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专四语法总结

专四语法总结
专四语法总结

专四必备语法

一、时态、语态

时态、语态需要掌握的要点:

1. 表达将来时的形式:

(1) 在时间、条件、让步从句中,一般现在时代替将来时,但要注意区别从句的类型,如:

I 'll tell him when you will ring again. 话。(宾语从句)

比较:1' ll tell him when you ring again. 语从句)

(2) 在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 词用一般现在时代替将来时,如:我告诉他你什么时候再来电

你再打电话时我告诉他。(状后的that 从句中,谓语动

Seeto it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn 't know the answer to last time.

(include 不能用will include 或其他形式)

2.完成时是时态测试的重点,注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:

(1)by/between/up to/till + 过去时间、since 、by the time/when + 表示

过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。如:Wehad just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.

Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.

( 表示1919 年时已发生的情况)

(2)by + 将来时间、by the time/ when + 谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时。如:

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.

I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we comeback next year.

(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few( 或

具体数字)years/days/months ,主句用现在完成时, 但在it is + 具体时间

since/before 这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。如:

The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemedcompletely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.

It is four years since John left school.

(4) 在It is the + 序数词/ 形容词最高级+that 的定语从句中,谓语动词常用现在完成时。如:

It isn ' t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.

(5)在no sooner …than …,hardly/scarcely …when??句型中,主句常用过

去完成时。

3.完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如:

The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened. 时态、语态答题思路:

(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态,然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语,缩小选择范围,进而选出正确答案;

(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系,确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。

二、不定式

1.不定式做主语

(1)引导逻辑主语的介词:不定式的逻辑主语一般由介词for 引导, 但下列表

示人的性格行为特征的形容词做表语时, 不定式的逻辑主语则由of 引导:absurd, bold, brave, courageous, careful, careless, clever, wise, foolish, silly, stupid, good, nice, kind, thoughtful, considerate, greedy, generous, honest, modest, polite, rude, cruel, selfish, lazy, wicked, wrong。如:Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to stay healthy.

It 's clever of you to have invented such a device.

(2)不定式做主语补足语:掌握常用不定式做主语补足语的句型。注意不定式表示的动作发生的时间,并采用相应形式。如:

be said / reported / thought / believed / known / supposed + to do sth.

2.不定式做宾语掌握要求接不定式做宾语的动词:afford, arrange, attempt, claim, desire, determine, expect, fail, guarantee, endeavor, intend, pledge, pretend, resolve, request, swear, tend, venture 。如:

Even though the children pretended to be asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they came into the room.

3.不定式做定语

(1)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, last, only, not a, the, very 等限定词时,该名词用不定式做定语。如:the first woman to set foot on the moon 第一个登上月球的女性

(2)如果其动词要求不定式做宾语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:

tendency to do f tend to do, decision to do f decide to do

This book is an attempt to help you use English and recognize how it is used.

(3)如果其形容词形式要求接不定式做补语,相应的名词一般用不定式做定

语。如:

ambition to do “干的雄心” f be ambitious to do “有雄心干” curiosity to do “对的好奇心” f be curious to do “对好奇” ability to do “做

的能力” f able to do “有能力做”

Accordin g to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species ' ability to survive are naturally selected and passed on to succeeding generation.

(4)表示方式、原因、时间、机会、权利等名词用不定式做定语,这些名词包括:

way, method, reason, time, place, chance, occasion, opportunity, evidence,

power, right, movement, drive ( 运动) ,effort 等。如:I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time to catch the last bus.

We appreciate your efforts to bring about a comprehensive solution to the existing problem.

(5)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 习惯上用不定式做定语。如:

Thoughwe have madegreat progress, there is still muchto be improved.

4.不定式做状语不定式做状语主要表示目的、程度、结果、方式。

(1)in order to(do), so as to(do) 结构引导目的状语,so as to 不能置于

句首。如:

(2)so…as to, such …as to, enough …to, too …to结构做程度状语。如:

The solution works only for couples whoare self- employed, don't have small children and get along well enough to spend most of their time together.

The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are so trivial and few as hardly to be noticed.

