Geologic framework of the Mississippian Barnett Shale, Barnett-aleozoic total petroleum system, Bend

AUTHO RS

Richard M.Pollastro Central Energy Resources Team,U.S.Geological Survey,Box 25046,MS 939,Denver,Colorado 80225;pollastro@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html,

Rich Pollastro received an M.A.degree in ge-ology from the State University of New York at Buffalo in 1977.Rich joined the U.S.Geo-logical Survey in 1978and serves as a province geologist on the national and world energy assessment projects.His recent accomplishments include petroleum system assessments of the Fort Worth,Permian,and South Florida basins and the Arabian Peninsula.

Daniel M.Jarvie Humble Instruments and Services,Inc.,Humble Geochemical

Services Division,P.O.Box 789,Humble,Texas 77347;danjarvie@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html,

Dan Jarvie is an organic geochemist and pres-ident of Humble Geochemical Services.Dan earned his B.S.degree from the University of Notre Dame and was mentored in geochem-istry by Don Baker and Wallace Dow.He has studied unconventional oil and gas systems extensively since 1984.Dan’s work on the Barnett Shale spans much of the last decade,which has resulted in several AAPG awards.Ronald J.Hill Central Energy Resources Team,U.S.Geological Survey,Box 25046,MS 939,Denver,Colorado 80225;ronhill@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html,

Ronald Hill specializes in petroleum geochem-istry and has more than 12years of oil industry experience.Currently,he is a research geolo-gist for the U.S.Geological Survey.His research interests include shale-gas resources and pro-cesses that control petroleum generation.Ron holds geology degrees from the Michigan State University (B.S.degree)and the University of California,Los Angeles (Ph.D.),and a geo-chemistry degree from the Colorado School of Mines (M.S.degree).

Craig W.Adams ADEXCO Production Company,309West 7th Street,Ste.400,Fort Worth,Texas 7610;craig@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html, Craig Adams worked as an exploration geolo-gist with Amoco Production Company for 13years before becoming an independent in 1996.As president and co-owner of Adexco

Geologic framework of the Mississippian Barnett

Shale,Barnett-Paleozoic total petroleum system,Bend

arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Richard M.Pollastro,Daniel M.Jarvie,Ronald J.Hill,and Craig W.Adams

ABSTRACT

This article describes the primary geologic characteristics and cri-teria of the Barnett Shale and Barnett-Paleozoic total petroleum system (TPS)of the Fort Worth Basin used to define two geographic areas of the Barnett Shale for petroleum resource assessment.From these two areas,referred to as ‘‘assessment units,’’the U.S.Geologi-cal Survey estimated a mean volume of about 26tcf of undiscov-ered,technically recoverable hydrocarbon gas in the Barnett Shale.

The Mississippian Barnett Shale is the primary source rock for oil and gas produced from Paleozoic reservoir rocks in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area and is also one of the most significant gas-producing formations in Texas.Subsurface mapping from well logs and commercial databases and petroleum geochemistry demonstrate that the Barnett Shale is organic rich and thermally mature for hy-drocarbon generation over most of the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area.In the northeastern and structurally deepest part of the Fort Worth Basin adjacent to the Muenster arch,the formation is more than 1000ft (305m)thick and interbedded with thick limestone units;westward,it thins rapidly over the Mississippian Chappel shelf to only a few tens of feet.

The Barnett-Paleozoic TPS is identified where thermally ma-ture Barnett Shale has generated large volumes of hydrocarbons and is (1)contained within the Barnett Shale unconventional continu-ous accumulation and (2)expelled and distributed among numer-ous conventional clastic-and carbonate-rock reservoirs of Paleozoic age.Vitrinite reflectance (R o )measurements show little correlation with present-day burial depth.Contours of equal R o values measured from Barnett Shale and typing of produced hydrocarbons indicate

AAPG Bulletin,v.91,no.4(April 2007),pp.405–436405

Copyright #2007.The American Association of Petroleum Geologists.All rights reserved.

Manuscript received January 25,2006;provisional acceptance March 15,2006;revised manuscript received August 2,2006;final acceptance October 30,2006.DOI:10.1306/10300606008

significant uplift and erosion.Furthermore,the thermal history of the formation was enhanced by hydrothermal events along the Ouachita thrust front and Mineral Wells–Newark East fault system.

Stratigraphy and thermal maturity define two gas-producing assessment units for the Barnett Shale:(1)a greater Newark East fracture-barrier continuous Barnett Shale gas assessment unit,en-compassing an area of optimal gas production where dense imper-meable limestones enclose thick ( 300ft; 91m)Barnett Shale that is within the gas-generation window (R o 1.1%);and (2)an extended continuous Barnett Shale gas assessment unit covering an area where the Barnett Shale is within the gas-generation window,but is less than 300ft (91m)thick,and either one or both of the overlying and underlying limestone barriers are absent.

INTRODUCTION

The Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area of north-central Texas is a mature petroleum province (Figure 1)where exploration and pro-duction of oil and gas has been ongoing since the early 1900s.Prior to about 1998,production was mostly from conventional reser-voirs ranging in age from Ordovician to Permian (Ball and Perry,1996).Of recent importance,however,is the recognition that a giant continuous (unconventional),nonassociated gas accumula-tion exists within the Mississippian Barnett Shale.Since 2000,an-nual gas production from the Barnett Shale has established the greater Newark East field (Figure 1)as the largest gas-producing field in Texas (EIA,2002;Rach,2004).Subsequently,Barnett Shale Newark East field now ranks second in the United States in terms of annual gas production (EIA,2005).Cumulative gas production from January 1993to January 2006from the Barnett Shale New-ark East field was about 1.8tcf;in 2005,gas production was about 480bcf compared to less than 11bcf in 1993(Texas Railroad Com-mission,2006).Proven gas reserves for Newark East field are es-timated to be between 2.5and 3.0tcf (Bowker,2003).In addition,the U.S.Geological Survey recently estimated a total mean volume of undiscovered,technically recoverable gas of about 26tcf in two Barnett Shale gas assessment units within the Fort Worth Basin (Pollastro et al.,2004b;Pollastro,2007).

