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英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

英语论文中西方饮食文化差异
英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

2012届本科毕业论文

中西方饮食文化差异

姓名:

系别:

专业:

学号:

指导教师:

2012年5月

The Differences of Dietary Cultures

Between China and the West

Shangqiu Normal University

May 2012

摘要

饮食是人们生存的根本,中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程,跨文化交际日益频繁,其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同,中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同,中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异,以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。

关键词:饮食;饮食文化;差异

Abstract

Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners.

Key words: diet;dietary culture; difference

Contents

摘要.................................................................................................................................... I Abstract ................................................................................................................................. II Contents ............................................................................................................................... I II 1Introduction (1)

2The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West (1)

2.1Differences in Dietary Concepts (1)

2.2Differences in the Use of Raw Materials (3)

2.3Differences in Dietary Structures (4)

2.4Differences in Cooking Patterns (5)

2.5Differences in the Order of Serving Dishes (6)

3Conclusion (7)

References (8)

11Introduction

With the entrance of the 21st century cross-cultural communication has been a more and more popular activity even among common people. However, because of the differences of areas, environments and customs, different nations have formed their specific cultures. Among the four aspects of clothing, eating, housing and behaving, Chinese people have got closer and closer to the Westerners in other three aspects except in eating. It is only in the aspect of eating that Chinese people have the biggest

difference from the Westerners. Dietary culture is an important component of the national cultures. It also plays an essential role in non-verbal cultures in cross-cultural communication. China has a long and rich history on its dietary culture. In China almost everything is closely related to eating. While, Western dietary culture is not as developed as that of China and Western countries are not that particular about cooking as China. Knowing the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West is good for English learners to have more complete understanding of both eastern and western cultures and it also increases the chance of success in cross-cultural communication, and helps people avoid unnecessary misunderstandings.

12The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West

The different national cultures in China and the West contribute to the differences of dietary cultures between them. These differences come from the different thinking methods, environments, customs and so on between China and the West.

1.1

2.1Differences in Dietary Concepts

As a Chinese saying goes, Min yi shi wei tian (The masses regard sufficient food as their heaven). It shows the importance of eating in the mind of Chinese people. Chinese people take a good meal as a pursuit of art of beauty. This even can be seen from TV programs. In the cartoon Zhonghua Xiaodangjia (A Little Chinese Chef), which was very popular in China about ten years ago, Xiaodangjia treats good meals as his long life pursuit. From this cartoon people can feel the profound dietary culture in China and get to know various kinds of food in China. Now people can watch programs such as Everyday Cate about cooking on TV everyday. Chinese people are particularly interested in eating. The pursuit of enjoyment in food has almost reached to a height that can not be higher.

People try their best to perfect a dish not only from color but also from incense, taste and shape. It means that in the eyes of Chinese people, a dish should look beautiful, smell good and taste delicious. Beauty appearance is a pursuit of beauty from a visual aspect and it contributes to a mental enjoyment. Chinese have high demand of the

appearance of a dinner. They not only stress the beauty of the food but also the beauty of the environment and the tableware. Various kinds of beauty are reconciled in a well-prepared dinner. The chefs match the colors of food carefully, such as the collocation of the main colors and the sub-colors, and the collocation of warm colors and cold colors. This makes the dinner look colorful and stimulates people’s appetite. At the same time many raw materials are engraved into the shapes of flower, bird, mountain and human which are extremely beautiful. In addition, the dietary environment is sometimes full of a kind of elegant and attractive city ambiance sometimes brim with a quiet and beautiful rural atmosphere .For example, the Mexican Restaurant in Beijing Exhibition Center is a building with a Russian style. The TengGeLiLa Cafeteria looks like a big Mongolian yurt. (Xu 2005, 68) Besides, the tableware in these restaurants also looks perfect. The size of the table ware matches with the amount of food, the pattern matches with the shape of the food, and the color of the tableware matches with that of the food. (Li 2011, 25) The appearance of a dinner is very important but Chinese people regard taste as the most important. Therefore, it is no wonder that Chinese people are very interested in the taste of a dish. They try to reconcile the flavor of every ingredient to get an attractive taste. (Zhao 2003, 105)

While the Westerners pay much less attention to eating compared with Chinese people. Lin Yutang, a famous Chinese writer, accepted a strict education on Chinese and Western cultures. He had an incisive discourse on the way how westerners treat food. According to him Englishmen do not treat diet as an important thing; on the contrary they regard it as a tiny business. There used to be no cuisine in their vocabulary but cooking. They had no proper word to name the chefs but only call them cooks. They originally had no word to name a gourmet; therefore, they used greedy gut to take its place. Westerners pay little attention to the form and taste of a dish but focus much more on nutrition. They pay much attention to the amount of protein, fat, heat, and vitamin. They analyze whether the dish has an appropriate collocation of nutrition, whether the amount of calories is moderate, and whether the nutrition can be fully absorbed. (Lin 1998, 68) Westerners emphasize on the original flavor and nutrition of food. Therefore, they adopt fresh raw materials and try to keep their original nutrition and taste as much as possible when they cook them. Even though the dishes are bitter to eat they will eat them provided they contain lots of nutrition.

1.2

2.2Differences in the Use of Raw Materials

Chinese people have a wide interest in eating so they use more kinds of raw materials in cooking compared with Westerners. There is a saying that things in the air except plane, things in the water except submarines and things with four legs except benches are all Chinese people’s food. This saying is not totally in accordance with the reality but it is not far away from the truth. (Lu 2002, 96)There was a case of killing pandas in the 1980s in Sichuan province. When the policemen reached the home of the suspect, panda meat was being stewed in his pot and this pot of meat was perhaps the most expensive meat in the world. Chinese people not only eat those that fly in the air, swim in the water and those that run on the ground but also eat every part of them, from top to toe and from the outside to the inside. Even traditional Chinese medicinal materials can be severed on the dinner table with the name medicinal food, such as Stewed Black-boned Chicken with Chinese Herbs. (Yang 2004, 36)

