经济学名词解释_英文版
How people make decisions: 1. people face trade offs
2. The cost of something is what you give up to get it
3. Rational people think at the margin
4. People respond to incentives
How people interact: 5.trade can make everyone better off
6. Markets are usually a good way to organize economic activity
7. Government can sometimes improve market outcomes
How the economy as 8. A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to produce
A whole works: goods and services
9. Prices rise when the government prints too much money
10. Society faces a short-run tradeoff between
inflation and unemployment
Key concepts:
Ability-to-pay principle（税收的）能力支付原则: The idea that taxes should be levied on a person according to how well that person can shoulder the burden
Absolute advantage绝对优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their productivity
Accounting profit会计利润: Total revenue minus total explicit cost Adverse selection逆向选择: The tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable from the standpoint of an uninformed party Agent代理人: A person who is performing an act for another person, called the principal
Aggregate-demand curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that households, firms, and the government want to buy at each price level
Aggregate risk: risk that affects all economic actors at once
Aggregate-supply curve: a curve that shows the quantity of goods and services that firms choose to produce and sell at each price level Appreciation: an increase in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreign currency it can buy
Arrow’s impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定理: A mathematical result showing that, under certain assumed conditions, there is no scheme for aggregating individual preferences into a valid set of social preferences
Average fixed cost平均固定成本: Fixed costs divided by the quantity of output
Average revenue平均收益: Total revenue divided by the quantity sold Average tax rate平均税率: Total taxes paid divided by total income Average total cost平均总成本: Total cost divided by the quantity of output Average variable cost平均可变成本: Variable costs divided by the quantity of output
Automatic stabilizers: changes in fiscal policy that stimulate aggregate demand when the economy goes into a recession without policymakers having to take any deliberate action
Balance trade: a situation in which exports equal imports
Benefits principle受益原则: The idea that people should pay taxes based on the benefits they receive from government services
Bond: a certificate of indebtedness
Budget constraint预算约束: The limit on the consumption bundles that a consumer can afford
Budget deficit预算赤字: An excess of government spending over government receipts
Budget surplus预算盈余: An excess of government receipts over government spending
Business cycle经济周期: Fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production
Capital资产: The equipment and structures used to produce goods and services
Capital flight: a large and sudden reduction in the demand for assets located in a country
Cartel 卡特尔: A group of firms acting in unison
Catch-up effect 后发效应: the property whereby countries that start off poor tend to grow more rapidly that countries that start off rich
Central bank: an institution designed to oversee the banking system and regulate the quantity of money in the economy
Circular-flow diagram循环流向图: A visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms Closed economy: an economy that does not interact with other economies in the world
Collective bargaining: the process by which unions and firms agree on the terms of employment
Commodity money: money that takes the form of a commodity with intrinsic value
Coase theorem科斯定理: The proposition that if private parties can bargain without cost over the allocation of resources, they can solve the problem of externalities on their own
Collusion共谋: An agreement among firms in a market about quantities to produce or prices to charge
Common resources共同资源: Goods that are rival but not excludable Comparative advantage比较优势: The comparison among producers of a good according to their opportunity cost
Compensating differential补偿性工资差别: A difference in wages that arises to offset the nonmonetary characteristics of different jobs
Competitive market竞争性市场: A market with many buyers and sellers trading identical products so that each buyer and seller is a price taker Complements互补性商品: Two goods for which an increase in the price of one leads to a decrease in the demand for the other
Condorcet paradox: the failure of majority rule to produce transitive preferences for society
Compounding: the accumulation of a sum of money in, say, a bank account, where the interest earned remains in the account to earn additional interest in the future
Constant returns to scale规模报酬不变: The property whereby long-run average total cost stays the same as the quantity of output
Consumer price index (CPI): a measure of the overall cost of the goods and services bought by a typical consumer
Consumer surplus消费者剩余: A buyer’s willingness to pay minus the amount the buyer actually pays Consumption: spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing
Cost成本: The value of everything a seller must give up producing a good Cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析: A study that compares the costs and benefits to society of providing a public good
