外文翻译

1 英文原文

Reliability-based design optimization of adhesive bonded

steel-Cconcret composite beams with probabilistic and

non-probabilistic uncertainties

ABSTRACT: It is meaningful to account for various uncertainties in the optimization design of the adhesive bonded steel-cconcrete composite beam.Based on the definition of the mixed reliability index for structural safety evaluation with probabilistic and non-probabilistic uncertainties,the reliability-based optimization incorporating such mixed reliability constraints are mathematically formulated as a nested problem.The performance measure approach is employed to improve the convergence and the stability in solving the inner-loop.Moreover,the double-loop optimization problem is transformed into a series of approximate deterministic problems by incorporating the sequential approximate programming and the iteration scheme,which greatly reduces the burdensome computation workloads in seeking the optimal design.The validity of the proposed formulation as well as the efficiency of the presented numerical techniques is demonstrated by a mathematical example.Finally,reliability-based optimization designs of a single span adhesive bonded steel-cconcrete composite beam with different loading cases are achieved throug integrating the present systematic method,the finite element analysis and the optimization package.

1.Introduction

The steel-cconcrete composite beam,which integrates the high tensile strength of steel and the high compressive strength of concrete,has been widely used in multi-storey buildings and bridges all over the world.At the beginning of the 1960s,an efficient adhesive bonding technique[1,2]was introduced to connect the Concrete slab and the steel girder by an adhesive joint,not by the conventional metallic shear connectors.This so-called adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beam is considered to be a very prospective alternate structure because it has the advantages of relieving stress concentration,avoiding site welding,and using the prefabricated concrete slab.Recently,an umber of studies on the experimental tests and numerical simulation of adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beams have been presented in literatures[3-5].

With the ever increasing computational power,the past two decades have seen a

rapid development of structural optimization in both theories and engineering applications.In particular,the non-deterministic optimal design of steel or concrete beams incorporating stochastic uncertainties has been intensively studied by using the reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) method [6,7].Based on the classical probability theory,this conventional RBDO method describes uncertainties in structural systems as stochastic variables or random fields with certain probability distribution and thus provides an effective tool for determining the best design solution while explicitly considering the unavoidable effects of parameter variations[8].As the most mature non-deterministic design approach,the RBDO has been successfully used in many real-life engineering applications[9,10].However,the primary challenge to apply the conventional RBDO in practical applications is the availability of the precise statistical characteristics,which are crucial for a successful probabilistic reliability analysis and design.Unfortunately,these accurate data usually cannot be obtained in some practical applications where only a limited number of samples are available.

The early treatment [11,12]for insufficient uncertainties is to construction a closest uniform probabilistic distribution by using the principle of maximum entropy.In 1990s,Elishakoff [13,14] explored that a small error in constructing the probabilistic density function for input uncertainties may lead to misleading assessment of the probabilistic reliability in particular cases.This conclusion illuminates that using the traditional probabilistic approach to deal with those problems involving in complete the information might be inconvincible. Consequently, an alternative category,namely the non-probabilistic approach [15],has been rapid developed for describing uncertainty with incomplete statistical information by a fuzzy set or a convexset. In the fuzzy set method[16,17] ,the fuzzy failure probability of structures is assessed based on membership function representation of the observed/measured inputs.In the convex set method[18-20], all possible values of the uncertainties are bounded within a hyper-box or hyper-ellipsoid without assuming any inner probability distributions.Non-probabilistic models have been regarded as attractive supplements to the traditional probabilistic model in the reliability design of structural engineering.The interested readers are referred to research papers bye.g. Moens and Vandepitte [21],Moller and Beer [22],Elishakoff and Ohsaki[23].

In a practical engineering problem of adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beams,the uncertain scatter of structural parameters about their expected values is unavoidable.For example,the applied loads may fluctuate dramatically during its service life-cycle,and the parameters defining the structure,such as geometrical dimensions and

material properties,are also subject to inaccuracies or deviations.Among these concerned uncertainties,some can be characterized with precise-enough probability distributions,while others need to be treated as bounded ones due to a lack of sufficient sample data.A typical example of such bounded uncertainties is the load magnitude and the geometrical dimensions of a manufactured product,the variation ranges of which are controlled by specified tolerance bounds.

From as early as 1993,attempts have been made to assess and analyze the structural safety in the presence of both stochastic variables and uncertain-but-bounded variables by Elishakoff and Colombi [24]. Recently ,many numerical methods,including the multi-point approximation technique[25],the iterative rescaling method [26],the probability bounds (p-box) approach [27],and the interval truncation method [28],have been proposed for estimating the lower and upper bounds of failure probability of structures with a combination of stochastic and interval variables.Detailed surveys of both known and new algorithms for this safety assessment problem have also been made by Berleant etal.[29] and Kreinovich etal.[30].However,it is noted that a few studies have considered various uncertainties in the reliability-based design optimization problems.Duetal.[31] extended the conventional RBDO method to structural design problems under the combination of random and interval variables.In their study,a procedure for seeking the worst-case combination of the interval variables is embedded into the probabilistic reliability analysis.

