Housing market in China’s growth recovery and house price determination
Housing market in China’s growth recovery and house price determination
Qing-Ping Ma
Nottingham University Business School (China) and Centre for Global Finance, The University of Nottingham Ningbo, 199 Taikang East Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China. Email: qing-ping.ma@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8911088173.html,
Paper presented at
The 21st CEA(UK) and 2nd CEA(Europe) Annual Conference
Global Economic Recovery:
The Role of China and Other Emerging Economies
12-13 July 2010
University of Oxford, UK
I would like to submit this manuscript for the special issue
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Abstract
This paper examines the role of housing market in China’s growth recovery in 2009 and the determination of house prices in the current booming housing market. The global financial crisis 2007-2009 arose while policy-makers in China tried to prevent overheating of China’s economy in 2007 by tightening monetary policy. While the western economies lack liquidity in their banking system, there was too much liquidity in the Chinese economy. To counter the adverse effect of the financial crisis on Chinese economy, policy-makers in China started a RMB 4 trillion stimulus package, and removed measures intended to slow down house price increase. The stimulus package went mainly to the fixed asset investment including the housing market. The investment in real estate is more than 11.5% of GDP in 2009; empirical analysis shows that the housing investment has a significant positive influence on the GDP growth. The house price in China seems to have decoupled from the economic fundamentals and its main determinants seem to be one period lagged house price and its percentage change.
The separation of house prices from the economic fundamentals suggests a bubble in the housing market. The main driving force of the house price increase at present is the expectation of continuing increase in house prices. The reluctance of central and local governments to let the house price drop, the belief in (urban) land as a scarce resource, past price trend in house prices, and loose monetary policy and difficulty in manufacturing all contribute to the continuing increase of house prices.
Keywords: House price; economic growth; financial crisis; GDP.
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1.Introduction
The role housing market in China’s growth rate recovery is closely related to the increase of house prices. On one hand, the booming housing market helped achieve an over 8% GDP growth rate; on the other hand, there are concerns about bubbles in the housing market. Many academics think that the price level has deviated too much from what economic fundamentals can justify. In the house price literature, it is generally believed that house price should reflect economic fundamentals at least in the long run.
Several studies have shown that economic fundamentals usually can explain changes in house price. Based on the US data, Mankiw and Weil (1989) found that demographic changes had important effect on the US house price and Capozza et al (2002) found city size, real income growth, population growth, and real construction costs have stable relationship with house price. Using Swedish panel data from1968 to 1994 Hort (1998) has made similar findings as those of Capozza et al (2002). McQuinn and O’Reilly (2008) used a panel data of 16 OECD countries from 1980 to 2005 and found that long-run house prices mainly reflects adjustment to improved fundamentals rather than speculative house price bubbles. Glindro et al (2008) found similar result using data from 1993 to 2006 in 9 Asia-Pacific economies. In contrast with the above studies, Gallin (2006) found no stable relationship between house price and economic fundamentals using 95 US MSA data from 1975 to 2002.
To explain why house prices deviate from economic fundamentals, researchers have explored different avenues. Muellbauer and Murphy (1997) found that UK financial liberalization of the mortgage market in the 1980s led to notable shifts in the house price behavior. Priemus (2003) demonstrated that the change of land policy has significantly affected the house price in the Netherland. Kiyotaki and Moore (1997) and Bernanke et al (1999) looked into the relationship between banking credit and asset prices (including house price). Collyns and Senhadji (2002) found that influence of credit growth to residential property price is contemporaneously significant in many Asia economies. According to the study of Goodhart (1995), the relationship between property prices and
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credit growth is different in the US from in the UK. Gerlach and Peng (2005) argued that property prices influence bank credit instead of bank credit influencing property prices.
On the relationship between banking credit and house prices in China, Zhang et al (2006) and Liang and Cao (2007) found a relatively positive correlation coefficient between China’s property prices and mortgage lending, while an increase in the mortgage lending rate can slow down the rise of property prices. Using Shanghai’s monthly data, Tu and Zhang (2005) found the main determinants of Shanghai house price are one-period lagged house price, the ratio of real estate investment to fixed asset investment, FDI, and the variability of vacancy rate. Yu (2010) found there is no stable relationship between house price and economic fundamentals; house price has deviated upward from the economic fundamentals since government started macro-control of the real estate market in 2003. Yan et al (2009) found that short-run dynamics depend on changes of fundamentals and the adjustment process of housing market.
The measures by the Chinese governments in response to the 2007-2009 financial crisis has markedly increased banking lending in the economy, and a large amount of bank loans have flown into the real estate market. The extra liquidity from the government stimulus package is one cause of the house price increase in China during this global crisis. The 2007-2009 financial crisis led to recession in major western economies. The USA, UK, Germany, France and Japan have seen their economy shrinking in the third and fourth quarters of 2008. The recession continued in 2009 and the unemployment rate increased. When the crisis started at 2007, China was undergoing its one of fastest economic expansion, with a real GDP growth rate at 14.2%. After 5 year economic growth at over 10%, the economy was overheating and the inflation rate was picking up rapidly. To prevent further increase in inflation and bubbles in the economy, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC), the central bank, implemented tight monetary policy to cool down the economy. PBOC raised the interest rate six times and the deposit reserve ratio 10 times in 2007 amid efforts to curb inflation and overheating economic growth.
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The extra liquidity has been a chronic problem in China because of the large trade surplus and foreign direct investment. In 2006, the central bank had already raised three times the deposit reserve ratio. The tight monetary policy continued into 2008 with an increase in the required reserve ratio by half a percentage point to 15 percent as Jan 25 2008, when in major Western economies the central banks had been pumping liquidity into their banking system and cutting interest rates. The PBOC raised the deposit reserve ratio five times in 2008; the final increase in 2008 was announced on 7 June, to be effective on 25 June. The brief overview of the financial crisis and China’s monetary policy shows that China and western economies entered the financial crisis at different stages of their business cycle. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the difference between China and western economies lead to a booming housing market in China which contributed to the growth recovery and may have led to a real estate bubble in China. The rest of the paper is organized as follows: Section 2 will examine the difference between Chinese and western economies when they encounter the crisis; Section 3 will look into the contribution of housing market in growth recovery; Section 4 will investigate the determination of house prices; and Section 5 concludes.
