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金融市场与金融机构基础(第17章) 英文版答案

金融市场与金融机构基础(第17章) 英文版答案
金融市场与金融机构基础(第17章) 英文版答案

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS FOR CHAPTER 17

(Questions are in bold print followed by answers.)

1. What are the three factors contributing to the significant changes in the common market over the past 50 years?

The stock markets have also changed since the early 1960s, due to (1) institutionalization (small investors now play only a minor role); (2) changes in government regulations, e.g. disclosure, types of trades, margin requirements; (3) innovations, e.g. computer technology permits program trading.

2.

a. How does common stock differ from preferred stock?

b. Why is preferred stock viewed as a senior corporate security?

a.Preferred stock is entitled to a fixed participation in the form of dividends of the earnings of

the company. Dividends must be declared and ordinarily they are at the discretion of the board. Common stock is entitled to the residual cashflow, and is junior to the preferred stock both in terms of distribution and liquidation preference.

b.Preferred stock is considered a senior instrument because dividends must be paid before any

distribution of dividends can be made to the common stockholders. Also, in a liquidation, the preferred stockholders are paid before the common stockholders, who are considered residual claimants.

3. What is the difference between ordinary dividends and qualified dividends and how is each treated for tax purposes?

Ordinary dividends are taxed at the income tax bracket. Qualified dividends receive preferential tax rate, either 5% or 15%, depending on the individual’s re gular income tax rate.

4. What is meant by a long-term capital gain and how is it treated for tax purposes?

Long-term capital gains are appreciations in value of the stock that has been held for more than one year. It is entitled to preferential tax rat e, either 5% or 15% depending on the individual’s regular income tax rate.

5. The following quote is taken from Wayne H. Wagner, “The Taxonomy of Trading Strategies,” in Katrina F. Sherrerd (ed.), Trading Strategies and Execution Costs (Charlottesville, VA: The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts, 1988).

When a trader decides how to bring an order to the market, he or she

must deal with some very important issues; to me, the most important

is: What kind of trade is this? It could be either an active or a passive

trade. The type of trade will dictate whether speed of execution is

more or less important than cost of execution. In other words, do I

want immediate trading (a market order); or am I willing to forgo the

immediate trade for the possibility of trading less expensively if I am

willing to “give” on the timing of the trade (a limit order)?

a.What is meant by a market order?

b.Why would a market order be placed when an investor wants immediate trading?

c.What is meant by a limit order?

d.What are the risks associated with a limit order?

a. A market order is one which is sent to the floor for immediate execution as soon as it is

received. The buyer or seller receives the market price at the time the trade is executed.

b. A market order is executed as soon as possible.

c. A limit order is executed when the price reaches a predetermined level.

d.The limit may not be reached. The investor cannot predict the timing of the execution.

6. Suppose that Mr. Mancuso has purchased a stock for $45 and that he sets a maximum loss that he will accept on this stock of $6.What type of order can Mr. Mancuso place?

He will put a sell stop order setting the stop price at $45.

7.

a.What is a program trade?

b.What are the various types of commission arrangements for executing a program

trade and the advantages and disadvantages of each?

a. A program trade is an institutional buy or sell of a large basket of stocks.

b.If a program trade is executed on an agency basis, commissions are bid for by a group of

brokerage firms. The advantage is that the commissions tend to be lower, but the disadvantage is that the execution price may not be the best because the impact costs and the potential for front-running. Dealers can also execute a program trade on a principal basis, which means that they buy or sell the amounts from inventory and bear the risk of distribution. The advantage is that the investor knows the trading price in advance, but pays a higher commission.

8.

a.Explain the mechanics and some key rules of a short sale.

b.What restrictions are imposed on short selling activities?

a. A short seller borrows the stocks to sell on the market, giving the proceeds of the sale to his

broker as collateral. Should prices decline he will buy the stocks, return them to the broker and obtain the sales proceeds.

b. A short sale must be announced at the time the order is given , and it can occur only after an

uptick in the market price of the stock. The short seller is also responsible for paying any dividends due on the stocks before he covers them with a purchase.