A geologic framework was constructed jointly by the U.S.Geo-logical Survey and Adexco Production Company (Fort Worth,Texas)for the Barnett Shale within the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area from well logs,commercial well databases,and scientific litera-ture to (1)determine the geographic extent and stratigraphic rela-tions of the Barnett Shale with underlying and overlying formations and (2)define favorable areas for undiscovered recoverable gas and oil resources in the Barnett Shale.A joint petroleum geochemistry study of the Barnett Shale was also established between the U.S.Geological Survey and Humble Geochemical Services (Humble,Texas)to identify total petroleum systems (TPS)within the area by (1)identifying major source rocks,(2)characterizing oil and gas

Production Company,his primary focus is con-ventional and unconventional oil and gas in Texas and the mid-continent.Craig has worked the Barnett Shale for 6years,where his com-pany was one of the first to expand beyond the core area of the Newark East field.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This study benefited from contributions of several individuals and independent explora-tion companies.We especially thank Republic Energy,particularly Brad Curtis and Dan

Steward,for discussing the Barnett Shale play and for permissions and arrangements to sample oil and gas from Republic Energy wells.We thank Kent Bowker,David Martineau,Tony Carvalho,and Robert Cluff for their helpful discussions that resulted in a more compre-hensive understanding of the geologic frame-work,production characteristics,and historical evolution of the Barnett Shale play.We are especially grateful to the reviews of the manuscript in its early stages made by Tom Ahlbrandt,Neil Fishman,and Dick Keefer at the U.S.Geological Survey,and the especially thorough and critical reviews from an anony-mous AAPG reviewer and AAPG reviewers Ken Peters and Barry Katz,all of which have greatly improved the manuscript.

406Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Figure1.Map shows the area of U.S.Geological Survey(USGS)Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin province45,major structural features, location of Newark East and Boonsville fields,extent of Mississippian Barnett Shale and Barnett-Paleozoic TPS,and relation to historical production in north-central Texas and southwest Oklahoma.Oil cells contain only oil wells;gas cells contain only gas wells;and mixed oil and gas cells contain both oil and gas wells.Cell data were derived from IHS Energy(2003).Cell size is equal to0.25mi2(0.64km2).

Pollastro et al.407

produced from both Paleozoic-age conventional reser-voirs and from continuous accumulations within the Barnett Shale,and(3)identifying areas where the Barnett Shale is within the oil and thermogenic gas-generation windows.Total organic carbon(TOC)and mean vitrinite reflectance(R o)analyses were performed by Humble Geochemical Services.Sample location,de-scriptions,and details and interpretations of organic geo-chemistry and R o of the Barnett Shale are found in com-panion articles by Jarvie et al.(2007)and Hill et al.(2007).

The purpose of this article is to present an over-view of the geologic framework and thermal history of the Barnett Shale in the context of the https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html,ing the interpretations of organic geochemistry from com-panion articles by Jarvie et al.(2007)and Hill et al. (2007),the geologic framework is combined to define the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS of the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin to further determine the geographic extent and stratigraphic relations of the Barnett Shale and favor-able areas for undiscovered,technically recoverable gas in the Barnett Shale for resource assessment.Finally, these relations and interpretation are used for the as-sessment of undiscovered gas in the Barnett Shale dis-cussed in a companion article by Pollastro(2007). TOTAL PETROLEUM SYSTEM,RESOURCE ASSESSMENT,AND THE BARNETT SHALE CONTINUOUS ACCUMULATION

Current U.S.Geological Survey assessments to esti-mate undiscovered oil and gas resources are based on the TPS assessment unit methodology(Klett et al., 2000;Magoon and Schmoker,2000;Pollastro,2007). Similar to the petroleum system,principal geologic ele-ments of a TPS include source,reservoir,and seal rocks and hydrocarbon traps.The TPS is different from the more conventional petroleum system definition.The con-ventional definition of a petroleum system by Magoon and Dow(1994)includes an area of all known accu-mulations linked to a specific pod(or pods)of mature source rock.The TPS,however,is better suitable for resource assessment because it also incorporates areas of petroleum potential related to the pod(s)of mature source rock where undiscovered accumulations may exist because of hydrocarbon migration.

In general,the assessment unit is categorized into one of two primary end-member types of accumula-tions(conventional and continuous)that are identified for assessment purposes,although some accumulations may contain characteristics of both,indicating that a transitional-type accumulation may also exist(Schenk and Pollastro,2002;Pollastro,2007).Because the meth-odology used to assess continuous-type accumulations is much different from that for conventional accumula-tions(Schmoker,1999,2002),the characterization of reservoirs within a TPS is critical to assess undiscovered resources.The Barnett Shale of the Fort Worth Basin, Texas,is the foremost example of a continuous-type, shale-gas accumulation.

Samples of(1)oil and gas from numerous Paleozoic reservoirs,and(2)cuttings and cores of the Barnett Shale, as well as other potential source rocks,were collected from wells throughout the Bend arch–Forth Worth Basin area and analyzed in a joint study by Humble Geochem-ical Services and the U.S.Geological Survey(Figure2A). The study concluded that the organic-rich,Mississippian Barnett Shale is the primary source rock for oil and gas produced from reservoirs of Paleozoic age in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area(Jarvie et al.,2001;2004a,b; 2005;2007;Pollastro et al.,2003;Hill et al.,2007).

Although other stratigraphic units show limited source potential,including organic-rich facies of Penn-sylvanian age,correlation of oils to both oil produced from the Barnett Shale and rock extracts of the Barnett Shale indicates that the Barnett is the source of most of the oil and gas in the basin(Jarvie et al.,2001,2004). For example,fingerprinting of oil produced from low-maturity Barnett Shale in Brown County,Texas,using gas chromatography,biomarkers,and carbon isotopes correlates with other oils from reservoirs in the western part of the basin in Shackelford,Callahan,and Throck-morton counties,and that most of the oils are low in sulfur and originated from a marine shale source rock.Similar-ly,light hydrocarbons,biomarkers,and carbon isotopes of the same oils correlate with condensates in the central Barnett Shale,producing horizons of Newark East field.

Barnett Shale–derived oil and gas are found in all reservoirs of Ordovician(Ellenburger Group)to Lower Permian age(Jarvie et al.,2004a,b;2005;2007;Hill et al., 2007),thus defining the stratigraphic distribution of the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS.Ordovician,Mississippian, and lower Pennsylvanian reservoirs are mostly carbon-ate rocks,whereas clastic rocks dominate the middle Pennsylvanian to Lower Permian reservoirs(Figure3). Although new data are available because of recent gas drilling and production in the Barnett Shale play, the distribution of oil and gas within the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin is generally shown in the0.25-mi2 (0.64-km2)cell map of Figure1compiled in2003.Here, if a cell contains only oil cells,it is designated as an oil cell.Similarly,if only gas wells fall within the cell,it is

408Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

designated as a gas cell.If the cell contains both oil and gas wells,it is designated as a mixed oil and gas cell.