2.The difference between Chinese and the west economies when the crisis started
The most noticeable feature of the 2007-2010 financial/economic crisis is credit crunching (Mizen 2008). The lack of liquidity in the banking system causes banks reluctant to lend. To provide liquidity to the interbank market, the European Central Bank injected Euro 95 billion in overnight credit into the interbank market on August 9, 2007. The US Federal Reserve also injected US$ 24 billion to supply liquidity to the market. The Federal Reserve cut the discount rate to 5.75% on August 17. The British central bank, Bank of England, was initially reluctant to intervene. On September 14, 2007, a run on the deposits of the British bank Northern Rock began. The UK government was forced to guarantee all the savings in Northern Rock to stop the bank run spreading and the Bank of England had to pump in emergency money. On 18 September 2007, the Federal Reserve cut the discount rate by 50 basis points to 4.75%. The Federal Reserve announced the creation of the term auction facility (TAF), which would auction a fixed
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amount of funds to the banking system, initially set at US$20 billion. The ECB lent European commercial banks $500 billion. The Bank of England made ￡10 billion available to UK banks. On 22 January 2008, the Federal Reserve cut the federal funds rate by 75 basis points to 3.50%. If the western governments and central banks had not provided the liquidity and financial assistance to the banking systems, many major banks would bankrupt and the whole financial system might collapse.
Even after the financial crisis started, the problem China faced was too much liquidity in the economy. Prominent in the economic activity in China are the fast economic growth and the high real estate price. Since the de facto peg of Chinese yuan to US dollar was replaced with a basket of currencies in 2006, although the appreciation of Chinese yuan caused difficulties of exporters in some sectors, the exports as a whole were still growing fast (at a slower pace than in 2004-2006). To prevent the yuan from appreciating too fast, the central bank has to buy the foreign currency and increase money supply in the economy. Excess liquidity became a major challenge for the government as it could result in asset bubbles and economic overheating. Because of the extra liquidity, there were both stock market boom and real estate market boom in 2007. The GDP growth rate, driven by the growth of exports and the real estate industry, was a staggering 14.2% in 2007. The Shanghai stock exchange composite index increased from under 1200 at the beginning of 2006 to around 6200 in October 2007. The consumer price index (CPI) also increased fast in 2007, so did the house price especially in some big cities, causing concerns that people would not be able to buy a flat in the city they work. The tightening of monetary policy in 2007 did not show an obvious effect on the economic growth rate or the real estate price increase even by June 2008, when the PBOC raised the deposit reserve ratio one more time. The growth rates in the first and second quarters of 2008 were still above 10%, and the increase in house price was still in its fastest pace. Obviously, China’s economy was in a different stage of business cycle from those of major western economies. Different monetary policies are needed for the different stages.
Before the tightening of monetary policy by the central bank took effects in China, by the third quarter of 2008 the financial crisis in the US initiated by the subprime mortgage crisis in 2006 had let most major western economies slid into recession. The
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pessimism and the credit crunching transmitted into the real economy because of the decreased demand. The decreased aggregate demand in major western economies reduced their demand for goods and services produced in China. The slowdown of the world economy has shown its impact on the Chinese economy. China’s economy was growing by 9% in the fourth quarter of 2008 and the growth rate dropped to 6.1% in the first quarter of 2009, its weakest expansion since quarterly records began in 1992. The regions where export-oriented economy is important have been hit harder by the crisis. In the first quarter of 2009, Guangdong grew by 5.8%, Zhejiang by 3.4% and Shanghai by 3.1%. In recent years, exports have become an important driver in GDP growth. The reduction in exports lowers the GDP growth rate to below 10% in third and fourth quarter of 2008. With pessimistic views about the prospect of global economy, the increase in house prices slowed down in the third and fourth quarters of 2008. The house price dropped in real terms in the first and second quarters of 2009, which triggered complaints and price propping policies from the local governments in various cities.
Since major western economies experienced recession in later 2008, governments and central banks tried to use all policy tools at their disposal to prevent or attenuate the recession and rescue their troubled banking system. Sensing the adverse impact of a slowdown or recession on the Chinese economy, the government initiated a 4 trillion Chinese yuan stimulus package in order to insure the economic growth rate above 8%. Earlier policies to slow down the house price increase had been revoked to stimulate the housing demand. With the stimulus package, the house price recovered in the third quarter of 2009 and return to the fast price increase scenes. The real estate market seems to play an essential role in the economic development in China, especially in the more developed major cities and coast regions. The contribution of the real estate industry to the GDP growth is about 20% in 2009. It seems that investment in housing industry has more or less compensated the decrease in exports in 2009.
3.The contribution of real estate sector to the GDP
At the beginning of 2009, the house price reached its lowest level in recent years; the housing industry was pretty gloomy about the future. But with the stimulus package,
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the sale volumes increased markedly with price increase. By the end of 2009, people started panicking buying because they were worried that house price would continue its increasing trend in the past 10 to 15 years. Within one year, the housing market from its low ebb rapidly turning into a boom. As one of engines for China’s economic growth, the real estate industry plays an important role in insuring growth. In 2009, the sale volume of new and second-hand houses exceeded 6 trillion yuan, which is about 20% of the GDP in the same period. The investment in real estate reaches 3.6 trillion yuan, which is 19% of the fixed capital investment. The growth in the real estate investment constitutes 30% of the growth in fixed capital investment. New house sales equal to 13% of GDP in 2009, whereas in 2008 the new house sales were only 7.6% of GDP. Even in 2007, the new house sales were 10.4% of GDP, much lower than that in 2009. The commercial house floor area sold increased by 53% compared with last year with an increase in the total sales value 86.8%, among which commercial residential house floor area increased by 54.4% with an increase in sales value of 91.5%.
To investigate the relationship between GDP growth rate and the real estate investment, we use ordinary least square (OLS) method for estimating the parameters of the regression equation. The GDP growth rate data and housing industry investment data are from the database of National Bureau of Statistics. The EViews statistics software was used for carrying out the linear regression analysis.
In order to examine the contribution of real estate investment to GDP growth recovery, we did a regression analysis on the relationship between the GDP growth rate and the growth rate of housing industry investment. As shown in Fig.1, there is a good correlation between the two growth rate. The results of regression analysis in in Table 1. As shown in Table 1, the housing industry investment has a very significant influence on the GDP growth rate. For each one percent increase in the housing industry, there will about 0.188 percentage point increase in the GDP. Therefore, increasing investment in the real estate sector is a reliable way of stimulating the economic growth in China. The Durbin-Watson test (D=0.494806) indicates that there is serial correlation in the observations. Breusch-Godfrey serial correlation LM Test also suggests the existence of serial correlation (Obs R2=11.41866, p<0.003315).
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9
68
1012140
10
20
30
40
06:106:307:107:308:108:309:109:310:1
Fig.1 The relationship between the GDP growth rate and the housing
investment growth rate. GDP, GDP growth rate; House, housing growth rate. The left Y-axis is percentage change for the GDP, and the right Y-axis is percentage change for the housing investment. The x-axis label is quarter of the year. Data source: National Bureau of Statistics.
