[考研类试卷]英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编22.doc

[考研类试卷]英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编22

一、填空题

1 According to G Leech, ______meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (北二外2006研)

2 According to G Leech, ______meaning refers to logic, cognitive, or denotative content. (北二外2005研)

3 According to G. Leech, ______meaning refers to what is communicated of the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer. (北二外2007研)

4 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the______theory. (中山大学2008研)

5 ______is the technical name for the sameness relation. (北二外2007研)

6 Terms like "apple", "banana" and "pear" are______of the term "fruit". (北二外2007研)

7 "Mary gave a book to Jack" is synonymous with "Jack______a book from Mary." (北二外2005研)

8 Terms like "rolling pin" and "ladle" are______of the term "kitchen implements." (北二外2005研)

9 Antonyms like "husband" v. "wife" are______antonyms. (北二外2003研)

10 Terms like "desk" and "stool" are______of the term "furniture". (北二外2003研)

11 ______= PARANT(x, y)&MALE(x)(北二外2005研)

12 ______= CHILD (x, y) & MALE (x) (北二外2006研)

13 In their book______written in 1923, C. K. Ogden and I.A. Richards presented a" representative list of the main definitions which reputable students of meaning have favoured. " There are 16 major categories of them, with sub-categories all together, numbering 22. (中山大学2011年研)

14 Predication analysis is to break down predications into their constituents; ______ and______.

二、判断题

15 In the sentence "Money is often said to be the root of all evil", "root" is used in its conceptual meaning. (北二外2007研)

（A）真

（B）假

16 After comparing "They stopped at the end of the corridor." with "At the end of the corridor, they stopped", you may find some difference in meaning, and the difference can be interpreted in terms of collocative meaning. (北二外2006研)

（A）真

（B）假

17 Conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of "reference". (北二外2005研)

（A）真

（B）假

18 When you use your own sentence with a meaning other than the conceptual, the meaning is some- times referred to as speaker's meaning, or contextual meaning. (大连外国语学院2008研)

（A）真

（B）假

19 The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the referential theory. (北二外2006研)

（A）真

（B）假

20 Reference is one of the rarely used cohesive devices. (南开大学2005研)

（A）真

（B）假

21 Odgen and Richards argue that the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct. (南开大学2004研)

（A）真

（B）假

22 "Tulip", "rose" and "violet" are all included in the notion of "flower". Therefore they are superordinates of "flower". (北二外2006研)

（A）真

（B）假

23 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of COMPOSITIONALITY. (大连外国语学院2008研)

（A）真

（B）假

24 The two words borrow and lend are antonyms but the two sentences "Jan lent some money to Jack" and "Jack borrowed some money from Jan" are synonymous. (北二外2010研)

（A）真

（B）假

25 All the words in a language can be used to refer, but only some have senses. (北二外2010研)

（A）真

（B）假

三、单项选择题

26 When the word "root" means "part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is______meaning. (北二外2004研)

（A）connotative

（B）conceptual

（C）reflected

27 ______ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world experience. (西安交大2008研)

（A）Reference

（B）Concept

（C）Semantics

（D）Sense

28 Which of the following is NOT included in G. Leech's seven types of meaning? (大连外国语学院2008研)

（A）Connotative meaning.

（B）Denotative meaning.

（C）Conceptual meaning.

29 According to C. Ogden and I. Richards,______is regarded as the crucial intermediary between______and______. (西安外国语学院2006研)

（A）symbol .. . referent ... thought

（B）referent . .. thought.. . symbol

（C）thought .. . symbol . .. referent

30 There are generally three kinds of sense relations recognized, sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. They are represented

by______respectively. (大连外国语学院2008研)

（A）synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy

（B）synonymy, hyponymy, and antonymy

（C）antonymy, synonymy, and hyponymy

31 Bird and cuckoo have the sense relation of hyponymy. Which of the following pairs of words has the same sense relation? (对外经贸2005研)