In the aspect of eating, Westerners lack the spirit of exploration. They treat every food they do not know cautiously. It was said that when tomatoes were first transferred from Arab to the West no one dared to eat them. Later a brave person risked his life to eat one and was still alive after a day and night. Then the westerners accepted tomatoes gradually. (Li 2009, 25) Westerners have a narrow range of food. What they favor the best is beef, chicken and fish. They even do not eat fish which lives in the river. Westerners seldom eat pork and they never eat abdominal organs which can be made into delicious food in China. The European Community made a clear stipulation more than ten years ago that no abdominal organs should be made into food for sale. However, French Fat Goose Liver is an exception because it is too delicious for the gourmets to refuse it. (Li 2003, 134)Westerners also do not eat animal skin because it is high in cholesterol. China exports frozen chicken but imports chickens feet at the same time. Chicken feet contain only bones except skin. The westerners do not eat them so they sell them to Chinese in a low price. Chinese people give a beautiful name to chicken foot that is Fengzhua (phoenix foot). Song Meiling lived up to 103 years old and she loved chicken feet the best during her life-time. (Yang 2004, 36) 1.3 2.3Differences in Dietary Structures

Chinese dietary culture is rooted in the agricultural economy. China has been a great agricultural country since the ancient. Chinese’s main food is mainly made of rice and

wheat. Besides, millet, maize, kaoliang, potatoes and sweet potatoes also occupy a proportion in their main food. Lots of food which made of flour such as steam buns, noodles, clay oven rolls, and fried bread stick; all kinds of porridge, pies and snacks contribute much to people’s colorful life.(Xue 2001, 253) Chinese people do not eat meat everyday. Only when holiday comes or when people have a high level living condition do they eat some meat. According to Western investigators, the vegetables Chinese people eat are more than 600 kinds six times than those of the Westerners. (Guo 2010, 93)

Westerners are developed from nomadic nations, therefore they have a developed animal husbandry. In their diet meat and dairy product are a requisite part and occupy a big proportion on table. They pay lots of attention to the ingestion of animal protein and fat. Dishes made of meat are always seen on their table. (Pang 2011, 268)Thus the Westerners are much stronger than Chinese people. Westerners seldom suffer from bone diseases. While Chinese people not only have short figures but also are easy to get bone diseases since they drink little milk. In China many of the old people turn to humpbacks and many suffer from osteoporosis. Accordingly, orthopedics departments are scattered everywhere in China.

1.4

2.4Differences in Cooking Patterns

The difference in cooking patterns between China and the West is first shown in the use of knife. Chinese Cutting is the most famous in the world. There are more than ten kinds of Cutting in China such as dicing, slicing, mashing, mincing, grinding, filleting, shredding, and flattening and roll cutting. (Jin 2003, 178) Chinese chefs also make beautiful engraves with the raw materials. The Westerners usually choose large pieces of raw materials in their cooking. Chicken and beef steaks that are as large as palms are very common to be seen in the Western countries. (Han 2011, 73)

Second, the cooking methods between China and the west are very different. China has very rich kind of cooking methods, such as braising, quick boiling, scaling, stewing, gradual simmering, slow red cooking, steaming, decoction and so on, up to more than thirty kinds. (Ji 2011, 128) Besides, the dishes cooked with these methods are numerous. That is why Chinese feel it is very interesting to cook, while the Westerners emphasize too much on scientific diet and the collocation of nutrition. They cook according to scientific disciplines all the time, which is mechanized and

monotonous, therefore without any joy. (Han 2011, 74)

The third difference lies in the master of the cooking duration and the amount of ingredients. Chinese dishes are very particular about cooking duration. .A meal can neither be cooked too long to be over-cooked nor be cooked too short to still be raw. The master of the cooking duration lies on the experience of the chefs and has none definite standards. (Li 2009, 25) However, the Westerners have a strict control in their cooking. The preparation of the raw materials is accurate to one gram and the cooking duration is accurate to one second. Many westerners prepare all kinds of cooking tools in their kitchens, such as measuring cups, platform scales, thermometers, elapsed time clocks, not to say forks to separate the egg white and the egg yolk, and cramps to clamp different kinds of food. Some other tools whose names are difficult to call are also common in their kitchens. Stepping into their kitchens is just like entering into chemical laboratories. Chinese people like to be optional, therefore people can often read directions like this “with a little salt, some oil and moderate sugar” in Chinese cookbooks. (Lu 2002, 97)

The fourth difference lies in the taste. Chinese dishes require the reconciliation of tastes. The character of each material is eliminated but the dish is splendid in the whole. With one kind of material the Chinese chefs can cook tens or even hundreds of dishes with different flavors. You may find the taste of fish in tofu, and can feel the flavor of meat in vegetables. The Westerners emphasize on distinction. The original taste of each material can be felt in each dish. In addition, Westerners often eat raw vegetables, not only tomatoes, cucumbers and lettuce but also cabbage, onions and broccoli. Not like Chinese, Westerners use fewer kinds of seasonings in their cooking. They seldom use fennels or wild pepper and they eat no monosodium glutamate, because they think it contains little nutrition and may produce side effects. (Zhang 2009, 75)

1.5

2.5Differences in the Order of Serving Dishes

Chinese and Western diet are also different in the order of serving dishes. Take a banquet for example. In a Chinese banquet cold dishes are the first served, next the hot dishes and the main course come with the following of soup, then follows the main food or desserts. Fruits often come the last. In a western banquet the serving order is different. The first course of Western dinner is appetizer. It is divided into

cold dish and hot dish. Appetizers have specific flavors, mainly salty or sour. They are few in amount but high in qualities. Different from Chinese dinners, the second course of Western dinner is soup. Western soup can be divided into four kinds, clear soup, cream soup, vegetable soup and cool soup which can be divided into more kinds. The third course of a Western dinner is non-stable dish. It contains all kinds of fresh water fish and salt water fish, a variety of shellfish and mollusks. Usually, aquatic products, eggs, bread is called non-stable dish. The fourth course of Western dinner is the main course, which contains meat and bird species. They are served with different kind of sauces. The fifth course of Western dinner is dishes made of vegetables. Westerners often eat raw vegetables, so vegetables are often made into salad. But some vegetables are cooked such as cauliflowers, chips and boiled spinach. The six course of Western dinner is dessert, such as pudding, pancakes, ice cream, cheese and fruits. The last course contains beverage, coffee or tea. (Lin 2009, 90)

23Conclusion

China and Western countries are very different in dietary cultures but both of them have their strengths. With the progress of globalization, Chinese cultures and Western cultures are reconciling gradually. Now lots of Western foods such as, hamburger and sandwich have entered into Chinese markets. Fast food restaurants like KFC and McDonald are common in every city of China. Chinese food has also entered Western countries. These two cultures are improving in the process of conflicting. Now most Chinese pay more attention to the nutrition of food and cooking methods are becoming more and more scientific. At the same time, Western countries begin to pay attention to the color, incense taste and shape of food, which get closer to Chinese food. Chinese and Western dietary cultures will develop in the continuous communication, and people all around the world will be able to enjoy more delicious and more nutritious food.