Table 1 The estimators of GDP growth and the housing investment
growth between 2006Q1 and 2010Q1
Variable
Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. C
6.453276 1.000239 6.451734 0.0000 HOUSE
0.187579 0.040101 4.677672 0.0003 R-squared
0.593282 Adjusted R-squared
0.566168 F-statistic
21.88062 Prob(F-statistic)
0.000298 Sample:
17 Durbin-Watson stat 0.494806
To remedy the serial correlation problem, the lagged GDP growth rate and housing investment growth are included in the regression equation as independent variables. Table 2 shows the results of the estimation.
Table 2 The estimators of GDP growth rate and housing investment
growth rate with lagged variables
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
C 1.598567 1.233302 1.296168 0.2193
HOUSE 0.116222 0.038242 3.039154 0.0103
GDP(t-1) 0.947629 0.189887 4.990477 0.0003
HOUSE(t-1) -0.163927 0.040849 -4.012972 0.0017
R-squared 0.878396
Adjusted R-squared 0.847995
F-statistic 28.89373
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000009
Sample: 16
With lagged variables on the right-hand side of the regression equation, the Durbin-Watson test no long applies. The Breusch-Godfrey serial correlation LM Test does not reject the null hypothesis that there is no serial correlation (Obs R2=2.393647, p<0.302152). When the lagged variables are included as independent variables, the lagged GDP growth rate has a positive impact on the current GDP growth rate. The current housing investment growth still has a positive effect on the GDP growth rate, with about 0.12 percentage point increase in GDP for each percentage increase in housing investment. But the lagged housing investment has a negative effect on the GDP growth rate, probably because previous period investment in houses reduces funds available for current consumption and investment.
4.The house price determination
In examining the real estate price trend in China, two facts stand out. One is that the house price hardly ever decreased since the market-oriented housing reform in 1998.
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The other is that the government (the prime minister Wen Jiabao) stated objective in regulating the housing market is to prevent too fast increase of house prices in some cities. Although researchers have identified some cities with housing market bubble in 2003-2005, those cities tend to witness the fastest price increases in recent years. Hui and Shen (2006) found that house price bubbles existed in Shanghai in 2003. In the past 10 years, the house price has deviated from the economic fundamentals (Yu 2010), and seems to follow its own path of evolution. In this paper, the two features of house price in China (continuous increase and government protection on downward movement) will be modeled by a stochastic process with downward protection.
Since the house price P is no longer determined by economic fundamentals, we assume that the process governing P is a geometric Brownian motion with function form
+
=
dPσ
aPdt
PdB
In the above equation, a is the instantaneous percentage change in house price per unit time, σ is the house price volatility; t is time and B is a Brownian motion representing the risk source. This stochastic differential equation will generate both price increases and decreases. To describe the price changes in the Chinese housing market from 1998 up to now, we need an equation that can give nearly one directional movement. The stochastic equation with government policy guarantee to move only upward is
dPσ
+
aPdt
=
max[PdB
]
,0
The effect of the max function is to insure that investors in the housing market will never lose money. The risk in this market is how much money an investor will make. Essentially when the government is reluctant to see any price drop in the house market, the only direction of house price change is upward, and this is a government put option for investors in the housing market. Once a put option given to investors for free, the property bubble bound to form. And the larger the bubble becomes, the less willing the government will prick the bubble to deflate it. The government will use its monetary and fiscal policy to prop up the housing market, such that interest rates no longer determine
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the house prices. Rather interest rates become a tool to insure no downward price movement. When the bubble forms and gets bigger, the house price acquired a life of its own and its price change can be largely explained by positive feedbacks from its own price change. In the following, we tested whether house price movements can be largely explained by its own movement in previous periods. We consider the following regression
113
121????++=t t t t P P P P βββ t P is the house price (index) at time t , and 1β, 2βand 3βare the regression coefficients. We constructed the time series of house price index from the data of National Bureau of Statistics of China. Table 3 is the regression results.
Table 3 The estimator of house price determinants between 2004Q1
and 2010Q1 with lagged house price and its percentage change as
independent variables Variable
Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob. Constant
-2.874232 0.493673 -5.822142 0.0000 P(t-1)
1.022423 0.003867 264.3915 0.0000 ?P(t-1)/P(t-1)
1.264834 0.026373 47.96033 0.0000 R-squared
0.999700 Adjusted R-squared
0.999671 F-statistic
34992.47 Prob(F-statistic)
0.000000 Sample size:
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From the results of Table 3, it is clear that the lagged variable and the lagged percentage change explained almost all the changes in the house price P. All the estimators are very significant. We have also tested including other variable such as GDP growth rate, which have a smaller but significant effect on house price (see Table 4). Adding lagged GDP growth rate without contemporary GDP growth rate has no significant effect on house price.
Table 4 The estimator of house price determinants between 2004Q1
and 2010Q1 with GDP growth rate, lagged house price and its
percentage change as independent variables
Variable Coefficient Std. Error t-Statistic Prob.
Constant -3.647653 0.575803 -6.334899 0.0000
P(t-1) 1.023634 0.003602 284.1472 0.0000
GDP 0.061239 0.027999 2.187180 0.0408
?P(t-1)/P(t-1) 1.244579 0.025982 47.90077 0.0000
R-squared 0.999758
Adjusted R-squared 0.999722
F-statistic 27533.18
Prob(F-statistic) 0.000000
Sample size 24
The results in Tables 3 and 4 suggest that the movement of house price is mainly driven by the buyers’ belief that house price in China will not decrease rather than changes in economic fundamentals. This belief has been correct since the housing reform in 1998, and each time when the housing market became bearish, the government would step in to prop up the market. The bearish predictions have nearly always been wrong and prospective buyers waiting for price decrease have usually lost out. Will this pattern of house price change continue in future or in next five years? It seems unlikely. In the long run, all investments should have the same rate of return, and the return should be based on the cash flow the asset generates. When the house price stops rising and the rent a property generates cannot justify its price, the housing market bubble will burst. The price dynamics of housing market described in this study suggests the existence of housing market bubbles. The simple criterion to judge whether there is housing market bubble is whether people buy a property because they need to live in it or because they can make money out of it. If people’s main motive to buy a house is to sell it for a profit or to keep it for future need because price will increase, there must be a bubble in the housing market.
