depth reading (20 分，每题2分) Direction: 2篇，每篇5个问题，共10题。课内1篇+ 课外1篇，课内的范围来自于《综合训练册》相应读写单元的选择题型篇章阅读。 IV. English-to-Chinese Translation (10分) （课本内容占10分）“英译汉”段落翻译。 要求：本题为翻译一段约80-100字的英语段落。材料选自所学读写单元text A的课文某段落。 V．Chinese-to-English Translation (10分) （课本内容占10分）“汉译英”段落翻译。 要求：本题为翻译一段约120字的汉语段落，考察长句翻译的技巧，语言点的运用和语内连贯的处理。材料选自所学 读写单元text A的课后练习& 《综合训练册》相应单 元的汉译英段落翻译习题。 提示：凡是来自读写课堂所学内容均指教学计划内的1，3，5，6，7单元的Section A部分，不选自Section B部分。 此范围课本内容和课外内容的比例是 5 : 5 。
创新大学英语一期中考试试题B音体美试题
创新大学英语一期中考试试题B音体美试题 This manuscript was revised on November 28, 2020
Mid-term Examination for Freshmen 姓名：班级：学号：成绩： Part I Translation Directions: Translate the following words and phrases. (8×1'+6×2') 1.sophomore ______ 2. schedule ______ 3. association ______ 4. dormitory ______ 5. admiration ______ 6. outlooks ______ 7. betray ______ 8. cherish ______ 9. in times of trouble and tension _________________________________ 10. make new acquaintances and friends _________________________________ 11. dispel feelings of isolation and loneliness ________________________________ 12. read one’s mind _________________________________ 13. get involved in social activities _________________________________ 14. smooth the transition from …to…_________________________________ Part II Vocabulary Directions: Fill in the blanks using some of the word and phrase given below the form where necessary. Change their form if necessary. （14×2'） 1.The final results of the experiment are _______ on December 9. 2.We only had time to pack a few _______. 3. A newborn baby needs _______ care and attention. 4.My father _______ to be in good health. 5.An unhappy home _______ can affect a child’s behavior. 6.The literature course has been hard work, but very _______. 7.Some hospital patients experience high levels of _______.
2018年大学英语第一学期期末考试
2018年大学英语第一学期期末考试(A卷) Part II Reading Comprehension (30 %) Directions: There are four passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage One Science is not a set of unquestionable results but a way of understanding the world around us. Its real work is slow. The scientific method , as many of us learned in school, is a gradual process that begins with a purpose or problem or question to be answered. It includes a list of materials, a procedure to follow, a set of observations to make and, finally, conclusions to reach. In medicine, when a new drug is proposed that might cure or control a disease, it is first tested on a large random group of people, and their reactions are then compared with those of another random group not given the drug. All reactions in both groups are carefully recorded and compared, and the drug is evaluated. All of this takes time and patience. It’s the result of course, that makes the best news—not the years of quiet work that characterize the bulk of scientific inquiry. After an experiment is concluded or an observation is made, the result continues to be examined critically. When it is submitted for publication, it goes to a group of the scientist’s colleagues, who review the work. Einstein was right when he said: “No amount of experimentation can ever prove me right, a single experiment can at any time prove me wrong.” In August 1996, NASA announced the discovery in Antarctica of a meteorite（流星）from Mars that might contain evidence of ancient life on another world. As President Clinton said that day, the possibility that life existed on Mars billions of years ago was potentially one of the great discoveries of our time. After the excitement wore down and initial papers were published, other researchers began looking at samples from the same meteorite. Some concluded that the “evidence of life”was mostly contamination from Antarctic ice or that there was nothing organic at all in the rock. Was this a failure of science, as some news reports trumpeted? No! It was a good example of the scientific method working the way it is supposed to. Scientists spend years on research, announce their findings, and these findings are examined by other scientists. That’s how we learn. Like climbing a mountain, we struggle up three feet and fall back two. It’s a process filled with disappointments and reverses, but somehow we keep moving ahead.