References

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Guo, Qianqian. 2010. Zhongxifang yinshi wenhua duibi yanjiu [A study on the contrast of the Chinese and Western dietary cultures]. Shangpin yu Zhiliang (10):

94

Han, Jingjuan. 2011. Zhongxifang yinshi wenhua chayi [The differences between the Chinese and the Western dietary cultures]. Yuwen Xuekan (4): 73-74

Jin, Huikang. 2003. Yinghan wenhua Lǚyou[A travel on the Chinese and English cultures].Guangzhou: Guangdong Lǚyou Chubanshe

Ji, Xiaofeng. 2011. Qianxi zhongxifang yinshi wenhua chayi [An analysis of the differences between the Chinese and the Western dietary cultures]. Nongye yu Jishu (2): 127-129

Jiang, Yan. 2007. Zhongxifang yinshi wenhua chayi yuanyi fenxi jiqi yanjiu yiyi [The cause of the dietary differences between China and the West and the significance of the study]. Hubei Jiaoyu Xueyuan Xuebao (4): 60-61

Li, Changlei. 2000. Yingmei wenhua bolan[A scan of the American and English cultures]. Beijing: Shijie Tushu Chubanshe

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Lin, Yutang. 1998. Shenghuo de yishu[The art of life]. Beijing: Waiyu Jiaoxue yu Yanjiu Chubanshe

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ambassador's eyes]. Shanghai: Shanghai Xinhua Chubanshe

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Zhang, Yahong. 2009. Zhongxifang yishi wenhua chayi yiji canzhuo liyi de duibi [The comparision of the differences of the Chinese and Western dietary cultures and the table manners]. Bianjiang Jingji yu Wenhua(4):74-75

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中西方饮食文化差异比较

中西方饮食文化差异比较 古人云:民以食为天。在人类社会的发展中,各国的饮食也逐渐形成了自己独特的文化。不同的地区有着不同的饮食习惯,不同的饮食习惯造就了不同的饮食文化。 (一)中国的饮食文化 中国有着五千多年的历史,形成了灿烂丰富、博大精深的饮食文化。中国人注重“天人合一”。中国饮食以食表意,以物传情。中国的饮食文化令人拍案叫绝,赏心悦目。 中国的传统饮食有四大特点: 1.重食:古人就有“民以食为天”之说。见面常问“吃了没有”,可见饮食文化的地位。朋友离合,送往迎来,人们都习惯在饭桌上表达惜别和欢迎的心情。感情上的风波,人们也往往借酒菜平息。这是饮食活动对社会心理的调节功能。 2.重养:以“五谷”养“六脏”,饮食中重视人体养生保健。中国的饮食注意各种食物的搭配,以相生相克、相辅相成等阴阳调和之理性认识指导烹饪。 3.重味:中国的饮食最注重食物的味,讲究“色、香、味、型”。孙中山先生讲“辩味不精,则烹调之述不妙”,将审美视作烹调的第一要义。 4.重理:对于饮食活动中的情感文化,有个引导和提升品位的问题。中国的饮食提倡健康优美、奋发向上的文化情调,追求一种高尚的情操。 (二)西方国家的饮食文化

西式餐饮的主要特点是:一是生,如牛排带血丝;二是冷,如凡是饮料都加冰块;三是甜,无甜不餐,无餐不甜。此外西式餐饮不讲究精细,追求快捷方便,也不奢华,比较大众化。 此外西餐还有以下显著特点: 1.重视各类营养成分的搭配组合,根据人体对各种营养(糖类、脂肪、蛋白质、维生素)和热量的需求来安排菜或加工烹调。 2.选料精细,用料广泛。西餐烹饪在选料时十分精细、考究,而且选料十分广泛。如美国菜常用水果制作菜肴或饭点,咸里带甜;意大利菜则会将各类面食制作成菜肴:各种面片、面条、面花都能制成美味的席上佳肴。 3.讲究调味,调味品种多。西餐烹调的调味品大多不同于中餐,如酸奶油、桂叶、柠檬等都是常用的调味品。 4.注重色泽。在色泽的搭配上则讲究对比、明快,因而色泽鲜艳,能刺激食欲。 5.工艺严谨,烹调方法多样。西餐十分注重工艺流程,讲究科学化、程序化,工序严谨。西餐的烹调方法很多,常用的有煎、烩、烤、焖、焗、炸、熏、铁扒等十几种,其中铁扒、烤、焗最具特色。 6.器皿讲究。烹调的炊具与餐具均有不同于中餐的特点。特别是餐具,除瓷制品外,水晶、玻璃及各类金属制餐具占很大比重。 二、中西方饮食方式的差异 (一)就坐形式的差异中西方的饮食方式有很大不同,这种差异对民族性格也有影响。

中西方饮食文化差异论文

课程论文 英美文化课程论文 系别:教育二系 专业年级:初教六班 姓名:李倩 学号:13310604 指导教师:李智强 职称:讲师 2015年6月13日

目录 中文摘要...........................................................................英文摘要...........................................................................前言 (1) 1中西方饮食文化差异………………………………………………1~5 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 (1) 1.2中西方饮食观念的差异 (3) 1.3中西方中美饮食文化食材差异 (5) 1.4中西方饮食文化的用餐方式及餐具差异 (5) 2中西方饮食文化的相互影响及思考 (5) 参考文献: (7)