（A）Vowel and consonant

（B）Mouth and tongue

（C）Lexicon and word

（D）Number and gender

32 By componential analysis, BECOME (x, (~ ALIVE(x))) is an explanation

of______.(西安外国语学院2006研)

（A）die

（B）dead

（C）kill

（D）killed

33 The sense relationship between "John plays the piano" and "John plays a musical instrument" is ______.(北二外2004研)

（A）synonymy

（B）antonymy

（C）entailment

34 Which of the following are gradable antonyms?

（A）good and bad

（B）male and female

（C）young and old

（D）buy and sell

35 Conceptual meaning is not______

（A）affective

（B）cognitive

（C）logic

（D）denotative

36 When the truth of sentence (a) guarantees the truth of sentence (b), and the falsity of sentence (b) guarantees the falsity of sentence (a) , we can say that______.

（A）sentence (a) presupposes sentence (b)

（B）sentence (a) entails sentence (b)

（C）sentence (a) is inconsistent with sentence (b)

（D）sentence (a) contradicts sentence (b)

37 "Socrates is a man" is a case of______.

（A）two-place predicate

（B）one-place predicate

（C）two-place argument

（D）one-place argument

四、简答题

38 What is the referential theory of meaning? (北交大2005研)

39 What are the three kinds of antonyms? (武汉大学2004研)

40 What is your opinion on "true synonymy is non-existent"? (四川大学2006研)

41 How would you describe the oddness of the following sentences, using semantic features? (浙江大学2004研)

(a) The television drank my water.

(b) His dog writes poetry.

42 Do you think there are true synonyms in English? Why? (厦门大学2010研)

43 What is the difference between meaning, concept, connotation, and denotation?

44 What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?

五、名词解释

45 Conceptual meaning (四川大学2010研；武汉大学2007研；上海交大2006研)

46 Contextual meaning (浙江大学2005研)

47 Concatenation (四川大学2006研)

48 Denotation (南开大学2004研)

49 Semantic Triangle (大连外国语学院2008研)

50 Lexical relations (上海交大2006研)

51 Homonymy (上海交大2007研)

52 Relational opposites (武汉大学2005研)

53 Synonymy (西安交大2008研)

54 Componential analysis (浙江大学2005研；北航2008研)

55 Entailment (武汉大学2006研)

56 Presupposition(武汉大学2004研)

57 Polysemy (北外2010研)

58 linguistic variable (北外2011研)

六、举例说明题

59 Please list and explain the 7 types of meaning recognized by G. Leech. (南开大学2004研)

60 The British linguist F. R. Palmer argues that "there is no absolute distinction between gradable antonyms and complementary antonyms." Do you believe so? Support your view with examples.(南开大学2007研)

61 Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words, using examples from the English language. (北外2003研)

62 Categorize the following pairs: child - kid, alive - dead, big - small, husband - wife.

63 How many semantic relations are there among sentences? Give examples.

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英语语言学试题（1） I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×10=20%) 1、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___. A、prescriptive B、sociolinguistic C、descriptive D、psycholinguistic 2、Of all the speech organs, the ___ is/are the most flexible. A、mouth B、lips C、tongue D、vocal cords 3、The morpheme "vision" in the common word "television" is a(n) ___. A、bound morpheme B、bound form C、inflectional morpheme D、free morpheme 4、A ___ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A、coordinator B、particle C、preposition D、subordinator 5、"Can I borrow your bike?" _____ "You have a bike." A、is synonymous with B、is inconsistent with C、entails D、presupposes 6、The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called ___. A、semantics B、pragmatics C、sociolinguistics D、psycholinguistics 7、Grammatical changes may be explained, in part, as analogic changes, which are ___ or generalization. A、elaboration B、simplification C、external borrowing D、internal borrowing 8、___ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward grammatical rules, used as a medium of communication. A、Lingua franca B、Creole C、Pidgin D、Standard language 9、Psychologists, neurologists and linguists have concluded that, in addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left brain are vital to language, namely, ___ . A、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and the angular gyrus B、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and cerebral cortex C、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and neurons D、Broca's area, Wernicke's area and Exner's area 10、According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations. A、learning B、competence C、performance D、acquisition II. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in One word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%) 11、Chomsky defines "competence" as the ideal user's k_______ of the rules of his language. 12、The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b______ . 13、M_______ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. 14、A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. 15、Synonyms that are mutually substitutable under all circumstances are called c______ synonyms. 16、The illocutionary point of r_____ is to commit the speaker to something's being the case, to the truth of what has been said. 17、Words are created outright to fit some purpose. Such a method of enlarging the vocabulary is known as word c______.

