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【小站教育】GRE机经 201504 GRE阅读机经_冲刺1号

【小站教育】GRE机经 201504 GRE阅读机经_冲刺1号
【小站教育】GRE机经 201504 GRE阅读机经_冲刺1号

小站阅读机经

Copyright ? 2015 by https://www.sodocs.net/doc/841727152.html,

GRE

精确预测—第一版

冲刺1号– 150407发布

适用2015年04月考试

2011年8月1日,ETS在全球范围对GRE考试进行在题型、考试方式、计分、每年参加考试次数等5方面的改革,改革后的GRE考试称为新GRE。GRE预测机经对自2011年以来的题库进行了整理校对,由于GRE考试没有明显的重复规律,同时GRE 考试方面的参考资料相对较少,考试难度相对较大,所以预测机经既是预测资料更是很好的参考资料,希望考生认真准备。

小站教育YOUNG老师, 以十年磨一剑的功力, 专注研究新GRE考试, 长期跟踪GRE 考试情况,现隆重推出小站GRE预测机经,根据GRE考试内容,我们将机经共分为四个版本:GRE等价预测机经、GRE填空预测机经、GRE逻辑预测机经、GRE阅读预测机经。

GRE阅读预测机经大量收集整理考生们的考场回忆,然后按重要程度排序,题目答案请同学们批判性使用,欢迎大家指出错误和不足指出。

小站教育GRE阅读机经

版权所有,盗版必究

20150315

阅读

Female in high position讲女性的,大致的中心思想都是:你们这些feminists 都太偏激啦,之前明明有女性写history哒,female在高层并没有受到那么多阻力啊。

一篇长阅读讲的为啥地球上有液态水,一段一个一共四个Factor特别清晰!

Although passenger pigeons, now extinct, were abundant in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century America, archaeological studies at twelfth-century Cahokian sites in the present-day United States examined household food trash and found that traces of passenger pigeon were quite rare. Given that the sites were close to a huge passenger pigeon roost documented by John James Audubon in the nineteenth century and that Cahokians consumed almost every other animal protein source available, the archaeologist conducting the studies concluded the passenger pigeon population had once been very limited before increasing dramatically in post-Columbian America. Other archaeologists have criticized those conclusions on the grounds that passenger pigeon bones would not be likely to be preserved. But all the archaeological projects found plenty of bird bones-and even some tiny bones from fish.

The relevance of the literary personality-a writer's distinctive attitudes, concerns, and artistic choices-to the analysis of a literary work is being scrutinized by various schools of contemporary criticism. Deconstructionists view the literary personality, like the writer's biographical personality, as irrelevant. The proper focus of literary analysis, they argue, is a work's intertextuality (interrelationship with other texts), subtexts (unspoken, concealed, or repressed discourses), and metatexts 9self-referential aspects), not a perc eption of a writer’s verbal and aesthetic “fingerprints." New historicists also devalue the literary personality, since, in their emphasis on a work's historical contexts, they credit a writer with only those insights and ideas that were generally available when the writer lived. However, to readers interested in literary detective work-say scholars of classical (Greek and Roman) literature who wish to reconstruct damaged texts or deduce a work's authorship-the literary personality sometimes provides vital clues.

20150308

1868 年美国的fourteenth constitution amendment 里提倡美国公民人人平等,但这个amendment 发行后的80 年内,最高法院在对待黑人权益上仍存在种族歧视。于是一批人实行了act 以抗议这种不平等,要求法院应按照独立宣言里的平等原则行事。到二战之后,法院终于有了妥协。

【问题】这个修正案的支持者关心什么。

原题重现:

The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1868, prohibits state governments from denying citizens the “equal protection of the laws.” Although precisely what the framers of the amendment meant by this equal protection clause remains unclear, all interpreters agree that the framers’ immediate objective was to provide a constitutional warrant for the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed the citizenship of all persons born in the United States and subject to United States jurisdiction. This declaration, which was echoed in the text of the Fourteenth Amendment, was designed primarily to counter the Supreme Court’s ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford that Black people in the United States could be denied citizenship. The act was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who argued that the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery, did not provide Congress with the authority to extend citizenship and equal protection to the freed slaves. Although Congress promptly overrode Johnson’s veto, supporters of the act sought to ensure its constitutional foundations with the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment.

The broad language of the amendment strongly suggests that its framers were proposing to write into the Constitution not a laundry listof specific civil rights but a principle of equal citizenship that forbids organized society from treating any individual as a member of an inferior class. Yet for the first eight decades of the amendment’s existence, the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the amendment betrayed this ideal of equality. In the Civil Rights Cases of 1883, for example, the Court invented the “state action” limitation, which asserts that “private” decisions by owners of public accommodations and other commercial businesses to segregate their facilities are insulated from the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment’s guarantee of equal protection under the law.

After the Second World War, a judicial climate more hospitable to equal protection claims culminated in the Supreme Court’s ru ling in Brown v. Board of Education that racially segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Two doctrines embraced by the Supreme Court during this period extended the amendment’s reach. First, the Court required especially strict scrutiny of legislation that employed a “suspect classification,” meaning discrimination against a group on grounds that could be construed as racial. This doctrine has broadened the application of the Fourteenth Amendment to other, nonracial forms of discrimination, for while some justices have refused to find any legislative classification other than race to be constitutionally disfavored, most have been receptive to arguments that at least some nonracial discriminations, sexual discrimination in particular, are “suspect” and deserve this heightened scrutiny by the courts. Second, the Court relaxed the state action limitation on the Fourteenth Amendment, bringing new forms of private conduct within the amendment’s reach.