The current situation is mainly a consequence of government policies and activities at different levels. In one sense, it is because of government competing with private sectors and ordinary household for profits/benefits. The monopoly of land supply
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and land-use right transfer and incomes generated from the monopoly make it very difficult for the government not to prop up the housing market, which results in the belief that house price will never decrease and the worst scenario for the buyers is not making that much profit. When there is an effective guarantee from the government that the house price will not go down, the house buyers have got a free put option, the “government put”. Although the government has failed in all its previous efforts in stabilizing the housing market, it has started another round of efforts, we need to wait and see its outcome. If the Chinese government continues to control land use right assignments and provide de-facto downside protection for housing investment, house prices may rise further and contribute to the economic growth until a bubble forming and bursting. The right policy approach toward a housing market bubble in China is to remove ambiguities in property rights and land use rights concerning real estate investment, and charge higher marginal tax on land use or property to promote efficient uses of scarce land resources.
5.Discussion and conclusion
This paper has examined the different situations when China and western economies encountered the 2007-2009 financial crisis. While the western economies lack liquidity in their banking system, the PBOC had been fighting inflation and tried to control the extra liquidity in the economy. Although they were different stages of their business cycles, they adopted similar approaches in dealing with the crisis. The main problem faced by the Chinese policymakers during the crisis was to make up the decreased demand from abroad, not a shortage of liquidity. Since there was no shortage of liquidity and the demand for Chinese exports was low in 2009, the stimulus package largely went to the fixed asset investment and housing market. The demand for houses stimulated housing industry investment and helped the recovery of GDP growth rate. The main effect of the booming housing market is to compensate the negative effect of decrease in exports due to recession in major western economies.
Empirical analysis shows that an increase in housing investment can significantly increase the GDP growth rate. This result is understandable, because housing investment
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is part of GDP. An increase in its part will increase the whole. How such stimulus package will influence the economy in the long run is still not certain. The government pumped into the economy so much credit when the economy might not necessarily need it.
The house price in China may be described by a stochastic differential equation where the downward change has been protected. The downward protection is provided by the government reluctant to let the house price drop. Since there is no downward risk, investors are more risk loving in the housing market. Because of the belief that the house price will not drop or the government will not let the house price drop, the house price has separated from economic fundamentals. The main determinants of house price are the one-period lagged house price and its percentage change. This result indicates that a bubble exists in the housing market. The main driving force of the house price increase at present is the expectation of continuing increase in house prices. The reluctance of central and local governments to let the house price drop, the belief in (urban) land as a scarce resource, past price trend in house prices, and loose monetary policy and difficulty in manufacturing all contribute to the continuing increase of house prices.
In conclusion, an increase in housing investment can significantly increase the GDP growth rate. The Chinese government pumped credit into the economy when there seemed to be enough liquidity. Because of the belief that house price will not drop, homebuyers in China are more risk loving and the house price has separated from the economic fundamentals. The house price is mainly determined by one-period lagged house price and its percentage change, which indicates the existence of a bubble.
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硬件类常用英语词汇
硬件类常用英语词汇 下面是小编整理的硬件类常用英语词汇，希望对大家有帮助。 计算机英语词汇大全 常见硬件篇 CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。 LD：Laser Disk，镭射光盘，又称激光视盘。 CD：Compact Disc，压缩光盘，又称激光唱盘。 CD-ROM：Compact Disc-Read Only Memory，压缩光盘-只读记忆(存储)，又叫“只读光盘”。 VCD：Video Compact Disc，视频压缩光盘，即人们通常所说的“小影碟”。 RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的“内存”。 ROM：Read-Only Memory，只读存储器。 Seagate：美国希捷硬盘生产商。Seagate英文意思为“通往海洋的门户”，常指通海的运河等。 Quantum：英文含意为“定量，总量”。著名硬盘商标，美国昆腾硬盘生产商(Quantum Corporation)。
