西方文化导论

Mount Olympus is a high mountain in Greece, well-known for the “home of the gods”in Greek mythology. The deities who are said to dwell on this mountain are ruled by Zeus, including his wife, his brothers, his sisters and his children.

Pulitzer: Joseph Pulitzer was a famous Hungarian-born American journalist and newspaper publisher. He ran newspapers in St. Louis and New York City, and established and endowed the Pulitzer Prizes.

Jacob’s Ladder: A Biblical term suggesting a ladder to heaven which appeared in the Book of Genesis. When the Biblical patriarch Jacob fled from his brother Esau, he imagined the ladder to heaven.

Asceticism: A theory or practice which advocates spiritual improvement by living a particularly hard life, as is seen in the experiences of some religious practice.

The Apollonian style and the Dionysian style:The two terms by Nietzsche initiated in his The Birth of Tragedy, which refers separately to the cheerful and optimistic style and the gloomy and passionate style.

Lost generation: A term first used by Gertrude Stein to describe the post-World War I generation of American writers ——men and women haunted by a sense of betrayal and emptiness brought about by the destructiveness of the war. The term is commonly applied to Hart Crane, Ernst Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald and others.

Performance art: A term usually used to refer to a kind of advent-garde or conceptual art which grew out of the visual arts and began to be identified in the 1960s .Performance art is unconventional and often challenges the audience to think in new and unconventional ways.

1. What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western Civilization as a whole? Give examples.

Greek culture is often termed the cradle of Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture. Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on Western Civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy.

The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people to improve and change the world outside themselves, i.e. human society and the natural world.

Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, which helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West.

2. What are the major features and achievements of the Renaissance? Give examples.

The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved.

The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation. Instances can be found in these areas , such as the huge change of subjects and styles in painting. The medieval painting used to center on depicting Jesus Christ and other Christian subjects, not only effecting similar and limited subjects but also depicting typical facial expressions and manners. The great artists in the Renaissance started to focus on the images with individualistic temperament, highlighting humanity instead of divinity, thus breaking away from stereotyped medieval models.

3. Say something about the features and contributions of utilitarianism, utopian socialism and classical economics.

Utilitarianism is the idea that the moral worth of an action is determined solely by its contribution to overall utility, That is, its contribution to the calculation of pleasure and gain one can have as a result of that action. The calculation is not just material, but spiritual or moral. Utilitarianism provides the motivation and condition for an action of any kind, either individual or collective, and offers the ground or principle for making laws to ensure justice and equality required of a society.

Utopian socialism refers to the beliefs held by early socialists or quasi-socialist intellectuals, who created hypothetical visions of perfect egalitarian and communalist societies without practical consideration of actual conditions of the capitalist society they lived in and thus could not carry out their ideals due to the powerful hindrance. However some of the Utopian ideals, such as those about women's equality and emancipation, were reasonable and consequently absorbed by Marxism.

Classical economist is widely regarded as the beginning of modern economic thoughts. It is the idea that a free market can regulate itself. Its founders or early representatives include Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill. Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics.

4. Give a general survey of the intellectual and ideological developments in Europe by focusing on one or two theoretical schools in the following list: positivism, pragmatism, intuitionalism, psychoanalysis, existentialism, logical atomism, logical positivism and naturalist philosophy.

Existentialism is an important school of thought in the modern age. It is a term that has been used in the work of a number of 19th and 20th century philosophers among whom are Soren Aabye Kierkegaard, Karl Jaspers, Martin Heidegger and Jean-Paul Sartre. Despite the profound doctrinal differences and disagreements among them, they all take the human subject and the condition of existence as a starting point for philosophical exploration.

Existential philosophy begins with a sense of disorientation and confusion in the face of an apparently meaningless or absurd world. Many existentialists also regard traditional philosophy, in both style and content, as too abstract and remote from concrete human experiences. Existentialism has exerted its influence upon Western literature, especially in terms of providing the philosophical basis for the emergence of the “theatre of the absurd” in the field of play.

5. Try to recall how Chinese popular culture came into fashion in the last 2 or 3 decades with the introduction of western pop music and art.

Chinese popular culture came into fashion in the early 1980s along with China's opening up to the outside world. They emerged a number of popular singers among whom are Li Guyi, Deng Lijun, Guofeng, Mao Amin, etc. Cui Jian deserves credit for his contribution to C hina’s rock music, being the first musician of the genre. Presently, Chinese popular music has entered a period of prosperous development in which old and new musicians compete for excellence and the audience is extremely large in number. Popular music has become a profitable industry.