1. Which of the following best expresses the author's attitude with regard to the Supreme Court's interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment prior to the Second World War?

(A) Contempt for the Court's cold rationality

(B) Disapproval of the Court's subversion of the amendment

(C) Skepticism concerning the appropriateness of the Court's close reading of the amendment

(D) Satisfaction that the Court acted with appropriate intentions with regard to the amendment

(E) Bitterness about the irreparable harm done to civil rights by the Court

2. The author implies that the Fourteenth Amendment might not have been enacted if

(A) Congress’ authority with regard to legislating civil rights had not been challenged

(B) the framers had anticipated the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v. Board of Education

(C) the framers had believed that it would be used in deciding cases of discrimination involving non-racial groups

(D) most state governments had been willing to protect cit izens’ civil rights

(E) its essential elements had not been implicit in the Thirteenth Amendment

3. The author implies that the actions of the Supreme Court in the years immediately following the passage of the Fourteenth Amendment demonstrate that the Court at that time

(A) was frustrated by the lack of detail in the amendment

(B) intentionally rejected the broad possibilities for advancements in civil rights that the amendment offered

(C) applied the amendment in areas that the framers would have considered inappropriate

(D) disagreed with President Andrew Johnson about the need for the amendment

(E) provided the foundation on which subsequent Supreme Courts were able to expand civil rights

4. According to the passage, which of the following specifically provided for the citizenship of persons born in the United States?

(A) The Civil Rights Act of 1866

(B) The Thirteenth Amendment

(C) Dred Scott v. Sandford

(D) Brown v. Board of Education

(E) The Civil Rights Cases of 1883

5. Which of the following best describes the main idea of the passage?

(A) By presenting a list of specific rights, framers of the Fourteenth Amendment were attempting to provide a constitutional basis for broad judicial protection of the principle of equal citizenship.

(B) Only after the Supreme Court adopted the suspect classification approach to reviewing potentially discriminatory legislation was the applicability of the Fourteenth Amendment extended to include sexual discrimination.

(C) Not until after the Second World War did the Supreme Court begin to interpret the Fourteenth Amendment in amanner consistent with the principle of equal citizenship that it expresses.

(D) Interpreters of the Fourteenth Amendment have yet to reach consensus with regard to what its framers meant by the equal protection clause.

(E) Although the reluctance of judges to extend the reach of the Fourteenth Amendment to nonracial discrimination has betrayed the principle of equal citizenship, the Supreme Court’s use of the state action limitation to insulate p rivate activity from the amendment’s reach has been more harmful.

6. The passage suggests that the principal effect of the state action limitation was to

(A) allow some discriminatory practices to continue unimpeded by the Fourteenth Amendment

(B) influenc e the Supreme Court’s ruling in Brown v, Board of Education

(C) provide expanded guidelines describing prohibited actions

(D) prohibit states from enacting laws that violated the intent of the Civil Rights Act of 1866

(E) shift to state governments the responsibility for enforcement of laws prohibiting discriminatory practices

7. The author’s position regarding the intent of the framers of the Fourteenth Amendment would be most seriously undermined if which of the following were true?

(A) The framers had anticipated state action limitations as they are described in the passage.

(B) The framers had merely sought to prevent discriminatory acts by federal officials.

(C) The framers were concerned that the Civil Rights Act of 1866 would be overturned by the Supreme Court.

(D) The framers were aware that the phrase “equal protection of the laws” had broad implications.

(E) The framers believed that racial as well as non-racial forms of discrimination were unacceptable.

8. According to the passage, the original proponents of the Fourteenth Amendment were primarily concerned with

(A) detailing the rights afforded by the principle of equal citizenship

(B) providing support in the Constitution for equal protection for all citizens of the United States

(C) closing a loophole that could be used to deny individuals the right to sue for enforcement of their civil rights

(D) asserting that the civil rights protected by the Constitution included nonracial discrimination as well as racial discrimination

(E) granting state governments broader discretion in interpreting the Civil Rights Act of 1866

9. According to the passage, which of the following most accurately indicates the sequence of the events listed below?

I. Civil Rights Act of 1866

II. Dred Scott v. Sandford

III. Fourteenth Amendment

IV. Veto by President Johnson

(A) I, II, III, IV

(B) I, IV, II, III

(C) I, IV, III, II

(D) II, I, IV, III

(E) III, II, I, IV

10. Which of the following can be inferred about the second of the two doctrines referred to in the passage?

(A) It caused some justices to rule that all types of discrimination are prohibited by the Constitution.

(B) It shifted the focus of the Supreme Court from racial to nonracial discrimination.

(C) It narrowed the concern of the Supreme Court to legislation that employed a suspect classification.

(D) It caused legislators who were writing new legislation to reject language that could be construed as permitting racial discrimination.

(E) It made it more difficult for commercial businesses to practice racial discrimination.