Maxtor：“水晶”，美国Maxtor硬盘公司。 PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线(总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道)。PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，最高传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。PCI不受制于 CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。 EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处 理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度， 一般来说，FPM(Fast Page Model)DRAM传送数据速度在60-70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns。目前最快的是SDRAM(Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器)，其存取速度高 达10ns。 SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态 存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储 器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。 Cache：英文含义为“(勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的)地窖; 藏物处”。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器 DRAM(Dynamic Randon Access Memory)之间，规模较小，但 速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM(Static Random Access
常用英文缩写大全(全)
企业各职位英文缩写： GM(General Manager)总经理 VP(Vice President)副总裁 FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁 AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理 CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官，类似总经理、总裁，是企业的法人代表。 COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官，类似常务总经理 CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官，类似财务总经理 CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官，主管企业信息的收集和发布CTO(Chief technology officer)首席技术官类似总工程师 HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监 OD(Operations Director)运营总监 MD(Marketing Director)市场总监 OM(Operations Manager)运作经理 PM(Production Manager)生产经理 (Product Manager)产品经理 其他： CAO: Art 艺术总监 CBO: Business 商务总监 CCO: Content 内容总监 CDO: Development 开发总监 CGO: Gonverment 政府关系 CHO: Human resource 人事总监 CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人 CKO: Knowledge 知识总监 CLO: Labour 工会主席 CMO: Marketing 市场总监 CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表CPO: Public relation 公关总监 CQO: Quality control 质控总监 CRO: Research 研究总监 CSO: Sales 销售总监 CUO: User 客户总监 CVO: Valuation 评估总监 CWO: Women 妇联主席 CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长 CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人 CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子 常用聊天英语缩写
人教版新起点小学英语16年级
人教版新起点小学英语词汇总 一年级上（没有分单元） book书ruler尺子pencil铅笔eraser橡皮pencil case 铅笔盒 backpack书包school学校 eye眼睛hand手ear耳朵mouth嘴nose鼻子foot(feet)脚 face脸leg腿arm手臂 cat猫bird鸟rabbit兔dog狗chicken鸡duck鸭 monkey猴子tiger虎panda熊猫elephant 大象fish鱼 one一two二three三four四five五six六 seven七eight八nine九ten十 red红色(的) yellow黄色(的) purple紫色(的) brown棕色(的) orange橙色(的) white白色(的) green绿色(的) pink粉红色(的) blue蓝色(的) black黑色(的) apple苹果banana香蕉peach桃melon瓜 pear梨orange橙子grape葡萄strawberry草莓pineapple菠萝 一年级下 Unit9 classroom 教室door门window窗户blackboard黑板wall 墙desk 桌子chair 椅子boy 男孩girl 女孩in 里面on 上面under下面where哪里 unit 10 room房间closet衣柜telephone电话computer 电脑TV 电视bed 床picture图片table餐桌lamp台灯armchair 沙发behind后面next to旁边 Unit 11 Toys玩具plane飞机boat船train火车ball球teddy bear玩具熊 bus公交车Car小汽车doll玩具娃娃pinwheel风车box盒子 Unit 13 Shapes图形circle圆形triangle三角形rectangle长方形square 正方形 eleven 11 twelve12 Thirteen13 fourteen14 fifteen15 sixteen16 seventeen17 eighteen18 nineteen19 twenty20 Unit 14 Clothes衣服T-shirt T恤衫pants 裤子shorts短裤jacket 夹克 Sweater毛衣skirt短裙dress连衣裙shoe鞋子sock袜子 Unit 15 Food食物drink 饮料rice 米饭noodles面条jiaozi 饺子tofu豆腐Vegetables蔬菜meat牛肉fish 鱼肉chicken鸡肉bread 面包 milk牛奶ice cream冰激凌juice果汁egg鸡蛋
计算机英语-常见硬件
计算机英语-常见硬件 CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理单元，又叫中央处理器或微处理器，被喻为电脑的心脏。 RAM：Random Access Memory，随机存储器，即人们常说的"内存"。 ROM：Read－Only Memory，只读存储器。 EDO：Extended Data Output，扩充数据输出。当CPU的处理速度不断提高时，也相应地要求不断提高DRAM传送数据速度，一般来说，FPM（Fast Page Model）DRAM传送数据速度在60－70ns，而EDO DRAM比FPM快3倍，达20ns.目前最快的是SDRAM（Synchronous DRAM，同步动态存储器），其存取速度高达10ns. SDRAM：Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory，同步动态随机存储器，又称同步DRAM，为新一代动态存储器。它可以与CPU总线使用同一个时钟，因此，SDRAM存储器较EDO存储器能使计算机的性能大大提高。 Cache：英文含义为"（勘探人员等贮藏粮食、器材等的）地窖；藏物处"。电脑中为高速缓冲存储器，是位于CPU和主存储器DRAM（Dynamic Randon Access Memory）之间，规模较小，但速度很高的存储器，通常由SRAM（Static Random Access Memory静态存储器）组成。 CMOS：是Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor的缩写，含义为互补金属氧化物半导体（指互补金属氧化物半导体存储器）。CMOS是目前绝大多数电脑中都使用的一种用电池供电的存储器（RAM）。它是确定系统的硬件配置，优化微机整体性能，进行系统维护的重要工具。它保存一些有关系统硬件设置等方面的信息，在关机以后，这些信息也继续存在（这一点与RAM完全不同）。开机时，电脑需要用这些信息来启动系统。如果不慎或发生意外而弄乱了CMOS中保留的信息，电脑系统将不能正常启动。 PCI：Peripheral Component Interconnection，局部总线（总线是计算机用于把信息从一个设备传送到另一个设备的高速通道）。PCI总线是目前较为先进的一种总线结构，其功能比其他总线有很大的提高，可支持突发读写操作，传输率可达132Mbps，是数据传输最快的总线之一，可同时支持多组外围设备。PCI不受制于CPU处理器，并能兼容现有的各种总线，其主板插槽体积小，因此成本低，利于推广。
人教版新起点英语一年级下全册教案
