英文科技论文材料写作普通句式
在这篇文章中，我们说明（介绍）了一种……方法
In this work ,we address the problem of +doing sth
In this paper , we propose the ...
在这一章节，我们介绍……
In this section , we present ...
We demonstrate out algorithm on two tasks :
A被认为是B A can be regarded as B
为了这个目的，我们提出了 A
To this end ,we propose A.
在样本的……和……上都很有效
make effective use of both ...and ...among samples.
当应用到……中的时候When applied to...
通过将……和……结合起来，……
By combining ...and ... , ....
A是B中的一个基本问题之一
A is one of the fundamental problems in B
目的在于…… Its goal is to do ...
We aim at doing...
Our target is ...
Our basic notion is to do...
为了达到……的目的To achieve ...
To achieve this ,
因为……，做什么是困难的
As .... , it is very difficult to do ....
As..., ir is usually hard to ...
Due to ...
e.g.:As the variance of object shape and color within an object class can be large,it is very difficult to obtain class-specific features that can describe the object class accurately.
就这点而言，…… In this regard, ...
一方面来说，……，另一方面来说，……
On the one hand , ... , on the other hand , ... 这极大的降低了……的难度
This greatly reduces the difficulty of ...
这个算法可以应用于……
These algorithm may be applicable to ...
……是不太可能的It is unlikely to do...
……（偏向于）将……认为是
...is prone to judge ... as ...
... view .... as ...
……可以解决……问题 ... is the solution to ...
跟……相比较，…… Compared to ...
这篇文章接下来的内容安排如下
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: (introduces, details, extends ... to address ... , presents the results , concludes our paper)
前面已经提到，…… As mentioned before,...
换句话来说，…… On the other hand , ...
自然而然地，……
It is natural , ...
e.g. It is natural that this threshold be chosen as the mean of pi.
图示 ... is outlined in Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 shows ...
通过……方法，可以得到……
By doing sth ,we have sth.
e.g. By iteration over all selected images and matching visual words to all detected object parts using NGC, we have a table of the spatial ralation between pairs of visual words .
由于……极大地依赖于……，有必要……
As ... heavily relies on ... , it is necessary to do ...
这就说明了…… This testifies to the ...
本文的主旨在于…… The core is ...
英语学术论文常用经典句型
Beginning
1. In this paper, we focus on the need for
2. This paper proceeds as follow.
3. The structure of the paper is as follows.
4. In this paper, we shall first briefly introduce fuzzy sets and related concepts
5. To begin with we will provide a brief background on the
Introduction
1. This will be followed by a description of the fuzzy nature of the problem and a detailed presentation of how the required membership functions are defined.
2. Details on xx and xx are discussed in later sections.
3. In the next section, after a statement of the basic problem, various situations involving possibility knowledge are investigated: first, an entirely possibility model is proposed; then the cases of a fuzzy service time with stochastic arrivals and non fuzzy service rule is studied; lastly, fuzzy service rule are considered.
Review
1. This review is followed by an introduction.
2. A brief summary of some of the relevant concepts in xxx and xxx is presented in Section 2.
3. In the next section, a brief review of the .... is given.
4. In the next section, a short review of ... is given with special regard to ...
5. Section 2 reviews relevant research related to xx.
6. Section 1.1 briefly surveys the motivation for a methodology of action, while 1.2 looks at the difficulties posed by the complexity of systems and outlines the need for development of possibility methods.
Body
1. Section 1 defines the notion of robustness, and argues for its importance.
2. Section 1 devoted to the basic aspects of the FLC decision making logic.
3. Section 2 gives the background of the problem which includes xxx
4. Section 2 discusses some problems with and approaches to, natural language understanding.
5. Section 2 explains how flexibility which often ... can be expressed in terms of fuzzy time window
6. Section 3 discusses the aspects of fuzzy set theory that are used in the ...
7. Section 3 describes the system itself in a general way, including the ….. and also discusses how to evaluate system performance.