[摘要]:本篇论文探讨了中西方饮食文化的差异,饮食文化在世界文化中起着非常重要的作用。中西方文化的差异带来了中西饮食文化的差异,不同的国家有自己不同的饮食文化特点。在不同的文化背景下,无论是在观念、对象、方式、餐具、还是礼仪等各方面,这些不同都是显而易见的。但是,随着国际的交流与融合,中西饮食文化业将会在交流中共同发展,这对全世界范围内的文化交流将起到促进作用。 [关键词]: 跨文化交际; 饮食文化; 文化差异 前言 随着人们经济水平的不断提高,人们对饮食质量的要求也越来越高,而随着中国与世界接轨,麦当劳,肯德基等快餐及西餐越来越多的渗透到了中国的餐饮文化中。而中国的饮食也在西方许多国家享有盛誉。现今,中国人走向世界各地并带去我们的饮食文化,而外国人也逐渐走进中国传播他们的饮食文化,因此便出现了多种不同饮食文化并存的局面。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 1.1中美饮食文化的历史差异 中西文化历来是世界文化的两大派系,而饮食在两个文化中都占有非常重要的地位。我们将会通过大量调查得来的数据及细致的研究为您分析中西方饮食文化的异同,优劣,希望对您今后的饮食结构的改善有所帮助。 历史上,中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史。千百年来形成了博大精深的文化.随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂。口味多种多样。 西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长.到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,

英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

2012届本科毕业论文 中西方饮食文化差异 姓名: 系别: 专业: 学号: 指导教师: 2012年5月

The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West Shangqiu Normal University May 2012

摘要 饮食是人们生存的根本,中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程,跨文化交际日益频繁,其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同,中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同,中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异,以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。 关键词:饮食;饮食文化;差异

Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet;dietary culture; difference

中西方餐饮文化的差异

中西方餐饮文化的差异 「内容摘要」在中国五千年的悠悠历史中,中国的饮食文化受政治、经济、生产技术等多种因素的影响,形成了不同于其他国家的独特的饮食文化。而与此同时,在西方,也形成了不同于中国特色的餐饮文化,其中最著名的菜点要属意大利菜、法国菜、美国菜等。本文讲述的就是中西方餐饮文化之间形成的鲜明对比。 「关键词」餐饮中西方礼仪文化 中西方餐饮文化的差异主要受地域、经济、政治等因素的影响,主要表现在餐饮特点、用餐礼仪、烹饪方法、餐具选择等方面。 中国是世界上最古老的国家之一,有五千年的悠久而厚重的历史,创造了无数的灿烂文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,使中国的饮食更加博大精深。随着时间的流逝以及辽阔国土的地域差异,四大菜系逐渐形成,四大菜系自成体系,各有特点,但共同点是用料复杂考究,制作方法复杂,口味、菜式多种多样,令人惊叹。 西方以欧美为代表,其文化同样源远流长。到中世纪,欧洲文化已十分完善,在此期间,旧西方的饮食文化已经形成。其主要特点为:主食以面粉为主,原料也较为丰富,制作方法较中国简单,但同时也十分注重口味。 首先,就餐饮特点而言。由于地域差异,中国形成了鲁菜、苏菜、川菜、粤菜这四大菜系。其中鲁菜咸、鲜、脆嫩,风味独特、制作精细。鲁菜风味浓在于用料广泛、选料讲究、刀工精细、调和得其风味咸鲜适口、清香、脆、嫩,汤精味醇,自成一格,适应性强;苏菜在选料方面,注重选料广泛,营养调配,分档

用料,因料施艺,体现出较强的科学性;在工艺方面注重烹饪火工。刀法多变,擅长炖、焖、煨、焐;追求本味、清鲜平和、咸甜醇正适中。菜品风格雅丽、形质兼美、酥灿脱骨而不失其型。滑嫩爽脆而显其味;川菜以成都菜和重庆菜为代表。重视蒸释,讲究规格,分色配菜主次分明,鲜艳协调是其特点。酸、甜、麻、辣香、油重、浓、注重调味,以辣、酸、麻脍炙人口,形成川菜的独特风味,享有“一菜一味,百菜百味”的荣誉;粤菜的品种繁多,其烹调擅长煎、炸、烩、烩、炖、煸等。菜肴色彩浓重,谓而不腻。菜的用料较广、花色繁多、形态新颖、讲究鲜嫩、爽滑。一般夏季秋力求清淡,冬季偏浓醇,粤菜餐谱绚丽多姿。烹调技法精良,并以其用料之博而著称。 而西方最著名的菜品主要是以意大利菜、法国菜、美国菜、德国菜最为著名。意大利菜为西餐之母。意大利菜肴最为注重原料的本质、本色,成品力求保持原汁原味。在烹煮过程中非常喜欢用蒜、葱、西红柿酱、干酪,讲究制作沙司。烹调方法以炒、煎、烤、红烩、红焖等居多;法国菜的烹调方法很多,几乎包括了西菜所有的近20种烹调方法。一般常用的烤、煎、烩、焗、铁扒、焖、蒸等。法国菜的口味偏于清淡,色泽偏竽原色、素色,追求高雅的格调;德国菜在口味上较重,材料上则较偏好猪肉、牛肉、肝脏类、香料、鱼类、家禽及蔬菜等;调味品方面使用大量芥茉、白酒、牛油等,而在烹调上较常使用煮、炖或烩的方式;在烹调方面上,美国菜所采用的方法主要有煮、蒸、烤、铁扒等。美式的食物作法都很简单,而且口味也不错。 由此可以看出:对比注重“味道”的中国饮食,西方秉持的是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为

中美在饮食文化方面的差异 英语论文

淮阴工学院课程论文(2010-2011学年第二学期) 论文题目: 跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异——以中美饮食文化为例 课程名称:跨文化交际英语任课老师:余洪虹 姓名: 植云 班级: 艺术1093 学号: 1092202325