单元教材分析： 第一单元主要学习关于教室的3个单词desk, chair, blackboard ,三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under;以及询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…？It'under/ in/ on…。本单元是学生开学后的第一单元，与学生生活实际紧密联系，学习教室有关的物品名称，易于学生接受，容简单实用，易于教师操练。本单元为下个单元Room做了很好的铺垫，由教室到房间，使得下一步的学习变的简单，过度自然。 单元教学目标： 1、语言技能目标 (1)能够听懂、会说与教室有关的三个词汇：chair, desk, blackboard，以及三个表达位置的词汇：under/ in/ on。 (2)能够听懂、会说有关询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…？It'under/ in/ on…，并能在恰当的情境中初步运用。 (3)能够听懂简短的课堂指令语，女口：Put your ... in/on/under ...等，并作出相应的反应。 (4)能够借助日常生活图片识别、会说大写英文字母A、B、C、D。 2、情感目标 (1)能够跟随录音大胆模仿说唱歌曲和歌谣。 (2)能够对英语学习保持兴趣，并积极参与课堂上组织的各种活动；能做到有序参与，积极使用英语。 (3)能够在活动中逐步养成爱护教室的课桌椅和学习用品的习惯。 单元教学重点：与教室有关的3个词汇：desk, chair, blackboard ;三个表达物品位置的介词：under / in / on 。 单元教学难点：句型Where is…？It's…的使用。 单元课时安排：五课时 第一课时 教学目标： 能够在适当场景下听懂、说出与教室有关的三个词汇：blackboard，desk，chair;以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, un der. 教学重难点： 能听懂、说出与教室有关的三个单词：blackboard，desk，chair；以及三个
网络中常用简称(在网络中常用的一些英文缩写及解释)
DARPA ：国防高级研究计划局 ARPARNET(Internet) ：阿帕网 ICCC ：国际计算机通信会议 CCITT ：国际电报电话咨询委员会 SNA ：系统网络体系结构(IBM) DNA ：数字网络体系结构(DEC) CSMA/CD ：载波监听多路访问/冲突检测(Xerox) NGI ：下一代INTERNET Internet2 ：第二代INTERNET TCP/IP SNA SPX/IPX AppleT alk ：网络协议 NII ：国家信息基础设施(信息高速公路) GII ：全球信息基础设施 MIPS ：PC的处理能力 Petabit ：10^15BIT/S Cu芯片: ：铜 OC48 ：光缆通信 SDH ：同步数字复用 WDH ：波分复用 ADSL ：不对称数字用户服务线 HFE/HFC：结构和Cable-modem 机顶盒 PCS ：便携式智能终端 CODEC ：编码解码器 ASK(amplitude shift keying) ：幅移键控法 FSK(frequency shift keying) ：频移键控法 PSK(phase shift keying) ：相移键控法 NRZ (Non return to zero) ：不归零制 PCM(pulse code modulation) ：脉冲代码调制nonlinear encoding ：非线性编程 FDM ：频分多路复用 TDM ：时分多路复用 STDM ：统计时分多路复用 DS0 ：64kb/s DS1 ：24DS0 DS1C ：48DS0 DS2 ：96DS0 DS3 ：762DS0 DS4 ：4032DS0 CSU(channel service unit) ：信道服务部件SONET/SDH ：同步光纤网络接口 LRC ：纵向冗余校验 CRC ：循环冗余校验 ARQ ：自动重发请求 ACK ：确认 NAK ：不确认
电子类常用缩写(英文翻译)
电子类常用缩写(英文翻译) AC(alternating current) 交流(电) A／D(analog to digital) 模拟／数字转换 ADC(analog to digital convertor) 模拟／数字转换器 ADM(adaptive delta modulation) 自适应增量调制 ADPCM(adaptive differential pulse code modulation) 自适应差分脉冲编码调制 ALU(arithmetic logic unit) 算术逻辑单元 ASCII(American standard code for information interchange) 美国信息交换标准码 AV(audio visual) 声视，视听 BCD(binary coded decimal) 二进制编码的十进制数 BCR(bi-directional controlled rectifier)双向晶闸管 BCR(buffer courtier reset) 缓冲计数器 BZ(buzzer) 蜂鸣器，蜂音器 C(capacitance，capacitor) 电容量，电容器 CATV(cable television) 电缆电视 CCD(charge-coupled device) 电荷耦合器件 CCTV(closed-circuit television) 闭路电视 CMOS(complementary) 互补MOS CPU(central processing unit)中央处理单元 CS(control signal) 控制信号 D(diode) 二极管 DAST(direct analog store technology) 直接模拟存储技术 DC(direct current) 直流 DIP(dual in-line package) 双列直插封装 DP(dial pulse) 拨号脉冲 DRAM(dynamic random access memory) 动态随机存储器 DTL(diode-transistor logic) 二极管晶体管逻辑 DUT(device under test) 被测器件 DVM(digital voltmeter) 数字电压表 ECG(electrocardiograph) 心电图 ECL(emitter coupled logic) 射极耦合逻辑 EDI(electronic data interchange) 电子数据交换 EIA(Electronic Industries Association) 电子工业联合会 EOC(end of conversion) 转换结束 EPROM(erasable programmable read only memory) 可擦可编程只读存储器 EEPROM(electrically EPROM) 电可擦可编程只读存储器 ESD(electro-static discharge) 静电放电 FET(field-effect transistor) 场效应晶体管 FS(full scale) 满量程 F／V(frequency to voltage convertor) 频率／电压转换 FM(frequency modulation) 调频
网路聊天常用缩略语和中文意思
招呼篇 GTSY：Glad To See You高兴认识你 PMJI：Pardon My Jumping In ＝PMFJI：Pardon Me For Jumping In 败势，加入你们的谈话 WB：Welcome Back 欢迎回来 LTNS：Long Time No See 好久不见 笑篇 BEG：Big Evil Grin （非常）邪恶的笑 C＆G：Chuckle And Grin 喀喀笑 GMBO：Giggling My Butt Off 笑掉我的屁屁 BWL：Bursting With Laughter 笑掉不行 CSG：Chuckle Snicker Grin 嘿嘿窃笑 KMA：Kiss My A$$ ＝MKB：Kiss My Butt 亲我的屁屁 LMAO：Laughing My A$$ Of ＝LMBO：Laughing My Butt Off ＝LMHO：Laughing My Head Off 笑死我了 LOL：Laughing Out Loud 放声笑 LSHMBB：Laughing So Hard My Belly Is Bouncing ＝LSHMBH：Laughing So Hard My Belly Hurts 笑到我肚子痛 告知篇 AFK：Away From Keyboard 离开键盘 BBL：Be Back Later ＝BBS：Be Back Soon ＝BRB：Be Right Back 稍待回来 CNP：Continue In Next Post 请看下一个留言 FYI：For Your Information 只给你知道 OIC：Oh，I See 喔，瞭 PS：Post Script 附注 QSL：Reply 回答 RTF：Read The FAQ 请看常见问题 AKA：Also Known As 又名为 FAQ：Frequently Asked Question 最常被问的问题 IC：I See 瞭 IGP：I Gotta Pee 我要去尿尿 POOF：I Have Left Chat 我已经离开聊天室啰 PM：Private Massage 私下寄消息。在聊天室常见的功能，你可以单独对有兴趣的人私下聊
人教版新起点英语一下 英语录音内容
一年级下册英语录音内容 新起点一年级下册课文录音材料 49 A项：In my classroom I can see, A desk, a chair, For you and me. In my classroom I can see, A window, a door, For you and me. In my classroom I can see, A wall, a blackboard, For you and me. 50 A项：CHANT Where’s Angel?Whe re’s Angel? She’s in the pencil case. Where’s Angel?Where’s Angel? She’s on the pencil case. Where’s Angel ?Where’s Angel? She’s under the pencil case.Oh, oh! Lily: Under the desk? B and G: No! Lily: Under the chair? B and G: No! Lily: In the desk? B and G: Yes! 51 A项Where is the blue ruler? Blue ruler? Blue ruler? Where is the blue ruler? It’s under the desk. Where is the red star? red star? red star? Where is the red star? It’s on the wall. Where is the black pencil? Black pencil? Black pencil? Where is the bl ack pencil? It’s in the pencil case. Bill: Where is the blue ruler? Lily: It’s under your desk, 52 A项: Put the pencil in the pencil case. Put the ruler in the pencil case. Put the eraser in the pencil case. Put the pencil case in the backpack.