Crowding out: a decrease in investment that results from government borrowing
Crowding-out effect: the offset in aggregate demand that results when expansionary fiscal policy raise the interest rate and thereby reduces investment spending
Cross-price elasticity of demand需求的交叉价格弹性: A measure of how much the quantity demanded of one good responds to a change in the price of another good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded of the first good divided by the percentage change in the price of the second good
Currency: the paper bills and coins in the hands of the public
Cyclical unemployment: the deviation of unemployment from a market distortion, such as a tax
Deadweight loss无谓损失: The fall in total surplus that results from a market distortion, such as a tax
Demand curve需求曲线: A graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Demand deposits: balances in bank accounts that depositors can access on demand by writing a check
Demand schedule需求表: A table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Depreciation: a decrease in the value of a currency as measured by the amount of foreigh currency it can buy
Depression: a severe recession
Diminishing marginal product边际产品递减: The property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases Discrimination歧视: The offering of different opportunities to similar individuals who differ only by race, ethnic group, sex, age, or other personal characteristics
Diseconomies of scale规模不经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost rises as the quantity of output increases
Discount rate: the interest rate on the loans that the Fed makes to banks Discouraged workers: individuals who would like to work but have given up looking for job
Diversification: the reduction of risk achieved by replacing a single risk with a large number of smaller unrelated risks
Dominant strategy占优策略: A strategy that is best for a player in a game regardless of the strategies chosen by the other players
Economic profit经济利润: Total revenue minus total cost, including both explicit and implicit costs
Economics经济学: The study of how society manages its scarce resources Economies of scale规模经济: The property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases
Efficiency效率: The property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources
Efficiency wages效率工资: Above-equilibrium wages paid by firms in order to increase worker productivity
Efficient scale: the quantity of output that minimizes average total cost Elasticity: a measure of the responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity
supplied to one of its determinants
Equilibrium: a situation in which the price has reached the level where quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
Equilibrium price: the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demanded
Equilibrium quantity: the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium price
Equity: the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society
Excludability: the property of a good whereby a person can be prevented from using it
Explicit costs: input costs that require an outlay of money by the firm Export: goods produced domestically and sold abroad
Externality: the uncompensated impact of one person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander
Factors of production: the inputs used to produce goods and services Federal reserve (Fed) : the central bank of the united states
Fiat money: money without intrinsic value that is used as money because of government decree
Finance: the field that studies how people make decisions regarding the allocation of resources over time and the handling of risk
Financial intermediaries: financial institutions through which savers can indirectly provide funds to borrowers
Financial markets: financial institutions through which savers can directly provide funds to borrowers
Financial system: the group of institutions in the economy that help to match one person’s saving with another person’s investment
Fisher effect: the one-for-one adjustment of the nominal interest rate to the inflation rate
Fractional-reserve banking: a banking system in which banks hold only a fraction of deposits as reserves
Frictional unemployment: unemployment that results because it takes time for workers to search for the jobs that best suit their tastes and skills Fundamental analysis: the study of a company’s accounting statements and future prospects to determine its value
Future value: the amount of money in the future that an amount of money today will yield, given prevailing interest rates
Fixed costs: costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced
Free rider: a person who receives the benefit of a good but avoids paying for
it
Game theory: the study of how people behave in strategic situations
GDP deflator: a measure of the price level calculated as the ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP times 100
Government purchases: spending on goods and services by local, state, and federal governments
Gross domestic product GDP: the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time
Horizontal equity: the idea that taxpayers with similar abilities to pay taxes should pay the same amount
Human capital: the accumulation of investment in people, such as education and on-the-job training
Idiosyncratic risk: risk that affects only a single economic actor