跨文化交际中的饮食文化差异 ——以中美饮食文化为例 摘要:饮食是一种文化,而不同的文化背景孕育着不同的饮食文化,中国饮食以食表意,其博大精深不可言喻,而美国的饮食则是吃什么就是什么。在中西方文化互相交融的今天,美国文化有值得我们学习和借鉴的地方,同时中华饮食文化的优点也要继承,本文着重从中美饮食文化进行比较,从而用客观的视角去审视中西方饮食文化。 关键词:饮食文化,中国饮食,美国饮食,文化差异 1中国饮食文化的特点 中国的历史悠久,文明源远流长,具有上下五千年的文化,因此饮食文化也比较丰富,它也是祖国丰富文化宝库中的一朵奇葩。中国从原始社会开始都是以大杂居为主,远古时期以部落为单位,后来一直演变,直到现代社会都是以家庭为单位,团团圆圆一直是中国人的愿望,中国人的集体意识形成了中国饮食文化的一大特点就是—一家人都是吃一桌菜,并且大多数家庭是以圆桌为主,一家人围在一起,表示家人和和睦睦、团团圆圆。中国人的饮食很讲究色、香、味原则,三者缺一不可,为使食物色美,通常是在青、绿、红、黄、白、黑、酱等色中取三至五色调配,也就是选用适当的荤素菜料,包括一种主料和二、三种不同颜色的配料,使用适当的烹法与调味,就能使得菜色美观。食物香喷,可以激发食欲,其方法即为加入适当的香料,如葱、姜、蒜、辣、酒、八角、桂皮、胡椒、麻油、香菇等,使烹煮的食物气味芬芳。烹调各种食物时,必须注重鲜味与原味的保留,尽量去除腥膻味;譬如烹调海鲜时,中国人则爱用葱姜。因此适量的使用如酱油、糖、醋、香料等各种调味品,可以使得嗜浓味者不觉其淡,嗜淡味者不嫌其浓,个人根据自己的口味选择。 因为中国自古以来地大物博、人口稠密,所以中国人的饮食从先秦开始,就是以谷物为主,肉少粮多,辅以菜蔬,这就是典型的饭菜结构。其中饭是主食,而菜则是为了下饭,即助饭下咽。因为主食并不可口,必须有一种物质来辅助它使人们能够吃下去。当然菜的功能和盐的功能有共同点,但是不等同于盐。因为主食的单一性,所以,只有在菜上面花功夫,因此,中国的菜大都比较注重口味,

英语论文中西方饮食文化差异

创作编号: GB8878185555334563BT9125XW 创作者:凤呜大王* 2012届本科毕业论文 中西方饮食文化差异 姓名: 系别: 专业: 学号: 指导教师:

2012年5月 The Differences of Dietary Cultures Between China and the West Shangqiu Normal University May 2012 摘要 饮食是人们生存的根本,中西方都不例外。饮食文化是民族文化的重

要组成部分。随着21世纪全球化进程,跨文化交际日益频繁,其中饮食文化成了东西方文化交流的最基本内容。但是由于长期以来形成的生活环境、风俗习惯、价值观念的不同,中西方形成了各自不同的饮食文化。由于饮食文化的不同,中西方人在交流的过程中有时会产生一些误解。本文主要从中西方饮食观念、烹饪取材、饮食结构、烹饪方式以及上菜顺序等方面来论述中西方饮食文化差异,以促进中西方文化交际的顺利进行。 关键词:饮食;饮食文化;差异

Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet;dietary culture; difference

中西饮食文化差异对比(小结)

中西饮食文化差异对比 文化是人们长期生活中凝聚起来的生活方式的总称。饮食与文化密切相关,不同的民族因其生活地域、气候环境和风俗习惯而缔造出各种不同的饮食文化。传统的西方文化是畜牧文化和海洋文化,而中国是农耕文化和陆地文化,两种不同的文化反映出人们生活方式的不同,中国与西方国家对于饮食的观念和态度、饮食的内容及特点等方面都存在着显著的差异。 中西饮食观念存在差异,中国的饮食观念是五味调和,是一种感性的饮食观念,而西方的是一种理性的饮食观念。中国传统文化讲究五行调和,因而中国人饮食更偏重于一种难以言喻的意境,并设法从感官上把那种只可意会不可言传的意境用“色香味形器名”具体化。因而人们对美味展开了孜孜不倦的追求,让食物的本味,加热后的熟味,以及各种调料交融在一起,相互补充。“民以食为天,食以味为先”,也可以看出吃不仅是生存的需要,同时人们对美味最求也几乎达到极致。西方人对饮食的态度主要坚持其实用性特征,重视食物对人体的健康,力求口味清淡和食物均衡,而不追求食物的色香味形。他们认为吃只是生存的必要手段,为人体的正常运作补充能量,只要吃了后能够保持身体健康,其他的并不特别讲究。因此西方人基本上是从营养健康角度来理解饮食的,享受在饮食中并不占重要位置,故而不会过分的追求食物的口味。 中西饮食方式存在差异,中国的饮食方式体现出团结共享,而西方则是个性自主。在中国,筵席用圆桌,大家围坐,共享一席;席间,大家相互敬酒、相互让菜。这样不仅从形式上营造了一种礼貌、团结、和睦的气氛,更体现出大家的相互尊重、相互礼让的美德。而西式宴会的核心在于交谊,但一般只和邻座的客人交谈,达到交谊的目的。西方人习惯于分而食之,有专人先行分配食物。在宴会上虽也围坐,但是食物都是事先分配的单独碗碟,而且座位不必固定,可以随意走动以便个人感情信息交流。这种用餐方式充分体现出西方人对人性、自我的尊重,强调了个人的独立自主。 中西用餐礼仪存在差异,中国宴会主要体现出尊卑有序,而西方更多的是自由平等,更加尊重女性。在旧中国,长期以来以南为上,以北为下,并且女性地位不高,所以形成了“南尊北卑,男尊女卑”的传统观念,所以在大多数宴会上为高权重或年长者首先入座首席,并且在宴会上很难看到女性的身影。但随着科学文化进步,中国女性地位显著提高,这一状况已经得到很大改善。而在西方,一般以右为上,左为下,所以尊贵的客人一般安排在主人的右侧。并且由于基督教的深远影响,西方形成了尊重女性的社会风尚,在宴会中女士优先作为宴会安排的标准。

关于中西饮食文化的差异---英文论文摘取

专业论文 工种:西餐烹饪技师 题目:论中西方饮食文化差异 ------ 观念与饮食方式 姓名: 身份证号: 等级:技师 准考证号: 培训单位:北京旅游学院培训部 鉴定单位:鉴定所 2009年06月07日

内容提要: 在悠久的历史文化中,中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异,从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中华饮食以食表意、以物传情,其博大精深不可言喻。西方饮食精巧专维、自成体系。中西饮食文化的差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。在中国,烹调是一种艺术;在西方,烹调则是一种劳动。 关键词: 文化,中餐,西餐,饮食方式,思维方式,口味,烹调

目录 一、两种不同的饮食观念 1.西方人饮食观念 2.中国人饮食观念 3. 饮食观念及味道和营养 二、中西饮食对象的差异 1.中西菜肴用料的不同 2.中餐主张素食 3.西餐注重营养 三、饮食方式的不同 1.用餐方式及餐具 2.用餐礼仪 四、中西饮食未来前景

