全新版21世纪大学英语3读写教程Unit4 Text A翻译

It’s Not Just a Game

1不论你跑步还是拍篮球，或者投棒球，你这样做就是因为好玩。有些科学家说，玩是自然本能，就像睡觉一样。这也许解释了体育的历史为什么可能和人类一样悠久。

2有些人说，体育是作为人类的生存形式发端的。史前人的奔跑、跳跃、攀爬都是为了求生。猎手通过技巧分出强弱，竞争由此盛行起来。追溯到公元前 1850 年的壁画描绘了拳击、舞蹈和杂技的场面，这些壁画是在贝尼哈桑的埃及古墓里发现的。古希腊人于公元前 776 年在奥林匹亚举行了世界上第一次奥运会，令体育发生了突破性的大变革。但是，直到 19 世纪初，我们所了解的体育活动才开始兴起（请原谅，这里用了双关语！）。像板球、高尔夫球和赛马这样的当代体育项目诞生于英格兰，后来传播到美国、西欧和世界各地。包括棒球和足球在内的这些体育项目都是今天竞技项目的雏型。

3从游泳到冰球，所有这些有组织的体育活动都被认为是严肃的比赛，都有要遵守的规则、需要学习的技能和姿势，还有需要贯彻的技战术。但是，《理解儿童世界：儿童与游戏》（维利图书公司 2009 年出版）一书的作者伦敦大学哥德史密斯学院的心理学教授彼得·史密斯这样说：“体育一样的游戏通常很好玩，游戏就是为了玩。”

因人而异的体育项目

4体育项目的形式多种多样，参与人数也不一。团体项目和个人项目各有其优缺点，但是，大部分人会发现他们从幼年时就会被某一类项目所吸引。在足球这样的团体项目中，你只是团体的一员，和队友一起争取成为获胜队伍。那就意味着你要把球队利益置于个人成就之前。你必须学会与队友相处、分担责任。在网球这样的个人项目中，你通常只要关心自己的表现即可。这就令这些体育项目更有挑战性。

体育的最大价值

5不管是橄榄球还是高尔夫球，体育的价值是毫无疑问的。根据美国儿科研究院的理论：“玩耍对儿童和青年的智力、身体、社交和情感等方面的健康发展都是非常关键的。”玩耍不但锻炼了我们的体格，而且锻炼了我们的大脑。体育教会我们了解自己、了解世界。我们学会如何协商计划、解决分歧、如何控制自己的态度。我们在玩耍中学会的技巧可以应用于学校和工作中。由于有组织的体育项目是个用手动脑的学习过程，它们刺激了我们的想象力、好奇心和创造力。对游戏的深入研究得到了这样的研究论断支持：游戏，也就是体育，对脑部的健康发育是非常重要的。我们在游戏中运用语言来解决问题，我们在遵从游戏指令时学会思考，我们在认知每场体育比赛的平均分和获胜几率时运用数学能力。

6体育还可以提高我们的体能水平，起到抗抑郁的作用。活动能增加大脑中的化学物质内啡肽的含量，它可以改善心情。当我们开始运动和娱乐时，就会自我感觉良好。

忘记乐趣

7在一个完美的世界里，每个人进行体育运动都会得到乐趣。但事实情况未必总是如此。体育运动可能会具有攻击性，造成擦伤、挫伤以及骨折，也可能会对我们的心理造成伤害。塔夫斯大学儿童发展学荣誉教授、《玩耍的力量》一书的作者大卫·艾尔肯德说，儿童玩耍诸如捉人或捉迷藏这样的自发游戏时，“误解和委屈是学习过程的一部分，发生在相互尊重的情境之中。那些出现在有组织的团队体育比赛中的误解和委屈并不具有同样的支撑性，竞争意识盖过了合作意识，可能会伤害儿童的自我意识和自尊心。”参与体育活动通常有趣，但有时候我们可能会很沮丧。原因有可能是想赢的压力、在看台上吼叫呐喊的家长或者是待人不公的教练。体育本该将人们团结起来，但也可能会分裂人群。当体育活动按照技能水平、性别和种族被分门别类时，有些选手就会有被孤立的感觉，开始忘记体育应有的乐趣，甚至想退出。体育可能未必总是一种具有积极意义的体验，但即便如此，它们也可以让我们对该如何面对人生的挑战有一番了解。

让体育活动为我们服务

8参与体育活动并不意味着你得进入大学校队。很少有人具有成为专业运动员的天赋。但你们学校篮球队的教练或体操老师已找到如何让玩耍成为工作的诀窍。在这样做的过程中，他们找到最适合自己的工作。用艾尔肯德的话说：“每当我们把玩耍与工作结合在一起，就像自己的兴趣爱好，比如做菜、园艺、缝纫和木匠活，它就会充分发挥并综合了我们的兴趣、天赋和能力。这是一种让我们感受自己完整性的活动。”

9玩耍对我们的发展是如此重要，以至联合国人权高级委员会将其列为每个儿童应该享有的一项权利。换句话说,玩耍是人类与生俱来的权利。体育场是玩耍和了解世界的最佳场所。所以，不论你的体育项目是什么——从游泳到足球——为了享受乐趣去玩耍，你自然而然会赢！

21世纪大学英语应用型综合教程一-1-5章课后题答案

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英语课后题复习资料 Unit 1. 一． flexibility duration option definitely actually ignore convince survive 1.Economic crises destroy the capitalist system,and they grow in size and duration. 2.Stability also depends upon the flexibility of the local economy. 3.He was sentenced to do hard labor without the option of a fine. 4.She states her views very definitely. 5.Did he actually say in so many words that there was no hope of a cure? 6.The baby felt ignored by her parents. 7.You need to convince the employers that you can do the job. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b314791.html,panies will have to do more than this if they are to survive the earthquake.

二． 1.I only cautht a glimpse of him sitting in the car (瞥见他坐在车里),so I can’t tell exactly what he looked like. 2.They are seeking/searching for(寻求新的机会) to reach their final goals. 3.It happened without my being aware of it(在我不知不觉中). 4.We are/get involved in different activities(投入到各项课外活动中) on campus. 5.Some guys always do everything as they like,that ignore the feelings of others(却忽视了别人的感受) . 三． 1.你的老师在评卷的时候会把你生病的情况考虑在内。 Your teacher will take your illness into consideration when marking your exams. 2.因为他总是轻信别人，所以很容易受伤。 He is likely to be hurt because he always believes/trusts others easily. 3.他的肤色跟他是不是好律师无关。

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