As the literature survey shows,the existing studies mainly focus on solving the combination of random/interval variables. Basically,the interval set does not account for the dependencies among the bounded uncertainties,which can be regarded as the simplest instance of the set-value based convex model.Due to the unpredictability of structural parameters and the impossibility of the acquisition of sufficient uncertainty information,problems of structural optimization must be solved in the presence of various types of uncertainties,which remains a challenging problem in realistic systems [32].As a consequence,apractical and efficient reliability-based design optimization being capable of quantifying probabilistic and non-probabilistic uncertainties,as well as associated numerical techniques,should be fully developed and adopted in the professional practice of adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beam design.

In this paper,using the mathematical definition of structural reliability index based on probability and convexsetmixed model[33],a nested optimization formulation with constraints on such mixed reliability indices for the adhesive bonded steel-concrete

composite beam is first presented.For improving the convergence and the stability insolving sub-optimization problems,the performance measure approach (PMA)[34]is skillfully employed. Then,the sequential approximate programming approach embedded by an iterative scheme is proposed for converting the nested problem into a serial of deterministic ones, which will greatly reduce the burdensome computation workloads in seeking the optimal design.Through comparing with the direct nested double-loop approach,the applicability and the efficiency of the proposed methods are demonstrated by aclassical mathematical example.Finally,the reliability-based optimization designs of a single span adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beam are achieved through integrating the present systematic method,the finite element analysis program and the gradient-based design optimization package CFSQP [35].

2.RBDO of adhesive bonded steel-concrete composite beams

2.1.Description of probabilistic and non-probabilistic uncertainties

In practice engineering,the uncertain parameters involved in the design problem can be classified into probabilistic uncertainties (denoted by X= { X1,X2，…，Xm } T）and non-probabilistic uncertainties (denoted by Y= { Y1,Y2，…，Ym } T）according to their available input samples.It is desirable to select the best suitable models to respectively describe these different types of uncertainties.

Undoubtedly,the probabilistic uncertainties X can be modelled as stochastic variables with certain distribution characteristics,which are expressedas

where f x（x）is the joint probability density function. X= { X1,X2，…，Xm } T）represents the realization of the variables X. In the classical probabilistic framework[36],the structural reliability is given as

where Pr [·] denotes the probability, g（X）is a limit-state function and g（X）≥0 defines the safety events.

For the non-probabilistic uncertainties ，the bounds or ranges of parameter variation,compared with precise probability density function,are more easily obtained with the limited measurement results,e.g.the least data envelop set or the manufacturing tolerance specifications.In such circumstances,a multiellipsoid convex model[37]is competent for the non-probabilistic uncertainty description.Following this frequently

used convex model,all the non-probabilistic parameters are divided into groups with the rule that variations of parameters in different groups are uncorrelated.Herein,each group of uncertainties are bounded by an individual hyper-ellipsoid convex set,respectively,as

where is the nominal value vector of the i-th group uncertainties ，is the characteristic matrix and it is a symmetric positive-definite real matrix defining the

orientation and aspect ratio of the i-th ellipsoid, is a real number defining the magnitude of the parameter variability, n g is the total number of groups of the non-probabilistic uncertainties Y. Supposing n i is the number of uncer- tainties in the i-th group,there is

For an illustrative purpose,three specific multi-ellipsoid cases for a problem with three non-probabilistic parameters,which are divided into three groups

,twogroups and one group respectively,are schematicall shown in Fig. 1(a)-(c). .As illustrated in Fig.1(a), the multi-ellipsoid set is reduced to an hyper-box(or interval set) when each group consists of only one uncertainparameter.In Fig.1(c),the single-ellipsoid set represents another special case of the multi-ellipsoid set when all the bounded uncertainties are correlated into one group.Thus,the multi-ellipsoid convex model in (4) provides a generalized framework that extends common interval sets and single-ellipsoid sets for the representation of non-probabilistic uncertainties.

2.2. Definition of the structural mixed reliability index

For the assessment of the structural reliability combining probabilistic and non-probabilistic uncertainties,it is convenient to transform the original non-normal or dependent random variables X= { X1,X2，…，Xm } T into independent normal random ones U= { U1,U2，…，Um } T in U-space via the Rackwitz-Fiessler method [38] or the

Rosenblatt method [39].

In the simplest case,a normal random variable X can be transformed into a standard normal random variable U by

where X and are the mean value and the standard deviation of

X, respectively.

2 中文译文

基于钢-混凝土粘接组合梁可靠度优化设计的概率和非概率不

确定性

摘要

在胶粘剂粘结的钢-混凝土组合梁的优化设计中考虑各种不确定的因素是有很重要的意义的。根据对概率和非概率不确定性评价结构安全性的综合可靠度指标的定义，随然这种可靠度优化与综合可靠度组合会成为一个嵌套问题。用性能测试的方法改善结构内循环时的收敛性和稳定性。此外，通过整合连续近似法和迭代方案，双循环优化问题转化为一系列近似确定性的问题，从而大大降低了寻求最优设计的繁琐的计算工作量。通过一个数学例子可以表明所建议公式的有效性和数值计算技术的效率。最后，通过整合目前的系统理论，有限元分析及优化方案，实现了在胶接单跨钢-混凝土组合梁可靠度为基础的不同工况的优化设计

