物联网毕业设计(论文)外文文献翻译

南京航空航天大学金城学院

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译

系部自动化

专业自动化

学生姓名王贺学号2108032223

指导教师陈复扬职称副教授

2012 年5 月

Internet of Things

1.the definition of connotation

The English name of the Internet of Things The Internet of Things, referred to as: the IOT.Internet of Things through the pass, radio frequency identification technology, global positioning system technology, real-time acquisition of any monitoring, connectivity, interactive objects or processes, collecting their sound, light, heat, electricity, mechanics, chemistry, biology, the location of a variety of the information you need network access through a variety of possible things and things, objects and people in the Pan-link intelligent perception of items and processes, identification and management. The Internet of Things IntelliSense recognition technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network integration application, known as the third wave of the world's information industry development following the computer, the Internet. Not so much the Internet of Things is a network, as Internet of Things services and applications, Internet of Things is also seen as Internet application development. Therefore, the application of innovation is the core of the development of Internet of Things, and 2.0 of the user experience as the core innovation is the soul of Things.

2.The meaning of "material"

Where the "objects" to meet the following conditions can be included in the scope of the "Internet of Things":

1. Receiver have the appropriate information;

2. Have a data transmission path;

3. Have a certain storage capabilities;

4. To have the CPU;

5．To have the operating system;

6. Have specialized applications;

7. Have a data transmitter;

8. Follow the communication protocol of Things;

9. World Network, a unique number that can be identified.

3. "Chinese style" as defined in

Internet of Things (Internet of Things) refers to is the ubiquitous (Ubiquitous) terminal equipment (Devices) and facilities (Facilities), including with the "inner intelligence" sensors,

mobile terminals, industrial systems, floor control system, the family of Intelligentfacilities, video surveillance systems, and external can "(Enabled), such as RFID, a variety of assets (the Assets), personal and vehicle carrying the wireless terminal" intelligent objects or animals "or" smart dust "(the Mote), through a variety of wireless and / or cable over long distances and / or short-range communication networks to achieve interoperability (M2M), application integration (the Grand Integration), and based on cloud computing, SaaS operation mode, in internal network (intranet), private network (extranet), and / or the Internet (Internet) environment, the use of appropriate information security mechanisms to provide a safe, controlled and even personalized real-time online monitoring, retrospective positioning, alarm linkage, command and control plan management, remote control, security, remote repair and maintenance, online upgrades, statistical reporting, decision support, the leadership of the desktop (showcase of the Cockpit Dashboard) management and service functions, "Everything," "efficient, energy saving, security environmental protection, "" possession, control, Camp integration [1].

4.EU definition

In September 2009, the Internet of Things and enterprise environments held in Beijing, China-EU Seminar on the European Commission and Social Media Division RFID Division is responsible for Dr. Lorent Ferderix, given the EU's definition of things: the Internet of Things is a dynamic global network infrastructure, it has a standards-based and interoperable communication protocols, self-organizing capabilities, including physical and virtual "objects" of identity, physical attributes, virtual features and smart interface and seamless integration of information networks . Internet of Things Internet and media, the Internet and business Internet one, constitute the future of the Internet.

5．change

The Internet of Things (Internet of Things) the word universally recognized at home and abroad Ashton, Professor of the MIT Auto-ID Center in 1999 first proposed to study RFID. The report of the same name released in 2005, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the definition and scope of the Internet of Things has been a change in the coverage of a larger expansion, no longer refers only to the Internet of Things based on RFID technology.

Since August 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao put forward the "Experience China" Internet of Things was officially listed as a national one of the five emerging strategic industries, to write the

"Government Work Report" Internet of Things in China has been the great concern of the society as a whole degree of concern is unparalleled in the United States, European Union, as well as other countries.

The concept of Internet of Things is not so much a foreign concept, as it has been the concept of a "Made in China", his coverage of the times, has gone beyond the scope of the 1999 Ashton professor and the 2005 ITU report referred to, Internet of Things has been labeled a "Chinese style" label.

6．Background

The concept of Internet of Things in 1999. Internet-based, RFID technology and EPC standards, on the basis of the computer Internet, the use of radio frequency identification technology, wireless data communication technology, a global items of information to real-time sharing of the physical Internet "Internet of things" (referred to as the Internet of Things) , which is also the basis of the first round of the China Internet of Things boom set off in 2003.

The sensor network is built up based on sensing technology network. Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research and has made some achievements in scientific research, the establishment of applicable sensor network.1999, held in the United States, mobile computing and networking International Conference, "The sensor network is a development opportunity facing humanity in the next century. In 2003, the United States, "Technology Review" proposed sensor network technology will be future changes ten people's lives first.

November 17, 2005, the WSIS held in Tunis (WSIS), the International Telecommunication Union released ITU Internet Report 2005: Internet of Things ", citing the concept of the" Internet of things ". The report pointed out that the ubiquitous "Internet of Things" communication era is approaching, all the objects in the world, from tires to toothbrushes, from housing to the tissue via the Internet, take the initiative to be exchanged. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), sensor technology, nanotechnology, intelligent embedded technology will be more widely used.

According to the description of the ITU, the era of things, a short-range mobile transceivers embedded in a variety of daily necessities, human beings in the world of information and communication will receive a new communication dimension, from any time communication between people of the place of connection extended to the communication connection between persons and things and things and things. The Internet of Things concept of the rise, largely due to

the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the title of Internet of Things 2005 annual Internet Report. However, the ITU report the lack of a clear definition of Things.