Implicit costs: input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm Import quota: a limit on the quantity of a good that can be produced abroad and sold domestically
Imports: goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Income effect: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer to a higher or lower indifference curve
Income elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in consumers’income, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in income
Indexation: the automatic correction of a dollar amount for the effects of inflation by law or contract
Indifference curve: a curve that shows consumption bundles that give the consumer the same level of satisfaction
Inferior good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to a decrease in demand
Inflation: an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy
Inflation rate: the percentage change in the price index from the preceding period
Inflation tax: the revenue the government raises by creating money Informationally efficient: reflecting all available information in a rational way
I n-kind transfers: transfers to the poor given in the form of goods and services rather than cash
Internalizing an externality: altering incentives so that people take account of the external effects of their actions
Investment: spending on capital equipment, inventories, and structures, including household purchases of new housing
Job search: the process by which workers find appropriate jobs given their tastes and skills
labor force: the total number of workers, including both the employed and the unemployed
Labor-force participation rate: the percentage of the adult population that is in the labor force
Law of demand: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises
Law of supply: the claim that, other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises
Law of supply and demand: the claim that the price of any good adjusts to bring the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded for that good into balance
Liberalism:the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies deemed to be just, as evaluated by an impartial observe behind a “veil of ignorance”
Libertarianism: the political philosophy according to which the government should punish crimes and enforce voluntary agreements but not redistribute income
Life cycle: the regular pattern of income variation over a person’s life Liquidity: the ease with which an asset can be converted into the economy’s medium of exchange
Lump-sum tax: a tax that is the same amount for every person Macroeconomics: the study of economy-wide phenomena, including inflation, unemployment, and economic growth
Marginal changes: small incremental adjustments to a plan of action Marginal cost: the increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production
Marginal product: the increase in output that arises from an additional unit of input
Marginal product of labor: the increase in the amount of output from an additional unit of labor
Marginal rate of substitution: the rate at which a consumer is willing to trade one good for another
Marginal revenue: the change in total revenue from an additional unit sold Marginal tax rate: the extra taxes paid on an additional dollar of income Market: a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or services
Market economy: an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services
Market failure: a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently
Market for loanable funds: the market in which those who want to save supply funds and those who want to borrow to invest demand funds
Market power: the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices
Maximin criterion: the claim that the government should aim to maximize the well-being of the worst-off person in society
Median voter theorem: a mathematical result showing that if voters are choosing a point along a line and each voter wants the point closest to his most preferred point, then majority rule will pick the most preferred point of the median voter
Menu cost: the costs of changing prices
Microeconomics: the study of how households and firms make decisions and how they interact in markets
Model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply: the model that most economists use to explain short-run fluctuations in economic activity around its long-run trend
Monetary neutrality: the proposition that changes in the money supply do not affect real variables
Monetary policy: the setting of the money supply by policymakers in the central bank
Money: the set of assets in an economy that people regularly use to buy goods and services from other people
Money multiplier: the amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves
Money supply: the quantity of money available in the economy monopolistic competition: market structures in which many firms sell products that are similar but not identical
Monopoly: a firm that is the sole seller of a product without close substitutes Moral hazard: the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior
Multiplier effect: the additional shifts in aggregate demand that result when expansionary fiscal policy increases income and thereby increases consumer spending
Mutual fund: an institution that sells shares to the public and uses the
proceeds to buy a portfolio of stocks and bonds