8. Section 3 describes a new measure of xx.
9. Section 3 demonstrates the use of fuzzy possibility theory in the analysis of xx.
10. Section 3 is a fine description of fuzzy formulation of human decision.
11. Section 3, is developed to the modeling and processing of fuzzy decision rules
12. The main idea of the FLC is described in Section 3 while Section 4 describes the xx strategies.
13. Section 3 and 4 show experimental studies for verifying the proposed model.
14. Section 4 discusses a previous fuzzy set based approach to cost variance investigation.
15. Section 4 gives a specific example of xxx.
16. Section 4 is the experimental study to make a fuzzy model of memory process.
17. Section 4 contains a discussion of the implication of the results of Section 2 and 3.
18. Section 4 applies this fuzzy measure to the analysis of xx and illustrate its use on experimental data.
19. Section 5 presents the primary results of the paper: a fuzzy set model ..
20. Section 5 contains some conclusions plus some ideas for further work.
21. Section 6 illustrates the model with an example.
22. Various ways of justification and the reasons for their choice are discussed very briefly in Section 2.
23. In Section 2 are presented the block diagram expression of a whole model of human DM system
24. In Section 2 we shall list a collection of basic assumptions which a ... scheme must satisfy.
25. In Section 2 of this paper, we present representation and uniqueness theorems for the fundamental
measurement of fuzziness when the domain of discourse is order dense.
26. In Section 3, we describe the preliminary results of an empirical study currently in progress to verify the measurement model and to construct membership functions.
27. In Section 5 is analyzed the inference process through the two kinds of inference experiments...This Section
1. In this section, the characteristics and environment under which MRP is designed are described.
2. We will provide in this section basic terminologies and notations which are necessary for the understanding of subsequent results.Next Section
2. The next section describes the mathematics that goes into the computer implementation of such fuzzy logic statements.
3. However, it is cumbersome for this purpose and in practical applications the formulae were rearranged and simplified as discussed in the next section.
4. The three components will be described in the next two section, and an example of xx analysis of a computer information system will then illustrate their use.
5. We can interpret the results of Experiments I and II as in the following sections.
6. The next section summarizes the method in a from that is useful for arguments based on xx
Summary
1. This paper concludes with a discussion of future research consideration in section 5.
2. Section 5 summarizes the results of this investigation.
3. Section 5 gives the conclusions and future directions of research.
4. Section 7 provides a summary and a discussion of some extensions of the paper.
5. Finally, conclusions and future work are summarized
6. The basic questions posed above are then discussed and conclusions are drawn.
7. Section 7 is the conclusion of the paper.
Chapter 0. Abstract
1. A basic problem in the design of xx is presented by the choice of a xx rate for the measurement of experimental variables.
2. This paper examines a new measure of xx in xx based on fuzzy mathematics which overcomes the difficulties found in other xx measures.
3. This paper describes a system for the analysis of the xx.
4. The method involves the construction of xx from fuzzy relations.
5. The procedure is useful in analyzing how groups reach a decision.
6. The technique used is to employ a newly developed and versatile xx algorithm.
7. The usefulness of xx is also considered.
8. A brief methodology used in xx is discussed.
9. The analysis is useful in xx and xx problem.
10. A model is developed for a xx analysis using fuzzy matrices.
11. Algorithms to combine these estimates and produce a xx are presented and justified.
12. The use of the method is discussed and an example is given.
13. Results of an experimental applications of this xx analysis procedure are given to illustrate the proposed technique.
14. This paper analyses problems in
15. This paper outlines the functions carried out by ...
16. This paper includes an illustration of the ...
17. This paper provides an overview and information useful for approaching
18. Emphasis is placed on the construction of a criterion function by which the xx in achieving a hierarchical system of objectives are evaluated.
19. The main emphasis is placed on the problem of xx
20. Our proposed model is verified through experimental study.
21. The experimental results reveal interesting examples of fuzzy phases of: xx, xx
22. The compatibility of a project in terms of cost, and xx are likewise represented by linguistic variables.
23. A didactic example is included to illustrate the computational procedure
Chapter 1. Introduction
Time
1. Over the course of the past 30 years, .. has emerged form intuitive
2. Technological revolutions have recently hit the industrial world
3. The advent of ... systems for has had a significant impact on the
4. The development of ... is explored
5. During the past decade, the theory of fuzzy sets has developed in a variety of directions
6.The concept of xx was investigated quite intensively in recent years
7. There has been a turning point in ... methodology in accordance with the advent of ...
8. A major concern in ... today is to continue to improve...
9. A xx is a latecomer in the part representation arena.
10. At the time of this writing, there is still no standard way of xx
11. Although a lot of effort is being spent on improving these weaknesses, the efficient and effective method has yet to be developed.
