澳大利亚国家概况

澳大利亚，意即“南方大陆”，欧洲人在１７世纪初叶发现这块大陆时，误以为这是一块直通南极的陆地，故取名“澳大利亚”。澳洲大陆面积769万平方公里，是全世界唯一一个统治着整块大陆的国家。陆地面积居世界第六位，仅次于俄罗斯、加拿大、中国、美国与巴西，人口却少了许多，只有2300多万人口。

澳大利亚的阳光、海滩、广袤的人烟稀少的内陆、雨林、大堡礁、独一无二的动植物，著名的海滨城市悉尼、墨尔本、布里斯班、阿德莱德和柏斯，还有昆士兰的黄金海岸和北部地区的达尔文市，友好的多元化社会，以及热情而舒适的环境，这一切都让人梦绕魂牵，流连忘返。你可在大堡礁进行海面潜水，在惠森迪岛航海，去加加答国家公园观看鳄鱼，去大雪山滑雪，去科珀帕迪挖蛋白石或在贝鲁沙峡谷品酒

【国旗】澳大利亚为英联邦成员国，英国女王为澳大利亚的国家元首。国旗的左上角为英国国旗图案，表明澳大利亚与英国的传统关系。一颗最大的七角星象征组成澳大利亚联邦的六个州和联邦区（北部地区和首都直辖区）。五颗小星代表南十字星座（是南天小星座之一，星座虽小，但明亮的星很多）。为“南方大陆”之意，表明该国处于南半球。

【国徽】澳大利亚国徽左边是一袋鼠，右边是一只鸸鹋，这两种动物均为澳大利亚所特有，是国家的标志，民族的象征，中间是一个盾，盾面上有六组图案分别象征这个国家的六个州。盾形上方为一枚象征英联邦国家的七角星。周围饰以澳国花金合欢，底部的绶带上用英文写着“澳大利亚”。

【首都】堪培拉(Canberra) ，人口约３１万（２０００年６月），年平均温度２０℃。

【主要城市】悉尼墨尔本布里斯班佩斯阿德雷德纽卡索堪培拉黄金海岸

【国庆日】１月２６日（１７８８年）

【国花】金合欢

【国树】桉树

【国鸟】琴鸟

【简史】澳大利亚最早的居民为土著人。１７７０年，英国航海家詹姆斯·库克抵达澳大利亚东海岸，宣布英国占有这片土地。１７８８年１月２６日，英国流放到澳的第一批犯人抵悉尼湾，英开始在澳建立殖民地，后来这一天被定为澳大利亚国庆日。１９００年７月，英国议会通过“澳大利亚联邦宪法”和“不列颠自治领条例”。１９０１年１月１日，澳各殖民区改为州，成立澳大利亚联邦。１９３１年，澳成为英联邦内的独立国家。１９８６年，英议会通过“与澳大利亚关系法”，澳获得完全立法权和司法终审权。

【政治】澳大利亚是一个立宪君主制国家。形式上，英女王伊丽莎白二世是国家的首脑，由总督在澳大利亚代表女王，澳大利亚是否应成为共和国仍是当今的热点问题。澳大利亚遵循西方的民主传统。它有三个层次的政府体系：联邦政府、州政府和地方政府。联邦政府由总理领导，负责全国事务，如国防、外交、电信。州政府执行联邦政府的各项任务，特别是在教育、社会福利和执法方面。地方政

府负责管理城市，如城镇规划、建筑条例和污水处理等。所有18岁上的澳大利亚公民被要求在地方、州和联邦政府选举中投票。

【经济】

澳大利亚矿产资源丰富，是世界重要的矿产资源生产国和出口国。澳大利亚是南大地区经济最发达的国家。自上个世纪九十年以来，澳大利亚经济保持持续增长。从1996年至2006年的十一年间，该国实际GDP平均增长率达到了3.5％，是世界上经济增长强劲的国家之一。

澳大利亚通过一系列有效的经济结构调整和改革，保证了国家经济金融和社会发展，经受住了亚洲金融危机的冲击与考验，连续16年保持快速增长，并维持了较低的通胀率和失业率。澳大利亚连续被OECD评为世界最具活力的经济体。

教育】教育主要由州政府负责。各州设教育部，主管本州的大、中、小学和技术教育学院。联邦政府只负责给全澳大学和高等教育学院提供经费、制定和协调教育政策。澳宪法规定，各省中小学及工业学院均由各省教育部负责领导、管理，由联邦政府拨款资助，大学则由联邦政府统一管理。

凡澳大利亚的公民，都是免费教育的。海外学生无权利享受。澳大利亚全国共有19所大学及68所学院，全部由联邦政府资助。

学校分公立、私立两种，实行学龄前教育、中小学１２年义务教育和高等教育，重视并广泛推行职业教育。

著名高等院校有澳国立大学、堪培拉大学、墨尔本皇家理工学院、昆士兰科技大学、格里菲斯大学、墨尔本大学、悉尼大学、新南威尔士大学、莫那什大学、默多克大学、麦考里大学、新州理工学院等。澳广泛进行职业培训教育，重视师资队伍建设，科技教育发展迅速。

【自然地理】位于南太平洋和印度洋

之间，由澳大利亚大陆和塔斯马尼亚

岛等岛屿及海外领土组成。它东濒太平洋的珊瑚海和塔斯曼

海，西、北、南三面临印度洋及其边缘海，海岸线长约３．６

７万公里。面积７６９.２万平方公里，占大洋洲的绝大部分，

虽四面环水，沙漠和半沙漠却占全国面积的３５％。全国分为东部山地、中部平原和西部高原３个地区。全国最高峰科修斯科山海拨２２３０米，最长河流墨尔本河长３４９０里。中部的埃尔湖是澳大利亚的最低点，湖面低于海平面１２米。在东部沿海有全世界最大的珊瑚礁──大堡礁。北部属热带，大部分属温带。年平均气温北部２７℃，南部１４℃，内陆地区干旱少雨，年降水量不足２００毫米，东部山区５００—１２００毫米。

【人口】２１７７．９万（２００９年３月），澳居民中７０％是英国及爱尔兰后裔，１８％为欧洲其他国家后裔，亚裔占６％，土著居民约占２．３％。他们大多数信奉基督教。英语为通用语言。

澳大利亚是典型的移民国家，被社会学家喻为“民族的拼盘”。自英国移民踏上这片美丽的土地之日起，已先后有来自世界１２０个国家、１４０个民族的移民到澳大利亚谋生和发展。多民族形成的多元文化是澳大利亚社会一个显著特征。

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第一大城：奥克兰Auckland 世界最大羔羊肉，羊肉和奶制品出口国，称为the world’s biggest farm 国家元首：英女王 政体：议会制君主立宪制 爱尔兰概况（注意不是北爱尔兰哦，不是英国的一部分呢） 首都：都柏林dublin 英国概况 英格兰面积最大 苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府 威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府 北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府

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