Nash equilibrium: a situation in which economic actors interacting with one another each choose their best strategy given the strategies that all the more firms
National saving: the total income in the economy that remains after paying for consumption and government purchases
Natural-rate hypothesis: the claim that unemployment eventually returns to its normal, or natural, rate, regardless of the rate of inflation
Natural rate of unemployment: the normal rate of unemployment around which the unemployment rate fluctuates
Natural resources: the inputs into the production of goods and services that are provided by nature, such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits
Negative income tax: a tax system that collects revenue from high-income households and gives transfers to low-income households
Net capital outflow: the purchases of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchases of domestic assets by foreigners
Net exports: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called the trade balance
Nominal GDP: the production of goods and services valued at current prices Nominal interest rate: the interest rate as usually reported without a correction for the effects of inflation
Nominal variables: variables measured in monetary units
Normal good: a good for which, other things equal, an increase in income leads to an increase in demand
Normative statement: claims that attempt to prescribe how the world should be
Oligopoly: a market structure in which only a few sellers offer similar or identical products
Open economy: an economy that interacts freely with other economies around the world
Open-market operations: the purchase and sale of U.S. government bonds by the Fed
Opportunity cost: whatever must be given up to obtain some item
Perfect complement: two goods with right-angle indifference curves
Perfect substitutes: two goods with straight-line indifference curves Permanent income: a person’s normal income
Phillips curve: a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment
Physical capital: the stock of equipment and structures that are used to
produce goods and services
Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as It is Pigovian tax: a tax enacted to correct the effects of a negative externality Positive statements: claims that attempt to describe the world as it is Poverty line: an absolute level of income set by the federal government for each family size below which a family is deemed to be in poverty
Poverty rate贫困率: The percentage of the population whose family income falls below an absolute level called the poverty line
Present value: the amount of money today that would be needed to produce, using prevailing interest rates, a given future amount of money
Price ceiling 价格上限: a legal maximum on the price at which a good can be sold
Price discrimination: the business practice of selling the same good at different prices to different customers
Price elasticity of demand: a measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price
Price elasticity of supply: a measure of how much the quantity supplied of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity supplied divided by the percentage change in price
Price floor 价格下限: a legal minimum on the price at which a good can be sold
Principal: a person for whom another person, called the agent, is performing some act
Prisoner s’ dilemma: a particular “game” between two captured prisoners that illustrates why cooperation is difficult to maintain even when it is mutually beneficial
Private saving: the income that households have left after paying for taxes and consumption
Private goods: goods that are both excludable and rival
Producer price index: a measure of the cost of a basket of goods and services bought by firms
Producer surplus生产者剩余: the amount a seller is paid for a good minus the seller’s cost
Production function生产函数: the relationship between quantity of input used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good
Production possibilities frontier: a graph that shows the combinations of
output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology
Productivity 生产力: the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time
Profit 利润: Total revenue minus total cost
Progressive tax累进税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a larger fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
Proportional tax比例税: a tax for which high-income and low-income taxpayers pay the same fraction of income
Public goods: goods that are neither excludable nor rival
Public saving: the tax revenue that the government has left after paying for its spending
Quantity demanded: the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase
Quantity supplied: the amount of a good that sellers are willing and able to sell
Random walk: the path of a variable whose changes are impossible to predict Rational expectations: the theory according to which people optimally use all the information they have, including information about government policies, when forecasting the future
Real exchange rate: the rate at which a person can trade the goods and services of one country for the goods and services of another
Real GDP: the production of goods and services valued at constant prices Real interest rate: the interest rate corrected for the effects of inflation