12. The pioneer work can be traced to xx [1965].
13. To date, none of the methods developed is perfect and all are far from ready to be used in commercial systems. Objective / Goal / Purpose
1. The purpose of the inference engine can be outlined as follows:
2. The ultimate goal of the xx system is to allow the non experts to utilize the existing knowledge in the area of manual handling of loads, and to provide intelligent, computer aided instruction for xxx.
3. The paper concerns the development of a xx
4. The scope of this research lies in
5. The main theme of the paper is the application of rule based decision making.
6. These objectives are to be met with such thoroughness and confidence as to permit ...
7. The objectives of the ... operations study are as follows:
8. The primary purpose/consideration/objective of
9. The ultimate goal of this concept is to provide
10. The main objective of such a ... system is to
11. The aim of this paper is to provide methods to construct such probability distribution.
12. In order to achieve these objectives, an xx must meet the following requirements:
13. In order to take advantage of their similarity
14. more research is still required before final goal of ... can be completed
15. In this trial, the objective is to generate...
16. for the sake of concentrating on ... research issues
17. A major goal of this report is to extend the utilization of a recently developed procedure for the xx.
18. For an illustrative purpose, four well known OR problems are studied in presence of fuzzy data: xx.
19. A major thrust of the paper is to discuss approaches and strategies for structuring ..methods
20. This illustration points out the need to specify
21. The ultimate goal is both descriptive and prescriptive.
22. Chapter 2. Literature Review
23. A wealth of information is to be found in the statistics literature, for example, regarding xx
24. A considerable amount of research has been done .. during the last decade
25. A great number of studies report on the treatment of uncertainties associated with xx.
26. There is considerable amount of literature on planning
27. However, these studies do not provide much attention to uncertainty in xx.
28. Since then, the subject has been extensively explored and it is still under investigation as well in methodological aspects as in concrete applications.
29. Many research studies have been carried out on this topic.
30. Problem of xx draws recently more and more attention of system analysis.
31. Attempts to resolve this dilemma have resulted in the development of
32. Many complex processes unfortunately, do not yield to this design procedure and have, therefore, not yet been automated.
33. Most of the methods developed so far are deterministic and /or probabilistic in nature.
34. The central issue in all these studies is to
35. The problem of xx has been studied by other investigators, however, these studies have been based upon classical statistical approaches.
36. Applied ... techniques to
37. Characterized the ... system as
38. Developed an algorithm to
39. Developed a system called ... which
40. Uses an iterative algorithm to deduce
41. Emphasized the need to
42. Identifies six key issues surrounding high technology
43. A comprehensive study of the... has been undertaken
44. Much work has been reported recently in these filed
45. Proposed/Presented/State that/Described/Illustrated/
Indicated/Has shown / showed/Address/Highlights
46. Point out that the problem of
47. A study on ...was done / developed by []
48. Previous work, such as [] and [], deal only with
49. The approach taken by [] is
50. The system developed by [] consists
51. A paper relevant to this research was published by []
52. []'s model requires consideration of...
53. []' model draws attention to evolution in human development
54. []'s model focuses on...
55. Little research has been conducted in applying ... to
56. The published information that is relevant to this research...
57. This study further shows that
58. Their work is based on the principle of
59. More history of ... can be found in xx et al. [1979].
60. Studies have been completed to established
61. The ...studies indicated that
62. Though application of xx in the filed of xx has proliferated in recent years, effort in analyzing xx, especially xx, is lacking.
Problem / Issue / Question
63. Unfortunately, real-world engineering problems such as manufacturing planning do not fit well with this narrowly defined model. They tend to span broad activities and require consideration of multiple aspects.
64. Remedy / solve / alleviate these problems
67. ... is a difficult problem, yet to be adequately resolved
68. Two major problems have yet to be addressed
69. An unanswered question
70. This problem in essence involves using x to obtain a solution.
71. An additional research issue to be tackled is ....
72. Some important issues in developing a ... system are discussed
73. The three prime issues can be summarized:
74. The situation leads to the problem of how to determine the ...
75. There have been many attempts to
76. It is expected to be serious barrier to
77. It offers a simple solution in a limited domain for a complex
Abstract:
1、Introduction (Motivation/ purpose/goal/aim/objective/importance) (present tense)
1）The aim of this paper is to assess the accuracy of steady-state scale-up for small-scale sedimentary structures.
2）An important objective of these well-constrained experiments is to evaluate current theoretical models of PGE solubility.
2、Scope/perspective (past/present tense)
1）This study examined fecal coliform reduction in domestic wastewater after receiving treatment through a constructed open water wetland, a slow sand filter, and a portable ultraviolet disinfection unit.