(3)不定式做结果状语只能出现在句子的末尾,表示不愉快的结果,有时用only 加强语气。

常见的不定式动词有find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。如:

Greatly agitated, I rushed to the apartment and tried the door, only to

find it locked.

(4)not/n ever too …to, too …n ot to, but/only too …to, too

ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义。如:

I am only too pleased to hear from you further. 能再听到你的消息,

我太高兴了。

三、动名词

1.必须接动名词做宾语的动词牢记下列要求接动名词做宾语的动词:acknowledge, advocate, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, admit, confess, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, fancy, favor, finish, forgive, imagine, involve, justify, mention, pardon, practice, postpone, recall ,recollect ,risk, resist, suggest, tolerate 。如:

I appreciate having been given the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.

2.动名词做介词短语

考生尤其要识别下列短语中的to 是介词,不是不定式符号:

object to, resort to, react to, contribute to, look forward to, be accustomed to, be committed to, be exposed to, be subjected to, be devoted to, be dedicated to, be opposed to, be reconciled to, be contrary to, be

(get) used to, comeclose to, get dow nto, give on eself up to, prefer …to, see to, set to, take to, in addition to, with regard to, with a view to, on the way to 。如:

四、分词分词起形容词和副词的作用,在句中做定语或状语。在概念上应清楚:

? 现在分词表示主动,表示动作在进行。

? 过去分词表示被动,表示动作结束了的状态或结果。

1.分词做定语,弄清现在分词与过去分词的区别

分词短语做定语相当于省略了的定语从句,考生应掌握:

(1)现在分词与被修饰词之间具有主动意义。如:

It 's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes taking place in our ever-increasing world.( 相当于the changes which take place...)

There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that

I read recently giving what he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.( 相当于which gave...)

Howmanyof us attending, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in the discussion?

(相当于How many of us who will attend...)

(2)过去分词与被修饰词之间具有被动意义。如:

Good news was sometimes released prematurely, with the British recapture of the port announced half a day before the defenders actually surrendered.( 相当于…recapture of the port which had been announced…)

Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each newphone added to the system, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.( 相当于…each newphone which is added to …)

The author gave a detailed description based on his personal observation of nature.

( 相当于… description which was based on …)

(3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义:deceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently comes 如:an escaped prisoner 一个逃犯 a retired worker 一位退休工人

a faded curtain 一个褪了色的窗帘 a newly arrived student 一个新来

的学生

2.分词做状语,注意区分分词的一般式与完成式

(1)表示时间,多置于句首,注意如果分词表示的动作的时间先于谓语动词,要用完成式。如:

Having completed one task, we started on another one. (complete 先于start 之前发生)

(2)表示原因,置于句首句尾均可,根据情况有时要用完成式,有时用一般式。如:

He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the society, being considered insufficiently popular with all members.

There seemed little hope that the explorer, having been deserted in the tropical forest, would find his way through it.

(3)表示伴随、方式,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:

Helen borrowed my dictionary the other day saying that she would return it soon.

Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely lost to the outside world.

(4) 表示结果,置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:The city found itself in a crisis situation last summerwhen the air conditioning on dozens of the new buses broke down, them unusable.

(5)表示补充说明(同位),置于句尾,用分词的一般式。如:The article ope ns and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each making one major point in contrast with the other.

Ford tried dividing the labor, each worker assigned a separate task.

3.分词的独立主格结构

分词的逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则分词短语要有自己的逻辑主语,称为分词独立主格结构。分词独立主格结构只是句子的一个部分。如:

All flights having been canceled because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.

Darkness setting in, the young couple lingered on merrymaking.