As for art, both in painting and sculpture, Chinese artists have been influenced by the Western postmodernist ideas, but generally speaking, they are still at the early stage of learning and imitation. Yet, more and more artists begin to voice their concerns for environmental conservation, spiritual alienation, globalization, moral degeneration and many other social problems brought about by the rapid economy development.

西方文化导论复习综合题库(I)

《西方文化导论》综合复习 第一章西方文化的起源 一、填空 1 、希腊历史的第一页是 ___非洲_____ 文明的历史。爱琴海文明指的是爱琴海地区的青铜文化，先后形成了两大中心： ________ 和 ________ ，因此又通称克里特岛—迈锡尼文化。 2 、公元前 ________ 年期间，是克里特文化最为繁盛的时代。克里特文化的中心是 ________ ，传说中的 ________ 国王建立了海上霸权，控制了整个爱琴海地区。克里特的文字经历了象形文字和线形文字两大发展阶段，在它的繁盛期，线形文字全岛通用，这种文字又称 ________ ，以区别迈锡尼的 ________ 。 3 、迈锡尼文化以 ________ 而得名，但它实际上是希腊本土文化青铜文化的通称，是 ________ 的继续，只不过又加上了希腊民族文化的一些要素。 4 、荷马时代的艺术主要表现为 ________ ，陶器表面多用 ________ 来装饰，所以荷马时代的考古文化通称为 ________ 风格文化。 5 、爱琴海文明经历了一个盛极而衰的过程。随着希腊文化中心的北移，希腊文化也越来越摆脱了 ________ 和 ________ 文明的巨大影响，形成了具有特色的希腊民族文化。奠定了日后 ________ 的根基。 二、名词解释 1 、迈锡尼文化 2 、荷马史诗 三、问答题： 1 、荷马史诗的成就是什么？ 第二章希腊古典时代的文化 一、填空 1 、在古希腊史上，通常把公元前 8 世纪—前 6 世纪称为 ________ ，这是古希腊文化发展和形成的重要时期；公元前 6 世纪以后直至马其顿征服希腊，称为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化发展的鼎盛时期；古典时代以后到奥古斯都打败安东尼这一时期，为 ________ ，是上古希腊文化广泛传播于 _______ 、 ________ 、 ________ 三大洲许多地区的时代，同时也是希腊文化没落的时代。

西方文化导论论文

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西方文化导论论文

Introduction to Western Class with Teacher Ron 1st Term AY 2011 - 2012 HUST – Rongcheng Campus Christmas Day Written by Leah 2010-1 Chapter/Question: Chapter 4 –why the Christmas Day is important? As we all know that Christmas Day is an annual commemoration of the birth of Jesus Christ. It is celebrated generally on December 25th as a religious day by many people around the world. In fact, there is not record that show what is the exact date for Jesus Christ’s birth. The Ch ristmas Day is fixed on December 25th by people themselves later. The night before the Christmas Day is the Christmas Eve. And it is very popular around the world. When it comes to the customs of Christmas Day, we all know a little or more customs about it. For example, people decorate the Christmas trees and send cards to their friends, relatives and family members. With popularity of the customs in Northern Europe, the myth of Father Christmas appeared. Father Christmas is also Santa Claus. Father Christmas has become the human face of Christmas. Pictures will be seen everywhere of the old man with long white beard, red coat, and bag of toys. On Christmas Eve, Father Christmas travels through the sky on a sled pulled by reindeer. he lands on the roof of people's homes , enters through the chimney and leaves wonderful gifts for all the little children. As for the food, it served varies greatly from country to country. In England and countries influenced by its traditions, a standard Christmas meal includes turkey or goose, meat, gravy, potatoes, vegetables, sometimes bread and cider. Special desserts are also prepared, such as Christmas pudding, mince piesand fruit cake. In other countries, they have different special food foe the dinner. Besides a special Christmas family meal is traditionally an important part of the holiday's celebration. People have a Christmas dinner with all the members of the family for Christmas Eve. Wherever they are, they will try their best to get together to have a dinner which is like the Chinese New Y ear. A number of nations have issued commemorative stamps at Christmastide. Postal customers will often use these stamps to mail Christmas cards,