Domestic Internet of Things is also there is no single standard definition, but the Internet of Things In essence, the Internet of Things is a polymer application of modern information technology to a certain stage of development and technological upgrading of various sensing technology modern network technology and artificial intelligence and automation technology aggregation and integration of applications, so that the human and material wisdom of dialogue to create a world of wisdom. Because the development of the Internet of Things technology, involving almost all aspects of IT, innovative application and development of a polymer, systematic, and therefore be called revolutionary innovation of information industry. Summed up the nature of the Internet of Things is mainly reflected in three aspects: First, the Internet features that need to be networked objects must be able to achieve the interoperability of the Internet; identification and communication features, that is included in the Internet of Things "objects" must to have the functions of automatic identification and physical objects communication (M2M); intelligent features, the network system should have automated, self-feedback and intelligent control features January 28, 2009, Obama became the President of the United States, held with U.S. business leaders a "round table", as one of the only two representatives, IBM CEO Sam Palmisano for the first time that "the wisdom of the Earth" this concept, it is recommended that the new government to invest in a new generation of intelligent infrastructure.

February 24, 2009 news, IBM Greater China CEO money crowd called "Smarter Planet" strategy announced in the forum 2009IBM.

This concept was put forth, that is the great concern of the United States from all walks of life, and even analysts believe that IBM's vision is very likely to rise to U.S. national strategy, and caused a sensation in the world. IBM believes that the industry, the next phase of the mission is to make full use of the new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among specifically, is the embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water supply systems dams, oil and gas pipelines and other objects, and is generally connected to the formation of Things.

Strategy conference, IBM, and implant the concept of "wisdom" in the implementation of the infrastructure, strong, not only in the short term to stimulate the economy, promote employment,

and in a short period of time for China to build a mature wisdom infrastructure platform.

IBM "Smarter Planet" strategy will set off again after the wave of Internet technology industrial revolution. Former IBM CEO Lou Gerstner has raised an important point of view, every 15 years, a revolution in computing model. This judgment is the same as Moore's Law accurately call it a "15-year cycle Law". Before and after 1965, changes to the mainframe as a symbol, 1980 marked by the popularization of personal computers, 1995, the Internet revolution. Each such technological change are caused by the enterprise, industry and even the national competitive landscape of major upheaval and change. To a certain extent in the Internet revolution is ripening by the "information superhighway" strategy. 1990s, the Clinton administration plan for 20 years, $ 200 billion to -4000 billion, construction of the U.S. National Information Infrastructure, to create a huge economic and social benefits.

Today, the "Smarter Planet" strategy by many Americans that there are many similarities with the "information superhighway", the same they revive the economy, a key strategy for competitive advantage. The strategy can be set off, not only for the United States, such as the Internet revolution was the wave of technological and economic concern, more attention from the world.

"Internet of Things prospects are very bright, it will dramatically change our current way of life." Demonstration director of the Center of Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Electrical and Electronic Zhao Guoan said. Industry experts said that the Internet of things to our life personification of the things became a kind of human.Goods (goods) in the world of physical objects associated with each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. The Internet of Things using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology, to achieve the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet. It can be said that the Internet of Things depict the world is full of intelligent. In the world of Internet of Things, material objects connected to the dragnet.

The second session, held at Peking University in November 2008, China Mobile Government Seminar "Knowledge Society and Innovation 2.0", the experts made the mobile technology, the Internet of Things technology led to the development of economic and social form, innovative forms of change, and promote the The next generation of innovation for the knowledge society as the core of user experience (innovative 2.0) the formation of innovation and development of the form to pay more attention to the user to focus on people-oriented. Research institutions is expected

to 10 years, the Internet of Things may be mass adoption of this technology will develop into one of thousands of yuan-scale high-tech market, the industry than the Internet 30 times.

It is learned that the things industry chain can be broken down into the identity, perception, processing and information transfer, four links, each link of the key technologies for the wireless transmission network of RFID, sensors, smart chip and telecom operators. EPOSS in the "Internet of Things in 2020" report, an analysis predicted that the future development of the Internet of Things will go through four stages, 2010, RFID is widely used in the field of logistics, retail and pharmaceutical objects interconnect 2010 to 2015, 2015 ~ In 2020, the object into the semi-intelligent, intelligent objects into 2020.

As the vanguard of the Internet of Things, RFID has become the most concerned about the technology market. The data show that the global RFID market size in 2008 from $ 4.93 billion in 2007 rose to $ 5.29 billion, this figure covers all aspects of the RFID market, including tags, readers and other infrastructure, software and services. RFID card and card-related infrastructure will account for 57.3 percent of the market, reaching $ 3.03 billion. Application from financial and security industries will drive the market growth of RFID cards. Analysys International forecasts, the Chinese RFID market size in 2009 will reach 5.0 billion, a CAGR of 33%, in which the electronic tag is more than 3.8 billion yuan, the reader close to 700 million yuan, software and services market to reach 500 million yuan pattern.

MEMS is the abbreviation of the micro-electromechanical systems, MEMS technology is built on the basis of micro / nano, the market prospect is broad. The main advantage of the MEMS sensor is the small size, large-scale mass production cost reduction, mainly used in two major areas of automotive and consumer electronics. Under ICInsight the latest report is expected in 2007-2012, global sales of semiconductor sensors and actuators based on MEMS will reach 19 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), compared with $ 4.1 billion in 2007 to five years will achieve $ 9.7 billion in annual sales.

7．Principle

Internet of Things is on the basis of the computer Internet, RFID, wireless data communications technology, to construct a cover everything in the world's "Internet of Things". In this network, the goods (products) to each other "exchange", without the need for human intervention. Its essence is the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology to achieve

the interconnection and sharing of the automatic identification of goods (products) and information through the computer Internet.

The Internet of Things is a very important technology is radio frequency identification (RFID) technology. RFID is radio frequency identification (Radio Frequency Identification) technology abbreviation, is an automatic identification technology in the 1990s began to rise, the more advanced a non-contact identification technology. The development of RFID technology based on a simple RFID system, combined with existing network technology, database technology, middleware technology, to build a one composed by a large number of networked readers and numerous mobile label, much larger than the Internet of Things trend.