五、非谓语动词的其他考点

1.接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法

mean to do 想要(做某事)propose to do 打算(做某事)

mean doing 意味(做某事)propose doing 建议(做某事)

forget to do 忘记(要做的事) remember to do 记得(要做某事) forget doing 忘记(已做的事) remember doing 记得(已做过的事) go on to do 继而(做另一件事)stop to do 停下来去做另一件事

go on doing 继续(做原来的事)stop doing 停止正在做的事

regret to do(对将要做的事)遗憾regret doing(对已做过的事)后悔

2.不定式的习惯用法句型:

cannot help but do cannot but do

cannot choose but do can do nothing but do

have no choice/alternative but to do

上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做”、“不禁做”、“不由自主地做”、

大学英语语法大全_太经典了

大学英语语法 学习提纲 一、词类、句子成分和构词法: 1、词类:英语词类分十种: 名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。 1、名词(n.):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange. 2、代词(pron.):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it . 3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.):表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth. 5、动词(v.):表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see . 6、副词(adv.):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly. 7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind. 9、连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before . 10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello. 2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。 1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如: I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐) 2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间) 3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、 代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如: He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词) 有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间 接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给 我写了一封信) 有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾 语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信) 5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

英语语法大全

《英语语法大全》 1.名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词(Common Nouns). 专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。 普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等,普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns) 物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。 归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:

1.2其它名词复数的规则变化 1)以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如:two Marys the Henrys monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays 比较:层楼:storey---storeys story---stories 2)以o结尾的名词,变复数时: a.加s,如:photo---photos piano---pianos radio---radios zoo---zoos; b.加es,如:potato--potatoes tomato--tomatoes c.均可,如:zero---zeros/zeroes 3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时: a.加s,如:belief---beliefs roof---roofs safe---safes gulf---gulfs; b.去f,fe加ves,如:half---halves knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves; c.均可,如:handkerchief:

完整版专四英语语法考点教学内容

完整版专四英语语法 考点

语法考点之一:虚拟语气 考点1. If从句中的虚拟语气 1、与过去事实相反:从句sb had done,主句sb would(should, could, might)+ have done; 2、省略if,从句的语序用到装,即将were, had或 should移至主语的前面,但否定词not不前移。 3、与将来事实相反:从句sb did (should+do或were+to do),主句sb would (should, could, might)+do。 4、错综条件句:主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间段。 比如:从句对过去虚拟,而主句对现在虚拟,即从句sb had done,主句sb would(should, could, might)+do; 考点2:表示建议、要求、命令等动词如insist, order, command, suggest, advise, propose, ask, require, request, demand引导的从句及it引导的相应的分词、名词和形容词从句,谓语用(should)+动词原形。 考点3:It is +advisable, essential, important, imperative, incredible等从句,谓语用(should)+动词原形。 考点4:it is (high/about) time that的结构中,从句使用一般过去式。例如: 考点5:much as"尽管,虽然"引导让步状语从句,从句中用would have done表示假设。 考点6:if only, wish, as if/as though引导从句, 与过去事实相反:had + done; 与现在事实相反:动词过去式; 与将来事实相反:could/would + do 考点7:would rather/sooner从句中 使用一般过去式或过去完成式 分别表示对现在或过去的虚拟 考点8:lest / for fear that+(should ) +原形动词。 语法考点之二:情态动词 *情态动词: will(愿意), shall(将), must(必须), can, may, would, should (应该), might, could, ought to, used to(过去常常), need(需要), dare(竟敢),have to(不得不) 考试中,情态动词部分重点测试以下内容: (1)情态动词+行为动词完成式(表示推测) (2)某些情态动词的特殊用法 考点1. 情态动词+have+过去分词结构表示推测 (1) must have done表示推测过去某事“一定”发生了。否定形式为:can’t / couldn’t have v-ed, 表示过去不可能发生某事。 (2) could have done表示推测过去某动作“很可能”发生了。 (3) may / might have done 表示推测过去某事“也许”发生了.

近5年专四语法习题总结

2011年 My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man _____ he was fifteen years ago. (D) A. which B. whom C. who D. that Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND (C) A. Beg your pardon. B. Have a good time. C. Never do that again! D. What noise you are making! Which of the following italicized phrases indicates pu rpose (A) A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriousl y. B. For all its effort, the team didn't win the matc h. C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years. D. He set out for Beijing yesterday. When you have finished with the book, don’t forget to return it to Tim, ___(B) A. do you B. will you C. don't you D. won't you In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soakin g wet, the -ING participleis used _____. (D) A. as a command B. as a condition C. for concession D. for emphasis Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT (B) A. The city is now ten times its original size. B. I wish I had two times his strength.

最新专升本英语语法重点汇总

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