专业英语翻译 第二课

LESSON 2

Properties of Materials材料的特性

The properties of a material are those characteristics that help modify and distinguish one material from another.

材料的特性是变更和区分一种材料和另一种材料的特征。

All properties are observable and most can be measured quantitatively.

所有的特性都是可见的，而且大多数是可以定量测量的。

Properties are classified into two main groups, physical and chemical properties

材料特性可分为物理特性和化学特性两大类。

Physical properties involve no change in the composition of the material .

物理特性指的是材料成分不发生改变的特性。

Chemical properties are associated with the transformation of one material into another

化学特性指的是能够结合一种材料变成另外一种材料的特性。

.Physical properties are, in turn, arbitrarily subdivided into many categories.

物理特性，可以被任意地分为许多种类。

These subdivisions bear names such as mechanical, metallurgical , fabrication ,general ,magnetic ,electrical thermal ,optical , thermonuclear ,and electro-optical.

这些细类名称包括机械特性，冶金特性，装配特性，通用特性，磁性特性，电子特性

Regardless of the name of subdivision ,physical properties result from the response of the materials to some environmental variable ,such as a mechanical force, a temperature change, or an electro-magnetic field. In the following, the mechanical property of materials will be discussed.

这些特性是由于材料在环境变化下形成的反应而产生，比如机械力，温度的改变，电磁场。接下来，我们

将要讨论材料的机械特性

Mechanical Property of Materials

In selecting a material for a product such as a piston in an internal combustion engine, a designer is interested in properties such as strength, ductility, hardness, or fatigue strength.

在为一个产品选择材料上，譬如内燃机上的一个活塞，一个设计者感兴趣的特性是材料的长度，延展性，硬度或者疲劳强度等。

Mechanical properties are defined as a measure of a material’s ability to carry or resist mechanical forces or stresses.

机械特性是用来衡量材料抵抗机械载荷或者压力性能的指标。

When any matter is at rest, the atomic or molecular structure is in equilibrium. The bonding forces in this structure resist any attempt to disrupt this equilibrium. 当任何材料在静止状态时，原子或分子结构保持着平衡，它们之间的结合力阻止任何破坏这种平衡的意图。

One such attempt may be an external force or load. Stress results from forces such as tension, compression, or shear that pull, push, twist, cut, or in some way deform or change the shape of a piece of material. 这个意图也许是一个外力或外载荷。压力产生于拉伸，压缩，或者拖，推，扭，削之类的剪切，或者某种变形以及材料

的部分形状改变。

Stress and strain

Stress is defined as the resistance offered by a material to external forces or loads.

压力是用来定义抵抗材料面对外力和外载荷时的性能指标。

It is measured in terms of the force exerted per area.

它是根据外在受力的每一份面积来衡量的。

Normal stress is that applied perpendicular to the surface to which it is applied, i.e., tension or compression.

正应力是垂直作用在材料表面上的，也就是指的拉伸和压缩。

Another way of defining it is to say that stress is the amount of force divided by the area over which it acts.

另外一种定义是说压力是根据力的作用面积来计算它的数值的。

An assumption is made that the stress is the same on each particle of area making up the total area.

有一种猜想声称，压力是作用在每个粒子大小的面积上的力综合起来构成的整个作用面上的综合力。

If this is so, the stress in uniformly distributed. 如果确实如此的话，压力就是均衡分布的。

The force and the area over which the force acts can be used to calculate the stress produced in the material.

力和力作用的面积可以用来计算出材料内部产生的压力。

With the use of polarized light and models made of photoelastic plastic, it is possible to detect the concentration of stress.

随着分极光和光弹性塑料模型的应用，很有可能测算出压力的密度。

Strain, or unit deformation, is defined as the unit change in the size or shape of material as a result of force on the material.

应变或者单位变形是材料上的压力造成材料大小和形状的单位改变量。

Many times, we assume that a solid body is rigid; that is, when the body is loaded with some force, the body keeps its same size and shape.

很多时候，我们猜想固体是硬的。也就是说，当受到外在力时，材料机体保持它的大小和形状。

This is far from correct.

其实事实并非如此。

Regardless of how small the force ,a body will alter its shape when subjected to a force.

无论力有多小，一旦受到压力，机体都会改变它的形状。

The change in a physical dimension is called deformation.

物理尺寸上的改变就叫做变形。

When a piece of material is subjected to a load, it will not only deform in the direction of the load(axial deformation),but it will also deform in a lateral direction.

当材料的一部分受到载荷时，它不只是在轴向有变形，而且还存在横向变形。

The ratio of the lateral unit deformation or strain to the unit longitudinal deformation or strain is known as Poisson’s ratio.横向变形或应变与纵向变形或应变的比值称为泊松比。

tress-strain Diagrams应力-应变图

The stress-strain diagram is used to determine how a certain material will react under load.

应力-应变图是用来表示某一种材料在受力下的反应。

Figure 2.1 is a stress-strain diagram for low-carbon steel.

图2.1是低碳钢的应力-应变图。

Strain values(mm/mm) and stress values(MPa) are plotted respectively along the horizontal axis and the vertical axis.

应力值和应变值分别分布在水平轴和垂直轴上。

The straight-line portion of the diagram up to almost the yield point is known as the elastic region of the diagram. 从图表中的直线开始上升一直到屈服极限点是弹性变形区域。

Within this range of stresses, the material will return to its original dimensions once the load, hence, the nominal stress, has been removed.