硬件常用的英文缩写
南桥芯片（South Bridge） 北桥芯片（North Bridge） Memory Controller Hub (MCH)－内存控制中心，Intel 8xx（例如820或840）芯片组中用于控制AGP、CPU、内存（RDRAM）等组件工作的芯片。 ICH（Input/Output Controller Hub，输入/输出控制中心） Front Buffer，前置缓冲 FSAA（Full Scene Anti－aliasing，全景抗锯齿） FSB: Front Side Bus，前置总线，即外部总线 FSE（Frequency Shifter Effect，频率转换效果） FSUB（Floationg Point Subtraction，浮点减） FTP（File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议） FWH（Firmware Hub，固件中心） GART（Graphic Address Remappng Table，图形地址重绘表） GDI（Graphics Device Interface，图形设备接口） Ghost:（General Hardware Oriented System Transfer，全面硬件导向系统转移） Gigabyte GMCH（Graphics & Memory Controller Hub，图形和内存控制中心） GMR（giant magnetoresistive，巨型磁阻） Gouraud Shading，高洛德描影，也称为内插法均匀涂色 GPF（General protect fault，一般保护性错误） GPIs（General Purpose Inputs，普通操作输入） GPS（Global Positioning System，全球定位系统） GPU（Graphics Processing Unit，图形处理器） GTF（Generalized Timing Formula，一般程序时间，定义了产生画面所需要的时间，包括了诸如画面刷新率等） GUI（Graphics User Interface，图形用户界面） GVPP（Generic Visual Perception Processor，常规视觉处理器） HAL（Hardware Abstraction Layer，硬件抽像化层） hardware motion compensation（硬件运动补偿） HCI: Host Controller Interface，主机控制接口 HCT：Hardware Compatibility Test，硬件兼容性测试 HDA（head disk assembly，磁头集合） HDSL: High bit rate DSL，高比特率数字订阅线路 HDTV（high definition television，高清晰度电视） HEL: Hardware Emulation Layer（硬件模拟层） HiFD（high-capacity floppy disk，高容量软盘） high triangle count（复杂三角形计数）
(完整版)人教版新起点小学英语四年级下册课文
Unit 1 Unit 1 My neighbourhood Excuse me. Where is the hospital? 不好意思。医院在哪里？ Go straight. It's on your right. 直走。在你右手边。 It's next to the restaurant. 紧挨餐厅。 Excuse me. How can I get to the post office? 不好意思。请问怎么去邮局？ Go straight and turn left at the first crossroads. 直走，在第一个十字路口左转。It's between the bookshop and the grocery. 它在书店和杂货店之间。Lesson 1 第一课 A Look, Listen and repeat. 看，听并重复。 restaurant 餐馆 post office 邮局 bank 银行 grocery 食品杂货店 across from 对面 next to 紧邻 between 在……之间 Yaoyao's aunt comes to vist her family. 瑶瑶的阿姨来她家做客。
Yaoyao is showing her around the neighbourhood. 瑶瑶带着她参观街坊。"Look, this is a post office. Our school is next to it." “看，这有一间邮局。我们学校在它旁边。” "Oh, I see. What's that?" "哦，我看到啦。那是什么？” "That's a restaurant. We can eat Beijing duck there. “那是一家餐厅。我们可以在那吃北京烤鸭。" We often have a grocery in the neibourhood. 我们小区还有一间杂货店。 It's across from the park. 就在公园对面。 Mum often buys fruit and vegetables there." 妈妈总在那买水果和蔬菜。” "I want to buy some gifts. Is there a supermarket here?" “我想买一些礼物。这有超市吗？” "Yes, of course. It is between the bank and the park." “当然。就在银行和公园中间。” B Look and say. 看和说。 Where is the bank?银行在哪里 It's between the supermarket and Sunday Park.在超市和周日公园中间。 Lesson 2 第二课 A Look, listen and repeat. 看，听并重复。 turn left 向左转 go straight 直行
英文网络聊天口语中非正式用语中的缩写和简写-推荐下载
duno=don't know u=you ur=your kinda=kind of sorta=sort of 2=two或to 4=for shoulda=should have congrat=congratulation thx=thanks X'mas=Christmas wat=what biz=business ad=advertisement ft.=featuring abt=about pls=please rgds=regards ---问好--- 1,hiho=hola=yo=hi=hey=hellow=你好，大家好 2,wuz up=sup=what's up=(原意：怎么样你？/有什么事儿嘛？)也可作为问好用(当然是比较熟的两个人之间的问候)，回答时有事说事，没事用"nothing/nothin much/not much/nm等回答就可以。 ---再见--- 1,cya=cu=see ya=see you=再见 2,laterz=later=cya later=see ya later=see you later=再见 3,gn=gn8=gnight=good night=晚安 4,nn=nite=晚安 说明：一般第一个人常说gnight/gn8,然后第二个人用nite,后面的用nn什么的都可以了。不要问我为什么，约定俗成而已。 ---惊叹赞扬--- 1,OMG=oh my god=我的天；**！ 2,OMFG=oh my f ucking god=我的老天；**靠； 3,wtf=what the f uck=怎么会事！？；*！； 4,n1=nice 1=nice one=漂亮 5, pwnz=ownz=牛比！(例句：pwnz demo!;lefuzee ownz all the others!) 6,rullz=强！(例句：lefuzee rullz!;you guyz rull!!!) 7,you rock!=你牛比！(口语中常用，irc中偶尔能看到。) ---笑--- 1,lol=laughing out loud /laugh out loud=大笑 2,lmao=laughing my ass off=笑的屁股尿流 3,rofl=roll on floor laughing=笑翻天了 排序:hehe 人教版新起点一年级上册单词表Unit 1 book 书，书本 ruler 尺子 pencil 铅笔 schoolbag 书包 teacher 教师 I 我 have 有 a/an 一（个） Unit 2 face 脸 ear 耳朵 eye 眼睛 nose 鼻子 mouth 嘴巴 this 这（个） is 是 my 我的 Unit 3 dog 狗 bird 鸟 tiger 老虎 monkey 猴子 cat 猫 what 什么 it 它 Unit 4 one 一 two 二 three 三 four 四 five 五 six 六seven 七 eight 八 nine 九 ten 十 how 多少 many 多的，许多的 are 是 there （代替主语） Unit 5 black 黑色；黑色的 yellow 黄色；黄色的 blue 蓝色；蓝色的 red 红色；红色的 green 绿色；绿色的 colour 颜色 Unit 6 apple 苹果 pear 梨 banana 香蕉 orange 柑橘；橙 do （助动词） you 你；你们 like 喜欢；喜爱 yes 是，是的 no 不，不是 人教版新起点一年级下册单词表Unit 1 chair 椅子 desk 书桌，写字台blackboard 黑板 on在……上 under 在……下面/下方 in在……里面 where 在哪里 the 放在名词前，特指人、事或物Unit 2 light 灯 bed 床 door 门，出入口 box 箱子，盒子 near 靠近，接近 behind 在...