The distribution of oil,gas,and mixed oil and gas produced in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin on the basis of the cell map reveals some significant trends that can be attributed to the thermal maturity of the Barnett Shale source rock.Most gas cells are found along the northeastern part of the basin or along the Ouachita thrust front.These areas are the deeper and more ther-mally mature parts of the basin.Oil cells are concen-trated to the north and west,where thermal-maturity levels are lower.Mixed oil and gas cells occur mostly in transition zones between oil and gas cell concentrations.

The lack of productive cells in the eastern part of the basin and along the Ouachita thrust front is mostly caused by (1)the lack of quality conventional reservoirs in the area and (2)historical well production data for Figure 1,which was limited to early 2003because it was generated at the time of the 2003U.S.Geological Sur-vey assessment (Pollastro et al.,2004b).Since early 2003,about 3000additional gas wells have been completed in the Barnett Shale,with several hundred of these wells completed in counties along the eastern part of the basin.

The approximate geographic boundary of the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS is shown in the oil and gas cell map of Figure 1and in Figure 2B;petroleum system elements and events for the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS are summarized in Figure https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b2276572.html,bining the petroleum geo-chemistry studies of Jarvie et al.(2004b,2005,2007)and Hill et al.(2007)with framework geology and vi-trinite reflectance (R o )thermal-maturity data,we define a Barnett-Paleozoic TPS (Pollastro,2003;Pollastro et al.,2003,2004a)for the purpose of understanding petro-leum systems and assessing undiscovered resources in this area,with emphasis on the unconventional,non-associated gas accumulation in the Barnett Shale.

STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION AND GENERAL STRATIGRAPHY OF THE BEND ARCH –FORT WORTH BASIN

The Fort Worth Basin is a shallow,north-south–elongated trough encompassing roughly 15,000mi 2(38,100km 2)in north-central Texas (Figure 1).It is one of several fore-land basins formed during the late Paleozoic Ouachita orogeny,a major tectonic event of thrust-fold deforma-tion resulting from collision tectonics (Walper,1982;Thompson,1988).The Ouachita thrust front forms the eastern boundary of the Fort Worth Basin (Figures 1,2).Other basins in this trend include the Black

Warrior,

Figure 3.Generalized subsurface stratigraphic section of the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin province showing the distribution of source rocks,reservoir rocks,and seal rocks of the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS.Modified from Pollastro (2003).410

Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Arkoma,Kerr,Val Verde,and Marfa basins(Flawn et al.,1961).

The Fort Worth Basin is a wedge-shaped,northward-deepening depression;the general structure is shown by the Ellenburger Group structure contour map in Figure5.The axis roughly parallels the Muenster arch, which bounds the basin to the north-northeast,then bends southward to parallel the Ouachita structural front(Figure5).The opposing hinge line and conse-quent limits of the Fort Worth Basin shifted west and northwest throughout the early and middle Pennsyl-vanian in response to the rising Ouachita fold belt to the east(Tai,1979).The north margin of the basin is formed by fault-bounded basement uplifts of the Red River and Muenster arches(Figure5).These features are part of the northwest-striking Amarillo-Wichita uplift trend and were formed by reactivation of base-ment faults associated with the Oklahoma aulocogen during Ouachita compression(Walper,1977,1982).

The Fort Worth Basin shallows to the west against a series of gentle positive features including the Bend arch,Eastern shelf,and Concho arch(Figure2B).The Bend arch is a large,north-plunging positive subsurface structure extending north from the Llano uplift of cen-tral Texas(Figures1,2).The arch is postulated to have formed by subsidence of the Fort Worth Basin begin-ning in the late Mississippian,combined with westward tilting in the late Paleozoic,which created the Mid-land Basin to the west(Walper,1977,1982;Tai,1979). Thus,the Bend arch is a flexure and structural high that formed without being actively uplifted;it represents the major and final westernmost hinge line of the present-day Fort Worth Basin.The Llano uplift,a domal feature that exposes Precambrian and Paleozoic(Cambrian–Pennsylvanian)rocks,forms part of the southern bound-ary of the Fort Worth Basin(Figures2,5).The Llano uplift had intermittent positive movements beginning in the Precambrian(Flawn et al.,1961).Sections of the Barnett Shale are exposed along the uplift in Lampasas and San Saba counties(Grayson et al.,1991).A second-ary structural feature in the southern part of the basin is the Lampasas arch,which extends northeastward from the Llano uplift and closely parallels the Ouachita structural front(Figure2B).

Other structures in the Fort Worth Basin include (1)major and minor faults,(2)local folds,(3)fractures, (4)karst-related collapse features of the Ellenburger Group,and(5)thrust-fold structures.Major basement reverse faults,possibly strike-slip displacements,define the south margin of the Red River and Muenster arches (Flawn et al.,1961;Henry,1982).Isopach maps of the Mississippian rocks(mainly Barnett Shale)in Monta-gue County indicate the presence of local fault blocks in the northern part of the Fort Worth Basin(Henry, 1982).Thrust-fold structures are interpreted to exist in the easternmost parts of the basin(Walper,1982)and involve,or override,Mississippian and older rocks.

An important structural feature in the main area of the Barnett Shale gas production is the Mineral Wells fault(Figures1,2B),a prominent northeast-southwest–trending structure that has been mapped in the subsur-face in Palo Pinto,Parker,Wise,and Denton counties. The fault cuts across Newark East field in its north-eastern part;the fault system is also informally referred to as the Mineral Wells–Newark East fault system(Pollas-tro et al.,2003,2004a).The origin of the Mineral Wells fault is not completely understood because it does not appear to be directly related to either the fault blocks of the Muenster and Red River arches or Ouachita thrust-ing.However,proprietary seismic data indicate that it is a basement fault that underwent periodic reactiva-tion,particularly during the late Paleozoic(Montgomery et al.,2005),with possibly some recurrent movement during the Mississippian(Pollastro,2003).Studies have shown that the Mineral Wells fault was a significant fac-tor in(1)the deposition of Bend Group conglomerates (Thompson,1982);(2)influencing depositional pat-terns and thermal history of the Barnett Shale(Bowker, 2003;Pollastro,2003;Pollastro et al.,2004a;Mont-gomery et al.,2006);(3)controlling migration and dis-tribution of oil-associated gas at Boonsville field in the northern Fort Worth Basin(Figure2A)(Jarvie et al., 2003,2004b,2005;Pollastro et al.,2004a);and(4)in-hibiting gas production from Barnett Shale where the Mineral Wells fault zone and associated fractures inter-sect Newark East field(Bowker,2003;Pollastro,2003).