9. What role does the broker call rate play in a margin purchase?

The broker call rate is the rate paid on a bank loan by a broker, who is lending the cash to a customer buying stocks on margin. The broker will normally add a slight service charge to this fee. This rate will affect the margin transaction’s profitability.

10.

a.What is meant by maintenance margin when stocks are purchased on margin?

b.What is meant by debit balance?

c.What is meant by credit balance?

a.The maintenance margin is the minimum amount of equity in the investor's margin account. If

the value of the securities changes enough to erode the value of equity, the investor must provide additional cash to supplement the amount posted.

b. A debit balance is the value of the equity less the borrowed amount in a margin purchase.

c. A credit balance is the value of the equity plus the borrowed amount in a short sale.

11. The following statements are taken from Greta E. Marshall’s article “Execution Costs: The Plan Sponsor’s View,” which appears in Trading Strategies and Execution Costs, published by The Institute of Chartered Financial Analysts in 1988. (The publication is the product of a conference held in New York City on December 3, 1987):

a.“There are three components of trading costs. First there a re direct costs which may

be measured—commissions. Second, there are indirect—or market impact—costs.

Finally, there are the undefined costs of not trading.” What are market impact costs, and what do you think the “undefined costs of not trading” represent?

b.“Market impact, unlike broker commissions, is difficult to identify and measure.”

Why is market impact cost difficult to measure?

a.Market impact costs are the increases in the bid-ask spread faced by investors who wish to

execute large transactions on a timely basis. Large transactions tend to drive prices in a direction which is adverse to the investor. The “undefined costs of not trading” are opportunity costs that investors face because they failed to make a transaction at the proper time to take advantage of a certain price.

b.It is difficult to determine how much of a change in price is due to ordinary market fluctuations

and how of the price rise or drop is due to the costs of absorbing a large trade. The opportunity cost of not trading is also difficult to measure.

12.

a.What is meant by “soft dollars”?

b.What is the concern with soft dollars?

a.Soft dollars is compensation to customers in the form of information and preferential timing

which is “paid” by broker/dealers in exchange for commitments of orde r flow.

b.The concern is that the client is not free to shop around for the best bid or best offer, net of

commissions, for all their transactions, but have to do an agreed amount of transaction volume with the specific broker/dealer. The SEC does not ban soft dollars, but it does regulate it.

13.

a.What is meant by tick size?

b.What is the tick size for common stock?

a.The tick size is the minimum price variation for a security.

b.The minimum tick size is a penny.

14. Why were price limits and collars imposed on stock in the United States?

Circuit breakers and trading collar rules halts trading when certain temporary forces, such as emotional trading or a panicked market, threatens stability of market prices. These reforms were made after the stock market crash of October 19, 1987.

15.

a.What is meant by the circuit breaker rule?

b.What is meant by the trading collar rule?

a. A circuit breaker is a set of trading rules that stop trading once the market reaches certain

downside benchmarks.

b. A trading collar restricts index arbitrage trading. If the DJIA moves up or down 2% fro the

previous closing value, program trading orders to buy or sell the S&P 500 stocks as a part of the index arbitrage strategies must be entered with directions to have the order executions affected in a manner that stabilizes share prices.

16. What are the three general types of stock market indicators?

Stock market indicators can be classified into three groups: (1) those produced by stock exchanges based on all stocks traded on the exchange; (2) those produced by organizations that subjectively select the stocks to be included in indexes; (3) those where stock selection is based on an objective measure, such as the market capitalization of the company.

17. What is the difference between a market-value-weighted index and an equally weighted index?

While the stock market indicators rise and fall in unison, several factors differentiate these. One of these is the relative weight assigned to the stock in the index. A market value weighted index is weighting by the market value of the company (capitalization). An equally weighted index will assign weight to each company equally regardless of its market value. The Dow Jones Industrial is a price-weighted index, where as value line composite average is an equally weighted index.

18. What are the main features of the S&P 500 common stock index?

The S&P 500 index is broad based measurement of changes in stock market conditions of 500 widely held common stocks. The composition of the 500 stocks is flexible. It represents stocks chosen from the two major national stock exchanges and the over-the-counter market.

19. “The stocks selected for the S&P 500 are the largest 500 companies in the United States.” Indicate whether you agree or disagree with thi s statement.