在这个应力范围内，当载荷，公称应力消除之后，材料会恢复原始尺寸.

Beyond the yield point, the material will continue to deform, but with less stress than before, because the material has begun to yield.

超过屈服点之后，材料会继续变形，但是因为材料开始屈服，应力会减小。

In this region, known as the plastic region, plastic deformation takes place and when the load is removed, the material will not return to its original dimensions.

在这个区域，称为塑性变形区域，当载荷消除之后会产生塑性变形，材料无法恢复原来尺寸。

The yield point represents the dividing line or transition from the elastic to the plastic region of the curve. 屈服点是弹性变形区域到塑性变形区域之间曲线的过渡点。

When the stress reaches the yield point, a large increase in strain occurs with no increase in stress. 当应力达到屈服点，应变会急剧增大而应力保持不变。

The modulus, modulus of elasticity in tension, or coefficient of elasticity is the ratio of the stress to the strain in the elastic region of the stress-strain diagram. 模量，拉伸载荷下的弹性模量，也就是应力-应变图中弹性变形区域的应力与应变之比，也称为弹性系数。

The tensile modulus approximately equal to the compressive modulus of elasticity within the proportional limit. This modulus is an indication of the stiffness of the material when subjected to a tensile load.

拉伸载荷模量约等于比例极限内的弹性模量。

The stiffness of a material is defined as the ratio of the load to the deformation produced

它反映的是材料在受到拉伸载荷时的硬度。材料的硬度是其所受载荷和产生的相应变形之间的比值。

Not all materials produce stress-strain diagrams on which there is a clear indication of the start of yielding as the load is increased.

不是所有的材料都会产生应力-应变图，即当载荷增加时显现出开始屈服的迹象。

Cast iron is an example. This situation should not be interpreted to mean that cast iron does not exhibit elastic properties under moderate loads.

铸铁就是个例子。这种情况并不代表铸铁在适度的载荷下不会出现弹性性征。

The modulus of elasticity for these materials is sometimes taken as the slope of a tangent to the stress-strain curve at the origin.有时这些材料的弹性模量表现为应力-应变曲线的原点处的斜切线。

Ultimate Strength of Tensile抗拉强度的极限强度

Strength Ultimate strength or tensile strength is the maximum stress developed in a material during a tensile test. 抗拉强度的极限强度是指材料拉伸测试中达到的最大应力。

It is a good indicator of the presence of defects in the crystal structure of a metal material, but it is not used too much in design because considerable plastic deformation has occurred in reaching this stress.

它揭示了金属的晶体结构中存在的缺陷，但因其在达到最大应力的过程中会产生极大的塑性变形，在设计构造中并不常用。

In many applications the amount of plastic deformation must be limited too much smaller values than that accompanying the maximum stress.

在大多数使用情况中，塑性变形量的数值必须降到远小于伴随其产生的最大应力。

Yield Strength屈服强度

Many materials do not have a yield point. 许多材料没有屈服点。

This poses a problem in deciding when plastic deformation begins for such materials.

这引出一个如何决定这种材料产生塑性变形时间的问题。

By agreement, a practical approximation of the elastic limit, called the offset yield strength, is used.

因此我们定义了一个实际存在的，弹性极限的近似值，称为残余变形屈服强度

It is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified plastic strain.

它是一种材料表现其特定塑性应变的塑性应力。

For most applications, a plastic strain of 0.002 in./in.can be tolerated, and the stress that produces this strain is the yield strength.

大多数应用中，塑性应力在0.002in./in以内的是可以承受的，这个应力产生的应变就是屈服强度。

This is sometimes expressed as 0.2% strain.

这就是有时被称为0.2%的应变。

The yield strength is determined by drawing a straight line, called the offset line, from the 0.2% strain value on the horizontal axis parallel to the straight-line portion of the stress-strain curve.

屈服强度是一条直线，称为偏移线，它是应力-应变曲线中的水平轴上与垂直线部分平行的0.2%应变值。

The stress at which this offset line intersects the stress-strain curve is designated as the yield strength of the material at 0.2% offset.

这条偏移线与应力-应变曲线交叉处的应力被定义为材料在0.2%偏移处的屈服强度。

Shear Stress 剪切应力

A second family of stresses is known as shear stress or shearing stress. 第二种应力称为剪切应力。

A shearing force produces a shear stress in a material, which, in turn, results in a shearing deformation.

剪切力由于在材料中形成剪切变形而产生了一个剪切应力。

A stress-strain diagram can be plotted using shear stress and shear strain.

应力-应变图可以用来表现剪切应力与剪切变形。

Such a diagram will show a definite straight-line portion(elastic region)in which the shearing stress is directly proportional to the shearing strain,

这个图表中的直线部分（弹性区域）明确表示出剪切应力与其产生的相应的剪切应变。

Like the normal stress-strain ratio, the ratio of the two shear quantities, is known as the modulus rigidity or shear modulus of elasticity.

像常规的应力应变比值一样，此两者剪切量之间的比值，被称为弹性剪切模量或者硬度系数。

Ductility延展性

A material that can undergo large plastic deformation without fracture is called a ductile material.

一种可以经受较大的塑性变形而不发生破裂的材料叫做塑性材料

A brittle material, on the other hand, shows an absence of ductility. 另一方面，脆性材料是没有延展性的Consequently, a brittle material shows little evidence of forthcoming fracture by yielding, as a ductile material would do.