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I. Fill in the blanks. 1. The features that define our human languages can be call ed ______ features. (北二外2006研) 2. Linguistics is usually defined as the ______study of language. (北二外2003研) 3. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of______ communication. 4. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually ter med______ 5. Linguistics is the scientific study of______. 6. Modern linguistic is______ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe. 7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ______ over writing. 8. The branch of linguistics which studies the sound patterns of a language is called ______. (北二外2003研) 9. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words is called______ . (北二外2004研) 10. ______mainly studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. (北二外2005研) 11. Semantics and ______investigate different aspects of linguistic meaning. (北二外2007研) 12. In linguistics, ______ refers to the study of the rules governing the way words are combined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation as sentence. (中山大学2008研) 13. ______can be defined as the study of language in use. Sociolinguistics, on the other hand, attempts to show the relationship between language and society. 14. The branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of sentence is called _______. (北二外2008研) 15. Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual ph enomena or data of linguistics (utterances) as and . The former refers to the abstract linguistic linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and the latter is the concrete manifestation of language either through speech or through writing. (人大2006研) 16. The description of a language as it changes through time is a ______ study. 17. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s______. 18. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is ______ and parole. The former is the French word for “language”,which is the abstract knowledge necessary for s peaking，listening， writing and reading. The latter is concerned about the actual use of language by peop le in speech or writing. Parole is more variable and may change according to contextu al factors. 19. One of the important distinctions in linguistics is and performance. (人大2006研) 20. Chomsky initiated the distinction between ______ and performances. (北二外2007研) II. Multiple Choice 1.Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed design feature? (大连外国语学院 2008研) A. Arbitrariness B. Convention C. Duality of the following words is entirely arbitrary? (西安交大2008研) A. tree B. crash C. typewriter D. bang

英语专业英语语言学期末复习总结.doc

英语语言学一、名词解释 第一课 共时性 : Said of an approach that studies language at a theoretical“point\A kind”inoftimedescription. which takes a fixed instant (usually, but not necessarily, the present), as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind. 语言 : The abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community. : Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbol used for human communication. 任意性 : One design feature of human language, which refers to the face that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. 第二课 音位 : Phonology is concerned with the speech sounds which distinguish meaning. The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. 音位变体 : The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environment are called the allophones of that phoneme. pair 最小对立体 : When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stings, the two words are said to form a minimal pair. 第三课 形态学 : Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed . morphemes派生词素: Some morphemes which change the category or grammatical class of words are ca lled morphemes 曲折词素 : Some bound morphemes which are for the most part purely grammatical markers and signify such concepts as tense, number, case and so on. 第四课 语法句法: A branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences. categories 句法范畴 : Words can be grouped together into a relatively small number of classes, called syntactic categories. structure 深层结构 : Formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head’ s subcategorizationrties,iscalledprope deep structure or D- structure. structure 表层结构 : Corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called Surface structure or S- structure. 第五课 指称 : Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 同音异义 : Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, . different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both. 上下义关系 : Hyponymy refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. 第六课 语用学 : Pragmatics can be defined as the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. 话语 : a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication. meaning 话语意义 : Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context. act 言外行为 : An illocutionary act is the act expressing the speaker it is the’acts performedintention; in saying something.