1、引言

在世界各地，集于高抗拉强度钢和高抗压强度混凝土于一体的钢与混凝土组合梁，已广泛用于多层建筑和桥梁。在20世纪60年代初，一个有效的粘接技术[1,2]就被介绍，用一个胶接接头把混凝土板和钢梁连接在一起，而不是用传统的金属剪切连接器。这种所谓的粘合剂粘钢-混凝土组合梁被认为是一个有前景可供选择的结构，因为它具有缓解应力集中的优点，避免现场焊接，并采用预制混凝土板。最近，许多关于粘接钢-混凝土组合梁在实验测试和数值模拟的研究在文献中提出了[3-5]。

随着计算能力的不断提高，过去的二十年已经见证了在理论和工程应用中结构优化的快速发展。特别是，通过是用以可靠性的为基础的设计优化研究（RBDO）方法[6,7]，非确定性的钢梁或混凝土梁优化设计组合随机不确定性已被集中的研究。以古典概率理论为基础，这种传统可靠度优化设计方法把结构体系不确定性领域描述为随机变量或以一定的概率分布的随机领域，从而为确定最佳的设计解决方案，同时明确考虑参数变化的不可避免的影响[8]的有效工具。作为最成熟的非确定性设计方法，可靠度优化设计已成功地应用于许多实际工程应用[9,10]。然而，在实际应用中运用传统可靠度优化设计，最主要的挑战是精确的统计特性的可用性，这个可用性对成功的概率可靠性分析与设计来说很关键。不幸的是，在样本数量有限的实际应用中，这些精确的数据通常不能获得。

对不确定性的不足，早期的方法是利用最大熵原理[11,12]，建立一个最接近统一

的概率分布。在20世纪90年代，Elishakoff[13,14]研究表明在构建一个输入不确定性的概率密度函数的小错误可能导致在特定情况下概率可靠性误导性的评估。这一结论阐明，使用传统的概率方法处理包括不完整信息的这些问题，可能无法使人信服。因此，另一类，即非概率方法[15]，通过模糊集或凸集来描述不完全的统计信息的不确定性得到了飞速发展。在模糊集方法中[16,17]，结构的模糊失效概率是以所观察到的/测量输入的子函数表示来做评估的。在凸集方法中[18-20]，所有的具有不确定性的可能值是有界内的超框或超椭球界里，而不承担任何内部的概率分布。非概率模型已被视为传统的结构工程可靠性设计的概率模型有吸引力的补充。有兴趣的读者可参考的研究论文

例如Moens 和Vandepitte [21], M?ller 和Beer [22], Elishakoff和Ohsaki [23].

在一个粘接钢-混凝土组合梁的实际工程问题中，关于结构参数预期值的不确定性分散是不可避免的。例如，在其使用寿命周期，应用负载可能大幅波动，并且参数定义的结构，如几何尺寸和材料特性，也会有错误或偏差。在这些方面的不确定性，有些可以精确表征概率分布，而其它需要作为由于缺乏足够的样本数据来处理。一个有界不确定性的典型例子是负荷的大小和一个制作构件的几何尺寸，其变化范围是由指定的误差范围控制。

从早在1993年，Elishakoff和Colombi曾尝试进行评估和分析这两个随机变量存在的结构安全和不确定但是有界的变量[24]。最近，包括多点逼近技术[25]，重新调整迭代法[26]，概率边界（p型盒）的方法[27]，区间截断法[28]的许多数值方法已提出估计与随机变量组合及区间结构失效概率的下限和上限。Berleant al.[29]和Kreinovich al.[30]对这个问题的已知安全性评价和新算法的具体细节已经做了调查。然而，人们注意到，一些研究考虑了可靠性为基础的设计优化问题的各种不确定性。Du et al. [31] 在组合结构设计问题里，扩展了传统RBDO方法下的随机变量和区间变量。在他们的研究，为寻求区间最差情况相结合的过程变量嵌入到概率可靠性分析。

正如文献调查显示，现有的研究主要集中在解决随机/区间变量的组合。基本上，设置间隔并没有考虑为边界不确定性之间的相关性，这可以被看作是设定值的凸模型把最简单的实例。由于结构参数的不可预测性和不确定性信息的获取不是足够，结构优化问题必须在各类不确定因素中解决，仍然是一个在现实系统中存在的具有挑战性的问题[32]。因此，对专业实践的粘合的钢与混凝土组合梁，一个以实用高效的可靠性为基础的设计优化可以被量化为概率和非概率不确定性，以及相关的数值方法，设计应充分发展和采用。

本文利用结构基于概率可靠性指标的数学定义和凸集的混合模型[33]，本文利用结构基于概率可靠性指标的数学定义和凸集的混合模型[33]，在这样一个粘合的钢-

混凝土组合梁的混合的可靠性指标约束嵌套优化可以表述首先提出。为了提高收敛和解决次优化问题的稳定性，性能测量方法（PMA）[34]巧妙地得以应用。然后，通过一个反复的方案连续的近似规划方法的嵌入，提出将一个嵌套的问题转换为一系列确定性的问题，这将大大减少在寻求最佳设计的繁琐的计算工作负荷。通过与直接嵌套的双回路方法的嵌套相比，所提出的方法的适用性和效率证明了一个经典的数学例子。最后，一个单跨钢-混凝土叠合梁可靠性为基础的优化可以设计是通过整合现有的系统方法，有限元分析程序和基于梯度设计优化软件包CFSQP[35]实现。