Scholars/literal critic 和historian

历史学家对资本主义文学的研究不到位。主要源自于他们受到的训练不够,训练有两方面(记不清了)。然后历史学家注重details;而文学家注重generalization。资本主义国家literal critic 和historian 研究问题的不同方式,比如historian 缺乏某些方面知识导致他们不能像literal critic 那样去评价事物。

舞蹈动作的物理特性分析

Analyzing the physics of dance can add fundamentally to a dancer's skill. Although dancers seldom see themselves totally in physical terms -- as body mass moving through space under the influence of well-

known forces and obeying physical laws -- neither can they afford to ignore the physics of movement? Some movements involving primarily vertical or horizontal motions of the body as a whole, in which rotations can be ignored, can be studied using simple equations of linear motion in three dimensions. However, rotational motions require more complex approaches that involve analyses of the way the body's mass is distributed, the axes of rotation involved in different types of movement, and the sources of the forces that produce the rotational movement.

1. The primary purpose of the passage is to

(A) initiate a debate over two approaches to analyzing a field of study

(B) describe how one field of knowledge can be applied to another field

(C) point out the contradictions between two distinct theories

(D) define and elaborate on an accepted scientific principle

(E) discuss the application of a new theory within a new setting

2. The author mentions all of the following as contributing to an understanding of the physics of dance EXCEPT:

(A) the law of conservation of angular momentum

(B) analyses of the way in which the body’s mass is distributed

(C) equations of linear motion in three dimensions

(D) analyses of the sources that produce rotational motions

(E) the technical terms for movements such as leaps and turns

3. The author implies that dancers can become more skilled by doing which of the following?

(A) Ignoring rotational movements

(B) Understanding the forces that permit various movements

(C) Solving simple linear equations

(D) Learning the technical terms utilized by choreographers

(E) Circumventing the law of conservation of angular momentum

4. Analysis of which of the following would require the kind of complex approach described in lines 14-19?

(A) A long leap across space

(B) A short jump upward with a return to the same place

(C) A sustained and controlled turn in place

(D) Short, rapid steps forward and then backward without turning

(E) Quick sidesteps in a diagonal line

两个科学家为了考察干旱以及干旱导致的森林大火对雨林的影响,选取了一个时期的一些图表进行对比,对比了1970 之前非干旱时期,以及1970-1980 干旱时期树木的状况。主要得出以下结论:

(1) 高大的树木对干旱反应更大,因为他们的根要吸水,有一种树(oak 吧),在火灾到来之前叶子就掉光了,说明更容易受干旱影响;而干旱和干旱+大火对canopy 的致死率差不多;

(2) 另外一些小树抗旱能力强一点,但是容易被火灾烧毁,因此小树苗比canopy 更怕大火;

(3) 生长在斜坡上的C树木,相比生长在平地(洼地)的树木更受干旱的影响,因为土层薄shallow,含水少。

题目:文章主要写什么

答案:解释fire 和drought 对环境的影响。

题目:进行这个测试需要什么条件

参考答案:要有大量不同种类及size 的plants 做sample。

其他选项:需要以前没有干旱时的数据

题目:什么能证明canopy 的主要影响是drought 而不是fire

答案:在仅仅drought 和drought+fire 得情况下其死亡数量差不多。

题目:什么样的图表才能作为这种研究

关键词:rain-forest drought fire 1970-1980

白鲨的捕食对像是海狮(sea lion)和海豹(seals)。科学家认为白鲨的数量增长非但对海豹和海狮有影响,而且对整个食物链有影响。因为海狮和海豹以鱼类为主食,所以有利于增加高经济价值的鱼类数量,然后做了一个类比说海濑(sea otters)对巨型褐藻林(kelp forests)也有相同的机制作用。

海獭吃两种水生生物a 和b,a 和b 则吃水草,所以海獭就凭借这点保护了水草。海獭数量增长后,水草也增长了。同理,这种逻辑链和之前白鲨增长是能够相互模拟的,白鲨可以用来保护一些鱼类。

题目:多选题。在文中出现的两条食物链中,海豹和海狮和以下哪种动物作用相似?

参考答案:a 和b。海胆和鲍鱼。

题目2:在白鲨哪个例子里面,哪几种动物跟海濑哪个例子里的角色是一样的?

参考答案:白鲨的角色类似海濑,海濑和海豹会类似a和b。

题目3:问白鲨数量上升的后果是?

参考答案:白鲨捕食海狮/海豹使得有经济价值的鱼群数量上升,可以(促进捕鱼类增长/保护鱼类资源)。

题目4:从文中内容可以推出以下哪个选项?

答案:保护白鲨在一定程度上可以保护渔业收益

有一个是说阿司匹林的副作用好像。

还有一个说的是人们会因为咖啡里面的咖啡因生病,然后又有一种茶和这个东西有关。逻辑题是关于咖啡因的,讲的是咖啡中的咖啡因还有一种含咖啡因的茶,然后问的是基于哪种假设. 有考到可卡因那道阅读逻辑题之前机经有,但不是说心脏病,就是范说的一种disease。

有个关于蓝调音乐的阅读。一个说的是不让人听老歌了要听正统的但是人家还是想听于是后来有了gospel music 之类的

地震地震余震那个,老观点认为地震余震会长时间积累,新观点发现余震很快会发生,最后举了日本、芝加哥例子

考到恐龙灭绝

说65万年前恐龙灭绝是因为comet or other meteriot? 的impact 造成的,其证据是因为在一个考古地方,65万年前的,发现了一种元素i,记不清具体的了,因为这种元素在地球很少见,只能是由于行星的撞击,因为非地球的行星富含这种元素,然后由于撞击而留在地球上,故可由此元素的含量来推测是行星撞击的。同时在距今大概120万年的地方也发现了该元素,但是其含量只有65的十分之一,同时文章开头的意思是要证明120的这个也是由于行星撞击造成的。文章最后结尾说起撞击的行星也有可能含这种元素较少,而且comet全是由冰构成的,所以撞击120的那个可能只是一个小星星,只能引起