因此，当接近屈服时脆性材料并不会出现即将破裂的迹象，而塑性材料却是这样的。

A ductile material, by yielding slightly, can relieve excess stress that would ultimately cause fracture.

脆性材料通过轻微地屈服可以减少多余的压力，以免形成最终的破裂。

This yielding can be accomplished without any degradation of other strength properties。

在其他强度特性不减退的情况下，这个屈服过程是可以完成的。

Toughness. 韧性

The ability or capacity of a material to absorb energy during plastic deformation is known as toughness.

一种材料在塑性变形中吸取能量的能力或容量称为韧性。

The modulus of toughness, equal to the total area under the stress-strain curve up to the point of rupture, represents the amount of work per unit volume of a material required to produce fracture under static conditions. 韧性模量，等于从应力-应变曲线图下方上升到断裂点之间的总面积，表现出了静态条件下单位体积的材料能够产生破裂所需的做功。

Toughness can also be expressed in terms of the ease or difficulty in propagating a crack.

韧性还表现出破裂减弱和难于扩展的特性。

It can be measured by the amount of energy absorbed by a material in creating a unit area of crack.

它可以通过材料在其单位面积破裂时能量的吸收量。

A tough material would have no defects in its microstructure.

韧性材料在其微观结构上是没有任何缺陷的。

Impact is defined as a sudden application of a load confined to a localized area of a material.

冲击是指施加在材料限定区域上的突然载荷。

Exemplified by the striking of a material with a hammer, this relatively quick application of force, as opposed to a slow or static loading of a material can cause considerable damage to a material that cannot adequately redistribute the stresses caused by the impact.

比如突然在材料上用铁锤施加的击打，这种相关的突然作用的外力，与慢态或者静态施加在材料上的载荷相反，因为不能充分地重新分配冲击所带来的应力而能够引起对材料的巨大破坏。

Ductile materials usually survive impact due to their microstructure, which allows slip to take place.

塑性材料是能够承受冲击的，这是由于其微观结构中允许分子滑移。

Most metals have good toughness and thus have good impact resistance.

良好的韧性，因此对冲击具有良好的抵抗能力。

Due to their inherent nature as compounds of metals and nonmetals, ceramics do not possess the ability to redistribute stresses and plastically deform. Consequently, they have poor toughness, poor impact resistance, and poor fracture toughness.

大多数金属具有由于陶瓷具有金属和非金属混合而成的固有特性，它缺乏对应力和塑性变形重新分配的能力，因此，它们的很差的韧性，冲击抵抗力差和断裂韧度。

Malleability. 延展性

Malleability, workability, and formability are some terms related to ductility that describe the ability of materials to withstand plastic deformation without the occurrence of negative consequences as a result of undergoing various mechanical processing techniques.

延展性，可使用性，可成型性是一些与塑性有关的概念，它们用来描述材料在多样的机械加工工艺条件下未出现消极结果的情况下承受塑性变形的能力。

Terms such as weldability , brazability , and machinability , although more properly classified under processing properties, are mentioned here as additional examples of terms used to generally describe the reaction of materials to various manufacturing and/or fabricating processes in industry.尽管存在更加合适的工艺性能分类方式，可焊性，可钎焊性，可加工性作为另外几种概念，在这里可以用来泛指材料在各种不同的工业制造工艺条件下的性能反应。

Flexural or Bending Strength弯曲强度

Figure 2.2 is a sketch of a simple supported beam.

图2.2是一个简单的支撑梁的大致结构图。

The transverse load or force P bends the beam, thus resulting in normal stresses in compression near the top surface and normal stresses(tensile)at the bottom of the beam.

横向载荷（力）P使得梁产生弯曲，然后产生在靠近顶面部分压力作用的正应力，而在梁的底部产生拉力作用的正应力。

Assuming that the beam material is homogeneous and isotropic, the normal stresses will be at a maximum near the top and bottom surfaces of the beam.

假定梁的材料内部分布均匀和等方性的，正应力会在靠近顶部和底部表面达到一个最大值。

T hese normal stresses are known as flexural or bending stresses.

这些正应力就是弯曲应力。

The maximum bending stress developed at failure is known as the flexural strength.

材料弯曲失效时的最大弯曲应力叫做挠曲强度。

For those materials that do not crack, the maximum bending or flexural stress is called the flexural yield strength.由于这些材料并没有断裂，这个最大弯曲应力或者挠曲应力被称为弯曲屈服强度。

Fatigue Strength疲劳强度

The fatigue or endurance limit is the maximum stress below which a material can presumably endure an infinite number of stress cycles.

疲劳忍耐极限是指材料在趋向无穷多的应力循环下能够承受的最大应力。

Fatigue strength is the maximum stresses that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without fracture. 疲劳强度是指材料特定的应力循环下未断裂可以持续的最大应力。

In other words, fatigue strength can be any value on the ordinate of the stress-cycles diagram.

也就是说，疲劳强度可以是应力循环图中纵坐标上的任意值。

The fatigue limit, as determined empirically, is generally below the yield strength.

疲劳极限，经验决定了它大致在屈服强度以下。

Most design stresses are lower than the fatigue or yield strength of a material primarily because of the adverse effects of surface conditions on the strength of materials. .