Disagree .The index captures overall stock market conditions as reflected by a broad range of economic indicators.

20. There are participants and analysts in the stock market that are called chartists or technical analysts. What does the theory that the market is weak-form efficient say about these investors’ chances of beating the market?

The weak form of the efficient market hypothesis states that past prices cannot predict future trends. Price changes are statistically independent of each other. Thus chartists or technical analysts may not gain superior returns.

21. The November 1985 prospectus of the Merrill Lynch Phoenix Fund, Inc., a mutual fund, stated the following investment objective:

Based upon the belief that the pricing mechanism of the securities

markets lacks perfect efficiency so that prices of securities of troubled

issuers are often depressed to a greater extent than warranted by the

condition of the issuer and that, while investment in such securities

involves a high degree of risk, such investments offer the opportunity

for significant capital gains.

What does this strategy assume about the pricing efficiency of the stock market?

This strategy assumes pricing inefficiency of the stock market. The prices of these securities do not reflect the true intrinsic value and thus may offer opportunities for reaping abnormal returns.

22. Why should an investor who believes that the market is efficient pursue an indexing strategy?

This is a strategy that capital market theory suggests captures the efficiency of the market. If the market is truly efficient, investors cannot outperform a market index after adjustments for risk and transaction costs.

《金融市场基础知识》真题试卷

证券从业资格考试《金融市场基础知识》试卷 1、选择题(共50题,每小题1分,共50分)以下备选项中只有下列符合题目要求,不选、错选均不得分 (1) 投资者向证券经纪商下达买进或卖出证券的指令,称为( )。 A: 申报B: 成交C: 委托D: 开户 解析: 投资者需要通过经纪商的代理才能在证券交易所买卖证券。在这种情况下,投资者向经纪商下达买进或卖出证券的指令.称为“委托”. (2) ( )是指对证券买卖申报逐笔连续撮合的竞价方式。 A: 集合竞价B: 拍卖竞价C: 连续竞价D: 招标竞价 (3) 下列关于融资租赁的说法,错误的是( )。 A: 融资租赁业务是指出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择,向出卖人购买租赁物,提供给承租人使用,承租人支付租金的交易活动 B: 融资租赁具有融资、融物双重职能,涉及出租人、承租人、出卖人三方当事人 C: 融资租赁是指出租人不仅要向承租人提供设备的使用权.还要向承租人提供设备的保养、保险、维修和其他专门性技术服务的一种租赁形式 D: 融资租赁与经营租赁的根本区别在于.融资租赁的出租人通常不承担租赁物的余值风险.而经营租赁的出租人一定要承担租赁的余值风险 (4) 下列关于储蓄国债(电子式)与记账式国债不同之处的表述中,错误的是( )。 A: 记账方式不同 B: 发行利率确定机制不同 C: 发行对象不同 D: 流通或变现方式不同 (5) 保险公司次级债务的偿还只有在确保偿还次级债本息后,偿付能力充足率( ) 的前提下,募集人才能偿付本息。A: 不低于100% B: 不高于80% C: 不低于70% D: 不高于50% (6) 下列选项中,属于证券公司定向发行债券要求的有( )。 A: 最近1期期末经审计的净资产不低于10亿元 B: 最近1年盈利 C: 各项风险监控指标符合中国证监会的有关规定 D: 最近3年未发生重大违法、违规行为 (7) ( )不是场外交易市场。 A: 债券柜台市场B: 证券交易所C: 银行间债券市场D: 代办股权转让市场 (8) 风险识别包括( )环节。 A: 感知风险和分析风险B: 计量风险和分析风险 C: 计量风险和感知风险D: 感知风险和检测风险 (9) 公司债券的利率比相同期限政府债券的利率高。这是对( )的补偿。 A: 通货膨胀风险B: 政策风险C: 利率风险D: 信用风险 (10) 以下关于基金资产估值的表述.正确的是( )。 A: 基金资产估值的责任人是基金托管人 B: 为保持估值方法的一致性,基金不得变更估值方法