小范围的灭绝,不能引起全部的生物灭绝,但是65的那种是全球灭绝。

题目有一道问你,由于120 的i元素只有65的十分之一,则可以推测120的那颗星星与65导致恐龙灭绝的那颗有什么区别,我选的是那个i元素含量与行星撞击的impact没有直接联系。

2014.12.26

20141110

有人认为英国到中世纪时期(medieval)才引入water mill,促进了经济繁荣并且解放思想使人们追求自然知识。最新的考古发现,水磨早在罗马时期就有了。根据已出土的水磨残骸,中世纪时期的水磨和罗马时期的相比model 没什么进步,只是比以前的更简陋、造价更便宜而已。直到18 世纪,水磨都没有对英国经济产生太大影响。对以前的理论有质疑。

题目:从文中信息可以推论出以下哪个观点?

答案:18 世纪之后的水磨显着地推进了经济发展。

干扰选项:最早产生于罗马V 地的水车是后期水车的模型

题目:以下哪一项表述可以反驳(undermine)作者(对中世纪水车impacts)的观点?

选项:中世纪的水磨造价更低,因此出现了大批的新磨坊,扩大了谷物的种植(从而确实推进了经济发展)

选项:在Rome 时期mill 只在某地区,而在中世纪mill 到处都有。

关于历史学家的方法

20140223

V1. 说原先对beaver 的分类法是会不会build dam,后来发现其实都会。

V2. 两种beaver,河里的deep water 和岸边的on bank,由会不会筑坝来区分。河里的比较危险,因为他们不会筑坝,水满的时候它们的家就不safe 了,岸边的会筑坝,但是由于某个原因他们好像会需要relocate。而坝是用来保护牠们在河中的房子的。所以住在河里的比较危险,因为牠们不会筑坝,水满的时候它们的家就不安全了。新观点:后来发现其实两种都会。也就是说住在河里的也会建,只是牠们的房子在比较深的river,如果不会受到危险(可能是洪水或者别的,忘了)就不需要建。如果需要建,牠们会就地取材用旁边的森林。(考题)总共问了3 个问题。

题目:问到了dam 的用途?

参考答案:保护牠们的房子。

20140904/20141112

世界史

V1. 国家的形成,先说欧洲如何,然后说韩国。总体意思就是说,韩国到底是由多种小部分综合起来组成的还是,开始就是一个整体。

V2. Social Science Korea

第一段:介绍了一个旧观点,之后说明有两位学者根据在其他大陆的研究,认为state 发展为nation。第二段:韩国的年轻学者将以上观点应用到Korea,发现支持的证据:当时几个部分之间松散的联系。

第三段:作者进一步以韩国为例,说明了两种观点均有不足之处。

V3.韩国当时松散的联系。韩国有一个延续很久的中央政权。

旧观点认为民族国家是由一个民族建立起来的,但是Anderson 和另一位学者在欧洲等地的研究则显示「民族」的认同是由国家建立起来,换句话说,旧观点认为先有民族后有国家,Anderson 等人则认为先有国家后有民族。韩国人把这个观点应用在研究韩国自己,发现「民族」在韩语里的概念是来自日本的翻译传入。但晚近有更多研究显示这两种观点在韩国都各有问题,因为韩国某些地方在有国家以前就已经有群体认同。

题目:文章里有句话说韩语『国家』这个词是最近这些年才从日本来的什么的。。。问这句话的含义

答案:韩国对国家的概念不是自古就有的

题目:细节题,问韩国年轻一代对国家这个概念的认识

V4.Korean History

讲国家的分类,主轴是韩国,有两个学者对于韩国的定位有某种见解,但后来又依据韩国人民的看法跟现象作解释而反驳它。

第一段

两位西方学者认为国家意识的形成是非常近代的事情,是集权之后,有Nationalist 刻意宣传的结果,他们研究欧洲、东南亚等地都符合这样的模式,由上而下生成而不是自然而然从小部落聚集成国家的。

第二段

新生代的韩国历史学家也赞同两位学者,认为是Top Down 形成的,举例说公元700 年左右的的韩国住民不会有身为"韩国"人的自觉。

第三段(作者自己的想法)

但是新证据显示,以韩国这样久远历史的国家,或许韩国意识比想象中的早起源,因为中央集权制在韩国已经实施已久,用两位西方学者的Model去套用一定不准确。

问题1. 新生代韩国历史学家举的例子有什么用处?

参考答案:加强民族意识是近代的事件。

问题2. 作者可能认为国家意识的形成与何者有关?

参考答案:中央集权的时间早晚。

问题3:[选句题] 问第三段哪一句话是韩国年轻人表达对他们国的看法?

问题4:问韩国与"亚洲美洲...国家"有什么不同?

问题5:问那两个学者的论点?