大多数的材料设计应力都是略小于其疲劳或者屈服强度，主要是由于考虑到材料表面条件的反作用。

Another term used in describing failures is endurance ratio, which is the quotient of endurance limit to tensile strength

另外一种表示失效的条件是耐久比，它是耐久极限与抗拉强度的比值。

For many ferrous alloys, the endurance limit is about one-half the tensile strength of the metal对于许多铁合金来说，耐久极限大致等于金属弹性强度的一半。

Creep(Creep Strength) 抗蠕变强度

Creep is a slow process of plastic deformation that takes place when a material is subjected to a constant condition of loading(stress) below its normal yield strength

蠕变是一种缓慢的塑性变形过程，当材料受到常规屈服强度以下的恒定载荷或应力时，蠕变就会产生。

After a certain amount of time has elapsed under constant load, the creep strain(plastic deformation) will increase and some materials will rupture, or fracture, is known as creep rupture

当经受一段时间的恒定载荷之后，蠕变应变（塑性变形）将会加剧，一些材料将会出现破裂或断裂，这就是蠕变破裂。

Creep occurs at any temperatures.

蠕变在任何温度条件下都可以发生。

However, at low temperatures, slip is impeded by impurity atoms and grain boundaries.

然而，低温下，滑移会被杂质原子和晶体界限所阻碍。

At high temperatures, the diffusion of atoms and vacancies permits the dislocations to move around impurity atoms and beyond grain boundaries, which results in much higher creep rates. Different types of materials have different creep characteristics, dependent on the structure of materials高温时，原子的扩散导致空间产生混乱而在杂质原子四处移动以及游离于晶体界限之外，这就大大提高了蠕变产生的几率。不同种类的材料具有不同的蠕变特性，取决于它们的结构。

Torsional Strength抗扭强度

Torsion describes the process of twisting. 扭转是扭曲的过程。

The torsional stress is the shear stress produced in the material by the applied torque and is calculated using the torsion formula.

扭曲应力是在材料受到扭矩时产生的剪切应力，可以通过转矩公式来计算。

Torsional yield strength roughly corresponds to the yield strength in shear.

扭转屈服强度大致相当于剪切屈服应力。

The ultimate torsional strength or modulus of rupture expresses a measure of the ability of material to withstand a twisting load.

断裂时的扭转极限强度或模量描述的是材料受到扭曲载荷时的抗扭能力。

It is roughly equivalent to the ultimate shear strength.

它大致等于剪切极限强度。

The torsional modulus of elasticity is approximately equal to the shear modulus or the modulus of elasticity in shear.

弹性扭转模量接近于剪切模量或者弹性剪切模量。

Hardness硬度

Hardness is measure of a material’s resistance to penetration (local plastic deformation) or scratching

硬度是材料抵抗渗透（局部塑性变形）或刮伤的能力。

One of the oldest and most common hardness tests, based on measuring the degree of penetration of a material as an indication of hardness, is the Brinell.

最古老和最普遍的硬度测试，是基于测试材料的渗透度用来表达硬度值，这就是布氏硬度。

Brinell hardness numbers (HB) are a measure of the size of penetration made by a 10mm steel or tungsten carbide sphere with different loads, depending on the material under test

布氏硬度值（HB）是在一个10mm的钢铁或者硬质合金碳化物球体上施加不同的载荷时测试出来的渗透值。. The indentation size is measured using a microscope containing an ocular scale.

渗透产生的缺口尺寸是由肉眼通过显微镜观察测量出来

Vickers hardness numbers(HV) employ a diamond pyramid indenter.

维氏硬度值（HV）使用的是一个角锥状金刚石压痕计测量出来的。

Rockwell hardness testers, using a variety of indenters and loads with corresponding scales, are direct reading instruments (i.e., the hardness is read directly from a dial).洛氏硬度试验机，使用一系列的压头施加相应比例的载荷，然后直接在量具上读取数值（比如，直接从刻度盘上读取硬度值）。

综合学术英语翻译第二册

综合学术英语翻译 Unit 1 1. 无论是谁，闯红灯都是对公共安全的极端漠视。 ( complete disregard for ) Whoever run the red light shows a complete disregard for public safety. 2. 他解释说，成功不过是自己对艺术的执着追求和运气罢了。 ( nothing more than ) Success, as he explained, was nothing more than a consistent pursuit of art and good luck. 3. 这个新产品得益于生物学与医学的交叉研究。 (at the crossroads between ) The new product has benefited from research work at the crossroads between biological and medical studies. 4. 他的观点与那位伟大哲学家的思想惊人地相似，但他声称从未听说过其观点。(echo ) It was amazing that this idea well echoed the great philosopher 's belief, which he claimed not to have heard about before. 5. 队员们进行了为期一个月的紧张训练，充分做好准备，以应对可能发生的各种突发情 况。(prepare …well for ) The one-month intense training program prepared the team members well for the possible emergencies. 6. 那位环保人士所做的演讲生动有力，给现场观众留下了深刻的印象。( be impressed with) The audience was deeply impressed with the vigor and power of the speech delivered by the environmentalist. 7. 这次旅行将为你提供一个难得的体验不同生活方式的机会。( sample) This traveling experience will provide you with a rare opportunity to sample a different way of life. 8. 充分利用有限时间是适应快节奏现代生活的必备技能之一。( use time to its fullest potential ) Using the limited time to its fullest potential is one of the must-have/required skills in adapting to the fast-paced modern life.