Real variables: variables measured in physical units
Recession: a period of declining real incomes and rising unemployment Reserve ratio: the fraction of deposits that banks hold as reserves
Reserve requirements: regulations on the minimum amount of reserves that banks must hold against deposits
Regressive tax累退税: a tax for which high-income taxpayers pay a smaller fraction of their income than do low-income taxpayers
reserves: deposits that banks have received but have not loaned out
Risk averse: exhibiting a dislike of uncertainty
Rivalry竞争: the property of a good whereby one person’s use diminishes other people’s use Sacrifice ratio: the number of percentage points of annual output lost in the process of reducing inflation by 1 percentage point Scarcity稀缺性: the limited nature of society’s resources
Screening筛选: an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an
informed party to reveal information
Shoeleather costs: the resources wasted when inflation encourages people to reduce their money holdings
Shortage: a situation in which quantity demanded is greater than quantity supplied
Signaling信号显示: an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an uninformed party
Stagflation: a period of falling output and rising prices
Stock: a claim to partial ownership in a firm
Store of value: an item that people can use to transfer purchasing power from the present to the future
Strike: the organized withdrawal of labor from a firm by a union Substitutes替代品: two goods for which an increase in the piece of one leads to an increase in the demand for the other
Substitution effect替代效应: the change in consumption that results when a price change moves the consumer along a given indifference curve to a point with a new marginal rate of substitution
Sunk cost沉淀成本: a cost that has already been committed and cannot be recovered
Supply curve: a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply schedule: a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply shock: an event that directly alters firms’ costs and prices, shifting the economy’s aggregate-supply curve and thus the Phillips curve
Surplus过剩: a situation in which quantity supplied is greater than quantity demanded
Tariff关税: a tax on goods produced abroad and sold domestically
Tax incidence税收归宿: the manner in which the burden of a tax is shared among participants in a market
Technological knowledge: society’s understanding of the best ways to produce goods and services
Total cost: the market value of the inputs a firm uses in production
Total revenue: the amount a firm receives for the sale of its output
Total revenue (in a market): the amount paid by buyers and received by sellers of a good, computed as the price of the good times the quantity sold Trade balance: the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports; also called net exports
Trade deficit: an excess of imports over exports
Trade policy: a government policy that directly influences the quantity of goods and services that a country imports or exports
Trade surplus: an excess of exports over imports
Tragedy of the commons公共地的悲剧: a parable that illustrates why common resources get used more than is desirable from the standpoint of society as a whole
Transaction costs交易成本: the costs that parties incur in the process of agreeing and following through on a bargain Unemployment rate: the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed Unemployment insurance: a government program that partially protects worker’s income when they become unemployed
Union: a worker association that bargains with employers over wages and working conditions
Unit of account 计价单位: the yardstick people use to post prices and record debts
Utilitarianism功利主义: the political philosophy according to which the government should choose policies to maximize the total utility of everyone in society
Utility效用: a measure of happiness or satisfaction
Value of the marginal product边际产品价值: the marginal product of an input times the price of the output
Variable costs: costs that vary with the quantity of output produced
Velocity of money 货币流通速度: the rate at which money changes Vertical equity纵向公平: the idea that taxpayers with a greater ability to pay taxes should pay larger amounts
Welfare: government programs that supplement the incomes of the needy Welfare economics福利经济学: the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being
Willingness to pay支付愿意: the maximum amount that buyer will pay for a good
World price: the price of a good that prevails in the world market for that good
经济学原理名词解释(英文版)
经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.
西方经济学-名词解释
一名词解释 1）机会成本 指任何决策，必须做出一定的选择，被舍弃掉的选项中的最高价值者即是这次决策的机会成本。机会成本对商业公司来说，可以是利用一定的时间或资源生产一种商品时，而失去的利用这些资源生产其他最佳替代品的机会就是机会成本。 在生活中，有些机会成本是可以用货币来进行衡量的。例如农民在获得更多土地时，如果选择养猪就不能选择养鸡，养猪的机会成本就是放弃养鸡的收益。但有些机会成本往往无法用货币衡量，例如，在图书馆看书学习还是享受电视剧带来的快乐之间进行选择。 2）正确的定价观点： 影响利润的三要素为：销量、价格和成本。 三要素关系如下：利润=销售量×价格－成本 高明定价者会将“价值创造”与定价及“价值萃取”结合起来，而且了解各利润要素之间的关系。他们深知产品对顾客的价值以及细分市场的变化，善于思考产业演变的可能趋势，并能预知当前的行为将如何影响未来的价格走势。高明定价者会将定价作为企业的重中之重，相信定价和其他利润一样，是可以进行有效管理的，而且有着极强的杠杆作用。 3）边际成本&边际利益 边际成本意思是每增加一单位的产品与所要耗用的成本（料、工、费）。 边际利益是指在一定时间内增加单位产品所带来的利润的增量，也就是对一个产品的生产增加一个单位的资金投入所引起的收益的变化量。它大体可以这样理解，即一个市场中的经济实体为追求最大的利润，多次进行扩大生产，每一次投资所产生的效益都会与上一次投资产生的效益之间要有一个差，这个差就是边际效益。 用简单的例子来说明最容易理解这个概念了，西方经济学里面也是这样说明的：你肚子很饿了，你只有钱可以买5 个馒头吃。第一个馒头的边际效益最大,因为你那时候最饿，最需要，你多花一点钱也愿意买；第二个的边际效益就递减了，因为有1 个馒头进肚了...不是那 么饿了。第五个的边际效益最小，因为那个时候你几乎已经快饱了，馒头如果卖的贵的话，你一定不会买了。每支出1 个馒头的价钱产生的效益，也就是你感觉花钱买来的价值。从第一个向最后一个递减！这就是边际效益了。 4）价格对利润的影响 涨价和降价有着很强的杠杆作用。看似很少的降价可能对单位贡献毛收益带来很大的负面影响，需要大大增加销量才能获得降价前的利润。而小幅涨价则可能给单位贡献毛收益带来很大的正面影响，在大大降低销售量的情况下，已然可以保持涨价前的利润水平。以近期航空公司如火如荼价格战为例：某公司上海—深圳航线，在价格战前（4 月），平均票价为868 元，销售收入为2604 万元；价格战后（5 月），平均票价为468 元，销售收入为1572 万元。 如上图，由于航空业变动成本较低，固定成本较高，这两个月对比中，运力没有变化，从而