RFID, It is able to let items "speak" a technique. In the "Internet of Things" concept, RFID tags are stored in the specification and interoperability information collected automatically by wireless data communications network to a central information system, to achieve the identification of goods (products), and then through the open computer network for information exchange and sharing, items "transparent" management.

The information technology revolution in the Internet of Things is referred to as IT mobile Pan of a specific application. Internet of Things through IntelliSense, identification technology and pervasive computing, ubiquitous network convergence applications, breaking the conventional thinking before, human beings can achieve ubiquitous computing and network connectivity [3]. The traditional thinking has been the separation of physical infrastructure and IT infrastructure: on the one hand, airports, roads, buildings, while on the other hand, the data center, PC, broadband. In the era of the "Internet of Things", reinforced concrete, cable with the chip, broadband integration into a unified infrastructure, in this sense, the infrastructure is more like a new site of the Earth, the world really works it, which including economic management, production operation, social and even personal life. "Internet of Things" makes it much more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to manage the future of the city to achieve the status of "wisdom" to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve the relationship between man and nature. 8．Agency

1, institution-building

As the first national Internet of Things industry community organizations - the application of professional Committee of China Electronic Chamber of Things technology products (referred to as:

"objects of the IPCC"), the Ministry of Civil Affairs in June 2010, preliminary approved by the Ministry of August being reported that the Ministry of Civil Affairs for final approval.

2, the main task

Serve as a bridge between business and government to assist the Government of the industry guidance, coordination, consultation and services to help members to reflect the business requirements to the Government; coordinate the relationship between enterprises to strengthen technical cooperation, product distribution, the elimination of vicious competition ; supervision of members the correct implementation of national laws and regulations, to regulate the industry; member of information communication technology products, cooperation, resource sharing, capital operation, and promote the application of Internet of Things technologies and products, and promote the Internet of Things industrial scale , co-development.

9．Construction

Internet of Things in the practical application to carry out requires the involvement of all walks of life, and need the guidance of the national government as well as related regulations and policies to assist the launching of the Internet of Things has the scale, broad participation, management, technical, and material properties, etc. other features, the technical problem is the most crucial issues of Things billion Bo logistics consulting, Internet of Things technology is an integrated technology, a system not yet which company has overall responsibility for network planning and construction of the entire system, theoretical studies have commenced in all walks of life and the practical application is limited to within the industry. The key is on the planning and design and research and development of the Internet of Things research in the field of RFID, sensors, embedded software, and transmission of data calculation. In general, to carry out the steps of the Internet of things mainly as follows:

(1) identified the object attributes, properties, including static and dynamic properties of the static property can be stored directly in the label, the dynamic properties need to start with sensors to detect real-time;

(2) the need to identify the equipment to complete the reading of object attributes, and information into a data format suitable for network transmission;

(3) the object of information transmitted over the network to the information processing center (processing center may be distributed, such as home computers or mobile phones, may also be

centralized, such as China Mobile IDC) by the processing center to complete the object communication calculation.

10．key areas

Internet of Things 4 key areas:

(1) RFID;

(2) sensor network;

(3) The M2M;

(4) integration of the two.

11.Trend

Industry experts believe that the Internet of things on the one hand can improve economic efficiency and significant cost savings; the other hand, can provide technical impetus to global economic recovery. Currently, the United States, the European Union are all invested heavily in-depth study to explore the Internet of Things. The country is also highly concerned about the emphasis of Things, Industry and Information Technology Ministry in conjunction with the relevant departments are conducting research in a new generation of IT to the formation of policies and measures to support the development of a new generation of IT.

China Mobile CEO Wang Jianzhou has repeatedly mentioned the Internet of Things will become the focus of future development of China Mobile. He will be invited to Taiwan to produce RFID, sensors and bar code manufacturers and China Mobile. According to him, the use of the Internet of Things technology, Shanghai Mobile has a number of industrial customers tailor the data collection, transmission, processing and business management in one set of wireless application solutions. The latest data show that Shanghai Mobile has more than 100,000 chips mounted on a taxi, bus, various forms of matter networking applications in all walks of prowess, to ensure the orderly operation of the city. During the Shanghai World Expo, "the bus services through" will be fully applied to the Shanghai public transport system, the smooth flow traffic to the most advanced technology to protect Expo area; for logistics transportation management, e-logistics ", will provide users with real-time accurate information of Cargo, vehicle tracking and positioning, the transport path selection, logistics network design and optimization services greatly enhance the comprehensive competitiveness of logistics enterprises.

In addition, the popularization of the "Internet of Things" for the number of animals, plants and

machinery, sensors and RFID tags of items and related interface devices will greatly exceed the number of mobile phones. The promotion of the Internet of Things will become a drive to promote economic development for the industry to open up a potential development opportunities. According to the current demand on the Internet of Things, in recent years, billions of sensors and electronic tags, which will greatly promote the production of IT components, while increasing the number of job opportunities.

According to reports, it is necessary to truly build an effective Internet of things, there are two important factors. First, the scale, only with the scale to make the items of intelligence play a role. For example, a city of one million vehicles, if we only 10000 vehicles installed on the smart system, it is impossible to form an intelligent transportation system; two mobility items are usually not static, but in the state of the movement , we must maintain the items in the state of motion, and even high-speed motion state can at any time for dialogue.

FORRESTER of the authority of the U.S. advisory body predicted that 2020, the world of business of the Internet of Things, compared with the business of interpersonal communication, will reach 30 to 1, so the "Internet of Things" is known to be the next one trillion communications services.

Internet of Things heat wave Why is rapidly growing in China? Internet of Things in China rapid rise thanks to the several advantages of our country in terms of things.

In the early 1999 launched the Internet of Things core sensor network technology research, R & D level in the world; the second, sensor network field in the world, China is the standard one of the dominant country, the patent owner; third China is one of the countries to achieve a complete industrial chain of Things; Fourth, China's wireless communications network and broadband coverage provides a solid infrastructure to support the development of the Internet of Things; Fifth, China has become the world's first the three major economies, with strong economic strength to support the development of the Internet of Things.