背后 Unit 3 plane 飞机 ball 球 doll 玩偶，玩具娃娃 train 列车，火车 car 小汽车，轿车 bear 玩具熊，熊 can 可以，能够 sure 当然 sorry 对不起，抱歉 Unit 4 rice 米饭，米 noodles 面条 vegetable 蔬菜 fish 鱼肉，鱼 chicken 鸡肉，鸡 egg 鸡蛋 hungry 饥饿的 want 要，想要 and 和 Unit 5 juice 果汁，蔬菜汁 tea 茶，茶叶 milk 奶，牛奶 water 水 thirsty 口渴的thanks 感谢 Unit 6 shirt 衬衫 T-shirt T恤衫，短袖圆领衬衫skirt 裙子 dress 连衣裙，套裙 socks 短袜 shorts 短裤 your 你的，你们的 人教版新起点二年级上册单词表Unit 1 father 父亲 mother 母亲 brother 兄；弟 sister 姐；妹grandmother （外）祖母grandfather （外）祖父 who 谁 he 他 she 她 Unit 2 classmate 同班同学 friend 朋友 woman 女人 girl 女孩 man 男人 boy 男孩 look 看；瞧 his 他的 name 名字 her 她的 or 还是 Unit 3 计算机硬件英汉对照表 VDD、VCC 电源 5VSB = 5V StandBy 待机5V电源 Acer--> 宏基公司?]@8 A/D--> 模拟/数据(@= Address bus--> 地址总线-=:!g ALT=Alternate--> 转换键/更改/更动=. ALT=Alteration Switch--> 转换开关rP AMD=Advanced Micro Devices Inc. --> 高级微设备公司G^(WN AMI=American Megatrends Inc. --> 美国米格特雷德公司%@lu~ AGP=Accelerated Graphics Port --> 图形加速端口} API=Application Program Interface --> 应用程序接口Z6#e9- APM=Advanced Power Driver --> 高级动力驱动器"^p!"_ ASCII=American Standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换用标准码t2L BIN --> 收集器/二进制+ZTo-u BIOS=Basic Input/Output System --> 基本输入输出系统V%iI` Bit --> 位=RQ Block --> 模块d BS=Backspace --> 退格键^l[?7 Cache --> 高速缓存X9 与外国人聊天常用缩略词 刚上线时一般的使用:----------------------------- 1. Hi 嗨 2. Hey 嘿 3. Yo 喂 4. WOW 哇 5. ICQ 我找你. I seek you. 6. TNS 好久不见. Long time no see. 7. VG 很好 Very good. 8. yep 是 <俚> yes. 9. yup 是 <俚> yes. 10. yeah 是 = yes. 11. RYOK 你好吧? Are you ok? 12. YR 对,是的. yeah,right. 中间有事离开一会儿:----------------------------- 13. bbiam 我很快回来 Be back in a minuta. 14. hang on 等一下. 15. bll 过一会儿回来. Be back late. 16. BRB 很快回来. Be right back. 17. RSN 马上 Real soon now. 19. afk 暂时离开(键盘) away from keyboard. 20. bak 回(键盘前)来了. back at keyboard. 21. BBIAB 马上回来. be back in a bit. 告诉对方欲下线:---------------------------- 22. TAFN 到此为止. That's all for now. 23. GTGB 得走了.再见. Got to go,Bye. 24. SRI 对不起. Sorry. 25. Gotta go 我得走了. Gotta go=have to go=I have to go. 告别:---------------------------------------------- 26. Bye 再见. 27. CU 再见. See you. 28. CU2 再见. See you too. 29. CUL 下次再会. See you later. 30. CUA 再会. See you again. 31. HTH 睡觉去了. Hit the hay (hay <俚> 床) 33. See ya. 再见. See ya = See you (ya 表示 you 或 young adult) 34. AMF 再会,我的朋友. Adios my friend. 人教版新起点英语一年级下册全册教案 (最新) Unit 1 Classroom 单元教材分析： 第一单元主要学习关于教室的3个单词desk,chair,blackboard,三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under；以及询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is …? It’s under/ in/ on…。本单元是学生开学后的第一单元,与学生生活实际紧密联系,学习教室有关的物品名称,易于学生接受,内容简单实用,易于教师操练。本单元为下个单元Room 做了很好的铺垫,由教室到房间,使得下一步的学习变的简单,过度自然。 单元教学目标： 1、语言技能目标 （1）能够听懂、会说与教室有关的三个词汇：chair, desk, blackboard,以及三个表达位置的词汇：under/ in/ on。 （2）能够听懂、会说有关询问和表达位置的功能句：Where is…? It’s under/ in/ on…,并能在恰当的情境中初步运用。 （3）能够听懂简短的课堂指令语, 如：Put your ... in/on/under ...等,并作出相应的反应。 （4）能够借助日常生活图片识别、会说大写英文字母A、B、C、D。 2、情感目标 （1）能够跟随录音大胆模仿说唱歌曲和歌谣。 （2）能够对英语学习保持兴趣,并积极参与课堂上组织的各种活动；能做到有序参与,积极使用英语。 （3）能够在活动中逐步养成爱护教室的课桌椅和学习用品的习惯。 单元教学重点：与教室有关的3个词汇：desk, chair, blackboard；三个表达物品位置的介词：under / in / on。 单元教学难点：句型Where is …? It’s …的使用。 单元课时安排：五课时 第一课时 教学目标： 能够在适当场景下听懂、说出与教室有关的三个词汇：blackboard,desk,chair；以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under. 教学重难点： 能听懂、说出与教室有关的三个单词：blackboard,desk,chair；以及三个表达位置的词汇：in, on, under。 教学准备：课件 教学时间：年月日 教学过程： 一、热身 教师发出指令,请学生听指令完成任务,如：Show me your ruler / book.等。 常见电脑英文及缩写 作者：ivy 文章来源：Internet 点击数：439 更新时间：2006-11-2 rsonal Computer，个人计算机、个人电脑，又称微型计算机或微机。 twork Computer，网络计算机。 C ltimedia Personal Computer，多媒体个人电脑。 X MultiMedia eXtensions(多媒体扩展)的缩写，是第六代CPU芯片的重要特点。MMX技术是在加入了特地为视频信号(Video Signal)，音频信号(Audio Signal)以及图像处理(Graphical lation)而设计的57条指令，因此，MMX CPU极大地提高了电脑的多媒体(如立体声、视频、三等)处理功能。 tel Pentium 166MHz MMXTM tel Pentium是英特尔(Intel)公司生产的“奔腾”CPU。166MHz指CPU时钟频率，MHz即Mega 的缩写。MMXTM中的TM是“Trade Mark”的简写，意为“注册商标”。 P ject Oriented Programming，面向对象的程序设计。所谓“对象”就是一个或一组数据以及些数据的方法和过程的集合。面向对象的程序设计完全不同于传统的面向过程程序设计，它大 低了软件开发的难度，使编程就像搭积木一样简单，是当今电脑编程的一股势不可挡的潮流。VGA 是指彩色显示器上的黄光网点间距(点距)，点距越小的显示器，图像就越细腻、越好，这是因屏幕上的每个像点都是由一组红、绿、蓝光汇聚而成的，由于在技术上三束光还不能100％地一点上，因此会产生一种黄光网点的间隔，这种间隔越小，屏幕上显示的图像越清晰。VGA是Graphics Array(视频图形阵列)的缩写。 T le Allocation Table，文件分配表，它的作用是记录硬盘中有关文件如何被分散存储在不同信息。 A vironmental Protection Agency的简称，美国环境保护署。EPA于1992年宣布了“能源之nergy Star)计划，并得到了国际社会的积极响应。只要启动电脑，过不了几秒钟就能见到屏现“能源之星”的标志。能源之星的目标是当电脑系统的各个部件不活动时自动进入低功耗状部件的能动性恢复(即当键盘、鼠标等被使用)时，电脑系统自动回到完全清醒的状态。对于符之星规范的产品，EPA将发给能源之星标志“EPA POLLUTION PREVENTER”，意为“美国环境保可的防污染的节能产品”。 卡 telligent Card，智能卡。 X人教版新起点小学英语一起点1-6年级单词表汇总2018
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与外国人聊天常用缩略词
人教版新起点英语一年级下册全册教案 (最新)
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