国际经济学名词解释
国际经济学复习 相对价格：商品之间价格关系的动态反映，专指两种或多种商品之间由供给与需求作用所形成的价格比例关系。在国际贸易中所交换的商品价格之间的比例关系。它体现交换双方的贸易利益。 比较优势：所谓比较优势是指一国在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较少的劣势。比较优势主张以各国生产成本或相对差异为基础进行专业化分工，并通过国家贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。比较优势实际上取决于劳动生产率的相对水平。一国在劳动生产率相对较高的部门或产品上具有比较优势。 边际替代率：在保持同等效用水平的条件下，消费者增加一单位某种商品的消费可以代替的另一种商品的消费量。它是无差异曲线的斜率。通常，由于生产过程中投入的生产要素是不完全替代的，随着一种生产要素数量的增加，该要素对另外一种要素的边际替代率是递减的。 边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入量，在只有两种要素劳动L和资本K 的情况下，边际技术替代率MRTS可以记做：MRTSLK=-△K/△L 机会成本：机会成本是指在一国资源达到充分利用时，要增加某一产品的生产，必须放弃另一种产品生产的数量。 边际成本：每一单位新增生产的产品（或者购买的产品）带来到总成本的增量。 规模经济：由于生产专业化水平的提高等原因，使企业的单位成本下降，从而形成企业的长期平均成本随着产量的增加而递减的经济。 倾销：在不同国家市场间进行的一种价格歧视行为。它是指出口商以低于本国国内价格或成本的价格向国外销售商品的行为。构成依据：1进口国生产同类型产品的企业是否受到低价进口品的冲击，以致其市场份额明显减少。2进口国生产同类型产品的企业的利润水平是否明显降低。3在低价进口品的冲击下，进口国的同类产业是否难以建立起来。持续性/掠夺性 最佳关税：使本国福利达到最大的关税水平。确定条件：进口国由征收关税所引起的额外损失（边际损失）与额外收益（边际收益）相等。 幼稚产业:某种由于技术经验不足、劳动生产率低下、产品成本高于世界市场价格，因而无法与国外产业竞争，但在关税、补贴等保护措施下继续生产一段时间，经过一段时间的生产能够在自由贸易条件下获利，达到其他国家水平而自立，形成比较优势并良性发展的产业。某一产业处于发展初期，基础和竞争力薄弱但经过适度保护能够发展成为具有潜在比较优势的新兴产业。 贸易创造:国际贸易理论与实践中指两个或两个以上国家间结成关税同盟后，因取消关税降低了贸易商品的价格，使产品从成本较高的国内生产转向成本较低的贸易对象国生产，本国从贸易对象国进口。由于国际经济一体化组织成员国之间相互取消了关税和与关税具有同等效力的其他措施，造成了他们相互之间贸易规模的扩大和福利水平的提高。贸易转移:两个或两个以上国家间的关税同盟建立后，成员国的部分进口商品将从低成本供应国(非成员国)转向高成本供应国(成员国)。对进口国是福利损失。 国际收支：在一定时期内（通常为一年）一国居民与世界其他国家居民之间的全部经济交易的系统记录。主要目的：使政府当局了解本国（地区）的对外经济交往状况，从而为制定相应的经济管理政策提供信息和依据。 马歇尔-勒纳条件：表明如果一国处于贸易逆差中，即Vx
(完整版)宏观经济学名词解释汇总
d o r 西方经济学（高鸿业版）宏观部分第十二章 西方国民收入核算 1．宏观经济学：是以国民经济总过程的活动为研究对象，主要考察就业总水平、国民总收入等经济总量，因此，宏观经济学也被称做就业理论或收入理论。 2．最终产品：在一定时期内生产的并由其最后使用者购买的产品和 劳务产品。 3．中间产品：用于再出售而供生产别种产品用的产品。去向：其他 生产者。 4．国内生产总值GDP ：经济社会（一国或一地区）在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品(物品和劳务)的市场价值。5．流量：在一定时期内发生的变量。例如，I 投资是一个流量，它表示在一年内新增的投资，是资本存量的变化量。 6．存量：在一定时点上存在的变量。例如，资本存量，它表示在某一时间点上有多少资本存在。 7．国民生产总值GNP ：一国所拥有的全部生产要素，在一定时期内所新生产的市场价值。 8．折旧：资本物品由于损耗造成的价值减少称为折旧。折旧不仅包括生产中资本物品的物质磨损，还包括资本变化带来的精神磨损。 9．存货投资：企业所掌握的存货的价值的增加（或减少）。10．重置投资：用于重置资本设备补偿旧资本消耗的投资。11．净投资：总投资减去重置投资。也就是净增加的投资，是资本
存量的净增加。 12．总投资：物质资本的增加、替换（和资本资产的支出）。13．政府采购：政府花在劳务和商品上的支出，它包括：……14．转移支付：政府对人民的支付，但他们不用提供现期服务作为交换。它包括：………… 15．净出口：出口额和进口额之差。NX=X-M 16．间接税：企业的间接税包括货物税、销售税、周转税等。17．国内生产净值NDP：国内生产总值扣除资本折旧的部分。18．国民收入NI：国内生产净值扣除间接税和企业转移支付，再加政府补助金。也是一国生产要素在一定时期内提供的生产性服务所得到的报酬=工资+利息+租金+利润。 19．个人收入：PI =NI – 公司未分配利润-公司所得税-社会保险税（费）+政府给个人的转移支付 20．个人可支配收入：DPI=PI-个人所得税 21．储蓄—投资恒等式：若我们假设总收入=总产值，总支出=总产值，即Y=C+S，Y=C+I，则我饿每年可以得到事后的一个横等式储蓄=投资。 22．通货膨胀：当货币供给超过货币需求量时，所造成的价格持续上升、货币贬值的现象。 23．名义/货币GDP：用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值。 24．实际GDP ：用以前某一年作为基期价格计算出来的全部最终商
经济学原理经典题及答案
一、名词解释 1供给：卖者愿意且能够出售的一种物品。 2 需求：买者愿意且能够购买的一种物品。 3 均衡价格：.均衡价格是需求曲线与供给曲线相交时的价格。 4需求价格弹性：需求价格弹性是衡量一种物品需求量对其价格变动反应程度的指标。 5供给价格弹性：供给价格弹性是衡量一种物品供给量对其价格变动反应程度的指标。 6最高限价：出售一种物品或服务的法定最高价格比如：租金控制。 7最低限价：出售一种物品或服务的法定最低价格比如：最低工资。 8效用：是指商品满足人的欲望的能力，或者说效用是指消费者在消费商品时所感受到的满足程度。 9边际效用：即每一单位新增的商品或服务带来的效用量的增量。 10消费者剩余：买者愿意为一种物品支付的量减去其为此实际支付的量。 11机会成本：是指当经济资源有多种用途时，把资源投入到某一特定用途以后，在所放弃的其他用途中，可能给选择者带来的最大收益。 12比较优势：一个生产者以低于另一个生产者的机会成本生产一种物品的能力 13生产者剩余：卖者出售一种物品得到的量减去其生产成本。 14生产函数：表示在一定时期内，在技术水平不变的情况下，生产中所使用的各种要素的数量与所能生产的最大产量之间的关系。 15完全竞争市场：交换和竞争没有任何阻力和干扰的理想化市场。 16公共产品：是指具有非竞争性、非分排他性，不能依靠市场机制实现有效配置的产品。17外部性：生产或消费一个物品影响到旁观者的福利（比如：污染） 18需求定理：认为在其他条件不变时，一种物品的价格上升，对该物品的需求量减少的观点。 二、简答题 1、解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 外部性：污染市场势力：垄断 2、画出并解释一个生产牛奶与点心的经济的生产可能性边界。如果一场瘟疫造成该经济一半奶牛死亡，这条生产可能性边界会发生什么变动? 答：假设在正常情况下，将可能得到的所有资源用于生产点心，可以生产300千克，如果全用于生产牛奶，可以生产1 000升。L1表示正常情况下该经济的生产可能性边界。如果一场疾病造成该经济一半的奶牛死亡，生产可能性边界会向内移，即L2线。因为在生产率不变的情况下，可用于生产点心和牛奶的经济资源减少了。 3．画一张循环流向图，确认模型中对应于下列每种活动的物品与劳务流向和货币流向的部分。
高鸿业版西方经济学最全名词解释(宏观部分)
西方经济学（高鸿业版）宏观部分 第十二章西方国民收入核算 1．宏观经济学： 2．最终产品：在一定时期内生产的，并由最终使用者购买的产品和劳务。去向：消费者。 3．中间产品：用于再出售而供生产别种产品用的产品。去向：其他生产者。 4. 国内生产总值GDP :经济社会（一国或一地区）在一定时期内所运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品+劳务）的市场价值。 5. 流量 :在一定时期内发生的变量。例如，I 投资是一个流量，它表示在一年内新增的投资，是资本存量的变化量。 6. 存量:在一定时点上存在的变量。例如，资本存量，它表示在某一时间点上有多少资本存在。 7. 国民生产总值GNP：一国所拥有的生产要素，在一定时期内所新生产的市场价值。 8. 折旧 :资本物品由于损耗造成的价值减少称为折旧。折旧不仅包括生产中资本物品的物质磨损，还包括资本变化带来的精神磨损。 9. 存货投资：企业所掌握的存货的价值的增加（或减少）。 10. 重置投资：用于重置资本设备补偿旧资本消耗的投资。 11. 净投资：总投资减去重置投资。也就是净增加的投资，是资本存量的净增加。 12. 总投资：物质资本的增加、替换（和资本资产的支出）。 13. 政府采购：政府花在劳务和商品上的支出，它包括：…… 14. 转移支付：政府对人民的支付，但他们不用提供现期服务作为交换。它包括： ...... 15. 净出口：出口额和进口额之差。N X=X-M 16. 间接税：企业的间接税包括货物税、销售税、周转税等。 17. 国内生产净值NDP :国内生产总值扣除资本折旧的部分。 18. 国民收入NI :国内生产净值扣除间接税和企业转移支付，再加政府补助金。也是一国 生产要素在一定时期内提供的生产性服务所得到的报酬=工资+利息+租金+利润。 19. 个人收入：PI =NI -公司未分配利润-公司所得税-社会保险税（费）+政府给个人的转移支付 20. 个人可支配收入：DPI=PI-个人所得税 21. 储蓄—投资恒等式：若我们假设总收入=总产值，总支出=总产值，即Y=C+S ，Y=C+I ， 则我饿每年可以得到事后的一个横等式储蓄=投资。 22. 通货膨胀：当货币供给超过货币需求量时，所造成的价格持续上升、货币贬值的现象。 23. 名义/货币GDP:用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值。 24. 实际GDP ：用以前某一年作为基期价格计算出来的全部最终商品的市场价值。 25. GDP 折算指数：也称GDP 缩减指数。它等于一国名义GDP 与实际GDP 的比值。 26. 产出缺口：衡量现有资源得到充分利用时的产出与实际产出的差额。 第十三章国民收入决定理论 1. 凯恩斯定律：假设不论需求量为多少，经济制度均能以不变的价格提供相应的供给量。这就是说，社会总需求变动时，只会引起产量和收入变动，使供求相等，而不会引起价格变动。 2. 均衡产出：均衡产出是和总需求相一致的产出，也就是经济社会的收入正好等于全体居民和企业想要的支出时的产出。 3. 非计划存货投资：即非意愿投资。是产出超出需求的部分。 4. 消费函数：描述消费和收入之间关系的函数。C=C（y） 5. 边际消费倾向MPC :每增加一单位的收入中用于增加消费部分的比率。