Minor high-angle normal faults and graben-type fea-tures are present in many parts of the basin(Reily,1982; Williams,1982).The changing orientation of these struc-tures argues for their being related to several major tec-tonic elements.For example,at Boonsville and Newark East fields,high-density stratigraphic well control shows many normal faults that trend northeast to southwest, parallel or subparallel to the Mineral Wells–Newark East fault.In the central basin,faults have a north-south trend and appear to be related to the Ouachita structural front to the east(Adams,2003;Montgomery et al.,2005,2006).

Natural fractures associated with fault trends oc-cur in conventional cores taken from wells that pene-trate the Barnett Shale,particularly at the Newark East field.Such fractures are commonly filled with carbonate cement(Bowker,2003).A recent3-D seismic study at

412Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Figure 5.Generalized structure contour map,top of Ellenburger Group,Fort Worth Basin–Bend arch area of north-central Texas.Data interpreted from subsurface log and IHS well-history database (IHS Energy,2003).

Pollastro et al.

413

Boonsville field shows small-scale faulting and local sub-sidence in Mississippian to middle Pennsylvanian(Strawn Formation)strata that are related to karst development and solution collapse in the underlying Ordovician Ellen-burger Group(Hardage et al.,1996).

Sedimentary rocks in the Fort Worth Basin reach a maximum thickness of about12,000ft(3660m)ad-jacent to the Muenster arch.The subsurface stratigraphic section consists of4000–5000ft(1220–1524m)of Ordovician–Mississippian carbonates and shales,6000–7000ft(1829–2134m)of Pennsylvanian clastics and carbonates,and,in the eastern parts of the basin,a thin veneer of Cretaceous rocks(Flawn et al.,1961;Henry, 1982;Lahti and Huber,1982;Thompson,1988).Strati-graphic relations and burial-history reconstructions indi-cate that a thick(>4000ft;>1220m)section of upper Pennsylvanian and possibly Permian strata was eroded prior to the incursion of Early Cretaceous seas(Henry, 1982;Walper,1982).

Sedimentary rocks are underlain by Precambrian granite and diorite basement(Figure3).From the Cam-brian to the Mississippian,the area that is now the Fort Worth Basin was part of a stable cratonic shelf,with deposition dominated by carbonates(Turner,1957;Bur-gess,1976).Ellenburger Group carbonate rocks repre-sent a broad epeiric carbonate platform that covered virtually all of Texas during the Early Ordovician.A pronounced drop in sea level at the end of Ellenburger deposition resulted in prolonged platform exposure and extensive karst features in the upper part of the car-bonate sequence(Sloss,1976;Kerans,1988).Moreover, a later major erosional event removed any Silurian and Devonian rocks that may have been present in that area (Henry,1982).The Barnett Shale was deposited over the resulting unconformity over most of the Fort Worth Basin.In the area of the Chappel shelf(Figures6,7A), pinnacle reefs and mounds of the Chappel Limestone were deposited on the Ellenburger unconformity.In this area,the upper part of the lower Barnett Shale thins over the shelf and drapes these pinnacle reefs and mounds to form the seal for Chappel Limestone reservoirs.

Mississippian rocks consist of alternating shallow-marine limestones and black,organic-rich shales;how-ever,the Mississippian section is not well defined because of lack of sufficient diagnostic fossils.The Pennsylvanian (Morrowan)Marble Falls Limestone overlies the Bar-nett Shale(Figures3,8)and includes an upper lime-stone interval and a lower unit of interbedded dark lime-stone and gray-black shale,sometimes referred to as the Comyn Formation.The lower shale part of the lower Marble Falls is commonly used as a marker unit,but is also commonly mistaken on subsurface well logs for the Barnett Shale(informally referred to by the industry as ‘‘false Barnett’’).This shale marker unit or false Barnett in the lower Marble Falls is shown on the log section of Figure8and on the cross sections in Figures9and10. Uppermost Mississippian and lowermost Pennsylva-nian rocks appear conformable but may include discon-formities in some areas(e.g.,proximal to the Muenster arch)(Flippin,1982;Henry,1982).

Pennsylvanian rocks above the Marble Falls gen-erally consist of clastic and mixed carbonate deposits that represent a range of westward-prograding fluvial-deltaic environments,and transgressive carbonate bank deposits(Cleaves,1982;Thompson,1988).Terrigenous clastics originated mainly from uplifts of the Muenster arch and the Ouachita fold and thrust belt to the north and east and represent the main phase of subsidence and basin infilling during major advancement of the Oua-chita structural front.Sediment loading and basin for-mation by the westward-advancing thrust front caused a progressive westward shift of depocenters(Thompson, 1988).Lower Pennsylvanian deposits consist of Atokan conglomerates,sandstones,shales,and thin limestones deposited in settings ranging from marine to marginal marine to continental(Thompson,1982).Depositional patterns in lower Pennsylvanian(Atokan)rocks indicate that the Muenster arch was an active sediment source prior to major uplift(Lovick et al.,1982).Tectonism along the Muenster arch probably involved the rejuve-nation of older,deep-seated basement faults,associated in part with the Oklahoma aulacogen(Flawn et al., 1961;Walper,1977,1982).

Permian rocks occur in parts of the Fort Worth Ba-sin,but no Triassic or Jurassic rocks have been identified, probably because of pre-Cretaceous erosion.Cretaceous rocks of the Comanche series overlie the tilted and eroded Paleozoic sequence along the eastern part of the basin(Walper,1982).Cretaceous rocks are not pro-ductive of hydrocarbons,but are major groundwater aquifers where present(Herkommer and Denke,1982). RESULTS,INTERPRETATION,AND APPLICATION

Barnett Shale Deposition,Geographic Distribution,

and Stratigraphic Framework

The Barnett Shale was deposited over a large part of north-central Texas during the late Mississippian in a remnant of the southern part of an early Paleozoic aulacogen during the early formation of the Fort Worth

414Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Figure6.Map showing regional extent of Barnett Shale,thickness of Barnett Shale in selected wells,generalized regional isopachs of Barnett Shale,and lines of well-log cross sections AA0of Figure9and BB0of Figure10.Contour intervals are50ft(15m)for thicknesses from0to300ft(0to91m)and100ft(30m)for thicknesses from300to1000ft(91to305m).Modified from Pollastro(2003).