12.Myth

The current understanding of the Internet of things there are a lot of misunderstanding, which is also a direct impact on our understanding of Things on the development of the logistics industry, it is necessary first to distinguish errors, clarify our thinking.

One sensor networks or RFID network equivalent of Things. The fact that sensor technology,

or RFID technology, or are simply one of the information collection technology. In addition to the sensor technology and RFID technology, GPS, video recognition, infrared, laser, scanning can be achieved automatically identify physical objects to communicate technical information collection technology can become the Internet of Things. Sensor networks or RFID network is just an application of Things, but not all of Things.

Second, the Internet of Things as a myriad of unlimited extension of the Internet of Things as a completely open for all things, all of the interconnections, all shared Internet platform.In fact, the Internet of Things is not simple infinite extension of the global sharing of the Internet. Even if the Internet is also not only refers to we typically think of the international sharing computer network, Internet, WAN and LAN. Internet of Things can be both an extension of our usual sense of the Internet to the matter; LAN, professional can also be based on real needs and industrial applications. The reality is not necessary and can not make all the items networking; no need to make professional, LAN must be connected to the global Internet sharing platform. Of things in the future the Internet will be very different from the professional network of similar smart logistics, smart transportation, smart grid; the intelligence community and other local area network is the largest use of space.

Ter, that the ubiquitous network of the Internet of Things Internet of Things, and therefore the Internet of Things is a castle in the air, is difficult to achieve the technology. In fact the Internet of things are real, many of the primary Internet of Things applications already for our services. The Internet of Things concept is introduced in many real-world applications based on polymeric integrated innovation, pre-existing network with the Internet of Things, intelligent, automated system, summarized and upgrading it upgraded from a higher perspective our knowledge.

Four of Things as a basket, and everything installed inside; based on self-awareness, and only be able to interact, communication products as the Internet of Things applications. For example, just embedded some of the sensors, to become the so-called Internet of Things appliances; products labeled with RFID tags, became the Internet of Things applications.

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/8b11116787.html,es

Things widely used throughout the intelligent transportation, environmental protection, government, public safety, peace at home, smart fire, industrial monitoring, environmental monitoring, elderly care, personal health, floriculture, water monitoring, food traceability, enemy

detection and intelligence collection and other fields.

International Telecommunication Union in 2005, a report has portrayed the picture of the era of the "Internet of Things": car when the driver operational errors will automatically alarm; briefcase will remind the owner forgot something; clothes will "tell" washing machine color and water temperature requirements. Billion Bo logistics consulting vivid introduction of Things in the logistics field, for example, a logistics company, application of Things truck, when loading overweight, the car will automatically tell you overloaded and overload how many, but the space remaining , the severity of goods with how to tell you; when handling staff unloading a cargo packaging may be shouting "throw you hurt me", or "My dear, you do not get too barbaric, you can?"; when the driver and others gossip, trucks will pretend boss's voice roaring "stupid, the grid!

Internet of things to make full use of a new generation of IT technology in all walks of life among, specifically, is embedded sensors and equipment to the power grid, railways, bridges, tunnels, highways, buildings, water systems, dams, oil and gas pipelines, etc.kinds of objects, and then "Internet of Things" with the existing Internet to integrate and realize the integration of human society and the physical system, which in this integrated network, there is the ability to super-powerful central computer cluster, integrated network staff implementation of real-time management and control of the machinery, equipment and infrastructure, on this basis, the human can be more refined and dynamic management of production and life, to achieve the status of the "wisdom", to improve resource utilization and productivity levels, and improve human the relationship between the natural.

There is no doubt that if the "Internet of Things" era, people's daily lives will have seen dramatic changes. However, the talk about privacy and radiation, the single-All items are implanted identification chip that now seems unrealistic. Is moving toward the era of the "Internet of Things", but this process may take a very long time.

13.The development of

China's first college of Things College of Engineering:

June 10, 2010, Jiangnan University to further integrate the resources of the relevant disciplines, and promote leap-forward development of the relevant disciplines to enhance personnel training and scientific research level of strategic emerging industries, services, industrial development of things, Jiangnan University, School of Information Engineering, Jiangnan University Communication and

Control Engineering College merged to form the establishment of the "Internet of Things Engineering, but also the country's first Internet of Things College of Engineering.

China has the right to speak:

October 24, 2009, in China the fourth private technology enterprises Expo Xi'an advantage Microelectronics Corporation announced: first a matter of Chinese networking core - Tang One of the core chip to the successful development, China has the core technology of the Internet of Things.

1 Tang core chip is a 2.4G ultra-low power RF-programmable-chip system-on-the PSoC to meet the conditions for wireless sensor networks, wireless local area network, active RFID and other objects of the special needs of networking applications, for our country's material networking industry and laid a foundation.

With computers, the Internet industry in the field of 'Internet of Things' an international right to speak! "The deputy director of Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuxi High-tech micro-nano sensor network project director of the Center for Liu Haitao proud to say that .

At present, China's wireless communications network covering urban and rural areas, from bustling cities to remote rural areas, from the island to Mount Everest, everywhere wireless network coverage. The wireless network is essential to achieve the "Internet of Things" infrastructure, the digital signal generated by the electronic media placed in the animals, plants, machinery and items anytime, anywhere through a ubiquitous wireless network send out. "Cloud computing" technology, the use of hundreds of millions of real-time dynamic management of all kinds of items becomes possible.

Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1999 on the start sensor network research, compared with the same advantage with other countries. The hospital has formed a team of more than 2,000 people, has invested several hundred million dollars, made significant progress in wireless smart sensor network communication technology, micro-sensors, the sensor terminals, mobile base stations, now has the materials, technologies, devices, systems a complete industrial chain to the network. Sensor network field in the world, China and Germany, the United States, South Korea become one of the leading international standard-setting country.