2）The scope of this study was to compare the behavior and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during
soil-aquifer treatment at different field sites in Arizona and California.
3、method/procedure/approach (past tense)
1）In this study, a lab-scale aerobic biofilter-biotrickling tower system packed with particulate plastic media (1.5 cm, hexagon in shape) was used to treat the salty artificial wastewater polluted by mineral oil (diesel fuel) mixed with chemical dispersant (CPC OD-10) and inorganic nutrients.
2）It involved recycling a small portion of the primary sludge and then activating it to enhance its biosorptive and flocculent properties through 30-min aeration. The aerated sludge was then brought into contact with raw sewage to induce rapid biosorption of soluble COD and flocculation of colloidal organic before the mixture was settled in a regular primary clarifier.
4、Results/findings/products (past tense)
e.g. Three granitoid magmatic events were identified at 815 Ma, 700-730Ma, and 620-625Ma, which were marked by emplacement of the calc-alkaline Ujjukka granite and granodiorite, the anatectic Suqii-Wagga two-mica granite and the Guttin K-feldspar megacrystic granite, and the anorogenic Ganjii monzogranite, respectively.
5、Discussion/Conclusions (present/past tense)
e.g. The results showed that under traction free conditions subsidence was a three-dimensional problem and
one-dimensional subsidence models tended to focus excessive amounts of vertical deformation near the pumped well. The magnitude of vertical deformation in one-dimensional subsidence models was exacerbated as the grid size became smaller in the vicinity of the pumping well. This was due to increased calculated drawdown in the vicinity of the well for more finely-spaced grids.
6、Implications/applications (present tense)
e.g. Our experimental results are directly applicable to porphyry copper systems because in such systems temperature, PH, salinity and oxygen fugacity are similar to the experimental parameters. Application of our experimental results indicate that a typical porphyry systems can transport at least 40 tons of Pd if sources of platinum group elements (PGE) are available and the solubility-controlling phase is metallic Pd.
7、limitations and suggestions for further studies (past/present tense for limitations, present/future tense for suggestions)
e.g. 1) This study suggests that in order to achieve the highest treatment level of secondary unchlorinated wastewater, a combination of aquatic ponds and subsurface flow wetlands may be necessary.
2) In general, source water quality, drinking water and wastewater treatment should be viewed as one system in indirect potable re-use projects.
3) However, because constructed wetlands, besides the water quality improvement function, perform a multitude of other functions such as biodiversity, habitat, climatic, hydrological and public use functions, methodologies need to be developed to evaluate these functions and to weigh them in relation to the water quality issue.
Structure of an Abstract：
1、The first sentence in the Abstract:
The purpose of this research is…
The primary goal of this research is…The intention of this paper is to survey…The overall objective of this study is…The chief aim of the present work is to investigate…The purpose of this paper is to explain why…
The primary object of this fundamental research is to reveal…
The main objective of our investigation has been to obtain…
The expe riment made here is aimed at …
The emphasis of this study lies in…The problem we have outlined here deals largely with the study of…
This study examined…. (past tense)
2、The next sentences：
The method used in the study was…
The technique applied is refe rred to as…The procedure was as follows…
The approach adopted extensively is called…The experiment consisted of three steps:…Included in the experiment were…
The test equipment which was used consisted of…Several sets of experiments were carried out to test the validity of…
This formula is verified by…
3、The ending part of an abstract：
The results of the experiment indicated that …The studies showed that…
The studies we carried out demonstrated that…The research suggested that…
The investigation car ried out by… revealed that…All the preliminary results threw light on …As a result of our experiments, we concluded that…From the experiments, we realized that…
This fruitful work provided explanation to …
The research work brought about a discovery of…These findings of the research led the author to the conclusion that…
4、The last sentences:
…should be further studied in relation to ...…should do…
Further research into…is necessary.Further study should be made in relation to…Further investigation into…is needed.
Introduction：
Step 1: the nature and scope of the problem investigated. interest or importance, many other investigators active in the area.
Recently, there has been a spate of interest in how to…
In recent years, applied researchers have become increasingly interested in…
Recently, there has been wide interest in…
The well-known…phenomena…have been favorite topics for analysis both in…
Knowledge of …has a great importance for…The study of …has become an important aspect of…The effect of …has been studied extensively in recent years.
Many investigators have recently turned to…
The relationship between …has been studied by many authors.