Pollastro et al.415

416Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

Basin (Figure 7).The basin formed in response to the collision of the North and South American plates.Dur-ing convergence and collision,downwarping or subsi-dence occurred along rejuvenated zones of weakness as-sociated with the aulacogen.Continued collision during the early Pennsylvanian caused overthrusting along the eastern margin of the basin (Figure 11),the formation of the Ouachita geosyncline,and the onset of the orog-eny (Henry,1982;McBee,1999).Terrigenous material in the Barnett Shale was likely derived from areas of

Figure 7.Paleogeographic maps of north Texas and southwestern Oklahoma during the Mississippian.(A)The Osagean showing incipient subduction zone and consequent uplift adjacent to present-day Fort Worth Basin and areas of deposition of the lower part of the Barnett Shale (dark shading),position of Chappel shelf and bioherm deposition.Emergent areas are lightly shaded.(B)The Chesterian showing major structural features and area of upper Barnett Shale,or equivalent,deposition (dark shading).Emergent areas are light shaded.Modified from McBee

(1999).

Figure 8.Typical well-log stratigraphic section showing gamma-ray and resistivity logs through the Barnett Shale and overlying and underlying units.Depth in feet.

Pollastro et al.

417

Barnett Shale is absent both north of the Muenster arch in the Sherman-Marietta Basin and east of the Oua-chita thrust belt(Figure2B).The present-day geographic distribution of the formation in the Bend arch–Forth Worth Basin area(Pollastro,2003),as shown in Figures1, 2,and6,was determined using subsurface geophysical well logs,the IHS well-history database(IHS Energy, 2003),and the well data of Mapel et al.(1979).Barnett Shale is present in the Hardeman Basin to the north, where an oil-prone Barnett Shale petroleum system,the Barnett-Hardeman TPS(Figure2B),has been defined (Pollastro et al.,2004a,b);the Barnett Shale is also present in the Midland,Delaware,and Palo Duro basins to the west.Along the Eastern shelf,the Barnett Shale is generally absent because of erosion and a facies change into limestone to the northwest along the Chappel shelf (Figure7);however,small isolated remnants of the for-mation have been identified on the karsted surface of the Ordovician Ellenburger Group(Mapel et al.,1979).

Several stratigraphic cross sections and isopach maps, including total Barnett Shale and various intervals with-in,above,and below it,were made from more than 300subsurface geophysical logs.Figure6is a general-ized isopach map of the total Barnett Shale in the Bend

Figure10.Generalized northeast-southwest stratigraphic cross section BB0based on well-log correlations;line of section is from Figure6.Gamma-log profile(red)and resistivity-log profile(yellow) are shown for reference on selected wells.Not to scale horizontally.

Pollastro et al.419

Figure11.Paleogeographic maps of north-central Texas and southwestern Oklahoma.(A)The Pennsylvanian(Morrowan)shows areas of Ouachita thrusting,consequent uplift and basin formation,and areas of deposition of limestone and shale facies of the Marble Falls Formation.(B)Late Ordovician shows areas of Viola Limestone and Sylvan Shale deposition.Emergent areas are light shaded.Modified from McBee(1999).

420Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

arch–Fort Worth Basin area,updated from Pollastro (2003).The geographic extent of the formation in this area is partly controlled by the Red River and Muenster arches to the north and the Ouachita structural front to the south and southeast.In the northern part of the Fort Worth Basin,the Barnett Shale averages about 250ft(76m)thick;it is thickest,more than1000ft (305m),in the deepest part of the basin adjacent to the Muenster arch(Figure6),where it is interbedded with limestone units that have a cumulative thickness of as much as400ft(122m)(Mapel et al.,1979;Henry, 1982;Bowker,2003;Pollastro,2003;Texas Railroad Commission,2003).The Barnett thins rapidly to the west to only a few tens of feet over the Mississippian Chappel shelf and along the Llano uplift(Figures6, 10).In summary,the Barnett Shale is absent in areas (1)where eroded along the Red River arch and Muen-ster arch to the north and northeast;(2)along the Llano uplift to the south;and(3)to the west,where there is an erosional limit and a facies change to limestone.

The isopach map in Figure6also shows three gen-eral trends of increased thickness of the Barnett Shale that are unrelated to present-day basin geometry and axis but show some relation to other structural elements within the basin.Two of these thickening trends encir-cle the Chappel shelf:an east-west trend perpendicular to the Bend arch through Palo Pinto,Shackelford,and Stephens counties,and a northwest-southeast trend in the northern part of the basin through Jack,Clay,and Archer counties(Figure6).The thickening of Barnett Shale along these trends is not understood;however,the east-west trend is near coincident with elevated ther-mal maturities of the Barnett Shale(Figure12),as indi-cated by mean vitrinite reflectance values(R o=0.9%), as discussed in the section below.Pollastro(2003)sug-gested that east-west faulting in the basin may have controlled the deposition of Barnett Shale in this area. The third trend of Barnett Shale thickening is through Hood,Erath,Comanche,and Hamilton counties,north and subparallel to the Ouachita structural front.This trend may represent an ancestral axis during the incip-ient formation of the Fort Worth foreland basin and Barnett Shale deposition.

Based on the well-log interpretations of Figure8, generalized stratigraphic cross sections were constructed showing the lithology and thickness of the Barnett Shale (Figures9,10).It commonly exhibits a high gamma-ray-log response at the base(basal hot shale in Figure8) that can be traced throughout most of the basin.Thick (as much as1000ft[305m])sections of the Barnett Shale in the deepest part of the Fort Worth Basin ad-jacent to the Muenster arch contain interbedded thick limestone units that are informally referred to as‘‘lime wash’’in some places(Texas Railroad Commission, 2003).These limestones(not shown in the cross sec-tions of Figures9,10,but mapped in Figure13A)thin rapidly to the south and west away from the Muenster arch.Bowker(2003)suggested that they were depos-ited as debris flows from a source to the north,prob-ably the Muenster arch.Westward thinning of the Barnett Shale over the Chappel shelf is also shown on the cross section in Figure10.