Industry experts said the master of things "the right to speak, is not only reflected in the leading technology, but also because China is one of the few in the world to achieve the

industrialization of the country. This allows China to catch up with even occupation of the industry value chain become possible in the field of IT.

Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuxi sensor network of micro-nano engineering technology research center (hereinafter referred to as the 'Wuxi sensing center') is a core unit of the current study of Things. August 7, 2009, Premier Wen Jiabao in Wuxi, Jiangsu research on micro-nano sensor R & D center to be highly concerned about the proposed sensor network center is located in Wuxi, the radiation of the idea. Premier Wen Jiabao pointed out in the development of sensor network to early planning for the future, earlier break-core technology, "in the major national science and technology projects, accelerate the development of sensor network, sensor information as soon as possiblecalled 'perception of the' center of China. Jiangsu provincial government to seriously implement the requirements of the Prime Minister received instructions, embraced the "Internet of Things", give prominence to the platform and application demonstration work, and quickly developed a sense of security and industrial breakthrough first-mover advantage. Wuxi City has made the deployment: give the city the power, to seize the commanding heights of the new round of scientific and technological revolution, Wuxi built in the highlands of IT innovation in sensor networks, talent Heights and industry Heights.

2009, Wuxi sensor network centric sensor products in the Shanghai Pudong International Airport and Shanghai World Expo successful sensing applications, the first batch of 15 million yuan worth of security equipment sales, the equipment is composed of 100,000 tiny sensors. scattered in the wall of the corner wall and the surrounding road. Sensor based on sound, images, vibration frequency analysis and judgment, to climb the wall of what people or dogs and cats and other animals.

Multiple sensing means to form a cooperative system, you can prevent the aggressive intrusion of personnel crossing, smuggling, and terrorist attacks. More efficient than the anti-intrusion products in the United States and Israel, the State Civil Aviation Administration formally issued the requirements of national civil airports should adopt domestic sensor network intrusion prevention system. August 2009, only the direct procurement of the Pudong Airport sensor network products amount to more than 4000 million, plus the accessories of a total of 50 million yuan. Liu Haitao, nearly 200 civil airports are fitted with anti-intrusion system will generate tens of billions of market size.

Colleges and universities:

Internet of Things research universities in China, the current focal point of the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications and Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. As the center of the "Experience China", September 2009, Wuxi City, the sensor network technology research and industrial development with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications signed a cooperation agreement, marking China's "Internet of Things" into the actual construction phase. Statement of Wuxi City, in cooperation with the Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications Construction Research Institute, will focus on the sensor network, involving the field of optical communications, wireless communications, computer-controlled, multimedia, networking, software, electronics, automation technology, in addition, the applicationtechnology research, scientific research and industrial promotion work is also included in the agenda.

Actively involved in the perception of the China Center transitive network construction and technological innovation and achievements transformation, maintain, and expand the advantages of the schools in the field of Internet of Things, recently, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Internet of Things conference building seminars, timely adjustment of the research institutions and professional settings, set up a new Internet of Things and Sensor Network Research Institute, College of Things. September 10, 2009, the National College's first Institute of things was formally established at the Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications. China Daily reporter visited the South Post, "Wireless Sensor Network Research Center, where researchers with" things "to deal with more than 2056. In the laboratory, some of the "Internet of Things" products began to take shape. In addition, the South Post series of initiatives to promote the construction of things: the creation of the Internet of Things special research projects, to encourage teachers to actively participate in the study of the construction of things; start the platform of the "wisdom of the South Post of Things demonstration area on campus construction .

物联网

1.定义内涵

物联网的英文名称为The Internet of Things,简称：IOT。物联网通过传器、射频识别技术、全球定位系统等技术，实时采集任何需要监控、连接、互动的物体或过程，采集其声、光、热、电、力学、化学、生物、位置等各种需要的信息，通过各类可能的网络接入，实现物与物、物与人的泛在链接，实现对物品和过程的智能化感知、识别和管理。物联网是通过智能感知、识别技术与普适计算、泛在网络的融合应用，被称为继计算机、互联网之后世界信息产业发展的第三次浪潮。与其说物联网是网络，不如说物联网是业务和应用，物联网也被视为互联网的应用拓展。因此应用创新是物联网发展的核心，以用户体验为核心的创新2.0是物联网发展的灵魂。

2.“物”的涵义

这里的“物”要满足以下条件才能够被纳入“物联网”的范围：

1．要有相应信息的接收器；

2．要有数据传输通路；

3．要有一定的存储功能；

4．要有CPU；

5．要有操作系统；

6．要有专门的应用程序；

7．要有数据发送器；

8．遵循物联网的通信协议；

9．在世界网络中有可被识别的唯一编号。

3.“中国式”定义

物联网(Internet of Things)指的是将无处不在（Ubiquitous）的末端设备（Devices）和设施（Facilities），包括具备“内在智能”的传感器、移动终端、工业系统、楼控系统、家庭智能设施、视频监控系统等、和“外在使能”(Enabled)的，如贴上RFID的各种资产（Assets）、携带无线终端的个人与车辆等等“智能化物件或动物”或“智能尘埃”（Mote），通过各种无线和/或有线的长距离和/或短距离通讯网络实现互联互通（M2M)、应用大集成（Grand Integration)、以及基于云计算的SaaS营运等模式，在内网（Intranet）、专网（Extranet）、和/或互联网（Internet）环境下，采用适当的信息安全保障机制，提供安全

可控乃至个性化的实时在线监测、定位追溯、报警联动、调度指挥、预案管理、远程控制、安全防范、远程维保、在线升级、统计报表、决策支持、领导桌面（集中展示的Cockpit Dashboard)等管理和服务功能，实现对“万物”的“高效、节能、安全、环保”的“管、控、营”一体化[1]。

