新GRE作文 Argument 自创模版

GRE Argument 模版

GRE argument 作文大概可分为三个部分：开头、正文、结尾。对于不同的写作要求，只需要在开头和结尾适当呼应即可。

Argument中常用词可用同义词代替，避免重复。下面是高频词的叙词表：

Claim/view/assumption/assertion/conclusion/argument/result/conjecture/prediction/verdic t/recommendation

Data/demonstration/testimony/evidence/proof/information/confirmation/corroboration Applicant/speaker/XXX/arguer/author

Possibility/explanation/ scenario/reason

开头

A, E, Q对应三种写作要求——Assumption\Evidence\question，可参见张雷东讲义或者《GRE写作思路剖析》

说明：黄色高亮是根据材料补充的内容,绿色高亮表示上一句可以用下一句同等替换。A

带concession结构

By citing that [evidence], this argument concludes that [conclusion]. Though [concession]OR Though this argument might seem reasonable at first glance, it relies on a series of assumptions/conjectures that [evidence]. Since these assumptions are not well supported, the conclusion reached is unpersuasive as it stands.

E

In the argument, XXX asserts that [conclusion]. To support his /her argument, the speaker/applicant points out that [evidence]. However, close scrutiny of the evidences reveals that it accomplishes little toward supporting the XXX’s view. Beyond this data/demonstration/testimony, more specific evidence would, however, be still in great need in solidifying the projected result.

Q

This argument is intended to point out that [conclusion]. This prediction/assertion seems strengthened by [evidence]. He or She also sites evidence /demonstration/ testimony that [evidence]. These supporting evidences, however, lends little credible support to the arguer’s claim, for answers to several questions should be further clarified.

正文

推理错误Flaws in the reasoning line

通用格式

列举他因、错误类比、草率推广

Even if [concession], the argument rests on further assumption that [fallacy]. Yet this need not be the case for a variety of possible reasons. OR However this will not necessarily be the case. Perhaps [example]. Or perhaps [example]. Unless the author can rule out such possibilities/explanations/scenarios/reasons, ORIn short, without ruling out other alternative reasons, the author cannot justifiably conclude that/rely on [conclusion].

Finally, even if /granted that the author can substantiate the foregoing assumptions, it is too hasty to conclude that [fallacy]. In relying on the lack of solid/robust evidence, the speaker overlooks the possibility that [example]. It is entirely/equally possible that [example]. If so, the author must solidify the prediction accordingly.

充分性、因果关系、列举他因

The author’s position taken from the assumed prediction that [fallacy] preclude the possibility that [example]. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other means to achieve the predicted/desired result. Nor does the author provide clear evidence that [example]. OR Useful would be any information about the likelihood that [example]. Lacking such evidence the author cannot reasonable conclude [conclusion].

错误类比、列举他因

Yet another problem with the argument involves XXX’s implicit claim that [conclusion]. OR The implication the author hints here is that [conclusion]. This claim relies on the unlikely assumption that [fallacy]. OR In order to reasonably conclude that [conclusion], XXX must assume that [fallacy]. Nevertheless, there is no guarantee that it is necessarily the case. ([Evidence] are not the only factor affecting [conclusion].列举他因时使用) Other (such) factors might include [example]. Furthermore, the author does not provide any information about [example]. Thus regardless of such evidence OR With no consideration about such evidence, the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that [conclusion].

此段是conclusion + fallacy双结构

这种结构不仅提供了concession，还可用于“为了得出某某结论(conclusion)，作者必须假设XX (fallacy)”的逻辑论述

逻辑顺序是：结论+ fallacy + 原因+ 例子

时效性、参数恒定

The final questions with the argument involve the experimental process. The experiment’s results are reliable only if all other factor that might affect [conclusion] remained constant during [time], and if the results of experimental subjects is statistically significant. Yet the author fails to provide assurances that no other factors that would influence the conclusion. Without evidence of the experiment’s methodological and statistical reliability, the speaker’s conclusion is unjustifiable.

For additional support the author points out that [fallacy]. However, historical changes should not be abbreviated in this judgment. [example]. Only if all other factors affecting the assertion were essentially the same for [time] could the article rely on this assumption to support its claim.

样本问题Flaws in sample

样本数量、样本质量

Additionally, the Reliability of the author’s study rests on its statistical integrity. The argument fails to indicate that [example] (what portion the [example] is), the smaller this portion, the less reliable the results).Moreover, it is equally likely that [example]. Since (the amount of样本数量时加上) applicants has not adequately responded to this concern, the claim that [conclusion] is untenable.

样本质量

To begin with, the author provides no assurances that the survey on which the argument depends is statistically reliable. Unless the survey’s respondents are representative of the overall XXX, the author cannot rely on it to predict [conclusion]. For all we know a significant percentage of the respondents was [example]. For this matter, the assumption that respondents are typical of XXX is unjustified.

Conclusion + fallacy双结构

特殊格式

三段带example的conclusion短文,，适用于短小论证片段

In short, with no data [example], the speaker cannot confidently identify what caused the subjects to [conclusion].

It is impossible to conclude with any confidence that [conclusion]without

comparing/considering [example].

With no consideration about [example], the speaker cannot justify the conclusion that [conclusion].

定义攻击

A threshold problem involves the definition of a critical term: [wrong definition]. If by XXX, the author simply means: [correct definition], then the claim would have merit, otherwise, it would not. Absent either a clear definition of the term or clear evidence that [assumption], it is impossible to assess the strength of the argument.

结尾

In summary,the recommendation relies on certain doubtful assumptions that render it unconvincing as it stands. To bolster the recommendation, XXX must provide clear evidence that [Suggestion].The speaker must rule out the possibility that [Suggestion]. If the arguer could substantiate the critical assumption/question that [Suggestion], the conclusion would be better supported.

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