2、粘接钢-混凝土组合梁可靠度优化设计

2.1.概率和非概率不确定性的描述

在实际工程，根据自己可用的输入样本，在设计问题所涉及的不确定参数可分为概率不确定性（记的X={x1和x2，…，Xm的} T）和非概率不确定性（记为Y={ Y1，Y2，…，Yn} T）。选择最适合的模型来分别描述这些不同类型的不确定性是可取的。

毫无疑问，X可以被视为具有一定的分布随机变量的特点，可把模型的概率不确定性表示为

其中fx（x）是联合概率密度函数。x={x1和x2，…，XM} T代表的变量X的实现。在古典概率框架[36]中，结构可靠性给出

其中Pr[·]表示概率，g（x）是一种极限状态函数且g（x）≥0定义为安全事件。

对于非概率不确定性，界限或参数的变化范围，与精确的概率密度函数相比较，更容易获得有限的测量结果，例如最少的数据集或封套的制造公差规格。在这种情况下，对于非概率不确定性，一个多椭球凸模型[37]是可以表述的。按照这一经常使用的凸模型，所有的非概率参数按照在不同的组中参数的变化是不相关的来划分。这样，每个组的不确定性由个别超椭球凸集来分界，分别为

其中是第i个向量组的不确定性的名义数值向量，是特征矩阵，它是一个界定第i个椭球取向和高宽比的对称正定实矩阵，是一个定义实数参数的变化幅度，是对非概率不确定性的总数。假定是第i组的不确定性，则有：。

对于介绍用途，三个具体多椭球案例有三个非概率参数，问题可以分成三组

，两组和一组

分别示意如图1(a)-(c)。如图1(a)所示，多椭球集减少到一个超框（或区间设置）时，每个组只有一个不确定参数组成。在图1(c) 单椭球集表示的是另一个特殊的多椭球集情况时，所有的有界不确定性被相关的分为一组。

因此，多椭球凸模型（4）提供一个通用的框架，扩展了非概率不确定性代表的共同区间集，即单套椭球。

2.2.混合结构可靠性指标的定义

对于结构可靠性评估相结合的概率和非概率不确定性，在U-空间通过Rackwitz- Fiessler方法[38]或罗森布莱特方法[39]，可以很方便地改变原来的非正

常或相关随机变量为独立的正态随机

。

在一个简单的例子里，一个正常的随机变量X通过下式可以转化为一个标准正态随机变量U

其中和分别为X的平均值和标准差。

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译

市场营销策略外文文献及翻译 Marketing Strategy Market Segmentation and Target Strategy A market consists of people or organizations with wants,money to spend,and the willingness to spend it.However,within most markets the buyer' needs are not identical.Therefore,a single marketing program starts with identifying the differences that exist within a market,a process called market segmentation, and deciding which segments will be pursued ads target markets. Marketing segmentation enables a company to make more efficient use of its marketing resources.Also,it allows a small company to compete effectively by concentrating on one or two segments.The apparent drawback of market segmentation is that it will result in higher production and marketing costs than a one-product,mass-market strategy.However, if the market is correctly segmented,the better fit with customers' needs will actually result in greater efficiency. The three alternative strategies for selecting a target market are market aggregation,single segment,and multiple segment.Market-aggregation strategy involves using one marketing mix to reach a mass,undifferentiated market.With a single-segment strategy, a company still uses only one marketing mix,but it is directed at only one segment of the total market.A multiple-segment strategy entails