4.欧盟的定义

2009年9月，在北京举办的物联网与企业环境中欧研讨会上，欧盟委员会信息和社会媒体司RFID部门负责人Lorent Ferderix博士给出了欧盟对物联网的定义：物联网是一个动态的全球网络基础设施，它具有基于标准和互操作通信协议的自组织能力，其中物理的和虚拟的“物”具有身份标识、物理属性、虚拟的特性和智能的接口，并与信息网络无缝整合。物联网将与媒体互联网、服务互联网和企业互联网一道，构成未来互联网。

5.变化

物联网(Internet of Things)这个词，国内外普遍公认的是MIT Auto-ID中心Ashton教授1999年在研究RFID时最早提出来的。在2005年国际电信联盟（ITU）发布的同名报告中，物联网的定义和范围已经发生了变化，覆盖范围有了较大的拓展，不再只是指基于RFID技术的物联网。

自2009年8月温家宝总理提出“感知中国”以来,物联网被正式列为国家五大新兴战略性产业之一，写入“政府工作报告”，物联网在中国受到了全社会极大的关注，其受关注程度是在美国、欧盟、以及其他各国不可比拟的。

物联网的概念与其说是一个外来概念，不如说它已经是一个“中国制造”的概念，他的覆盖范围与时俱进，已经超越了1999年Ashton教授和2005年ITU报告所指的范围，物联网已被贴上“中国式”标签。

6.背景

物联网的概念是在1999年提出的。当时基于互联网、RFID技术、EPC标准，在计算机互联网的基础上，利用射频识别技术、无线数据通信技术等，构造了一个实现全球物品信息实时共享的实物互联网“Internet of things”（简称物联网），这也是在2003年掀起第一轮华夏物联网热潮的基础。

传感网是基于感知技术建立起来的网络。中科院早在1999年就启动了传感网的研究，并已取得了一些科研成果，建立了一些适用的传感网。1999年，在美国召开的移动计算和网络国际会议提出了，“传感网是下一个世纪人类面临的又一个发展机遇”。2003年，美国《技术评论》提出传感网络技术将是未来改变人们生活的十大技术之首。

2005年11月17日，在突尼斯举行的信息社会世界峰会（WSIS）上，国际电信联盟发布了《ITU互联网报告2005：物联网》，引用了“物联网”的概念。报告指出，无所不在的“物联网”通信时代即将来临，世界上所有的物体从轮胎到牙刷、从房屋到纸巾都可以通过因特网主动进行交换。射频识别技术（RFID）、传感器技术、纳米技术、智能嵌入技术将到更加广泛的应用。

根据ITU的描述，在物联网时代，通过在各种各样的日常用品上嵌入一种短距离的移动收发器，人类在信息与通信世界里将获得一个新的沟通维度，从任何时间任何地点的人与人之间的沟通连接扩展到人与物和物与物之间的沟通连接。物联网概念的兴起，很大程度上得益于国际电信联盟(ITU)2005 年以物联网为标题的年度互联网报告。然而，ITU的报告对物联网缺乏一个清晰的定义。

虽然目前国内对物联网也还没有一个统一的标准定义，但从物联网本质上看，物联网是现代信息技术发展到一定阶段后出现的一种聚合性应用与技术提升，将各种感知技术、现代网络技术和人工智能与自动化技术聚合与集成应用，使人与物智慧对话，创造一个智慧的世界。因为物联网技术的发展几乎涉及到了信息技术的方方面面，是一种聚合性、系统性的创新应用与发展，也因此才被称为是信息产业的第三次革命性创新。物联网的本质概括起来主要体现在三个方面：一是互联网特征，即对需要联网的物一定要能够实现互联互通的互联网络；二是识别与通信特征，即纳入物联网的“物”一定要具备自动识别与物物通信（M2M）的功能；三是智能化特征，即网络系统应具有自动化、自我反馈与智能控制的特点2009年１月２８日，奥巴马就任美国总统后，与美国工商业领袖举行了一次“圆桌会议”，作为仅有的两名代表之一，ＩＢＭ首席执行官彭明盛首次提出“智慧地球”这一概念，建议新政府投资新一代的智慧型基础设施。

2009年2月24日消息，IBM大中华区首席执行官钱大群在2009IBM论坛上公布了名为“智慧的地球”的最新策略。

此概念一经提出，即得到美国各界的高度关注，甚至有分析认为ＩＢＭ公司的这一构想极有可能上升至美国的国家战略，并在世界范围内引起轰动。ＩＢＭ认为，产业下一阶段的任务是把新一代ＩＴ技术充分运用在各行各业之中，具体地说，就是把感应器嵌入和装备到电网、铁路、桥梁、隧道、公路、建筑、供水系统、大坝、油气管道等各种物体中，并且被普遍连接，形成物联网。

在策略发布会上，IBM还提出，如果在基础建设的执行中，植入“智慧”的理念，不仅仅能够在短期内有力的刺激经济、促进就业，而且能够在短时间内为中国打造一个成熟的智

慧基础设施平台。

IBM希望“智慧的地球”策略能掀起“互联网”浪潮之后的又一次科技产业革命。IBM前首席执行官郭士纳曾提出一个重要的观点，认为计算模式每隔15年发生一次变革。这一判断像摩尔定律一样准确，人们把它称为“十五年周期定律”。1965年前后发生的变革以大型机为标志，1980年前后以个人计算机的普及为标志，而1995年前后则发生了互联网革命。每一次这样的技术变革都引起企业间、产业间甚至国家间竞争格局的重大动荡和变化。而互联网革命一定程度上是由美国“信息高速公路”战略所催熟。20世纪90年代，美国克林顿政府计划用20年时间,耗资2000亿-4000亿美元,建设美国国家信息基础结构，创造了巨大的经济和社会效益。

而今天，“智慧的地球”战略被不少美国人认为与当年的“信息高速公路”有许多相似之处，同样被他们认为是振兴经济、确立竞争优势的关键战略。该战略能否掀起如当年互联网革命一样的科技和经济浪潮，不仅为美国关注，更为世界所关注。