金融市场与机构课后习题答案.doc

Chapter 1 Role of Financial Markets and Institutions Questions 1. Explain the meaning of surplus units and deficit units. Provide an example of each. ANSWER: Surplus units provide funds to the financial markets while deficit units obtain funds from the financial markets. Surplus units include households with savings, while deficit units include firms or government agencies that borrow funds. 2. Distinguish between primary and secondary markets. ANSWER: Primary markets are used for the issuance of new securities while secondary markets are used for the trading of existing securities. 3. Distinguish between money and capital markets. ANSWER: Money markets facilitate the trading of short-term (money market) instruments while capital markets facilitate the trading of long-term (capital market) instruments. 4. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect security markets. ANSWER: With perfect financial markets, all information about any securities for sale would be freely available to investors, information about surplus and deficit units would be freely available, and all securities could be unbundled into any size desired. In reality, markets are imperfect, so that surplus and deficit units do not have free access to information, and securities can not be unbundled as desired. 5. Explain why the existence of imperfect markets creates a need for financial institutions. ANSWER: Financial intermediaries are needed to facilitate the exchange of funds between surplus and deficit units. They have the information to provide this service and can even repackage deposits to provide the amount of funds borrowers desire. 6. Explain the meaning of efficient markets. Why might we expect markets to be efficient most of the time? ANSWER: If markets are efficient then prices of securities available in these markets properly reflect all information. We should expect markets to be efficient because if they weren't, investors would capitalize on the discrepancy between what prices are and what they should be. This action would force market prices to represent the appropriate prices as perceived by the market. 7. In recent years, several securities firms have been guilty of using inside information when purchasing securities, thereby achieving returns well above the norm (even when accounting for risk). Does this suggest that the security markets are not efficient? Explain. ANSWER: Efficiency is often defined with regard to publicly available information. In this case, markets can be efficient, but investors with inside information could possibly outperform the market on a consistent basis. A stronger version of efficiency would hypothesize that even access to inside information will not consistently outperform the market. 1

2019年证券从业资格考试模拟试题及答案:金融市场基础知识(17)

1.金融衍生工具的分类说法错误的是()。 A.按交易场所的不同可以分为场内金融衍生工具和场外金融衍生工具 B.场内金融衍生工具是指在交易所内交易的金融衍生工具 C.信用衍生产品是交易所交易的衍生工具 D.场外交易市场交易的衍生工具实行分散的、一对一交易 【答案】C 【解析】信用衍生产品是场外交易市场交易的衍生工具。选项C不正确。 2.2010年,作为国际金融危机爆发后欧盟的改革举措之一,欧洲会议审批了一项重要法案,该法案是()。 A.《金融服务现代化法案》 B.《格拉斯-斯蒂格尔法》 C.《金融监管改革法案》 D.《泛欧金融监管改革法案》 【答案】D 【解析】选项D正确:2010年9月欧洲议会批准了欧盟成员国财政部长通过的《泛欧金融监管改革法案》,这是国际金融危机爆发之后,欧盟最重大的改革举措之一。 3.()年,哈里·马科维茨建立了均值-方差证券组合投资模型,提出了解决投资决策中化投资配置问题。 A.1947 B.1950 C.1952 D.1956 【答案】C 【解析】选项C正确:1952年,哈里·马科维茨建立了均值-方差证券组合投资模型,提出了解决投资决策中化投资配置问题。在模型中方差作为对风险的量度,其最小化被用来确定化的投资比例。VaR与方差直接相关,其作为风险限额指标实质上对方差附加了一种限制。因此,作为VaR约束下的马科维茨均值一方差模型的化投资决策问题就自然被人们加以利用。 4.集合票据在债权债务登记日的()即可在银行间债券市场流通转让。 A.当日 B.次一工作日 C.两日后 D.一周后 【答案】B 【解析】选项B正确:集合票据在债权债务登记日的次一工作日即可在银行间债券市场流通转让。 5.()是由存券银行在基础证券发行国安排的银行,它通常是存券银行在当地的分行、附属行或代理行。 A.存券银行 B.外汇交易所 C.中央存托公司 D.托管银行 【答案】D 【解析】选项D正确:托管银行是由存券银行在基础证券发行国安排的银行,它通常是