专业英语翻译中的常见问题(详细翻译技巧)

英译汉几个常见问题如下： 1）英译汉时语言组织不符合中文的讲话习惯。在不改变原文绝大部分意思的情况下，不需要字对字或者严格遵守英语语序，在获得原句含意后务必采用中文的思维将译文写出。要求是在读着看过译文后，不能让读着感觉到文章是翻译而得的，即不能留有丝毫翻译的痕迹。 2）英译汉时译文上下文的用词不一致。尤其是学术文献或论文的翻译，除了学术用语和专业用语需要准确，更重要的是全文上下文中同一个词或者短句翻译出的用词或短语必须一致。例如一开始将control panel翻译为“控制面板”，那么全文都不得改变这个译法。 3）英译汉时用词过于口语化。除了剧本，台词，字幕等需要口语化用词的翻译稿件以外。其余大部分翻译，例如文献，论文，合同，申请书，标书等，用词尽量书面化。例如“weight”在统计学和分析学中不可翻译为“给予数值”，必须翻译为“赋权”，两者意思相近，但是采用后者。 4）英译汉时词汇含意理解产生偏差。这是死记单词造成的后果。翻译中，在无上下文的情况下，除非是专有学术名词（例“diabetes”基本上永远都是糖尿病的意思），其余的单词很难说究竟是什么意思，我们只能说某个词大概是对照中文某个词的感觉，但是决不可死认一个意思，死认单词意思造成翻译不通、翻译错误等。当然也不能糊译，不能为了使句子翻译通顺而胡编一个意思。 5）英译汉时英语长句中的意群划分有误。原版的英语资料中长句较多，往往40-50个词之间没有一个标点，修饰成分和意群划分的错误会导致理解错误和翻译错误。原则上，英语中的各类从句，特别是状语从句在句子中的位置相对灵活，没搞明白其修饰对象就会错译。 汉译英几个常见问题如下： 1）汉译英时字对字翻译。这是翻译中最致命的错误，很多人以为认识对应的英语单词或者知道对应的英语单词，这句话才会翻译。其实不是，原则上四千词汇量就能解释大部分英语单词的含义，只不过大部分人不知道如何用简单词汇造句去描述或解释高难度单词。 2）汉译英时中式语序。何谓中式语序，即以“主+谓+宾”为主的句型。这种句子写多了，一旦遇上长句或者语法功能上缺少成分的句子就懵了。所以必须多读，多了解原版英语的句子是如何写的。 3）汉译英时短句太多。这里并不是指写英语短句不好，在考试中建议写短句，这是为了避免语法错误，当然也不要太短了。在较为正式的或专业性强的文本中，汉译英在必要时需要翻译成长句。例如不久前的某论文中的一句：筛选出对靶基因干扰效率最高的 HER2-shRNA慢病毒表达载体并成功包装成病毒去感染SKOV-3细胞而后在体外进行实验的结果显示Her2/neu的siRNA慢病毒载体可以显著抑制靶基因的表达并使卵巢癌SKOV3细胞的生物学行为明显受抑。因此，熟练掌握各类从句的写法和作用很重要。 4）汉译英时英语词汇词义辨析不清而导致误用，用词不准。大部分人的翻译习惯是，凡是中文有英文的对应单词，就二话不说直接用，其实这个是不对的。很多同义词意思相近，用法和所用的语境场合完全不同。例如“base”“basis”“foundation”，意思几乎相同，但是用法完全不同。尤其是学术文章，误用就导致歧义。 5）汉译英时逻辑混乱结构不清。汉译英中的逻辑和语句结构相当重要。逻辑混乱，即译文毫无章法，思绪混沌，不知所云。结构不清，即英语的从句或其他成分在句中的位置胡乱摆放，进行翻译的人员自然是清楚的指导这些英语句子的含义，因为是看着中文翻译过来的，想不知道中文含义都难，但是没看过中文的读着就会因此而看得云里雾里，从而导致读者难以理解译文。

公共管理学专业英语词汇

公共管理学专业英语词汇 目标 mission/ objective 内部环境 internal environment 外部环境 external environment 集体目标 group objective 计划 planning 组织 organizing 人事 staffing 领导 leading 控制 controlling 步骤 process 原理 principle 方法 technique 经理 manager 总经理 general manager 行政人员 administrator 主管人员 supervisor 企业 enterprise 商业 business 产业 industry 公司 company 效果 effectiveness 效率efficiency 企业家 entrepreneur 权利 power 职权 authority 职责 responsibility 科学管理 scientific management 现代经营管理 modern operational management 行为科学 behavior science 生产率 productivity 激励 motivate 动机 motive 法律 law 法规 regulation 经济体系 economic system 管理职能 managerial function 产品 product 服务 service 利润 profit 满意 satisfaction 归属 affiliation 尊敬 esteem 自我实现 self-actualization 人力投入 human input 盈余 surplus 收入 income 成本 cost 资本货物 capital goods 机器 machinery 设备 equipment 建筑 building 存货 inventory 经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach 集体行为法 the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法 the cooperative social systems approach

英语专业综合教程2课后翻译答案

Unit1 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。 Thanks to advanced technology, the film about the ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2. 在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来。（devastate）That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived. 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。 The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake. 4．那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。（leave behind） In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives. 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才完成。 The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money. 6. 1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with） In 1980, when I met up with her, she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree. 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。 It was my first visit to New York, but I managed to find my way to the little firm. 8.在电影界要达到顶峰时非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。 It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry, but as a director Xie Jin did it. Unit2 1. 如今很多爱慕虚荣的年轻人，尽管还不富裕，但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。（vain, be obsessed with） Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2．当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后，他们的婚姻终于破裂了。（affair, fall apart） Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3.那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感，在农村住了三年，放弃了生活上的许多享受。(inspiration, deny oneself something) For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life. 4．我不知道明天去崇明岛的远足活动能不能成行，因为这要取决于会不会下雨。(excursion, at the mercy of) I’m not sure if we can have the excursion to Chongming Island tomorrow. It is