“物联网前景非常广阔，它将极大地改变我们目前的生活方式。”南京航空航天大学国家电工电子示范中心主任赵国安说。业内专家表示，物联网把我们的生活拟人化了，万物成了人的同类。在这个物物相联的世界中，物品（商品）能够彼此进行“交流”，而无需人的干预。物联网利用射频自动识别（RFID）技术，通过计算机互联网实现物品（商品）的自动识别和信息的互联与共享。可以说，物联网描绘的是充满智能化的世界。在物联网的世界里，物物相连、天罗地网。

2008年11月在北京大学举行的第二届中国移动政务研讨会“知识社会与创新2.0”上，专家们提出移动技术、物联网技术的发展带动了经济社会形态、创新形态的变革，推动了面向知识社会的以用户体验为核心的下一代创新（创新 2.0）形态的形成，创新与发展更加关注用户、注重以人为本。有研究机构预计10年内物联网就可能大规模普及，这一技术将会发展成为一个上万亿元规模的高科技市场，其产业要比互联网大30倍。

据悉，物联网产业链可以细分为标识、感知、处理和信息传送四个环节，每个环节的关键技术分别为RFID、传感器、智能芯片和电信运营商的无线传输网络。EPOSS在《Internet of Things in 2020》报告中分析预测，未来物联网的发展将经历四个阶段，2010年之前RFID 被广泛应用于物流、零售和制药领域，2010 ~2015年物体互联，2015~2020年物体进入半智能化，2020年之后物体进入全智能化。

作为物联网发展的排头兵，RFID成为了市场最为关注的技术。数据显示，2008年全球RFID市场规模已从2007年的49.3亿美元上升到52.9亿美元，这个数字覆盖了RFID市场的

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本科生毕业设计（论文）外文科技文献译文 译文题目(外文题目)学院(系)Socket网络编程的设计与实现A Design and Implementation of Active Network Socket Programming 机械与能源工程学院 专学业 号 机械设计制造及其自动化 071895 学生姓名李杰林 日期2012年5月27日指导教师签名日期

摘要：编程节点和活跃网络的概念将可编程性引入到通信网络中，并且代码和数据可以在发送过程中进行修改。最近，多个研究小组已经设计和实现了自己的设计平台。每个设计都有其自己的优点和缺点，但是在不同平台之间都存在着互操作性问题。因此，我们引入一个类似网络socket编程的概念。我们建立一组针对应用程序进行编程的简单接口，这组被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的接口，将在所有执行环境下工作。因此，ANSP 提供一个类似于“一次性编写，无限制运行”的开放编程模型，它可以工作在所有的可执行环境下。它解决了活跃网络中的异构性，当应用程序需要访问异构网络内的所有地区，在临界点部署特殊服务或监视整个网络的性能时显得相当重要。我们的方案是在现有的环境中，所有应用程序可以很容易地安装上一个薄薄的透明层而不是引入一个新的平台。 关键词：活跃网络；应用程序编程接口；活跃网络socket编程

1 导言 1990年，为了在互联网上引入新的网络协议，克拉克和藤农豪斯[1]提出了一种新的设 计框架。自公布这一标志性文件，活跃网络设计框架[2，3，10]已经慢慢在20世纪90 年代末成形。活跃网络允许程序代码和数据可以同时在互联网上提供积极的网络范式，此外，他们可以在传送到目的地的过程中得到执行和修改。ABone作为一个全球性的骨干网络，开 始进行活跃网络实验。除执行平台的不成熟，商业上活跃网络在互联网上的部署也成为主要障碍。例如，一个供应商可能不乐意让网络路由器运行一些可能影响其预期路由性能的未知程序，。因此，作为替代提出了允许活跃网络在互联网上运作的概念，如欧洲研究课题组提出的应用层活跃网络（ALAN）项目[4]。 在ALAN项目中，活跃服务器系统位于网络的不同地址，并且这些应用程序都可以运行在活跃系统的网络应用层上。另一个潜在的方法是网络服务提供商提供更优质的活跃网络服务类。这个服务类应该提供最优质的服务质量（QOS），并允许路由器对计算机的访问。通过这种方法，网络服务提供商可以创建一个新的收入来源。 对活跃网络的研究已取得稳步进展。由于活跃网络在互联网上推出了可编程性，相应 地应建立供应用程序工作的可执行平台。这些操作系统平台执行环境（EES），其中一些已 被创建，例如，活跃信号协议（ASP）[12]和活跃网络传输系统（ANTS）[11]。因此，不 同的应用程序可以实现对活跃网络概念的测试。 在这些EES 环境下，已经开展了一系列验证活跃网络概念的实验，例如，移动网络[5]，网页代理[6]，多播路由器[7]。活跃网络引进了很多在网络上兼有灵活性和可扩展性的方案。几个研究小组已经提出了各种可通过路由器进行网络计算的可执行环境。他们的成果和现有基础设施的潜在好处正在被评估[8，9]。不幸的是，他们很少关心互操作性问题，活跃网络由多个执行环境组成，例如，在ABone 中存在三个EES，专为一个EES编写的应用程序不能在其他平台上运行。这就出现了一种资源划分为不同运行环境的问题。此外，总是有一些关键的网络应用需要跨环境运行，如信息收集和关键点部署监测网络的服务。 在本文中，被称为活跃网络Socket编程（ANSP）的框架模型，可以在所有EES下运行。它提供了以下主要目标： ??通过单一编程接口编写应用程序。 由于ANSP提供的编程接口，使得EES的设计与ANSP 独立。这使得未来执行环境的发展和提高更加透明。

毕业论文 外文翻译#(精选.)