金融市场和金融机构

第二章金融市场和金融机构 (一) 第二章金融市场和金融机构 ?1 金融体系的定义 ?2 资金流动 ?3 金融制度的功能 ?4 金融创新 ?5 金融市场 ?6 金融市场中的比率 第一部分 金融体系介绍 金融系统(金融体系) ?被用于订立金融合约和交换资产及风险的金融市场和金融机构(中介)的集合 ?金融机构担当投资者的代理人和帮助资本(金)的流动等 ?金融市场是所有金融交易的核心 ?居民户、企业和政府实施其金融决策离不开金融市场和金融机构。 第一节 金融市场 一、金融市场概述 (一)金融市场的概念和分类 1.金融市场: 金融市场是买卖金融工具以融通资金的场所或机制。 ?之所以把金融市场视作为一种场所,是因为只有这样才与市场的一般含义相吻合; ?之所以同时又把金融市场视作为一种机制,是因为金融市场上的融资活动既可以在固定场所进行,也可以不在固定场所进行,如果不在固定场所进行的融资活动就可以理解为一种融资机制。 ?按有无固定场所进行分,金融产品市场可分为两类: ?交易所交易市场(Exchange traded) ?场外市场(Over-the-counter ,OTC) 交易所交易市场 ?芝加哥期货交易所(CBOT) ?纽约证券交易所(NYSE) ?芝加哥期权交易所(CBOE) ?上海证券交易所 ?深圳证券交易所 ?上海黄金交易所 ?上海期货交易所(金属) ?大连商品交易所(农产品) ?郑州商品交易所(农产品) ?中国金融期货交易所(股指期货) ?……

?交易所的主要职责: ?定义交易合约 ?组织交易 ?使交易双方的利益同时得到保护 ?交易规则:由组织化的证券交易所制定,对交易程序进行标准化。 ?传统上,交易双方在交易所内相见并通过特定手语达成交易,而现在交易更多的是采用电子交易系统。 场外市场 ?由电话和计算机将金融机构和大型企业的交易员以及基金经理联系在一起的网络系统。银行等金融机构通常扮演做市商的角色。 ?场外交易的最大优点是合约内容不受交易所限制。 ?场外市场用于交易的电话通常都是被录音的。 ?场外市场与交易所交易市场的一个重要区别在于信用风险的大小。 ?场外市场交易额远远大于交易所交易市场。 ?最简单的交易,例如: ?买入100股IMB股票 ?卖出100万英镑 ?买入1000盎司黄金 ?卖出价值100万美元的通用汽车公司债券 ?第一个交易往往发生在交易所内,而其它三个交易更可能是场外交易,但四种均属现货交易。(二)分类 (三)金融市场的构成要素 1.金融市场主体:即金融市场的参与者 2.金融市场客体:金融市场的交易载体——货币资金。 3.金融市场交易工具:金融市场的交易对象指的是金融工具,也称信用工具,它是证明金融交易金额、期限、价格的书面文件,它对交易双方的权利和义务具有法律约束意义。 4.金融市场价格:在金融市场上,交易对象的价格就是用货币资金表示的价格。 二、货币市场和资本市场 ?按到期期限划分 ?货币市场,期限短于一年,强调流动性 ?短期债务市场:比如美国的短期国库券,企业的商业票据等。 ?资本市场,期限长于一年,强调收益性 ?包括长期债务市场和权益性证券市场。 金融资产 三种基本的金融资产类型:债务、股权和衍生工具 ?债券(固定收益证券,Fixed Income Securities):承诺未来支付固定数量现金的借款合约。 ?公司债券、政府债券、住宅性和商业性按揭贷款、消费贷款。 股票(普通股):公司发行的所有权凭证。 ?每份股票代表对企业所有权的等同份额; ?通常还代表对公司治理事务的投票权; ?股票代表对一家公司资产和收益的剩余索取权(Residual Claim); ?普通股同时具备有限责任的特征,即如果资不抵债,债权人无法向股票所有者索取更多 资金来弥补缺口,债权人的索取权被限定在该企业资产的范围之内。

2019年4月27日证券从业资格考试金融市场基础知识真题及答案

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