Version 5: (140904)

第一段:以前普遍认为整体的nation先于分裂的state出现,而后影响了state,但G和某人认为state先出现,nation只是后来某些intellectuals propoganda出来的产物。他们研究了拉美等地区,但韩国似乎并不是这样。

第二段:现在一些韩国学者开始把这种state先于nation的理论运用于韩国。

第三段:认为state先于nation是modernist,反之则是primordial。然后在韩国这个个例的问题上,列举了支持modernist的证据,也列了不支持他们的证据。比如:韩国的collective identity比G想的要早得多。题目:main purpose?

20140705

说明什么是cannibalism:两个galaxy 碰在一起好像fairly common,然后描述了一个大的galaxy 吞掉一个dwarf 的galaxy 的时候,会因为某种gravity 有巨大的tidal force 并produce 什么东西的,然后描述了一下double-nucleus。

双星系是常见的。证据:一个大星系正在与一个小型系相连接。还有一个星系有两个恒星。然而不是所有的貌似的两星都是双星系。有一种dust 与之很类似。只有25%貌似的两星是双星系。

然而(转折),我们观察到这种东西挺平常的,有可能只是因为隔着遥远的两个这样的东西,在我们的同一条视线上,于是他们正好迭在了一起,其实他们并不是由于galaxy 吞并而产生的,但是在观测中判断不出来。

题目:什么样的特点是真正的cannibalism。

题目:作者认为,true double-nucleus 是由什么产生的?

选项:大galaxy 吞dwarf galaxy,两个小型系合并,由dust 形成。

20141113

在南亚发现了domesticated Rice,然后推测南亚是Rice的发源地,然后1985 年在中国的长江流域发现了很多wilder rice 的遗址,推测生活在中国的先民有可能更早的驯化了rice。rice-farming 最早在长江以南出现认为长江流域的rice-farming 可以往前推几百年。最后一段讲,1940 年(?)调查的wild-rice 其实主要确实是分布在南方,但是长江流域也有1、2 种,所以还是有可能farming 在北方也开始很早滴。然后我觉得这篇文章需要把握的就是wilder rice 和domesticated rice。搞清楚谁是野生的,谁是驯化的就可以了。

题目:三个题考得都是逻辑相关,比如加强消弱什么的。

题目:最能undermine 长江流域水稻是水稻祖宗的?

题目:作者是怎样利用geological graph 还是什么graph 来证明它的观点的。应该是从文章最后一段找,但我感觉文中没有直说,要自己推理。选项里好几个都很接近。

V2. 全文主旨是在证明长江附近有rice 被cultivation 的合理性。

第一段:说rice 其实起源于north 而不是south,后面有南北对比。可能的原因是这个rice 更有productivity,在这个rice-farming society 就被cultivation 下来了。

第二段:比较了气候的因素,说长江附近north 的冬天好象是2-4 度,又说了10000 年前好像south 和north 更冷,但是这个rice 在north 更有竞争力,所以被cultivation 下来了。

题目:什么支持了气候学说(长江附近的冬季气温比南部要高2-4 度)。

Since the 1970s, archaeological sites in China's Yangtze River region have yielded evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies that predate signs of rice cultivation elsewhere in East Asia by a thousand years . Before this evidence was discovered, it had generally been assumed that rice farming began farther to the south. This scenario was based both on the geographic range of wild or free-living rice, which was not thought to extend as far north as the Yangtze, and on archaeological records of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia and India (now known to be not so old as first reported). Proponents of the southern-origin theory point out that early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were already highly developed and that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation is missing. They argue that the first hunter-gatherers to develop rice agriculture must have done so in this southern zone, within the apparent present-day geographic range of wild rice.

Yet while most stands of wild rice reported in a 1984 survey were concentrated to the south of the Yangtze drainage, two northern outlier populations were also discovered in provinces along the middle and lower Yangtze, evidence that the Yangtze wetlands may fall within both the present-day and the historical geographic ranges of rice's wild ancestor.

1. Which of the following, if true, would most clearly undermine the conclusion that the author makes based on the 1984 survey?

(A) Areas south of the Yangtze basin currently have less wild-rice habitat than they once did.

(B) Surveys since 1984 have shown wild rice populations along the upper Yangtze as well as along the middle and lower Yangtze.

(C) The populations of wild rice along the Yangtze represent strains of wild rice that migrated to the north relatively recently.

(D) Early rice-farming societies along the Yangtze were not as highly developed as archaeologists once thought.

(E) In East Asia, the historical geographic range of wild rice was more extensive than the present-day geographic range is.

2. Based on the passage, skeptics of the idea that rice cultivation began in the Yangtze River region can point to which of the following for support?

(A) Lack of evidence supporting the existence of rice-farming societies along the Yangtze at an early date

(B) Lack of evidence regarding the initial stages of rice cultivation in the Yangtze region

(C) Recent discoveries pertaining to the historical geographic range of rice's wild ancestor

(D) New information regarding the dates of very early domestic rice from Southeast Asia

(E) New theories pertaining to how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture in East Asia

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about the “southern-origin theory”?

(A) The theory is based on an unconventional understanding of how hunter-gatherers first developed rice agriculture.

(B) The theory fails to take into account the apparent fact that evidence for the first stage of rice cultivation in the north is missing.

(C) The theory was developed primarily in response to a 1984 survey of wild rice's geographic range.

(D) Reassessment of the dates of some archaeological evidence has undermined support for the theory.

(E) Evidence of sophisticated rice-farming societies in the Yangtze region provides support for the theory.