毕业论文（设计）外文翻译 题目：中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 系部名称：经济管理系专业班级:会计082班 学生姓名：任民学号： 200880444228 指导教师：冯银波教师职称:讲师 年月日

译文： 中国上市公司偏好股权融资：非制度性因素 国际商业管理杂志 2009.10 摘要：本文把重点集中于中国上市公司的融资活动，运用西方融资理论，从非制度性因素方面，如融资成本、企业资产类型和质量、盈利能力、行业因素、股权结构因素、财务管理水平和社会文化，分析了中国上市公司倾向于股权融资的原因，并得出结论，股权融资偏好是上市公司根据中国融资环境的一种合理的选择。最后，针对公司的股权融资偏好提出了一些简明的建议。 关键词：股权融资，非制度性因素，融资成本 一、前言 中国上市公司偏好于股权融资，根据中国证券报的数据显示，1997年上市公司在资本市场的融资金额为95.87亿美元，其中股票融资的比例是72.5％，，在1998年和1999年比例分别为72.6％和72.3％，另一方面，债券融资的比例分别是17.8％，24.9％和25.1％。在这三年，股票融资的比例，在比中国发达的资本市场中却在下跌。以美国为例，当美国企业需要的资金在资本市场上，于股权融资相比他们宁愿选择债券融资。统计数据显示，从1970年到1985年，美日企业债券融资占了境外融资的91.7％，比股权融资高很多。阎达五等发现，大约中国3/4的上市公司偏好于股权融资。许多研究的学者认为，上市公司按以下顺序进行外部融资：第一个是股票基金，第二个是可转换债券，三是短期债务，最后一个是长期负债。许多研究人员通常分析我国上市公司偏好股权是由于我们国家的经济改革所带来的制度性因素。他们认为，上市公司的融资活动违背了西方古典融资理论只是因为那些制度性原因。例如，优序融资理论认为，当企业需要资金时，他们首先应该转向内部资金（折旧和留存收益），然后再进行债权融资，最后的选择是股票融资。在这篇文章中，笔者认为，这是因为具体的金融环境激活了企业的这种偏好，并结合了非制度性因素和西方金融理论，尝试解释股权融资偏好的原因。

电子信息工程专业毕业论文外文翻译中英文对照翻译

本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译 院（系部）电气工程与自动化 专业名称电子信息工程 年级班级 04级7班 学生姓名 指导老师

Infrared Remote Control System Abstract Red outside data correspondence the technique be currently within the scope of world drive extensive usage of a kind of wireless conjunction technique,drive numerous hardware and software platform support. Red outside the transceiver product have cost low, small scaled turn, the baud rate be quick, point to point SSL, be free from electromagnetism thousand Raos etc.characteristics, can realization information at dissimilarity of the product fast, convenience, safely exchange and transmission, at short distance wireless deliver aspect to own very obvious of advantage.Along with red outside the data deliver a technique more and more mature, the cost descend, red outside the transceiver necessarily will get at the short distance communication realm more extensive of application. The purpose that design this system is transmit cu stomer’s operation information with infrared rays for transmit media, then demodulate original signal with receive circuit. It use coding chip to modulate signal and use decoding chip to demodulate signal. The coding chip is PT2262 and decoding chip is PT2272. Both chips are made in Taiwan. Main work principle is that we provide to input the information for the PT2262 with coding keyboard. The input information was coded by PT2262 and loading to high frequent load wave whose frequent is 38 kHz, then modulate infrared transmit dioxide and radiate space outside when it attian enough power. The receive circuit receive the signal and demodulate original information. The original signal was decoded by PT2272, so as to drive some circuit to accomplish

毕业论文外文翻译模版

长江大学工程技术学院 毕业设计（论文）外文翻译 外 文 题 目 Matlab Based Interactive Simulation Program for 2D Multisegment Mechanical Systems 译 文 题 目 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的 交互式仿真程序 系 部 化学工程系 专 业 班 级 化工60801 学 生 姓 名 李泽辉 指 导 教 师 张 铭 辅 导 教 师 张 铭 完 成 日 期 2012.4.15 顶层配置在管路等，要求设备，所有设要求，对调整使案，编是指机确保机组中资料试

外文翻译 二维多段机械系统基于Matlab 的交互式仿真程序 Henryk Josiński, Adam ?witoński, Karol J?drasiak 著；李泽辉 译 摘要：本文介绍了多段机械系统设计原则，代表的是一个模型的一部分的设计系统，然后扩展 形成的几个部分和模型算法的分类与整合的过程，以及简化步骤的过程叫多段系统。本文还介绍了设计过程的二维多段机械系统的数字模型，和使用Matlab 的软件包来实现仿真。本文还讨论测试运行了一个实验，以及几种算法的计算，实现了每个单一步骤的整合。 1 简介 科学家创造了物理模型和数学模型来表示人类在运动中的各种形式。数学模型 使创建数字模型和进行计算机仿真成为可能。模型试验，可以使人们不必真正的实 验就可以虚拟的进行力和力矩的分解。 本文研究的目的是建立一个简单的多段运动模型，以增加模型的连续性和如何 避免不连续为原则。这是创建一个人类运动模型系统的冰山一角。其使用matlab 程 序包创建的数字模型，可以仿真人类运动。 文献中关于这一主题的内容很广泛。运动的模式和力矩的分解在这些文献中都 有涉猎。动态的平面人体运动模型，提出了解决了迭代矩阵的方法。还值得一提的 是这类项目的参考书目，布鲁贝克等人提出了一个模型——人腿模型，这个以人的 物理运动为基础的平面模型仿真了人腿——一个单一的扭簧和冲击碰撞模型。人腿 模型虽然简单，但是它展示人类的步态在水平地面上的运动特征。布鲁贝克等人还 介绍，在人腿模型的双足行走的基础上，从生物力学的角度而言，符合人体步行的 特征。这个模型具有一个躯干，双腿膝盖和脚踝。它能够合理的表现出人多样的步 态风格。一个仿真人类运动的数学模型反应出了人的部分运动状态。 图1. 力的分解 2 力的分解