In the area of Newark East field,the Barnett Shale is informally divided into lower and upper intervals that are separated by a carbonate rock unit informally known as the‘‘Forestburg limestone’’(Henry,1982) (Figures8,9).The upper Barnett Shale and Forest-burg limestone are present over much of the Newark East field area.The Forestburg limestone is absent to the south and west of the field,whereas the upper part of the Barnett Shale(referred to hereafter as the ‘‘upper Barnett Shale’’)can be traced farther westward (Figures9,14).Near the Muenster arch,the Forestburg limestone reaches a thickness exceeding200ft(61m), but thins rapidly to the south and west to a feather edge in the southernmost Wise and Denton counties (Figures9,13B).This tight limestone unit is not an exploration target,but is important for more successful vertical well completions because it forms an imperme-able barrier that helps to limit the zone of induced frac-tures that are normally required to stimulate production in Barnett Shale gas wells.Where the Forestburg lime-stone is absent,upper and lower Barnett Shale are un-differentiated on well logs and maps.To the west and southwest of Newark East field,the Barnett Shale thins rapidly,and only the lower part(referred to hereafter as the‘‘lower Barnett Shale’’)is present.In this area,the upper Barnett Shale changes facies from shale to lime-stone(Grayson et al.,1991;McBee,1999)(Figure7).

The Marble Falls Limestone(Pennsylvanian–Mor-rowan),which immediately overlies the Barnett,grades from limestone at the Newark East field into shale in the southeastern part of the basin(Figures9,11A).At the Newark East field,the formation,like the Forestburg limestone,is a dense impermeable limestone and forms an effective fracture barrier for containing the induced fracturing of Barnett Shale gas wells.Well data indicate that the Marble Falls Limestone thins rapidly south of the Newark East field,where there is a facies change to shale(Figure11A)in the east-central part of the Fort Worth Basin(McBee,1999;Adams,2003;Bowker,2003; Pollastro,2003).Thus,the southern geographic limit

Pollastro et al.421

Figure12.Map shows lines of equal thermal maturity as determined from mean vitrinite reflectance(R o)of Barnett Shale.Based on data from Humble Geochemical Services,Humble,Texas.Areas of probable high hydrothermal heating and anomalously high R o are also indicated(arrows).

422Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

of the dense limestone facies is an important boundary for exploration and exploitation of the main Barnett Shale play area.In the southern part of the Fort Worth Basin and in Brown,Comanche,Mills,and Hamilton counties,the Marble Falls Limestone is a conventional hydrocarbon play.In those areas,the formation consists of a carbonate bank complex that produces gas from mostly conventional stratigraphic traps at depths be-tween2000and3000ft(610and914m)(Namy,1982).

The Mississippian section in the Fort Worth Ba-sin is thickest just southwest of the Muenster arch, where the Barnett Shale is more than1000ft(305m) thick and contains relatively large amounts of limestone (Figures9,13A)(Bowker,2003;Pollastro,2003;Texas Railroad Commission,2003).West of the Newark East field,and along the east flank of the Bend arch,the formation thins over the Chappel shelf carbonate plat-form(Figures6,10).In those areas,the Barnett Shale is underlain by the Mississippian Chappel Limestone, which consists mostly of crinoidal limestone with local pinnacle mounds and reefs up to300ft(91m)thick. Isolated mounds and clusters of these mounds and pin-nacle reefs are exploration targets in localized,conven-tional stratigraphic traps that are sealed by the Barnett Shale(Browning,1982;Ehlmann,1982).

Generalized structure contour maps drawn on top of the Ellenburger Group and on top of the Barnett Shale in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin area are shown in Figures5and15,respectively.The top of the Ellen-burger Group is generally characterized by solution-collapse features(karst)that formed by long-term,sub-aerial weathering.Karsted Ellenburger Group commonly results in localized areas of anomalously thick Barnett Shale that fill cavernous Ellenburger paleotopography. Karst-filled Ellenburger has been identified from well logs in both Johnson and Brown counties(Figure6). Along the eastern part of the Fort Worth Basin,dense, crystalline limestones and dolomitic limestones of the Upper Ordovician Viola Limestone(Figure11B)and Simpson Group(Viola-Simpson)lie between the Ellen-burger Group and Barnett Shale.Viola-Simpson rocks dip generally eastward beneath the sub-Mississippian unconformity;they are absent to the west along a gen-eral northwest-to-southeast trend(Figure16)through Clay,Montague,Wise,Tarrant,Johnson,and Hill coun-ties(Henry,1982;Bowker,2003;Pollastro,2003).

The western geographic limit of the Viola-Simpson subcrop is a critical boundary in the Barnett Shale gas play because to the south and west,where Viola and Simpson rocks are absent(Figure16B),the Barnett Shale directly overlies Ellenburger Group carbonates.Ellenburger carbonate rocks are commonly dolomitic, karsted,have greater porosities than other underlying formations,and are potentially water bearing.In vertical wells completed where the Barnett Shale stratigraphi-cally rests on low fracture-gradient Ellenburger carbon-ate rocks,instead of the dense,low-permeability,high fracture-gradient Viola-Simpson limestones,two negative results commonly occur:(1)the energy from hydraulic stimulation is not contained within the gas-saturated Barnett Shale,thus limiting the productivity of a well; and(2)induced fractures tend to move into the under-lying porous and water-saturated Ellenburger Group, resulting in multiple production problems related to high-salinity waters that infiltrate the Barnett Shale. Recently,exploration and development of the Barnett Shale in areas where these fracture-barrier limestones (Viola-Simpson below and/or the Marble Falls above) are absent have been exploited by horizontal wells.

Petroleum Geochemistry and Thermal History Overview

Studies on the geochemistry of oil and gas in the Fort Worth Basin and organic richness and gas generation in the Barnett Shale are ongoing and have been discussed by Jarvie et al.(2001;2003;2004a,b;2005).Refer to articles by Hill et al.(2007)and Jarvie et al.(2007)for details and the most current interpretations on these subjects.These studies demonstrate that oil and gas produced from this area were generated mostly from the Barnett Shale.A brief discussion of the petroleum geochemistry and thermal history of the Fort Worth Basin and Barnett Shale is given here in conjunction with the geology to further describe the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS and define and establish geographic areas for oil and gas assessment of the Barnett Shale.