20141119

美国空气污染越来越严重,虽然individual auto的污染排放量已经有大幅减少,但是由于汽车总数提高的太多,使得总空气污染量还是很高。(有题)。随后介绍了新能源的弊端,需要更大的油罐。专门为新能源设计的汽车使用新能源的效率要比普通汽车使用新能源的效率高得多(有题)。汽油由于有大分子,碳-碳键,导致燃烧时有一系列复杂反应,容易导致污染(有题,问为什么汽油容易导致污染)。

题目:下列哪种关系与本句所描述的类似?

答案:选择「个体水平下降,但由于这一个群体的总数量增幅太大,导致total 仍然很多)

题目:为什么汽油容易导致污染?

答案:汽油由于有大分子,碳-碳键,导致燃烧时有一系列复杂反应

20141112

有个太阳系外的行星叫做热木星(hot Jupiter),它的体积是木星的体积,但是它和主恒星的距离,却是如同我们的地球和太阳这么近的距离。文章接着解释为何距离如此短。它的形成牵扯到和planetary disk的dust拉扯,并且因重力作用造成最后行星系统形成内行星和外行星两圈,并且藉由失去角动量渐渐(以spiral运动)往其恒星移动。原文最后举出两种hypothesis(?):

1.热木星为何没在我们太阳系出现?

2.什么力量使它停下来而没撞上它的恒星?

题目:热木星在另外一个银河系,不在我们的太阳系,那为何文章中要提到地球与太阳距离这一段内容?参考答案:

为了要说明其与主恒星之距离,选项中用的是proximity of star.

题目:关于热木星的性质哪一样在文章中没提到?

题目:下面哪一个解释只有其中一个hypothesis有用到?

20141110

月球表面地理断代方法:观察法。1013

通过月球表面地貌来判断各种各样的坑的年龄。各种坑的名字就看晕了。

总共有三道题。第一题问这篇的primary purpose。另外两个都是细节题,其中一道问哪个天体事件出现的最早。

0141119

好几个人对地球上的一个大坑是否是行星撞击痕迹提出意见。

O说在某地的一个坑是陨石造成的。但是这个坑里没有陨石坑通常具有的某物质。可是,这种物质普遍都没有在这个地区的坑里出现过(作用题,选deflect the potential criticism of O)。后面几个人反驳O的论

点,给了一个alternative的解释说某种物质消解之后另一种物质填补了留下的洞所以造成这种现象。(有题)

20141013

虾子(shrimp)在深海中如何躲避移动速度比他快的天敌的原因。对于虾子为何可以躲避天敌有两种hypothesis:

1.他有很好的视力,可以侦测到天敌。

2.他有很好的感测气味能力(detection of odor)

题目:以下哪一个证据可以显出one hypothesis over another?

参考答案:shrimp will evade “wide cage”“但不会evade ”“sealed glass bottle”

选项大多和“天敌被关在wired cage ->表示看不到但闻得到“和”天敌被关在sealed glass bottle->表示看得到闻不到“有关。

20141025

把两个人对某种上个世纪50~60年代的某种美国黑人的叫做bepop的音乐的起源作了简单的对比。万幸的是作者没有任何自己的观点,只是说第一个学者觉得这种起源主要是从政治还有social identity的角度考虑的,然后第二个学者主要是从什么音乐的艺术性。。。。有两个题目,没有任何态度题,比较容易bepop音乐的产生原因,一般认为是黑人的政治反抗,但一个研究者说黑人音乐家在传统音乐市场找不到工作的经济压力才是他们转而投向黑人音乐最主要原因

20140928

玛雅人南边的房子好像是被遗弃了,有两种还是三种猜想

但是后来说好像是因为地下水还有干旱的问题导致他们遗弃房子了。。。

干旱时期造成缺水,但南部最严重,中部次之,北部最厉害,原因大概是南部人民对降雨的依靠更为严重。

题目:下列哪个是南部受灾更严重的原因

答案:对降雨依赖更多

题目:dependent on 的同义词转换

答案:Reliant

20141002

ROME 的manuscript 的transmission。

critic通过两种类型的证据恢复以前作家破碎的作品,主要有两种方法来确定这些手稿的传承关系(比如B 引用A,C 引用B 之类的)。

一种是internal method,一种是external method。

科学家在用internal method 的时候常常用图表来描述文稿之间的传承关系,但是会出现问题,比如两个关系很近的文稿在图表中会离得很远,或者两个关系较远的却离得很近,给人一种错觉。(此处有题)

另一种external 主要是通过文稿中词句的引用来研究文稿之间的关系,还说了中世纪野蛮人入侵欧洲导致证据不全,而且还有问题就是无法断定某个文稿是直接引用另一篇还是通过某种中间媒介引用的。(此处有题)

两种记录方式,各有利弊,作者貌似没有明确偏好。

题目:全文concern 了什么。

20141110

Cloud system's impact on the prediction of global warming using climate models

P1, cloud hinders these models to accurately predict the impact on global warming. A kind of "S cloud" can compensate global warming, while a kind of cirrus cloud will exacerbate it.

P2, when comparing these models excluding clouds, all such models returns compatible results. but if clouds are included, results become diversified, making it difficult to predict.

【问题】to accurately predict global warming, what does these scientist have to answer?