工业设计专业英语英文翻译

工业设计原著选读 优秀的产品设计 第一个拨号电话1897年由卡罗耳Gantz 第一个拨号电话在1897年被自动电器公司引入，成立于1891年布朗强，一名勘萨斯州承担者。在1889年，相信铃声“中央交换”将转移来电给竞争对手，强发明了被拨号系统控制的自动交换机系统。这个系统在1892年第一次在拉波特完成史端乔系统中被安装。1897年，强的模型电话，然而模型扶轮拨条的位置没有类似于轮齿约170度,以及边缘拨阀瓣。电话，当然是被亚历山大格雷厄姆贝尔（1847—1922）在1876年发明的。第一个商业交换始建于1878（12个使用者），在1879年，多交换机系统由工程师勒罗伊B 菲尔曼发明,使电话取得商业成功,用户在1890年达到250000。 直到1894年，贝尔原批专利过期，贝尔电话公司在市场上有一个虚拟的垄断。他们已经成功侵权投诉反对至少600竞争者。该公司曾在1896年，刚刚在中央交易所推出了电源的“普通电池”制度。在那之前，一个人有手摇电话以提供足够的电力呼叫。一个连接可能仍然只能在给予该人的名义下提出要求达到一个电话接线员。这是强改变的原因。 强很快成为贝尔的强大竞争者。他在1901年引进了一个桌面拨号模型，这个模型在设计方面比贝尔的模型更加清晰。在1902年，他引进了一个带有磁盘拨号的墙面电话，这次与实际指孔，仍然只有170度左右在磁盘周围。到1905年，一个“长距离”手指孔已经被增加了。最后一个强的知名模型是在1907年。强的专利大概过期于1914年，之后他或他的公司再也没有听到过。直到1919年贝尔引进了拨号系统。当他们这样做，在拨号盘的周围手指孔被充分扩展了。 强发明的拨号系统直到1922年进入像纽约一样的大城市才成为主流。但是一旦作为规规范被确立，直到70年代它仍然是主要的电话技术。后按键式拨号在1963年被推出之后，强发明的最初的手指拨号系统作为“旋转的拨号系统”而知名。这是强怎样“让你的手指拨号”的。 埃姆斯椅LCW和DCW 1947 这些带有复合曲线座位，靠背和橡胶防震装置的成型胶合板椅是由查尔斯埃姆斯设计，在赫曼米勒家具公司生产的。 这个原始的概念是被查尔斯埃姆斯（1907—1978）和埃罗沙里宁（1910—1961）在1940年合作构想出来的。在1937年，埃姆斯成为克兰布鲁克学院实验设计部门的领头人，和沙里宁一起工作调查材料和家具。在这些努力下，埃姆斯发明了分成薄片和成型胶合板夹板，被称作埃姆斯夹板，在1941年收到了来自美国海军5000人的订单。查尔斯和他的妻子雷在他们威尼斯，钙的工作室及工厂和埃文斯产品公司的生产厂家一起生产了这批订单。 在1941年现代艺术博物馆，艾略特诺伊斯组织了一场比赛用以发现对现代生活富有想象力的设计师。奖项颁发给了埃姆斯和沙里宁他们的椅子和存储碎片，由包括埃德加考夫曼，大都会艺术博物馆的阿尔弗雷德，艾略特诺伊斯，马尔塞布鲁尔，弗兰克帕里什和建筑师爱德华达雷尔斯通的陪审团裁决。 这些椅子在1946年的现代艺术展览博物馆被展出，查尔斯埃姆斯设计的新的家具。当时，椅子只有三条腿，稳定性问题气馁了大规模生产。 早期的LCW（低木椅）和DWC（就餐木椅）设计有四条木腿在1946年第一次被埃文斯产品公司（埃姆斯的战时雇主）生产出来，被赫曼米勒家具公司分配。这些工具1946年被乔治纳尔逊为赫曼米勒购买，在1949年接手制造权。后来金属脚的愿景在1951年制作，包括LCW（低金属椅）和DWC（就餐金属椅）模型。配套的餐饮和咖啡桌也产生。这条线一直

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献

零售企业营销策略中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)

译文： 零售企业的营销策略 Philip Kotlor 今天的零售商为了招徕和挽留顾客，急欲寻找新的营销策略。过去，他们挽留顾客的方法是销售特别的或独特的花色品种，提供比竞争对手更多更好的服务提供商店信用卡是顾客能赊购商品。可是，现在这一切都已变得面目全非了。现在，诸如卡尔文·克连，依佐和李维等全国性品牌，不仅在大多数百货公司及其专营店可以看到，并且也可以在大型综合商场和折扣商店可以买到。全国性品牌的生产商为全力扩大销售量，它们将贴有品牌的商品到处销售。结果是零售商店的面貌越来越相似。 在服务项目上的分工差异在逐渐缩小。许多百货公司削减了服务项目，而许多折扣商店却增加了服务项目。顾客变成了精明的采购员，对价格更加敏感。他们看不出有什么道理要为相同的品牌付出更多的钱，特别是当服务的差别不大或微不足道时。由于银行信用卡越来越被所有的商家接受，他们觉得不必从每个商店赊购商品。 百货商店面对着日益增加的价格的折扣店和专业商店的竞争，准备东山再起。历史上居于市中心的许多商店在郊区购物中心开设分店，那里有宽敞的停车场，购买者来自人口增长较快并且有较高收入的地区。其他一些则对其商店形式进行改变，有些则试用邮购盒电话订货的方法。超级市场面对的是超级商店的竞争，它们开始扩大店面，经营大量的品种繁多的商品和提高设备等级，超级市场还增加了它们的促销预算，大量转向私人品牌，从而增加盈利。 现在，我们讨论零售商在目标市场、产品品种和采办、服务以及商店气氛、定价、促销和销售地点等方面的营销策略。 一、目标市场 零售商最重要的决策时确定目标市场。当确定目标市场并且勾勒出轮廓时，零售商才能对产品分配、商店装饰、广告词和广告媒体、价格水平等作出一致的决定。如沃尔玛的目标市场相当明确：

世界贸易和国际贸易【外文翻译】

外文翻译 原文 World Trade and International Trade Material Source:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8910665731.html, Author: Ted Alax In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self-sufficient. Nations have utilized different economic resources; people have developed different skills. This is the foundation of world trade and economic activity. As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved. For example, the United States is a major consumer of coffee, yet it does not have the climate to grow any or its own. Consequently, the United States must import coffee from countries (such as Brazil, Colombia and Guatemala) that grow coffee efficiently. On the other hand, the United States has large industrial plants capable of producing a variety of goods, such as chemicals and airplanes, which can be sold to nations that need them. If nations traded item for item, such as one automobile for 10,000 bags of coffee, foreign trade would be extremely cumbersome and restrictive. So instead of batter, which is trade of goods without an exchange of money, the United State receives money in payment for what it sells. It pays for Brazilian coffee with dollars, which Brazil can then use to buy wool from Australia, which in turn can buy textiles Great Britain, which can then buy tobacco from the United State. Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons. The first, as mentioned above is that no nation has all of the commodities that it needs. Raw materials are scattered around the world. Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa and petroleum is recovered in the Middle East. Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them. Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs. Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.