综合英语2课后翻译Translation

Translation Unit1 1、天开始下雨，她走向附近的一个避雨处。 It started raining, she made for the nearest shelter. 2、她挑了一顶帽子，正好配她的衣服。 She picks out a cap which match her clothes perfectly. 3、我等了一个小时，可还是没见他的人影。 I waited for an hour, but he did not show up. 4、他们觉得还是呆在原地好。 They figured it was better to stay where they were. 5、小岛上发生的地震，造成了23人死亡。 The earthquake which struck the island caused 23 deaths. 6、在离开村子20年后，他终于回家了。 He returned home at length after being away from the village for 20 years. 7、她的许多同事已经失去了工作，她总算保住了。 Many of her colleagues have lost their job, while she eventually hold on to it.

Unit 2 1、老师告诉我瓶里的液体可以去除金属和瓷器上的污渍。 The teacher told me that the bottle of liquid could remove stains from the mental and china. 2、坐在我旁边的学生忐忑不安的看着考场的四周。 The students sitting beside me looked around the examination room with apprehension. 3、他现在大学毕业了，自己养活自己。 He is now out of college, and lives on his own. 4、他们轮流睡觉，以免出差错。 They took turns staying awake, in case anything went wrong. 5、大女儿也许会接父亲的班，等她长大后接管家业。 The elder daughter might follow her father’s footsteps, and take over the family business when she’s old enough. 6、他不得不跳下车，推车上山。 He had to get off the bike, and push it up to the hill. 7、这副手套将保护你的手不受冻。 The pair of gloves will protect your hands from the cold.

经济管理类专业英语翻译 (管理原则)

期末论文 院系 专业班级 学号 学生姓名 成绩评定

管理原则 也许在那些关于管理者这门学科的书中有许多关于管理的定义。许多定义是相对扼要和简单化的。一位早期的学者将它定义为“清楚地知道你想让人们去做什么，然后看着他们以最好最廉价的方式去完成它”。管理实际上是一个非常复杂的过程——远远比那些定义让我们知道的要复杂得多。因此，我们要建立一种管理的定义，从而能更好地了解这过程的实质。 管理是在一定的环境条件下通过对人员技术和资金等资源的利用和协调去设立和完成某一个组织目标的过程。这个过程有若干个核心包括计划和决策，组织，人员，领导，管理和控制。所有从事于这些工作的负责人在更大或更小的程度上都依赖于他们所承担的特殊的责任。当谈论管理的定义时，我们不应该忽略管理的原则。 管理的最基本原则在文明诞生时就存在了。当人们第一次开始群居生活和首次提高他们的生活质量时它就存在了。2500年前，巴比伦国王尼布甲尼撒二世决定把他的沙漠王国变成绿洲去取悦他的妻子。在公元前6世纪，尼布甲尼撒二世耗尽了国家财政部的金钱，雇佣劳动者和技术人员利用有限的资源建造一个宫殿，建造了完善的管网系统，把当地河流的水输送到皇宫里。当工程完成后，他在平台上种植漂亮稀有的花草树木。巴比伦的空中花园改变了这座城市。 尼布甲尼撒二世制定了一个目标。他要把沙漠中的主要城市变成绿洲。他利用和协调人员，技术和金钱去完成这一目标。他从王室金库中获得的资金去雇佣民工和技师并从附近地区购买材料。他在这种只能提供原始水管装置，建筑技术以及只能从茫茫沙漠中取得有限的材料的环境下完成了目标。最终，每个人在这个工程商所付出的努力创造了世界七大奇观之一。 2500年前，人们完成某项巨大的任务所运用的管理过程与如今运用的基本原理相似，管理者在执行这个过程是将它分成了5个部分。 这篇文章的主旨在于表达有关管理过程的一些观点和如何将它运用到我们所面临的不同的情况中去。你们所要学习的管理原则是指指导管理者的宗旨，原则或者是组织规范。他们会提供一个行动框架，为了有效的使用他们，一个人必须培养和使用技能的决策。理智决策是识别某个问题或机会，找到可行的方法去处理它并选择最好的方法的过程。因此，决策是最重要的管理活动。管理者必须决定去实施管理的每个功能以及每种情况所需要采取的相应的原则。 在这一点上，我们对于管理必须有两点最基本的理解。首先，在特定的环境下运用各种资源设立完成目标。第二，为了确保组织的成功，组织者必须满足他的技术要求，行政要求和责任制度。尽管这听起来很简单，但这两个原则却经过了几个世纪的发展才形成的。之后将要提到的所有原则都是随着时间的推移从各种来源中汲取的。一些原则来源于各人的直觉，然而其他的则反映了组织中那些成功企业家，著名商业巨子或者是富有创新精神的工作者的经验。直到十九世纪，直觉和经验仍是管理原则的基本来源 尽管本能和直觉曾经是商业管理的基础，但现在创业者创立新的企业经常以他们的直觉进行管理。在十九世纪70年代至80年代的电脑产业中，对技术很精通，但对管理知之甚少的企业家成立了数以百计的硬件和软件公司，一些存活下来，更多的则不是。许多公司开始发展得好是得益于创