A. what kind of cloud system will form on earth?

D. what fraction of the cloud is cirrus cloud?

As of the late 1980’s, neither theorists nor large-scale computer climate models could accurately predict whether cloud systems would help or hurt a warming globe. Some studies suggested that a four percent increase in stratocumulus clouds over the ocean could compensate for a doubling in atmospheric carbon dioxide, preventing a potentially disastrous planetwide temperature increase. On the other hand, an increase in cirrus clouds could increase global warming.

That clouds represented the weakest element in climate models was illustrated by a study of fourteen such models. Comparing climate forecasts for a world with double the current amount of carbon dioxide, researchers found that the models agreed quite well if clouds were not included. But when clouds were incorporated, a wide range of forecasts was produced. With such discrepancies plaguing the models, scientists could not easily predict how quickly the world’s climate would change, nor could they tell which regions would face dustier droughts or deadlier monsoons.

1. The author of the passage is primarily concerned with

(A) confirming a theory

(B) supporting a statement

(C) presenting new information

(D) predicting future discoveries

(E) reconciling discrepant findings

2. It can be inferred that one reason the fourteen models described in the passage failed to agree was that

(A) they failed to incorporate the most up-to-date information about the effect of clouds on climate

(B) they were based on faulty information about factors other than clouds that affect climate

(C) they were based on different assumptions about the overall effects of clouds on climate

(D) their originators disagreed about the kinds of forecasts the models should provide

(E) their originators disagreed about the factors other than clouds that should be included in the models

3. It can be inferred that the primary purpose of the models included in the study discussed in the second paragraph of the passage was to

(A) predict future changes in the world’s climate

(B) predict the effects of cloud systems on the world’s climate

(C) find a way to prevent a disastrous planetwide temperature increase

(D) assess the percentage of the Earth’s surface covered by cloud systems

(E) estimate by how much the amount of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere will increase

4. The information in the passage suggests that scientists would have to answer which of the following questions in order to predict the effect of clouds on the warming of the globe?

(A) What kinds of cloud systems will form over the Earth?

(B) How can cloud systems be encouraged to form over the ocean?

(C) What are the causes of the projected planetwide temperature increase?

(D) What proportion of cloud systems are currently composed of cirrus of clouds?

(E) What proportion of the clouds in the atmosphere form over land masses?

20141113

白鲨的捕食对像是海狮(sea lion)和海豹(seals)。科学家认为白鲨的数量增长非但对海豹和海狮有影响,而且对整个食物链有影响。因为海狮和海豹以鱼类为主食,所以有利于增加高经济价值的鱼类数量,然后做了一个类比说海濑(sea otters)对巨型褐藻林(kelp forests)也有相同的机制作用。

海獭吃两种水生生物a 和b,a 和b 则吃水草,所以海獭就凭借这点保护了水草。海獭数量增长后,水草也增长了。同理,这种逻辑链和之前白鲨增长是能够相互模拟的,白鲨可以用来保护一些鱼类。

题目:多选题。在文中出现的两条食物链中,海豹和海狮和以下哪种动物作用相似?

参考答案:a 和b

题目2:在白鲨哪个例子里面,哪几种动物跟海濑哪个例子里的角色是一样的?

参考答案:白鲨的角色类似海濑,海濑和海豹会类似a和b。

题目3:问白鲨数量上升的后果是?

参考答案:白鲨捕食海狮/海豹使得有经济价值的鱼群数量上升,可以(促进捕鱼类增长/保护鱼类资源)。

题目4:从文中内容可以推出以下哪个选项?

答案:保护白鲨在一定程度上可以保护渔业收益

20141012

蓝巨星的形成,提出广泛观点,然后反驳,低密度星云形成原因更可能是双星系统与其他天体碰撞而非单星间碰撞。

天文学的,甚么大家说某星星是两个星星碰撞生成,xxx说不是,是很多星星碰撞生成。

20140824

权力下放美国二战战时的企业中,美国工人运动,造成企业权力decentralize,工人得权。

20140824

在A这个地方19世纪曾经有一种企鹅,但是现在灭绝了。然后有一群专家提出在19世纪这个地方可以提供足够的食物给企鹅;另一群专家说,找不到企鹅存在的遗骨,因为遗骨很难保存;最后作者又说,最近发现一些以前鸟类甚至小鱼(small fish)的遗骨现在都可以找得到。然后有一题逻辑就问“一些以前鸟类甚至小鱼(small fish)的遗骨现在都可以找得到”说明了什么..

20140831

Defrost对大气中二氧化碳有影响,进而改变地球的大气情况。Defrost对低纬度和高纬度地区的~影响是一样的,However, 低纬度的雨林密度更高,动植物的多样性(对这有一道考题)更广,所以defrost对低纬度的影响更严重。而且,defrost可以导致land里面的营养元素流失,从而导致更严重的后果。

20140904

旧观点:认为古代时候移居格陵兰的冰岛人和挪威人最后都来了个east exodus,回去了。

新观点:说这绝对不可能。

理由有:1.这些移民到了新地方以后很快就觉得自己是格陵兰人了。2.他们没钱没地位,回去了也不能改善生活。3.没有documents记录这种返乡活动。4.如果大规模返乡,上层人士会不知道?但是历史表明显然他们不知道。5.大主教还曾一度想增进和他们的联系,这说明当时人们都觉得格陵兰有人

20140904

Du Bois一个社会学的问题。Du Bois这个人和其他Spencer学派的人不同,主张社会学应该关注个体(individual)而不是theorized generation.