工业设计外文翻译

Interaction design Moggridge Bill Interaction design，Page 1-15 USA Art Press, 2008 Interaction design (IxD) is the study of devices with which a user can interact, in particular computer users. The practice typically centers on "embedding information technology into the ambient social complexities of the physical world."[1] It can also apply to other types of non-electronic products and services, and even organizations. Interaction design defines the behavior (the "interaction") of an artifact or system in response to its users. Malcolm McCullough has written, "As a consequence of pervasive computing, interaction design is poised to become one of the main liberal arts of the twenty-first century." Certain basic principles of cognitive psychology provide grounding for interaction design. These include mental models, mapping, interface metaphors, and affordances. Many of these are laid out in Donald Norman's influential book The Psychology of Everyday Things. As technologies are often overly complex for their intended target audience, interaction design aims to minimize the learning curve and to increase accuracy and efficiency of a task without diminishing usefulness. The objective is to reduce frustration and increase user productivity and satisfaction. Interaction design attempts to improve the usability and experience of the product, by first researching and understanding certain users' needs and then designing to meet and exceed them. (Figuring out who needs to use it, and how those people would like to use it.) Only by involving users who will use a product or system on a regular basis will designers be able to properly tailor and maximize usability. Involving real users, designers gain the ability to better understand user goals and experiences. (see also: User-centered design) There are also positive side effects which include enhanced system capability awareness and user ownership. It is important that the user be aware of system capabilities from an early stage so that expectations regarding functionality are both realistic and properly understood. Also, users who have been active participants in a product's development are more likely to feel a sense of ownership, thus increasing overall satisfa. Instructional design is a goal-oriented, user-centric approach to creating training and education software or written materials. Interaction design and instructional design both rely on cognitive psychology theories to focus on how users will interact with software. They both take an in-depth approach to analyzing the user's needs and goals. A needs analysis is often performed in both disciplines. Both, approach the design from the user's perspective. Both, involve gathering feedback from users, and making revisions until the product or service has been found to be effective. (Summative / formative evaluations) In many ways, instructional

市场营销策略论文中英文资料对照外文翻译

市场营销策略 1 市场细分和目标市场策略 具有需求，具有购买能力并愿意花销的个体或组织构成了市场。然而，在大多数市场中，购买者的需求不一致。因此，对整个市场采用单一的营销计划可能不会成功。一个合理的营销计划应以区分市场中存在的差异为起点，这一过程被称为市场细分，它还包括将何种细分市场作为目标市场。 市场细分使公司能更加有效地利用其营销资源。而且，也使得小公司可以通过集中在一两个细分上场上有效地参与竞争。市场细分的明显缺点是，其导致了比单一产品、单一大市场策略更高的生产和营销成本。但是，如果市场细分得当的话，更加符合消费者的需求，实际上将生产更高的效率。 确定目标市场有三种可供选择的策略，它们是统一市场、单一细分市场和多重细分市场。统一市场策略即采取一种营销组合用到一个整体的、无差异的市场中去。采取单一细分市场策略，公司仍然仅有一种营销组合，但它只用在整个市场的一个细分市场中。多重细分市场策略需要选择两个或更多的细分市场，并且每个细分市场分别采用一种单独的营销组合。 2 产品定位 管理者将注意力集中于一种品牌，并以恰当的方式将其与类似的品牌相区分，但这并不意味着该品牌就一定能够最后赢利。因此，管理者需要进行定位，即塑造与竞争品牌和竞争对手的其他品牌相关的自我品牌形象。 市场营销人员可以从各种定位策略中加以选择。有时，他们决定对某一特定产品采用一种以上的策略。以下是几种主要的定位策略： 2.1与竞争者相关的定位 对一些产品来说，最佳的定位是直接针对竞争对手。该策略特别适用于已经具有固定的差别优势或试图强化这种优势的厂商。为排挤微处理器的竞争对手，Intel公司开展了一项活动使用户确信它的产品优于竞争对手的产品。公司甚至为电脑制造商出钱，让它们在自己的广告中带上“Intel Inside”标志。作为市场领导者，可口可乐公司推出新产品并实施其市场营销策略。同时，它密切注视百事可乐公司，以确保对主要竞争对手的任何一次巧妙、有效的营销举措采取相应的对策。 2.2 与产品类别和属性相关的定位 有时候，公司的定位策略有必要将自己的产品与其类别和属性相联系（或相区别）。一些公司尽力将其产品定位在期望的类别中，如“美国制造”。用一句某顾问的话来说，“当你说‘美国制造’的时候，有一种强烈的感情因素在吸引着你”。因此，一家名为Boston Preparatory的规模不大的运动服制造商正在运用这种定位策略，以期胜过那些并非所有产品都在美国制造的势力强大的竞争对手如Calvin Kiein和Tommy Hilfiger。 2.3 通过价格和质量定位 某些生产者和零售商因其高质量和高价格而闻名。在零售行业，Saks Fifth Avenue和Neiman Marcus公司正是定位于该价格—质量策略的。折扣店Target Kmart则是定位于该策略的反面。我们不是说折扣商店忽视质量，而是说它们更加强调低廉的价格。Penny's公司努力—并且大多获得了成功—通过升级高级服装线和强调设计者的名字将其商店定位于价格—质量策略上。 “品牌”一词是个综合性的概念，它包含其他更狭义的理解。品牌即一个名称和（或）标志，用以识别一个销售者或销售集团的产品，并将之与竞争产品相区别。 品牌名称由能够发音的单词、字母和(或)数字组成。品牌标志是品牌的一部分，它以符号、图案或醒目的颜色、字体的形式出现。品牌标志通过视觉识别，但当人们仅仅读出品牌名称的时候，品牌标志并不能够被表达出来。Crest、Coors、Gillette都是品牌名称。AT&T由醒目的线条构成的地球以及Ralph Lauren's Polo的马和骑手是品牌标志，而Green Giant（罐装冷冻菜蔬产品）和Arm&Hammer（面包苏打）既是品牌名称又是品牌标志。 商标是销售者已经采用并且受到法律保护的品牌。商标不仅包括品牌标志，如许多人所认为的那样，也包括品牌名称。1946年的The Lanham Art法案允许厂商向联邦政府注册商标，以保护它们免受其他厂商的使用或误