MPC=dc/dy , 0 国际经济学之名词解释 Chapter 3 1.Absolute advantage（绝对优势）:A country has an absolute advantage in a production of a good if it has a lower unit labor requirement(aLW 单位产品劳动投入) than the foreign country in this good. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8216513605.html,parative Advantage（相对优势）: A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. 3.Opportunity Cost（机会成本）：The opportunity cost of roses in terms of computers is the number of computers that could be produced with the same resources as a given number of roses. 4.The unit labor requirement： the number of hours of labor required to produce one unit of output, such as aLW (wine) and aLC (cheese) 5.Production Possibilities frontier（生产可能性边界）： The production possibility frontier (PPF) of an economy shows the maximum amount of a good (say wine) that can be produced for any given amount of another (say cheese). Chapter 4 1.Abundant factor: the resource of which a country has a relatively large supply(labor in home,land in foreign) 2.Biased expansion of production possibilities: when the production possibility frontier shifts out much more in one direction than in the other. 3.Equalization of factor prices: when Home and Foreign trade, the relatives prices of goods converge. This convergence, in turn, causes convergence of the relative prices of land and labor. 4.Heckscher-Ohlin theory: It shows that comparative advantage is influenced by Relative factor abundance (refers to countries) and Relative factor intensity (refers to goods)It is also referred to as the factor-proportions theory. 5.Scarce factor: in that country, and the resource of which it has a relatively small supply( land in Home, labor in foreign) 1.国内生产总值（GDP）：经济社会（即一国或一地区）在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品（物品和劳务）的市场价值。 2.上述定义含有的意思： 1）GDP是一个市场价值的概念； 2）GDP测度的是最终产品的价值； 3）GDP是一定时期内（往往为一年）所生产的而不是所售卖掉的最终产品价值； 4）GDP是计算期内生产的最终产品价值，因而是流量而不是存量； 5）GDP是一国范围内生产的最终产品的市场价值，从而是一个地域概念，而与此相联系的国民生产总值（GNP）则是一个国民概念； 6）GDP一般仅指市场活动导致的价值。 3.国内生产总值GDP；国内生产净值NDP；国民收入NI；个人收入PI； 个人可支配收入DPI。 4.名义GDP（或货币GDP）：是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市 场价值。 5.实际GDP：是用从前某一年作为基期的价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。 6.GDP折算指数：是名义的GDP和实际的GDP的比率。 7.用支出法核算GDP：通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买的最终产品的总支出即最终 产品的总卖价来计量GDP。 [ GDP = C + I + G + (X-M) ] 8.消费（C）（居民个人消费）支出，包括购买耐用消费品（如汽车、电视机、洗衣机 等）、非耐用消费品（如食物、衣服等）和劳务（如医疗、旅游、理发等）的支出。 9.投资（I）：增加或更换资本资产（包括厂房、住宅、机械设备及存货）的支出。13.储蓄-投资恒等式：国内生产总值总等于消费加投资，即Y=C+S；国民收入=工资+ 利息+租金+利润=消费+储蓄，即Y=C+S，由上而得的公式I=S。 14.折旧：包括生产中资本物品的物质磨损和资本老化带来的精神磨损。 15.政府购买 (G)（即政府对物品和劳务的购买）：指各级政府购买物品和劳务的支出， 如政府花钱设立法院，提供国防，建筑道路，开办学校等方面的支出。 16.净出口（X—M）：进出口的差额; X表示出口，M表示进口. 17.最终产品：在一定时期内生产的并由最后使用者购买的产品和劳务。 18.中间产品：用于再出售而供生产别种商品用的产品。 19.政府转移支付：指政府在社会福利保险、贫困救济和补助等方面的支出。 曼昆《经济学原理》名词解释归纳——上下册 一、经济学十大原理 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配 置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能 力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 二、像经济学家一样思考 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量 的各种组合的图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 三、绝对依存性与贸易的好处 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 四、供给与需求的市场力量 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 西方经济学名词解释汇总 1.绝对优势:一国生产一种产品比另一个国生产这种产品技术更先进或成本更低，我们就说该国生产该产品具有绝对比较优势。 2.比较优势:如果一个国家在本国生产一种产品的机会成本(用其他产品衡量)低于其他国家，则这个国家生产该产品具有比较优势。 3.资本密集型产品:生产中技术性较高，需要大量机器设备和资本投入的产品。 4.劳动密集型产品:生产中需手工操作，需要大量劳动力的产品。 5.赫克歇尔—俄林理论:认为商品生产不仅需要劳动，还需要资本、土地等要素。(看书了解) 6.规模经济理论:在规模报酬递增时，一国不生产所有商品，而生产一部分，以扩大规模，得到规模效应的效益。 7.最惠国待遇:一国对待所有缔国的待遇必须都想同 8.国民待遇:一国给缔约国的企业和人民与本国公民、企业形同的经济待遇。 9.金本位制:各国货币都与黄金挂钩的国际货币体系。 10.国际贸易政策:各国政府通过补贴、关税、配额、非关税壁垒等限制进口，鼓励出口的政策。 11.汇率:也称汇价，指一国货币与另一国货币的比价，或一国货币折算成另一国货币的比率。分为间接标价和直接标价两种标价方法。 12.倾销:在国外出售一种商品的价格比国内出售的价格低，或以低于成本的价格出售都构成倾销。 13.未抵消影响的外汇干预:央行允许本国货币的买卖对基础货币产生影响的干预。 14.浮动汇率制:一国央行不规定本国货币与其他国家货币的官方汇率，汇率由外汇市场供求自发决定。 15.固定汇率制:一国货币与其他货币的汇率固定，汇率波动仅限于一定幅度内。 16.法定贬值:固定汇率制度下，外国通货由官方行为二升高时，本币发生的贬值。 17.管理浮动:央行干预外汇买卖，试图影响汇率。 18.国际收支平衡表:在一定时期内，系统记录一国与其他国家一切经济交易、收支状况的报表。采用复式计帐法，分为经常项目、资本与金融项目、官方储备项目、误差与遗漏项目。 名词解释 2、罗伯津斯基定理：指在商品相对价格不变的前提下，某一要素的增加会导致密集使用该要素部门的生产增加，而另一部门的生产则下降。 3、产品生命周期：是指产品从进入市场开始，直到最终退出市场为止所经历的市场生命循环过程。 4、购买力平价：货币的价值在于其具有的购买力，因此不同货币之间的兑换比率取决于它们各自具有的购买力的对比，也就是汇率与各国的价格水平之间具有直接的联系。 6、贸易条件：指该国出口商品和进口商品价格的比。 7、幼稚产业理论：对于某些产业，当其还处于最适度规模的初创时期时，可能经不起外国的竞争。如果通过对该产业采取适当的保护政策，提高其竞争能力，将来可以具有比较优势，能够出口并对国民经济发展作出贡献的，就应采取过渡性的保护、扶植政策。 9、跨国银行：也称为多国银行。一般是指拥有广泛的国外分行或附属机构，在一些不同的国家和地区经营存放款及其他业务的国际性银行。 10、国际收支：国际收支是一个国家在一定时期全部对外经济往来的系统记录。 11、单一价格定律：完全竞争市场均衡存在价格歧视前提是很少或几乎不存在套利 12、倾销：是指一国出口商以低于该国国内价格或成本向外国销售商品的行为 13、重商主义 :一国药使财富的绝对量增加，必须进行国际贸易，并且在这种对外贸易中保持出口大于进口。 14、进口配额：是指政府在特定时期内对特定商品的进口数量或者金额给予直接限制的政策措施。 15、最惠国待遇：它通常指的是缔约国双方在通商、航海、关税、公民法律地位等方面相互给予的不低于现时或将来给予任何第三国的优惠、特权或豁免待遇。 16、里昂惕夫之迷：根据H-O理论，里昂惕夫用美国1947年200个行业的统计数据对其进出口贸易结构进行验证时，结果却得出了与H-O理论完全相反的结论。 17、关税壁垒：是指用征收高额进口税和各种进口附加税的办法，以限制和阻止外国商品进口的一种手段。 18、非关税壁垒：指一国政府采取除关税以外的各种办法，来对本国的对外贸易活动进行调节、管理和控制的一切政策与手段的总和，其目的就是试图在一定程度上限制进口，以保护国内市场和国内产业的发展。 名词解释 第一章 国内生产总值：是指经济社会在一定时期内运用生产要素所生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。 国民生产总值：是一个国民概念，指某国国民所拥有的全部生产要素在一定时期内所生产的最终产品的市场价值。 重置投资：由于厂房、机器的磨损，需用折旧费重新购置被磨损掉的机器设备等，即用折旧费进行的投资。 流量：是一定时期内发生的变量。 存量：一定时点上存在的变量。 名义GDP：是用生产物品和劳务的当年价格计算的全部最终产品的市场价值 实际GDP：是用从前某一年作为基期价格计算出来的全部最终产品的市场价值。 GDP折算指数：名义GDP和实际GDP的比率。 总投资：净投资+重置投资 第二章 投资：经济学中所讲的投资，是指资本的形成，即社会实际资本的增加，包括厂房，设备和存货的增加。 均衡产出：和总需求相等的产出成为均衡产出或收入。 边际消费倾向：：增加的消费与增加的收入之比率，也就是增加1单位收入用于增加消费部分的比率。 投资成数：指收入的变化与带来这种变化的投资支出的变化的比率。