英语专业考研方向

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西方文化导论

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Test 1 1．Two of the elements in European culture are considered to be more enduring and they are the __Greco-Roman__element and the _Judeo-Christian____ element. 2．In a more remote period of Greek history，probably around__1200 B. C.____, a war was fought between Greece and Troy． 3．Greek culture reached a high point of development in the__5th___ century B．C． 4．The 5th century B．C．closed with civil war between__Athens___ and ___Sparta___ in Greece．5．In the second half of the _4th____ century B. C., all Greece was brought under the rule of__Alexander___, King of Macedon. 6．In___146___B．C．the Romans conquered Greece. 7. Athens was a democracy，where only the adult ___male___ citizens had the rights. 8. The economy of Athens rested on an immense amount of___slave____ labour. 9. The Greeks loved sports. Once every four years，they had a big festival on _Olympus Mount_____ which included contests of sports 10. Revised in___1896___, the Games have become the world’S foremost ameteur sports competition. 11. Ancient Greeks considered__Homer___ to be the author of their epics：the Iliad. 12. Homer probably lived around__700 B. C.___. 13.The Iliad deals with the alliance of the states of the southern mainland of Greece, led by Agamemnon in their war against the city of__Troy___. 14. The heroes are Hector on the__Troy___side and and Achilles and Odysseus on the__Greek_____. 15. In the final battle, Hector was killed by Achilles and Troy was sacked and burned by the ___Greeks___. 16. The Odyssey deals with the __return___of Odysseus after the Trojan war to his home island Ithaca. 17. The Odyssey describes many adventures Odysseus ran into on his long voyage and how he was reunited with his faithful __wife____Penelope. 18.Countless writers have quoted, adapted, borrowed from and otherwise used __Homer’s____epics. 19. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets (Byron, Shelley and Keats) expressed their _admiration____ of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics. 20 In the 20th century, there are _Homeric____parallels in the Irishman James Joyce's modernist masterpiece Ulysses. 21. Early in their remote past，the Greeks started to perform plays at__religious___ Festivals. 22. Out of these origins a powerful drama developed in the _____ century B.C. 23. P erformances were given in__open-air___ theaters，with the audience sitting on _stone____ ___Euripides____.

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(1) Give a brief account of the major achievements of Greek culture, such as those in religion, philosophy, l i t e r a t u r e a n d s c i e n c e. Greek religion really took shape during the Homeric Age and featured polytheism with gods taking human form and feeling. Greek religion made a great contribution to Greek literature, philosophy and art. It is an important origin of Greek mythology which was fully developed by the religious tales of the Homeric epic and thus affected the later development of all kinds of Greek culture. Greek philosophy started with Thales (640 BC–547 BC) who believed that the material world originated in water. His philosophy was materialism. He was followed by Pythagoras who assumed that the key to the understanding of the world is numbers, on the opposition of the spokesman for idealism. The core Greek philosophers are Socrates, Plato and Aristotle. Socrates had scant regard for material wealth, but was keen on probing into the definition of some ethical and behavioral issues, such as “friendship”and “courage”. Plato established the Academy －the first Greek institution of higher learning. His contributions included his theory of ideas and his arguments on “republic”which was supposed to embrace his ideals about a future state where humans could enjoy a happy life. Aristotle is also a learned man and his work covers wide-ranging areas. His reputation as a philosopher largely depends on his argument on metaphysics which he tried to achieve a compromise between matter and divinity. Literary representation centred round the two epic poems of the Iliad and the Odyssey, lyrical poetry by Sappho and Pindar and drama by Aeschylus, Euripides and Aristophanes. Their works combined Greek myths and social life and won much appreciation and enthusiasm from the public. In science the mathematician Euclid established plane geometry and Archimedes discovered the ratio of radius of a circle and the relationship between the volume and surface of a sphere. (2) What do you think of the influence Greek culture has exerted on Western civilization as a whole Give examples. Greek culture is often termed the cradle of the Western civilization and has had an enormous impact on Western culture. The specific contributions are found in the areas of philosophy, politics, literature, art, science and architecture. Greek politics was one of the greatest influences on the Western civilization. The Greeks were the first to successfully create a government based on the consensus of the people and thus provided a foundation for Western democracy. The second significant influence was that of philosophy. The Socratic idea about ethics and knowledge helped the Westerners care more for the effect of knowledge and value of morality, both of which give sound guidance to people in the later years to improve and change the world outside themselves, ., human society and the natural world. Later generations of Westerners have benefited a lot from Greek culture, such as those in painting, sculpture, architecture, drama, poetry and historical works. Classicism had Greek culture as one of the crucial sources, and this has helped Westerners so much that they ascribed the origin of the Renaissance to it. This changed the intellectual conditions of the later medieval period and opened the way to the modern era in the West. Chapter 2 1. Tell briefly the major characteristics and contributions of Roman culture, as are demonstrated in religion, poetry, history and architecture. In the early period, Roman culture often depended heavily on the introduction and imitation of other cultures, particularly, Greek culture. Thus Romans created their own powerful culture, laying the foundation for subsequent

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