在科学发达的今天,中西餐饮仍就存在着不可忽视的缺点和弊端。那么如何避免和剔除两者的缺点,如何改善两者的饮食结构,如何将两者进行有机结合,如何让中西方饮食为人类健康做出更大贡献,是我们长期需要努力的方向。这里将简要从下面四个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。 一、两种不同的饮食观念 1.西方人饮食观念 中国人吃口味,西方人吃营养。对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理,事物之理常为形上学理,形上学理互相连贯,便结成形上哲学。这一哲学给西方文化带来生机,使之在自然科学上、心理学上、方法论上实现了突飞猛进的发展。但在另一些方面,这种哲学主张大大地起了阻碍作用,如饮食文化。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。 2.中国人饮食观念 中国人是很重视“吃”的,民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。 中国人在品尝菜肴时,往往会说这盘菜“好吃”,那道菜“不好吃”;然而若要进一步问一下什么叫“好吃”,为什么“好吃”,“好吃”在哪里,恐怕就不容易说清楚了。这说明,中国人对饮食追求的是一种难以言传的“意境”,即人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”,来把这种“境界”具体化,恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。 中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力,关键就在于它的味。而美味的产生,在于调和,要使食物的本味,加热以后的熟味,加上配料和辅料的味以及调料的调和之味,交织融合协调在一起,使之互相补充,互助渗透,水乳交融,你中有我,我中有你。遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。 3. 饮食观念及味道和营养:

中西方饮食文化产生差异的原因

1.中西方饮食文化的渊源。 Why the difference is so great in the food culture between western and China. Actually, no matter wes tern countries or china, the food culture is deeply i nfluenced by its culture respectively. (1)中国传统文化。 中国文化还具有另外的两大特征:一是追求适用,杜绝一切不实用的东西。历史上,所有的实用的技术十分发达,如农业科技和医学十分发达,而有关的非实用的一些东西则无法发展;二是中国文化表现出特有的仁爱特征。孔子思想的核心是“仁者爱人”,对中国传统文化影响深远。 (2)西方文化。 在征服自然、培养科学意识的过程中,西方人特别重视发展理性思维,理性成了西方文化的典型特征。理性就是在探索自然的过程中,进行冷静的思考、分析和严密的逻辑推理,行事力求符合自然界的客观规律。同时在认识自然的过程中,人也不断地认识自己。西方文化的另一个主要特征:就是以个人为社会本位,以自我为中心,注重人格的尊严。众人之间利益界限划分明显,各人有各人的生活空间,互不干涉。 2.哲学差异影响饮食差异。 饮食观念是人们在食物的制作和食用过程中所形成的观念,深受自然科学、人文科学尤其是哲学的影响。不同的哲学思想及由此形成的文化精神和思维方式将产生不同的饮食观念。中国的饮食观念是五味调和,西方的饮食观念是个性突出。这主要是由于中国和西方国家不同的哲学思想及因此形成的文化精神和思维方式而产生的。

中西方饮食文化差异(中英对照)

Differences between Chinese and Western diet culture Can you imagine the difference between the Western diet culture and the Chinese diet culture?First of all, I will introduce the general characteristics of Western diet culture. Western diet history Italy cuisine is the originator of the Western diet culture, French cuisine is the Western diet culture king, American food is the Western diet culture upstart. Western food making skills In the production of the Western diet, they love the pursuit of perfection, but also attach importance to cooperation with a delicacy. Western diet varieties The famous dishes are Italy, French, American, German, Russian, etc. famous drinks include wine, coffee and black tea. Do you know,why there are so many differences between Chinese and Western diet culture ?just like the menu,western diet is very tidy and serious,but the Chinese is multifarious. Now, you have known the difference of the menu,but do you know why diet has a strong regional character? Actually, western diet due to geographical characteristics, environment, customs, appears in cooking methods of

论中西饮食文化之差异 英语4000字

编号(No.)SFLC2013 200905210230 宁夏师范学院外国语学院 学士学位论文 An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 论文方向英美文化 指导教师马生仓 答辩时间2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life. Different countries have different food cultures. This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit. Certainly, these differences are obvious. As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners. Key Words food culture;differences;communications;China;western countries

中西方饮食文化的差异

中西方饮食文化的差异 【摘要】本文章是对中西方在饮食文化方面进行比较,分析了双方饮食文化差异的原因,及个人对中西方饮食文化未来的看法 【关键词】中西饮食;文化差异 “民以食为天”,饮食是人类最基本的生存活动之一,是人类社会生活的主要内容,也是文化的先驱。无论是从食物原料、烹饪方式还是从饮食习惯、饮食方式及饮食观念来看,都是反映了一个国家一个民族的文化底蕴、民族风情及哲学理念。由于受到地理环境、历史因素等的影响,中西饮食文化各树一帜,各领风骚,各有各的特点。中国饮食有着两千多年的悠久历史,创造了无数灿烂的文明,在这种文化蕴藏中,是中国的饮食更加博大精深,其技术之高超,菜式之多样,造型之精致,不得不令人惊叹;而西方的一些国家曾经沦为另一些国家的殖民地,汇集了来自世界各国的移民,因此这些国家深受其他国家饮食文化的影响,并结合了自己的饮食习惯,从而使西方的饮食文化成为一种自成体系的综合性饮食文化[1]。中国人注重“天人合一”,而西方人注重“以人为本”[2]。中西饮食如同其他文化一样,在传播,交流中不断碰撞、融合,是中西的文明不断创新,更为人类的文明添砖加瓦。 1.饮食原料和饮食结构 从“食”的角度来看[3],中国人的注视一股类及其制品,如面食为主,副食则以蔬菜为主,辅以肉类。据西方的植物学者的调查,中国人吃的蔬菜有600多种,比西方多6倍。事实上,在中国传统菜肴里,素菜是平常食品,荤菜只有在节假日或生活水品较高时,才进入平常的饮食结构,所以自古便有“菜食”之说,菜食在平常的饮食结构中占据着主导地位。而现如今,虽然人民的生活水平提高了,肉食品在日常生活中也变得更加平常,但以蔬菜为主导的意识仍植根于人们的观念中;西方人的主食以肉类、奶类为主,他们秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统,以渔猎、养殖为主,以采集、种植为辅,荤食较多,吃、穿、用都取之于动物,连奶类食品也大都是取之于动物。 从“饮”的角度上看也是如此。中国人习惯于饮茶,茶的性味平和,需要通过细品方能领略个中真味,悠远绵长,与植物性格相合[4];而西方人则喜欢酒、咖啡等具有刺激性的饮料,尤其是酒,有着水一样的外形,火一样的性格,具有较强的刺激性,会使人神经兴奋而麻痹,西方有许多以浓烈为特点的著名的酒;咖啡一般以苦、醇、香而著称,饮后会使人兴奋,后力很足;茶类也多是红茶、奶茶等,口味比较重,总的来说西方人是比较热情奔放的[5]。 2.烹饪方式 中国人的饮食历来以食谱广、烹饪技术的精致而闻名于世。中国的烹饪强调随意性[6],各大菜系各有所长,都有自己的特点,即便是同一菜系的同一个菜,所用的配菜及各种调料的搭配,都会因厨师的个人风格而有所不同。即便是同一个厨师做同一道菜,也会就季节、场合、用餐人身份的不同而加以调整。同时,同一道菜还可能因厨师的即时情绪变化而做出不同于其原烹饪特色的菜肴。据史书记载[7],南北朝时,梁武帝萧衍的厨师,一个瓜能变出十种式样,一个菜能做出几十种味道,烹调技术的高超,令人叹为观止。烹饪在中国向来被视为一门艺术,具有极大的趣味性,还带有一定的游戏性,吸引着众多以饮食为人生之乐的国内外人士,几乎可以说是中国饮食的专利,它同中国传统文化的紧密结合,体现了严密性与即兴性的统一,使之达到了“只可意会,不可言传”的境界[8],令西方乃至世界其他民族可望不可及。(2008年第18期(总253期)农家之友工作研究) 然而,西方的烹饪却与中国截然不同,其菜肴制作讲究规范性,要求调料的添加量要精准到克,烹饪时间精准到秒。比如西餐中的牛排,除了可以根据自己口味添加调料外,刚做出来的牛排的味道从纽约到旧金山如出一撤,其配菜也只是番茄、土豆、生菜有限的几种;再拿美国来说[9],其食品广告铺天盖地,但也依旧是万变不离其中,炸薯条、炸鸡、炸鱼