综合英语教程4第三版课后翻译答案

综合英语教程第三版4 邹为诚主编 第二单元p37 1.玛丽看到一个贼眉鼠眼的男人走进邻居家里。shifty Mary saw a shifty-eyed man walking into a neighbor’s house. 2.鲍勃总是嘲笑我对服饰的眼光。sneer at Bob always sneers at my taste in clothes. 3.打探别人的秘密是不礼貌的。pry It is impolite to pry into other’s secrets. 4.我想克里斯想要抢我的饭碗。be after sth I think Chris is after my job. 5.她看到克里斯给他使的眼色，说话的声音便越来越小了。trail off She trailed off, silenced by the look Chris gave her. 6.那些树枝干而易断。brittle The branches were dry and brittle. 7.收音机老是发出噼里啪啦的声响，我们几乎听不清里面说些什么。crackle The radio cracked so much that we could hardly hear what was said. 8.地面向海倾斜。slope The land slopes down to the sea. 9.他的口袋里鼓鼓囊囊的塞满了钞票。bulge His pockets were bulging with money. 10.我不得不和出租车司机就车费讨价还价。haggle I had to haggle with the taxi driver over the fare. 第三单元p58 1. 这样的好机会千载难逢。once in a blue moon An opportunity as good as this arises/occurs only once in a blue mo on. 2. 这个孩子因为私自拿了母亲包里的钱而觉得十分愧疚。guilty of The boy felt guilty for taking money from his mother’s handbag with out permission. 3. 她知道他的话一句真的也没有。give credence to She did not give credence to a single word of his story. 4. 一般来说，老师对学生的错误都比较宽容。be tolerant of Generally speaking, teachers are tolerant of their students’ mistakes. 5. 我想当然地以为你会跟我们一起来，于是就给你买了票。take… for granted I took it for granted that you’d want to come with us, so I boug ht you a ticket. 6. 由于经理的不断劝导，工作人员很快就改掉了迟到的坏习惯。break the habit Thanks to the manager’s repeated counseling, the staff soon broke th e bad habit o f comin g late to work. 7. 他现在对她发火，但不久会原谅她的。这只是几小时的事，仅此而已。a matter of, that’s all He’s furious with her now, but he’ll forgive her soon. It’s just/ only a matter of a few hours, that’s all. 第四单元p78

最新综合英语第二版第二册-U1-u7课后翻译

UNIT1 1. For some,it was a matter of geography---not just which tower they worked in or on which floor,but in which corner of the building. 对有些人来说，生死攸关的是此时此刻他们所在的位置——不仅是哪幢楼，哪一层，更重要的是大楼的哪个角落。 2. In the noise, smoke and sparks, Mayblum didn't realize that his friend Hong Zhu was behind him in the stairwell the whole time. 周围噪声震耳，烟雾弥漫，火星四溅，梅布勒姆没有意识到，他的朋友朱虹始终就在他身后的楼梯井里。 3. piece by piece, she developed a picture of his escape: Harry was on the 87 when the plane hit. 她一点一点地拼出了哈里逃生的场景：飞机撞击时，他正在87层。 4. But as hard as she tried, as many questions as she asked, the picture began to fade on the 36th floor 但是，尽管她绞尽了脑汁，问了无数问题，她拼出的场景还是在第36层上逐渐模糊了 1.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。( illusion ) Thanks to modern technology , the film about that ancient battlegives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves. 2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运地保存了下来（devastate） That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone tablet survived . 3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对那位地震孤儿的同情。（fill with） The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake . 4.那场大地震中，我们听到过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命。（leave behind ）In that earthquake , we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives . 5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。（off and on ） The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558 ,but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money 6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。（meet up with ） In 1980, when I met up with her , she had just returned from abroad with a master’s degree . 7.这是我第一次来纽约，但我还是设法找到了那家小公司。（find one’s way to） It was my first visit to New York , but Imanaged to find my way to the small firm . 8.在电影界要达到顶峰是非常困难的，但是作为一名导演谢晋做到了。( make up ) It is hard to make it to the top in the movie industry , but as a director Xie Jin did it . UNIT 2 1.Middle-aged folks work out in gym and jog down the street, trying to delay the effects of age. 中年人在体育馆锻炼身体 2.The most unsettling aspect of youth is the uncertainty you feel about your values, goals, and dreams. 青年人最不稳定的因素是他们对价值、目标、梦想的不确定。 3.I can make a speech in front of a town meeting or complain in a store because I am no longer terrified that people will laugh at me; I am no longer anxious that everyone must like me. 镇上开会我可以大胆发言 4.I no longer blame my parents for my every personality quirk or keep a running score of everything they did wrong raising me. 我不再因为自己个性方面的缺陷责怪父母 1、如今许多爱慕虚荣的年轻人,尽管还不富裕,但却迷上了漂亮的小汽车。 Many vain young people are obsessed with fancy cars despite the fact that they are not yet rich enough to afford them. 2、当他的婚外恋被妻子发现后,他们的婚姻终于破裂了。 Their marriage finally fell apart when his affair with another woman was found out by his wife. 3、那位艺术家为了获得创作的灵感,在农村住了三年,放弃了生活上的许多享受。 For artistic inspiration, the artist lived in the country for three years, where he denied himself many comforts of life.