题目1:文章Primary concern是啥?

题目2:一个Du Bois如何attribute Spencer学派?

20140904

在家教育Homeschooling,不是anomal,而是embody现代教育追求小班的理念。

20140904

关于painting of property, 批评家批评这种艺术形式,说他并不代表高雅(high virtue),因为有钱的人才会去欣赏painting of property.

20140925

英国18?世纪的wildly认为婚姻应该看重爱情而不是财产/社会地位。同时期的各种戏剧都在呕歌为了纯洁的爱情而结婚。

第二段转折说,然而看那一时期的精英婚姻,发现涉及很多条款,表明婚姻更像business contract。最后一句又说,精英阶层的这一特点由来已久,不只是这个时期才有,他们这么做是为了保持社会地位/财富等等。

20140925

讲B最近的一本书,解释了关于作家F的一个谜,即为啥他早期特别imagine,后期很realistic。第二句说R认为F早期imagine,后期realistic,举例其一本书M。第三句说R不对,F其实没变过,他在后期也还是很imagine,同样是分析书M。

20140925/20140928

文艺复兴时期的建筑特点。通常我们说的建筑都是根据材料的特点来实施。然后从第二段开始讲的都是Renaissance 时期的建筑特点,更多的是体现建筑作者的价值观。

20141012

大意是对所有物的描摹,体现社会地位和权利的一种绘画风格,而不是公共的额那种感觉。

20140925

南极和北极的鱼和无脊椎动物面对气候?气温变化的trait 大致上是一样的(第一句)。后面接着讲,但是北极的气温变化更多,北极的动物因此更能很好地应对变化。但南极不行。

20140925

非洲和一个叫E 的地方的物种迁徙。非洲的动物是cool-adpated,E 的是warm-adapted。不确定)发现cool-adpated 的动物迁徙更频繁。解释说有两个原因,一是cool 时期海平面下降更好走。二是cool时期连接E 和非洲的brige 更适合要迁徙的那种动物。

20141012

遗址没有发现家具,但是墓葬里面有

20141025

可以通过星球上物质的不平衡判断是否有生命,但这种方法不完全可靠(举例:火星)

20141025

一个美国左翼作家本可以很有成就,但由于二战期间转为右翼,他的作品就不怎么样了

20141025

对菲律宾水果的研究,证实了一些之前的猜测,但否定了更多从前的假设

20141025

一种植物C在晚上呼吸,因为晚上的碳含量更多。另一种植物附生于这种植物,它内部的碳含量和C的碳含量成分相似

20141025

大部分人高估了纽约的房地产建设对老建筑保护的负面影响,其实纽约还是有很多历史遗迹的。

20141027

荷兰有一本书或者是一种说法描绘了一种新女性他们不是女权主义但是他们也追求好的工作XXX, 但是他们也承认男女有别。(满符合我对理想女性的描述的)反正就是说他们承认男女有别但是也不像自己的上一代天天在家里做工(labor)。

20141027

有一种什么星或者什么物质在离太阳近的时候会没有了,但是后来有人发现即使在很热的时候好像也会释放什么射线。但是作者还是支持之前的那种说法—就是离太阳太近就啥都没有了。

20141027

关于spider。说什么动物的mental ability is deceided by it's size. 但是作者不同意而且举了个例子有个人做了个实验一种小蜘蛛可以织的网比自己的身体大很多倍。

20141101

有一篇是对婚姻利益化的讨论。上世纪人们对婚姻态度的问题,原来认为婚姻越来越形式化,所以有戏剧表达了对爱情的歌颂,但是最后作者又表达了自己的观点。

20141101

人们对火车的发明的不同看法。

20141101

黄石公园引入狼群来控制生态平衡,重新增加黄石公园狼的数量因为需要beavor来促进树木等等植物的生长。

20141101

某个艺术家的Portrait作品的特点分析(有关男人的雕塑作品,衣服越来越宽松之类),从中反映了该

艺术家的情感变化什么的。

20141108

美国口语受各种语言的影响。旧观点:对现在的口语影响很大。新观点:影响不大。具体举了个美国作

品。

20141110

18世纪女性阅读历史时的态度/历史观,作者反驳了原有的观点(当时女性觉得读历史高大上而看小说low),举了两部女性作者的文学作品中的人物为例,认为当时看历史的姑娘们对历史秉持的态度是double-edge的,隐含着对纯男性的历史的批判精神,是早期女性主义的起源

20141113

罗马封印(seal)被发现了,似乎是与之前历史学家推测的时间段不符。

问题:哪个能自圆其说?

20141113

因为天气变化还是捕食者还是因为不会飞,某人认为auk灭绝是由于ice和flightlessness的原因,而后人

提出在另外一个地方同样有且也有这样的特点却没有灭绝,加以反驳。

20141119

美洲本土艺术受到欧洲艺术的影响。说一个Native American艺术家打破本土的传统,为了更好地创作。

20141119

章鱼的一种behavior。大概是说虽然他solitary 并且无脊椎,牠和脊椎动物有一些相似点,不同个体对一些同意刺激会有不同的反应,还说脊椎动物能完成是因为有大脑,而章鱼这东西竟然也会。后来解释(或是猜测),他们要竞争啊,不竞争没法活,所以就有这些特殊功能了。

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