Oil and gas samples were taken from producing res-ervoirs in the following stratigraphic units:Ordovician Ellenburger Group and Viola Limestone,Mississippian Chappel Limestone and Barnett Shale,and Pennsylva-nian Bend,Strawn,and Canyon groups(Figure3).Large-scale generation of hydrocarbons mostly from the Barnett Shale source rock in the Bend arch–Fort Worth Basin re-sulted in the migration and accumulation of oil and gas into both conventional and unconventional reservoirs of Paleozoic age.In this area,about2billion bbl of oil and 7TCFG have been produced(Pollastro et al.,2003), most attributed to the Barnett-Paleozoic TPS(Figure1).

Mean TOC values of Barnett Shale shown in Figure2A are averages mostly from multiple well-cutting samples taken at various depths.Mean TOC ranges between1and5wt.%and averages between2.5

Pollastro et al.423

424Barnett Shale,Bend Arch–Fort Worth Basin,Texas

高二《甜美纯净的女声独唱》教案

高二《甜美纯净的女声独唱》教案 一、基本说明 教学内容 1）教学内容所属模块：歌唱 2）年级：高二 3）所用教材出版单位：湖南文艺出版社 4）所属的章节：第三单元第一节 5）学时数： 45 分钟 二、教学设计 1、教学目标： ①、在欣赏互动中感受女声的音域及演唱风格，体验女声的音色特点。 ②、在欣赏互动中，掌握美声、民族、通俗三种唱法的特点，体验其魅力。 ③、让学生能够尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 ④、通过学唱歌曲培养学生热爱祖国、热爱生活的激情。 2、教学重点： ①、掌握女高音、女中音的音域和演唱特点。 ②、掌握美声、民族、通俗三种方法演唱风格。 3、教学难点： ①、学生归纳不同唱法的特点与风格。

②、学生尝试用不同演唱风格表现同一首歌。 3、设计思路 《普通高中音乐课程标准》指出：“音乐课的教学过程就是音乐的艺术实践过程。”《甜美纯净的女声独唱》作为《魅力四射的独唱舞台》单元的第一课，是让学生在丰富多彩的歌唱艺术形式中感受出女声独唱以其优美纯净的声音特点而散发出独特的魅力。为此，本课从身边熟悉的人物和情景入手，激发学生学习兴趣，把教学重心放在艺术实践中，让学生在欣赏、学习不同的歌唱风格中，培养自己的综合欣赏能力及歌唱水平。在教学过程中让学生体会不同风格的甜美纯净女声的内涵，感知优美纯净的声音特点而散发出的独特魅力，学会多听、多唱，掌握一定的歌唱技巧，提高自己的演唱水平。为实现以上目标，本人将新课标“过程与方法”中的“体验、比较、探究、合作”四个具体目标贯穿全课，注重学生的个人感受和独特见解，鼓励学生的自我意识与创新精神，强调探究、强调实践，将教学过程变为整合、转化间接经验为学生直接经验的过程，让学生亲身去感悟、去演唱，并力求改变现在高中学生普遍只关注流行歌曲的现状，让学生自己确定最适合自己演唱的方法，自我发现、自我欣赏，充分展示自己的的声音魅力。 三、教学过程 教学环节及时间教师活动学生活动设计意图

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尊重的素材（为人处世） 思路 人与人之间只有互相尊重才能友好相处 要让别人尊重自己，首先自己得尊重自己 尊重能减少人与人之间的摩擦 尊重需要理解和宽容 尊重也应坚持原则 尊重能促进社会成员之间的沟通 尊重别人的劳动成果 尊重能巩固友谊 尊重会使合作更愉快 和谐的社会需要彼此间的尊重 名言 施与人，但不要使对方有受施的感觉。帮助人，但给予对方最高的尊重。这是助人的艺术，也是仁爱的情操。—刘墉 卑己而尊人是不好的，尊己而卑人也是不好的。———徐特立 知道他自己尊严的人，他就完全不能尊重别人的尊严。———席勒 真正伟大的人是不压制人也不受人压制的。———纪伯伦 草木是靠着上天的雨露滋长的，但是它们也敢仰望穹苍。———莎士比亚 尊重别人，才能让人尊敬。———笛卡尔 谁自尊，谁就会得到尊重。———巴尔扎克 人应尊敬他自己，并应自视能配得上最高尚的东西。———黑格尔 对人不尊敬，首先就是对自己的不尊敬。———惠特曼

每当人们不尊重我们时，我们总被深深激怒。然而在内心深处，没有一个人十分尊重自己。———马克·吐温 忍辱偷生的人，绝不会受人尊重。———高乃依 敬人者，人恒敬之。———《孟子》 人必自敬，然后人敬之；人必自侮，然后人侮之。———扬雄 不知自爱反是自害。———郑善夫 仁者必敬人。———《荀子》 君子贵人而贱己，先人而后己。———《礼记》 尊严是人类灵魂中不可糟蹋的东西。———古斯曼 对一个人的尊重要达到他所希望的程度，那是困难的。———沃夫格纳 经典素材 1元和200元 （尊重劳动成果） 香港大富豪李嘉诚在下车时不慎将一元钱掉入车下，随即屈身去拾，旁边一服务生看到了，上前帮他拾起了一元钱。李嘉诚收起一元钱后，给了服务生200元酬金。 这里面其实包含了钱以外的价值观念。李嘉诚虽然巨富，但生活俭朴，从不挥霍浪费。他深知亿万资产，都是一元一元挣来的。钱币在他眼中已抽象为一种劳动，而劳动已成为他最重要的生存方式，他的所有财富，都是靠每天20小时以上的劳动堆积起来的。200元酬金，实际上是对劳动的尊重和报答，是不能用金钱衡量的。 富兰克林借书解怨 （尊重别人赢得朋友）