中外饮食文化差异

中外饮食文化差异 点击:1726 时间:2009-04-14 09:03:14 来源: 作者: 【大中小】 中国的菜式更注重味道,西方的菜式更注重营养,如中国菜多用炖的方式,虽然味道好,但是丧失了大部分的营养;西方多生吃各类蔬果,营养好但味道不佳。 研究的结果分析西方菜式和中国的菜式各有优缺点。 中西方饮食的差异 (1)饺子篇 中国人每逢春节的时候,桌上一盘热腾腾的饺子是少不了的,而外国人与中国人一样在春节时也吃饺子,但是他们的做法与吃法都具特色,独具匠心。饺子在中国以猪肉或韭菜为馅,皮是由面粉与鸡蛋混合制成的。饺子的外形像月芽,它可以蒸、煮、煎、炸等,而蒸饺中国人喜欢用姜醋醮着吃。意大利饺子馅与中国的大异,干酪、洋葱、蛋黄是主料,有时也加一些菠菜、牛肉;另外还有一种是以鸡肉、干酪做主料,主要调料有黄油、洋葱、柠檬皮、豆蔻。他们包铰子是把面压成一长条、一勺勺放好馅,在面的边缘沾上水,再用同样的一条面片合在一起压好,然后用刀一一切开。煮饺子的方法则与中国一样。 (2)茶道篇 茶道,中国的国粹之一,在中国源远流长。由于中西文化的交流,茶道被推广到西方各国,其中在英国最为风靡。茶道在英国英国人在生活上最大的享受,莫如在起床前倚枕喝上一杯热茶。英国人还别出心裁地把茶会作为聚会的重要形式之一。茶会不但比宴会节约,也实惠文雅的多。英国人请人赴茶会时会发出一张别致含蓄的贴子。英国茶会上有规矩:面包点心自取,但茶壶始终由女主人掌握。除了茶壶之外,还备有一罐开水,女主人给每个客人倒茶时,都会先问一下“是浓是淡”,如答后者,她就在倒茶时,兑上点开水,放糖之前,也先问一声“您要几块?”以显对客人的尊重,但切记英国茶会上没有埋头吃点心或捧杯牛奶饮。谈话是活动的中心。在茶会上,客人们既要表现机智风趣,又忌讳说教卖弄,主人们要使场上始终保持热烈融洽的气氛,因此,茶会也可算是最能使人觉得风流倜傥,又是训练外交官的极好场地。中国茶道中国人饮茶强调“清雅”,他们极少像英国人那样在茶内添加糖块,中国人特讲究茶与茶杯的搭配,喝茶时,有时用拳头大小的茶杯,有时则是瓶盖大小的,层出不穷。中国人极少办茶会,即使有,也是主人亲自给客人斟茶。但从不像英国人那样先满足客人的条件需求,他们大多只让客人品尝自己亲手泡的茶,以显示其茶道功底。 (3)咖啡篇 热情洋溢意大利咖啡的特色,表现在它的英文名字上,就是一个快字,作得快不超过十秒钟,喝得也快,因为只有两三口。一般意大利人起床第一件事马上煮一杯咖啡,意大利人平均一天要喝上二十杯咖啡。温和理智中国式中国人喝咖啡不像意大利人那么热情如火,也不像法国人那么浪漫似水,中国人喝咖啡,喝得理智和温和,正像一板一眼的民族性格一样。中国人在家煮咖啡,大多使用简便的热咖啡,此外,咖啡在中国的普及率远不如西方国家。总结 一、两种不同的饮食观念 餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响,会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异,餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异,而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”,西方人注重“以人为本”。 对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去--因为有营养。这一饮食观念同西方整个哲学体系是相适应的。形

关于中西方美食文化差异的英语

关于中西方美食文化差异的英语 关于中西方美食文化差异的英语 Eating Custom and Practice American eating is funny. They eat almost everything with a fork, and it appears that holding a knife in one's right hand longer than a few seconds is considered to be against good table manners. 饮食的风俗和习惯 美国人的饮食习惯很有趣。他们吃所有东西都用叉子。好像用右手拿刀几秒钟就被认为与好的桌上进餐礼仪相违背。 The system is that if it is absolutely necessary to use a knife, people take the fork in their left hand, and cut off a piece of meat or whatever it is in the normal manner. Then they put the knife down, transfer the fork to their right hand, and only then do they transport the food to their mouth. This is clearly ludicrous(滑稽可笑), but it is considered good manners. 这种用法就是如果绝对需要用刀的话,人们就用左手拿叉,按平常的方法切下移小块肉和者其它的东西。然后他们把刀放下,把叉转到右手,只有这时他们才把食物送入口中。这显然很滑稽,但却是被认为是好的礼仪。