国际贸易英文文献

Strategic transformations in Danish and Swedish big business in an era of globalisation, 1973-2008 The Danish and Swedish context In the difficult inter-war period, a state-supported, protected home market orientation had helped stabilise both Denmark’s and Sweden’s economies, but after WorldWar II priorities changed. Gradually and in accordance with the international economic development, restrictions on foreign trade were removed, and Danish and Swedish industry was exposed to international competition. As a consequence, several home market oriented industries –such as the textile and the shoe industry –were more or less outperformed, while in Sweden the engineering industry soon became the dominant leader of Swedish industry, with companies such as V olvo, Ericsson, Electrolux, ASEA and SKF. In the Danish case, the SMEs continued to be dominant but in combination with expanding export oriented industrial manufacturers such as Lego, Danfoss, Carlsberg and the shipping conglomerates ok and A.P. moller-Marsk. In Sweden and Denmark stable economic growth continued into the 1970s, but due to the problems during the oil crises, the economies came into fundamental structural troubles for the first time since World War II. In the beginning this was counteracted by traditional Keynesian policy measures. However, because of large budget deficits, inflation and increasing wages, both the Danish economy from 1974 and the Swedish economy from 1976 encountered severe problems. Towards the late 1970s Denmark’s and Sweden’s economic policies were thus increasingly questioned. It was clear that Keynesian policy could not solve all economic problems. Expansive fiscal policies in terms of continued deficits on the state budget could not compensate for the loss of both national and international markets and step by step the Keynesian economic policy was abandoned. The increased budget deficit also made it difficult for the state to support employment and regional development. These kinds of heavy governmental activities were also hardly acceptable under the more market oriented policy that developed first in Great Britain and the USA, but in the 1980s also in Denmark and Sweden (Iversen & Andersen, 2008, pp. 313–315; Sjo¨ gren, 2008, pp. 46–54). These changes in political priorities were especially noticeable in the financial market. After being the most state regulated and coordinated sector of the economy since the 1950s, then between 1980 and 1985 the Danish and Swedish financial markets underwent an extensive deregulation resulting in increased competition. Lending from banks and other credit institutes was no longer regulated, and neither were interest rates. The bond market was also opened as the issuance of new bond loans was deregulated in Sweden in 1983. When the control of foreign capital flows was liberalised in the late 1980s the last extraordinary restriction was now gone. Together with the establishment of the new money market with options and derivates, this opened up to a much larger credit market and the possibility for companies to finance investments and increase business domestically as well as abroad (Larsson, 1998, pp. 205–207). Another important part of the regulatory changes in the early 1980s were new rules for the Copenhagen and Stockholm stock exchanges. Introduction on the stock exchange was made much

市场类中英文对照翻译

原文来源：李海宏《Marketing Customer Satisfaction》[A].2012中国旅游分销高峰论坛.[C].上海 Marketing Customer Satisfaction 顾客满意策略与顾客满意营销 Since the 20th century, since the late eighties, the customer satisfaction strategy is increasingly becoming business has more customers share the overall business competitive advantage means. 自20世纪八十年代末以来,顾客满意战略已日益成为各国企业占有更多的顾客份额,获得竞争优势的整体经营手段。 First, customer satisfaction strategy is to get a modern enterprise customers, "money votes" magic weapon 一、顾客满意策略是现代企业获得顾客“货币选票”的法宝 With the changing times, the great abundance of material wealth of society, customers in the main --- consumer demand across the material has a lack of time, the number of times the pursuit, the pursuit of quality time to the eighties of the 20th century entered the era of the end consumer sentiment. In China, with rapid economic development, we have rapidly beyond the physical absence of the times, the pursuit of the number of times and even the pursuit of quality and age of emotions today gradually into the consumer era. Spending time in the emotion, the company's similar products have already reached the same time, homogeneous, with the energy, the same price, consumers are no longer pursue the quality, functionality and price, but the comfort, convenience, safety, comfort, speed, jump action, environmental protection, clean, happy,