那一刻我感受到了幸福_初中作文

那一刻我感受到了幸福 本文是关于初中作文的那一刻我感受到了幸福，感谢您的阅读！ 每个人民的心中都有一粒幸福的种子，当它拥有了雨水的滋润和阳光的沐浴，它就会绽放出最美丽的姿态。那一刻，我们都能够闻到幸福的芬芳，我们都能够感受到幸福的存在。 在寒假期间，我偶然在授索电视频道，发现(百家讲坛)栏目中大学教授正在解密幸福，顿然引起我的好奇心，我放下了手中的遥控器，静静地坐在电视前，注视着频道上的每一个字，甚至用笔急速记在了笔记本上。我还记得，那位大学教授讲到了一个故事：一位母亲被公司升职到外国工作，这位母亲虽然十分高兴，但却又十分无奈，因为她的儿子马上要面临中考了，她不能撇下儿子迎接中考的挑战，于是她决定拒绝这了份高薪的工作，当有人问她为什么放弃这么好的机会时，她却毫无遗憾地说，纵然我能给予儿子最贵的礼物，优异的生活环境，但我却无当给予他关键时刻的那份呵护与关爱，或许以后的一切会证明我的选择是正确的。听完这样一段故事，我心中有种说不出的感觉，刹那间，我仿拂感觉那身边正在包饺子的妈妈，屋里正在睡觉的爸爸，桌前正在看小说的妹妹给我带来了一种温馨，幸福感觉。正如教授所说的那种解密幸福。就要选择一个明确的目标，确定自已追求的是什么，或许那时我还不能完全诠释幸福。 当幸福悄悄向我走来时，我已慢慢明白，懂得珍惜了。 那一天的那一刻对我来说太重要了，原本以为出差在外的父母早已忘了我的生日，只有妹妹整日算着日子。我在耳边唠叨个不停，没想到当日我失落地回到家中时，以为心中并不在乎生日，可是眼前的一切，让我心中涌现的喜悦，脸上露出的微笑证明我是在乎的。

爸爸唱的英文生日快乐歌虽然不是很动听，但爸爸对我的那份爱我听得很清楚，妈妈为我做的长寿面，我细细的品尝，吃出了爱的味道。妹妹急忙让我许下三个愿望，嘴里不停的唠叨：我知道你的三个愿望是什么?我问：为什么呀!我们是一家人，心连心呀!她高兴的说。 那一刻我才真正解开幸福的密码，感受到了真正的幸福，以前我无法理解幸福，即使身边有够多的幸福也不懂得欣赏，不懂得珍惜，只想拥有更好更贵的，其实幸福比物质更珍贵。 那一刻的幸福就是爱的升华，许多时候能让我们感悟幸福不是名利，物质。而是在血管里涌动着的，漫过心底的爱。 也许每一个人生的那一刻，就是我们幸运的降临在一个温馨的家庭中，而不是降临在孤独的角落里。 家的感觉就是幸福的感觉，幸福一直都存在于我们的身边!

The way常见用法

The way 的用法 Ⅰ常见用法： 1)the way+ that 2)the way + in which（最为正式的用法） 3)the way + 省略（最为自然的用法） 举例：I like the way in which he talks. I like the way that he talks. I like the way he talks. Ⅱ习惯用法： 在当代美国英语中，the way用作为副词的对格，“the way+ 从句”实际上相当于一个状语从句来修饰整个句子。 1)The way =as I am talking to you just the way I’d talk to my own child. He did not do it the way his friends did. Most fruits are naturally sweet and we can eat them just the way they are—all we have to do is to clean and peel them. 2）The way= according to the way/ judging from the way The way you answer the question, you are an excellent student. The way most people look at you, you’d think trash man is a monster. 3）The way =how/ how much No one can imagine the way he missed her. 4）The way =because

适合女生KTV唱的100首好听的歌

适合女生KTV唱的100首好听的歌别吝色你的嗓音很好学 1、偏爱----张芸京 2、阴天----莫文蔚 3、眼泪----范晓萱 4、我要我们在一起---=范晓萱 5、无底洞----蔡健雅 6、呼吸----蔡健雅 7、原点----蔡健雅&孙燕姿 8、我怀念的----孙燕姿 9、不是真的爱我----孙燕姿 10、我也很想他----孙燕姿 11、一直很安静----阿桑 12、让我爱----阿桑 13、错过----梁咏琪 14、爱得起----梁咏琪 15、蓝天----张惠妹 16、记得----张惠妹 17、简爱----张惠妹 18、趁早----张惠妹 19、一念之间----戴佩妮 20、两难----戴佩妮 21、怎样----戴佩妮 22、一颗心的距离----范玮琪 23、我们的纪念日----范玮琪 24、启程----范玮琪 25、最初的梦想----范玮琪 26、是非题----范玮琪 27、你是答案----范玮琪 28、没那么爱他----范玮琪 29、可不可以不勇敢----范玮琪 30、一个像夏天一个像秋天----范玮琪 31、听，是谁在唱歌----刘若英 32、城里的月光----许美静 33、女人何苦为难女人----辛晓琪 34、他不爱我----莫文蔚 35、你是爱我的----张惠妹 36、同类----孙燕姿 37、漩涡----孙燕姿 38、爱上你等于爱上寂寞----那英 39、梦醒了----那英 40、出卖----那英 41、梦一场----那英 42、愿赌服输----那英

43、蔷薇----萧亚轩 44、你是我心中一句惊叹----萧亚轩 45、突然想起你----萧亚轩 46、类似爱情----萧亚轩 47、Honey----萧亚轩 48、他和他的故事----萧亚轩 49、一个人的精彩----萧亚轩 50、最熟悉的陌生人----萧亚轩 51、想你零点零一分----张靓颖 52、如果爱下去----张靓颖 53、我想我是你的女人----尚雯婕 54、爱恨恢恢----周迅 55、不在乎他----张惠妹 56、雪地----张惠妹 57、喜欢两个人----彭佳慧 58、相见恨晚----彭佳慧 59、囚鸟----彭羚 60、听说爱情回来过----彭佳慧 61、我也不想这样----王菲 62、打错了----王菲 63、催眠----王菲 64、执迷不悔----王菲 65、阳宝----王菲 66、我爱你----王菲 67、闷----王菲 68、蝴蝶----王菲 69、其实很爱你----张韶涵 70、爱情旅程----张韶涵 71、舍得----郑秀文 72、值得----郑秀文 73、如果云知道----许茹芸 74、爱我的人和我爱的人----裘海正 75、谢谢你让我这么爱你----柯以敏 76、陪我看日出----蔡淳佳 77、那年夏天----许飞 78、我真的受伤了----王菀之 79、值得一辈子去爱----纪如璟 80、太委屈----陶晶莹 81、那年的情书----江美琪 82、梦醒时分----陈淑桦 83、我很快乐----刘惜君 84、留爱给最相爱的人----倪睿思 85、下一个天亮----郭静 86、心墙----郭静

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