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公共管理学专业英语词汇 目标mission/ objective 内部环境internal environment 外部环境external environment 集体目标group objective 计划planning 组织organizing 人事staffing 领导leading 控制controlling 步骤process 原理principle 方法technique 经理manager 总经理general manager 行政人员administrator 主管人员supervisor 企业enterprise 商业business 产业industry 公司company 效果effectiveness 效率efficiency 企业家entrepreneur 权利power 职权authority 职责responsibility 科学管理scientific management 现代经营管理modern operational management 行为科学behavior science 生产率productivity 激励motivate 动机motive 法律law 法规regulation 经济体系economic system 管理职能managerial function 产品product 服务service 利润profit 满意satisfaction 归属affiliation 尊敬esteem 自我实现self-actualization 人力投入human input 盈余surplus 收入income 成本cost 资本货物capital goods 机器machinery 设备equipment 建筑building 存货inventory 经验法the empirical approach 人际行为法the interpersonal behavior approach 集体行为法the group behavior approach 协作社会系统法the cooperative social systems approach 社会技术系统法the social-technical systems approach 决策理论法the decision theory

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1.Our big old house was closely related with the joys and sorrows of four generations. 2.I planted these roses a long, long time ago before your mother was born. 3.Many sons left home to fight against the Fascist Nazi. 4.Take the first friendly greeting and always keep it deep in your heart. 1.He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview. 2.His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried. 3.The two of them are walking hand in hand along the river bank, chatting, laughing, and looking happy. 4.When he heart the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes. 5.People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common. 6.Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years. 7.He finally gave in to his daughter’s repeated requests to further her education abroad. 8.We locked all our valuables away before we went on holiday. 9.Although we have parted from eah other, I hope that we will remain good friends and that we will care for and help each other just as we did in the past. 10.At that critical moment, the army commander summoned all the officers to work out new strategies and tactics which would make it possible to conquer the enemy. Unit 2 1.A gracious manner adds the greatest splendour to your image. 2.I firmly believed the note my guest sent me didn’t take long to write. 3.The simple phrase “Excuse me.” made most of your irritation disappear. 4.Being on time is a virtue which belongs not only to the past but also to the present. 5.Y ou shouldn’t accept the other person’s presence without thinking of its importance. 6.Good manners produce the same feelings or actions in others. 1.I am sorry I am late; I was at a meeting and couldn’t get away. 2.At the concert whnever a singer finished singing a beautiful song, the audience would burst into loud cheers to show their appreciation. 3.As a stylish dresser, she is always wearing stylish clothes, but she seldom cares about what she eats or drinks. 4.The nurse tells me that the doctors have done wonders for your heart disease. 5.When awarding the prize, the chairman complimented the winner on his great contribution to mankind. 6.This problem has bothered the experts for many years. 7.The crowd of demonstrators melted away when the police arrived. 8.Since punctuality is a good habit, we should pay much attention to it and make great efforts to cultivate this good habit. 9.The old man cherishes that girl, as if she were his own daughter. 10.It is just a routine physical checkup, nothing to get worried about.

全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程2课文翻译

Unit 1 Text A Howard Gardner, a professor of education at Harvard University, reflects on a visit to China and gives his thoughts on different approaches to learning in China and the West. 哈佛大学教育学教授霍华德·加德纳回忆其中国之行，阐述他对中西方不同的学习方式的看法。 Learning, Chinese-Style Howard Gardner 1 For a month in the spring of 1987, my wife Ellen and I lived in the bustling eastern Chinese city of Nanjing with our 18-month-old son Benjamin while studying arts education in Chinese kindergartens and elementary schools. But one of the most telling lessons Ellen and I got in the difference between Chinese and American ideas of education came not in the classroom but in the lobby of the Jinling Hotel where we stayed in Nanjing. 中国式的学习风格 霍华德·加德纳 1987年春，我和妻子埃伦带着我们18个月的儿子本杰明在繁忙的中国东部城市南京住了一个月，同时考察中国幼儿园和小学的艺术教育情况。然而，我和埃伦获得的有关中美教育观念差异的最难忘的体验并非来自课堂，而是来自我们在南京期间寓居的金陵饭店的大堂。 2 The key to our room was attached to a large plastic block with the room number on it. When leaving the hotel, a guest was encouraged to turn in the key, either by handing it to an attendant or by dropping it through a slot into a box. Because the key slot was narrow, the key had to be positioned carefully to fit into it. 我们的房门钥匙系在一块标有房间号的大塑料板上。酒店鼓励客人外出时留下钥匙，可以交给服务员，也可以从一个槽口塞入钥匙箱。由于口子狭小，你得留神将钥匙放准位置才塞得进去。 3 Benjamin loved to carry the key around, shaking it vigorously. He also liked to try to place it into the slot. Because of his tender age and incomplete understanding of the need to position the key just so, he would usually fail. Benjamin was not bothered in the least. He probably got as much pleasure out of the sounds the key made as he did those few times when the key actually found its way into the slot. 本杰明爱拿着钥匙走来走去，边走边用力摇晃着。他还喜欢试着把钥匙往槽口里塞。由于他还年幼，不太明白得把钥匙放准位置才成，因此总塞不进去。本杰明一点也不在意。他从钥匙声响中得到的乐趣大概跟他偶尔把钥匙成功地塞进槽口而获得的乐趣一样多。 4 Now both Ellen and I were perfectly happy to allow Benjamin to bang the key near the key slot. His exploratory behavior seemed harmless enough. But I soon observed an interesting phenomenon. Any Chinese staff member nearby would come over to watch Benjamin and, noting his lack of initial success, attempt to assist. He or she would hold onto Benjamin's hand and,