工业设计产品设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 中英文翻译原文：

DESIGN and ENVIRONMENT Product design is the principal part and kernel of industrial design. Product design gives uses pleasure. A good design can bring hope and create new lifestyle to human. In spscificity,products are only outcomes of factory such as mechanical and electrical products,costume and so on.In generality,anything,whatever it is tangibile or intangible,that can be provided for a market,can be weighed with value by customers, and can satisfy a need or desire,can be entiled as products. Innovative design has come into human life. It makes product looking brand-new and brings new aesthetic feeling and attraction that are different from traditional products. Enterprose tend to renovate idea of product design because of change of consumer's lifestyle , emphasis on individuation and self-expression,market competition and requirement of individuation of product. Product design includes factors of society ,economy, techology and leterae humaniores. Tasks of product design includes styling, color, face processing and selection of material and optimization of human-machine interface. Design is a kind of thinking of lifestyle.Product and design conception can guide human lifestyle . In reverse , lifestyle also manipulates orientation and development of product from thinking layer.

中国的对外贸易外文翻译及原文

外文翻译 原文 Foreign T rade o f China Material Source:W anfang Database Author:Hitomi Iizaka 1.Introduction On December11,2001,China officially joined the World T rade Organization(WTO)and be c a me its143rd member.China’s presence in the worl d economy will continue to grow and deepen.The foreign trade sector plays an important andmultifaceted role in China’s economic development.At the same time, China’s expanded role in the world economy is beneficial t o all its trading partners. Regions that trade with China benefit from cheaper and mor e varieties of imported consumer goods,raw materials and intermediate products.China is also a large and growing export market.While the entry of any major trading nation in the global trading system can create a process of adjustment,the o u t c o me is fundamentally a win-win situation.In this p aper we would like t o provide a survey of the various institutions,laws and characteristics of China’s trade.Among some of the findings, we can highlight thefollowing: ?In2001,total trade to gross domestic pr oduct(GDP)ratio in China is44% ?In2001,47%of Chinese trade is processed trade1 ?In2001,51%of Chinese trade is conduct ed by foreign firms in China2 ?In2001,36%of Chinese exports originate from Gu an gdon g province ?In2001,39%of China’s exports go through Hong Kong to be re-exported elsewhere 2.Evolution of China’s Trade Regime Equally remarkable are the changes in the commodity composition of China’s exports and imports.Table2a shows China’s annu al export volumes of primary goods and manufactured goods over time.In1980,primary goods accounted for 50.3%of China’s exports and manufactured goods accounted for49.7%.Although the share of primary good declines slightly during the first half of1980’s,it remains at50.6%in1985.Since then,exports of manufactured goods have grown at a much

市场定位策略外文翻译

本科毕业设计（论文） ( 2012届) （外文翻译） 题目： 学院:__________ ____________ 专业:_________ 市场营销_____________ 班级:_________ ___________ 姓名:___________ ______________ 学号:________ __________ 指导老师:___________ ___________

原文题目：《市场定位策略》 作者：Powpaka Samart 原文出处:1999,Sasin Journal of Management,5,79-97 市场定位策略 定位的战略性角色 营销策略由两部分组成：目标市场战略和营销组合战略。目标市场战略三个过程组成：市场细分，目标（或目标市场选择），市场定位等。营销组合战略指的是创造一个独特的产品，分销，促销和定价策略（4PS）的过程，旨在满足客户的需求和希望。目标市场战略和营销组合策略有密切的联系，有很强的相互依存关系。目标市场战略是用来制订营销组合策略方针。 市场细分是把一个市场当中具有相似需求和特点、可能会对特定产品和特定的营销程序产生相似回应的人们，分成不同的客户的子集的过程。目标或目标市场的选择是一个或多个，通过评估每个细分市场，寻求利益的相对吸引力，而且该公司业务的相对优势。最后，定位是设计产品和发展战略营销计划，共同在目标市场建立一个持久的竞争优势的过程。 目标市场定位战略的概念是众所周知的，尤其是被大多数消费品营销从业者在制定市场营销组合策略有用作为非理论概念的方式。然而在实践中，营销人员往往绕过正式的定位，直接制定营销组合策略。这可能是由于这样的事实，这些经理们不知道如何获取感知图---表明这是一个客户原始需求的产品的位置。 本文的目的是展示营销从业者能够获得定位和营销组合策略制定的感知图的现实途径。具体来说，感知映射及其关系的定位总是被第一时间注意到。这是通过统计技术的讨论，可以遵循用于创建感知图。最后，通过因子分析定位过程的例子是证明。 目标市场战略 目标市场战略是确定一个（或多个目标市场）的过程和它的（或他们）独特的定位。目标市场策略包括：（1）市场细分，（2）市场选择，（3）市场定位。 市场细分。市场细分是一个分割成几部分或几个同质异构的潜在市场的进程。换句话说，在一个潜在的市场客户可能有不同的偏好。因此，使用产品和产品计划并不是一个有效和高效的办法。为了有效和有效率，管理者需要根据顾客的喜好对潜在顾客进行整合，根据该公司的实力，用独特的服务来满足其中一个或多个组别细分市场。另一种看待市场细分的方式是测试市场是否存在同质偏好或者需求差异性。良好的市场细分结果应具有以下特征的部分：（1）实体性（即：每个细分市场的容量足够大），（2）可盈利/可辨识/可测性（即每个段可在人口或消费心理特征方面的描述）（3）无障碍性（即媒体消费和