A central issue in…is the validity of…
Step 2: making a topic generalization.
statements about knowledge or practice:
The pathology of… is well known.
There is now much evidence to support the hypothesis that…
The …properties of …are still not completely understood.
A standard procedure for assessing has been…Education core courses are often criticiz ed for…phenomena:
…is a common finding in patients with…
An elaborate system of…is found in the …
English is rich in related words exhibiting “stress shifts”. There are many situations where examination scripts are marked and then re-marked by another examiner.
Step3:Discuss the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating.
Examples of integral citation forms（直接引用方式）: Halliday (2008) showed that the moon is ….. Halliday’s theory (2008) claims that …...
Halliday’s (2008) theory of lunar composition has general support.
According to Halliday (2008), the moon is…... Examples of indirect citation forms（间接引用方式）: Previous research has shown that the moon is …..(Brie, 1988).
It has been shown that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).
It has been established that the moon is made of cheese (Brie, 1988).
The moon is probably made of cheese (Brie, 1988).
The moon may be made of cheese (cf. Rock, 1989).
Step4:Indicate a gap.
No research has been done on …
Little effort has been spent on the study of…(Very) few researchers have investigated…The nature of…is overlooked.Researchers have failed to notice that…
The result is misleading/questionable/inconclusive/limited. The result of…has several limitations.
The research can rarely cover…
Step5: State the purpose
The purpose of this study was to....
We investigated three possible mechanisms to explain the ...
(1) …….(2) …….
This paper reports on the results obtained…
The aim of the present paper is to give…The main purpose of the experiment reported here was to…
This study was designed to evaluate…
This paper aims to report the interaction of…
Step6: rationale and approach
For example: State briefly how you approached the problem (e.g., you studied oxidative respiration pathways in isolated mitochondria of cauliflower). This will usually follow your statement of purpose in the last paragraph of the Introduction. Step7: the arrangement of the writing at the end of the Introduction.
●This paper is divided into five major sections: Section one opens with…. Section two presents…Section three deals with… Section Four reveals…Section five concludes the paper.
●We have organized the rest of this paper in the following way…
●Th is paper is structured as follows…
●The remainder of this paper is divided into five sections. Section II describes…
Materials and Methods
1.… (method) was used to do….
2.The study used/made use of/employed the method that….
3.描述方法过程的连接词：and/and then/then/next/the next step/before that/after that.
Conclusion or Discussion：
Based on the above discussion, the following conclusion can be made that …
From .., it can be concluded that…
In conclusion, the result shows that…
These findings of the research led to the conclusion that.. To sum up, the research/this study reveals that…
In summary, the result of the experiment demonstrates that…
As a result of our experiments we concluded that…
The results：
The data of the experiment are briefly summarized as follows.
Figure 4 shows the results of the study.
Table 6 presents the data obtained in the experiment. This table summarizes the data collected in this study.
The findings of this study are summarized/listed in Table 7. The outcome of the experiment is reported in the following table.
ABSTRACT
Processing AIT logging information can get more accurate layer real resistivity and mud invasion depth and section. AIT results help to differentiate layer infiltration ability and fluid type, the calculation of mud invasion depth can instruct the level of oil reservoir to be polluted by well drilling directly and offer reference basis for the following work. The development of AIT offers new method to differentiate oil reservoir mud invade and thin layer and means and condition for establishing the explainable method of complex oil reservoir and raising the appraisement precision. This paper studied AIT principle and explainable method as well as contrast aspect with conventional induction resistivity. This paper presents some application examples of Huabei oilfield logging series optimization technology.
Subject Terms：AIT logging contrast the method based of radial resistive rate
Invasion thin layer apply
1. 油集团从油田勘探开发的瓶颈问题入手，研究出一套较高勘探程度富油气凹陷的精细勘探方法，提出并实践了适合该区地质特点的勘探开发一体化地质研究与管理模式。
A set of high level prospecting methods of detailed exploration for oil wealth hollow were worked out through starting with the bottleneck problems; a model of management that …was proposed and put into practice by CNPC.
2. 国家对可持续发展提出更严格的要求，企业有尽快落实的责任和义务.
The country put forward more strict requirements of constant development and the enterprises have the duty and responsibility of practicing as quickly as possible.
3. 本文从。。。角度研究了。。。的构成特征和机制。
In this paper, the structural features and mechanism of this fault zone are studied in the view point of deformation history, by means of study of its tectonic stress field.