从饮食文化看中西方文化差异与融合

从饮食文化来看英语国家社会与文化 系别: 专业班级: 姓名: 学号:

摘要:2010年上海世博会既是一次国际文化盛会,也是一次美食盛宴,为中西方饮食文化的交流提供了难得的机遇和平台。中西方饮食文化的差异主要表现在饮食观念、内容、烹调方法以及方式等方面。随着全球化和经济一体化的发展,中西方的饮食文化也在不断地融合,相互之间形成了优势互补的趋势。本文主要以通过上海世博会这一美食盛会为契机,比较中西方饮食文化的差异,进而来研究中西方文化的差异及发展趋势。 关键词:上海世博会;饮食文化;差异;文化融合 上海世博会在持续六个月的精彩运营后,完美的落下帷幕,其出色的餐饮服务无疑是精彩的一笔。世博会也是一次名副其实的美食博览会,游客既可以品尝到中国各地的美味佳肴,也可以一尝来自世界各国的风味餐饮,这给中西方饮食文化交流提供了一个千载难逢的机遇,提供了一个宽广的平台。世界博览会是各种新思想、新创造、新理念充分展示的盛会,也是多元文化跨国界交流的平台,人们在大饱口福的同时,思维方式也在悄然发生变化。中国饮食学习了西方的科学营养知识,吸收西方传统思维方式的合理成分,西方饮食业也吸取了中国传统文化中的优秀遗产和精华,充实了新的内容。总之,中西方餐饮不论是从饮食意义烹饪过程饮食习惯还是饮食方式等各方面,都将赋予新的丰富而独特的饮食 文化内涵。 一、上海世博会饮食情况 上海世博会不仅是一次世界经济、文化和科技博览会,而且还是一场名副其实的美食博览会。在这里,既可以品尝到中国各地的美味佳肴,也可以一尝来自世界各国的风味餐饮。许多国内外游客来到世博的目的是了解不同国家的风土人情。像日本馆、意大利馆、卢森堡馆等许多国家馆内备有餐厅,包括横跨几大洲的各类美食,从日本顶级大厨带来的日本料理到法国馆提供的正宗法式浪漫大餐。为了能更好地展现美食的世界风味,除了快餐的洋品牌引进外,餐饮中心里还专门设立了世界风味美食区,由法国、土耳其、日本、东南亚等诸国的美食构成。世博快餐包括了十多家全国乃至全球闻名的快餐品牌,从汉堡炸鸡到馄饨面条,各种口味供人选择。世博会也为中国餐饮走向世界提供了一个绝好机会,改变了外国人对中餐的传统印象,让世界更真实、更全面、更深入地了解了中国饮食文化。在世博会的供餐上,中西餐结合,凸显丰富多元的饮食文化中国八大菜系、意大利甜品、美国汉堡、法式大餐、日本和牛、土耳其烤肉、德国啤酒、泰国咖喱、新加坡小吃、挪威三文鱼、韩国泡菜、比利时巧克力等等,各国美食尽展风貌,各显特色。上海世博会展示了全球饮食文化的丰富性与多样性。

很浅谈中西方饮食文化差异

6300509003 潘洁口腔医学院09级 很浅谈中西方饮食文化差异 俗话说得好,民以食为天,食物是我们永恒的话题。在这次课程的学习过程中,看了那个西餐礼仪的视频后让我颇有小感,原来仅仅是吃饭就有那么多的不同与讲究,当然中西餐的差异远远不是那么简单,自然是和文化背景等方面有着一脉相承的关系,就让我来说说自己的看法吧。 首先是饮食观念的不同。对比注重“味”的中国饮食,西方是一种理性饮食观念。不论食物的色、香、味、形如何,而营养一定要得到保证,讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律,也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。在宴席上,可以讲究餐具,讲究用料,讲究服务,讲究菜之原料的形、色方面的搭配;但不管怎么豪华高档,从洛杉矶到纽约,牛排都只有一种味道,无艺术可言。作为菜肴,鸡就是鸡,牛排就是牛排,纵然有搭配,那也是在盘中进行的,一盘“法式羊排”,一边放土豆泥,旁倚羊排,另一边配煮青豆,加几片番茄便成。色彩上对比鲜明,但在滋味上各种原料互不相干、调和,各是各的味,简单明了。但同时在中国的烹调术中,对美味追求几乎达到极致,以至中国人到海外谋生,都以开餐馆为业,成了我们在全世界安身立命的根本!遗憾的是,当我们把追求美味作为第一要求时,我们却忽略了食物最根本的营养价值,我们的很多传统食品都要经过热油炸和长时间的文火饨煮,使菜肴的营养成分受到破坏,许多营养成分都损失在加工过程中了。因而一说到营养问题,

实际上就触及到了中国饮食文化的最大弱点。民间有句俗话:“民以食为天,食以味为先”。就是这种对美味的追求,也会使我们忽略了吃饭的真正意义。 再次是饮食对象的不同。西方人认为菜肴是充饥的,所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的,所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性:许多西方人视为弃物的东西,在中国都是极好的原料,外国厨师无法处理的东西,一到中国厨师手里,就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。西方人在介绍自己国家的饮食特点时,觉得比中国更重视营养的合理搭配,有较为发达的食品工业,如罐头、快餐等,虽口味千篇一律,但节省时间,且营养良好,故他们国家的人身体普遍比中国人健壮:高个、长腿、宽大的肩、发达的肌肉;而中国人则显得身材瘦小、肩窄腿短、色黄质弱。有人根据中西方饮食对象的明显差异这一特点,把中国人称为植物性格,西方人称为动物性格。 最后饮食方式的不同。西式饮宴上,食品和酒尽管非常重要,但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊,通过与邻座客人之间的交谈,达到交谊的目的。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。此法是:将所有食物一一陈列出来,大家各取所需,不必固定在位子上吃,走动自由,这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流,不必将所有的话摆在桌面上,也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。在中国,任何一个宴席,不管是什么目的,都只会有一种形式,就是大家团团围坐,共享一席。筵席要用圆桌,这就从形式上造成了一种

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