第三章 流动性偏好：由于货币具有实用上的灵活性，人们宁肯以牺牲利息收入而储存不生息的货币来保持财富的心理倾向。 流动性陷阱：是指当利率极低时，人们认为利率不会再下降，债券价格不会再上升，于是抛出全部债券，换回货币，不再购买债券，人们不管有多少货币都愿意持在手中的情况。 IS曲线：IS曲线是描述产品市场均衡情况下，利率和收入反比关系的曲线，在此组合下，投资和储蓄都是相等的 LM曲线：LM曲线是描述货币市场均衡时（即货币供给与货币需求相等）利率和收入关系的曲线 IS-LM模型：说明产品市场与货币市场同时达到均衡时收入与利率决定的模型 凯恩斯区域：LM成水平状态的区域 古典区域：LM成垂直状态的区域。 第四章 曼昆《经济学原理》（上）名词解释 1、稀缺性：社会资源的有限性。 2、经济学：研究社会如何管理自己的稀缺资源。 3、效率：社会能从其稀缺资源中得到最多东西的特性。 4、平等：经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。 5、机会成本：为了得到某种东西所必须放弃的东西。 理性人：系统而有目的地尽最大努力实现起目标的人。 6、边际变动：对行动计划微小的增量调整。 激励：引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。 7、市场经济：当许多企业和家庭在物品与劳务市场上相互交易时，通过他们的分散决策配置资源的经济。 8、市场失灵：市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况。 9、外部性：一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。 10、市场势力：一个经济活动者（或经济活动者的一个小集团）对市场价格有显著影响的能力。 11、生产率：一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务量。 12、通货膨胀：经济中物价总水平的上升。 13、菲利普斯曲线：通货膨胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍。 14、经济周期：就业和生产等经济活动的波动（就是生产这类经济活动的波动。） 15、循环流向图：一个说明货币如何通过市场在家庭与企业之间流动的直观经济模型。 16、生产可能性边界：表示一个经济在可得到的生产要素与生产技术既定时所能生产的产量的各种组合的 图形。 17、微观经济学：研究家庭和企业如何做出决策，以及它们在市场上的相互交易。 18、宏观经济学：研究整体经济现象，包括通货膨胀、失业和经济增长。 19、实证表述：企图描述世界是什么的观点。 20、规范描述：企图描述世界应该如何运行的观点。 21、绝对优势：根据生产率比较一种物品的生产者。 22、比较优势：根据机会成本比较一种物品的生产者。 23、进口：国外生产而在国内销售的物品。 24、出口：国内生产而在国外销售的物品。 25、市场：由某种物品或劳务的买者与卖者组成的一个群体。 26、竞争市场：有许多买者与卖者，以致于每个人对市场价格的影响都微乎其微的市场。 27、需求量：买者愿意而且能够购买的一种物品量。 28、需求定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品需求量减少的观点。 29、需求表：表示一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的表格。 30、需求曲线：一种物品价格与需求量之间关系的图形。 31、正常物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量增加的物品。 32、低档物品：在其他条件相同时，收入增加引起需求量减少的物品。 33、替代品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求增加的两种物品。 34、互补品：一种物品价格上升引起另一种物品需求减少的两种物品。 35、供给量：卖者愿意而且能够出售的一种物品量。 36、供给定理：认为在其他条件相同时，一种物品价格上升，该物品供给量增加的观点。 37、供给表：表示一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的表格。 38、供给曲线：一种物品价格与供给量之间关系的图形。 39、均衡：供给与需求达到了平衡的状态。 40、均衡价格：使供给与需求平衡的价格。 电大西方经济学（本）期末复习指导名词解释 第二章商品价格决定 1．需求规律：是指商品价格提高，对该商品的需求量减少，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的需求量增加，这种需求数量和商品价格成反向变化的关系称需求规律或需求定理。 2．供给规律：是指商品价格提高，对该商品的供给量增加，反之，商品价格下降，则对该商品的供给量减少，这种供给数量和商品价格呈同向变化的关系称供给规律或供给定理。 3．均衡价格：是指一种商品需求量和供给量相等，同时需求价格和供给价格相等的价格，它是由需求曲线和供给曲线的交点决定的。 4．需求价格弹性：是指需求量相对价格变化作出的反应程度，即某商品价格下降或上升百分之一时所引起的对该商品需求量增加或减少的百分比。 5．需求收入弹性：是指需求量相对收入变化作出的反应程度，即消费者收入增加或减少百分之一所引起对该商品需求量的增加或减少的百分比。 6．需求交叉价格弹性：是指相关的两种商品中，一种商品需求量相对另一种商品价格变化做出的反应程度，即商品A价格下降或上升百分之一，引起对商品B需求量的增加或减少的百分比。 7．供给价格弹性：是指供给量相对价格变化作出的反应程度，即某种商品价格上升或下降百分之一时，对该商品供给量增加或减少的百分比。 8．支持价格：亦称最低价格，是指政府对某些商品规定价格的下限，防止价格下降，以示对该商品生产的支持。 9．限制价格：亦称最高价格，是指政府对某些产品规定最高上限，防止价格上涨，控制通货膨胀。 10．点弹性：是指在自变量的变动幅度较小时，因变量的变动率对自变量变动率的对比。 11．弧弹性：是指在自变量的变动幅度较大时，因变量的变动率对自变量变动率的对比。 12．总效用：是指消费者在一定时间内，消费一种或几种商品所获得的效用总和。 13．边际效用：是指消费者在一定时间内增加单位商品消费所引起的总效用的增加量。 14．无差异曲线：是用来表示给消费者带来相同效用水平或相同满足程度的两种商品不同数量的组合曲线。 15．消费预算线：亦称消费者可能线、预算约束线，是指在消费者收入和商品价格既定的条件下，消费者的全部收入所能购买到的各种商品数量组合的线。 国际经济学名词解释重点（1） 绝对优势：如果一国在某种产品生产上的劳动生产率高于另一国，或在劳动成本上低于另一国，则认为该国在该产品生产上具有绝对优势。绝对优势主张以各国生产成本的绝对差异为基础进行国际专业化分工，并通过国际贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。 比较优势：所谓比较优势是指一国在绝对优势基础上的相对较大的优势，在绝对劣势基础上的相对较少的劣势。比较优势主张以各国生产成本或相对差异为基础进行专业化分工，并通过国家贸易获得利益的一种国际贸易理论。 完全专业化：各国根据比较优势原理进行专业化分工，在机会成本不变的情况下，每一国只生产其具有比较优势的产品，即全世界对某种产品的需求完全由具有比较优势的国家来生产。 贸易三角：贸易三角是衡量贸易利益的重要工具，主要由均衡时的国家贸易条件、一国的出口量和进口量三条线围成，反映一国的出口在均衡的国际贸易条件下，能够换回多少进口。 不完全专业化：各国根据比较优势原理进行专业化分工，在机会成本递增的情况下，各国将只部分生产其具有比较优势的产品并出口，同时也要生产其不具有比较优势的商品，这是因为随着某种产量的增加，机会成本呈现递增态势，因此原来在该产量上具有比较优势的国家会因为专业化生产而导致比较优势的逐渐丧失。 重商主义：重商主义主要兴盛于15世纪到18世纪中叶，认为货币是财富的唯一形式，因此主张采取奖出罚入的政策，主张取消进口 以避免本国贵金属的流失，鼓励出口以增加贵金属的流入。重商主义反映了资本原始积累时期，商业资本家对货币或贵金属的认识。 国际贸易：通常从狭义上讲，国际贸易指商品（或货物）的跨国流动，而在广义上，国际贸易既包括商品贸易也包括要素贸易。 生产可能性边界：它表示在一定的技术条件下，一国的全部资源所能生产的各种物品或者劳务的最大产量。 边际技术替代率：在维持产量水平不变的条件下，增加一单位某种生产要素投入量时所减少的另一种要素的投入量，在只有两种要素劳动L和资本K的情况下，边际技术替代率MRTS可以记做：MRTSLK=-△K/△L 等产量曲线上某一点的边际技术替代率就是等产量曲线在该点斜率的绝对值，此外，边际技术替代率还可以表示为两要素的边际产量之比。对于单一厂商来说，均衡时，即厂商达到利润最大化时，要素的边际替代率等于要素价格之比，MRTS=w/r。 机会成本：机会成本是指在一国资源达到充分利用时，要增加某一产品的生产，必须放弃另一种产品生产的数量。一般情况下，生产中的机会成本包括：机会成本递增，机会成本不变和机会成本递减三种情况。 当生产可能性边界向外凸/凹向原点时，机会成本递增；当生产可能性边界为直线时，机会成本不变，根据前面的假设，机会成本用-△Y/△X来表示。 宏观经济学名词解释大全 Last revision date: 13 December 2020. 名词解释（一） 国内生产总值：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的市场价值总和。 GDP平减指数：用名义GDP与真实GDP的比计算的物价水平衡量指标。投资乘数：国民收入相对变动与引起该国民收入相对变动的投资相对变动的比。 挤出效应：指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的作用。 人力资本：工人通过教育、培顺和经验而获得的知识和技能。 商品货币：以有内在价值的商品为形式的货币。 名义汇率：一个人可以用一国通货交换另一国通货的比率。 边际消费倾向：增加的一单位收入中用于增加的消费部分的比率。 流动偏好陷阱：当利率极低，人们会认为这时利率不大可能再上升而只会跌落，因而会不管有多少货币都愿意持有手中，这种情况称为“流动性偏好陷阱”。 基础货币：指的是银行准备金和非银行部门持有的通货（用Cu表 生产率：每单位劳动投入所生产的物品和劳务的数量。 挤出效应：指政府支出增加（如某一数量的公共支出）而对私人消费和投资的抵减。P523 自动稳定器：也称内在稳定器，是指经济系统本身存在的一种会减少各种干扰对国民收入冲击的机制，能够在经济繁荣时自动抑制通胀，在经济衰退时自动减轻萧条，无须政府采取任何行动。P546 菲利普斯曲线：反映通货膨胀率与失业率之间关系的曲线。短期曲线表现为一条向右下方倾斜的曲线，表示在短期里通货膨胀率与失业率存在一种替代 关系。长期曲线表现为一条垂直的曲线，表示在长期里失业率与通货膨胀率之间，是一种独立的关系。P625—632 经济增长：经济增长：指一国一定时期内生产的产品和提供的劳务总量的扩大。表现为GDP或者人均GDP的增长。 经济周期：是指经济活动沿着经济增长的总体趋势所经历的有规律的繁荣与衰退。 总需求：是指在其他条件不变的情况下，在某一给定的价格水平上人们愿意购买的产出总量，即所有生产部门愿意支出的总量，通常用产出水平表示。通货膨胀?经济体中大多商品和劳务的价格连续在一段时间内普遍上涨的经济现象。 名词解释（二） 共同基金：向公众出售股份，并用收入购买股票与债券资产组合的机构。 摩擦性失业：由于工人搜寻最适合自己嗜好＆技能的工作需要时间而引起的失业。 总需求曲线：表示在每一种物价水平时，家庭、企业、政府和国外想要购买的物品＆劳务数量的曲线。 名义汇率：用一国通货交换另一国通货的比率。 费雪效应：名义利率等于真实利率与通货膨胀率之和。 资本边际效率：是一种贴现率，这种贴现率正好使一项资本物品的使用期内各预期收益的现值之和等于这项资本品的供给价格或者重置成本。平衡预算乘数：指政府收入和支出同时以相等数量增加或减少时国民收入变动对政府收支变动的比率。 货币政策：中央银行通过控制货币供应量以及通过货币供应量来调节利国际经济学之名词解释
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