模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献
模具设计与制造外文翻译参考文献
(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)
译文：
模具设计与制造
模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。
虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。
中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应
用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。
近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。
虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面：
（1）总量供不应求，国内模具自配率只有70%左右。其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。
（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理。我国模具生产厂中多数是自产自配的工模具车间（分厂），自产自配比例高达60%左右，而国外模具超过70%属商品模具。专业模具厂大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的组织形式，而国外大多是“小而专”、“小而精”。国内大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的模具占总量比例不足30%，而国外在50%以上。2004年，模具进出口之比为3.7:1，进出口相抵后的净进口额达13.2亿美元，为世界模具净进口量最大的国家。（3）模具产品水平大大低于国际水平，生产周期却高于国际水平产品水平低主要表现在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、寿命及结构等方面。
（4）开发能力较差，经济效益欠佳，我国模具企业技术人员比例低，水平较低，且不重视产品开发，在市场中经常处于被动地位。我国每个模具职工平均年创造产值约合1万美元，国外模具工业发达国家大多是15～20万美元，有的高达25～30万美元，与之相对的是我国相当一部分模具企业还沿用过去作坊式管理，真正实现现代化企业管理的企业较少。
造成上述差距的原因很多，除了历史上模具作为产品长期未得到应有的重视，以及多数国有企业机制不能适应市场经济之外，还有下列几个原因：（1）国家对模具工业的政策支持力度还不够，虽然国家已经明确颁布了模具
行业的产业政策，但配套政策少，执行力度弱。目前享受模具产品增值税的企业全国只有185家，大多数企业仍旧税负过重。模具企业进行技术改造引进设备要缴纳相当数量的税金，影响技术进步，而且民营企业贷款十分困难。
（2）人才严重不足，科研开发及技术攻关投入太少，模具行业是技术、资金、劳动密集的产业，随着时代的进步和技术的发展，掌握并且熟练运用新技术的人才异常短缺，高级模具钳工及企业管理人才也非常紧张。由于模具企业效益欠佳及对科研开发和技术攻关重视不够，科研单位和大专院校的眼睛盯着创收，导致模具行业在科研开发和技术攻关方面投入太少，致使模具技术发展步伐不大，进展不快。
（3）工艺装备水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低，近年来我国机床行业进步较快，已能提供比较成套的高精度加工设备，但与国外装备相比，仍有较大差距。虽然国内许多企业已引进许多国外先进设备，但总体的装备水平比国外许多企业低很多。由于体制和资金等方面的原因，引进设备不配套，设备与附件不配套现象十分普遍，设备利用率低的问题长期得不到较妥善的解决。
（4）专业化、标准化、商品化程度低，协作能力差，由于长期以来受“大而全”“小而全”影响，模具专业化水平低，专业分工不细致，商品化程度低。目前国内每年生产的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余为自产自用。模具企业之间协作不畅，难以完成较大规模的模具成套任务。模具标准化水平低，模具标准件使用覆盖率低也对模具质量、成本有较大影响，特别是对模具制造周期有很大影响。（5）模具材料及模具相关技术落后，模具材料性能、质量和品种问题往往会影响模具质量、寿命及成本，国产模具钢与国外进口钢材相比有较大差距。塑料、板材、设备性能差，也直接影响模具水平的提高。
目前，我国经济仍处于高速发展阶段，国际上经济全球化发展趋势日趋明显，这为我国模具工业高速发展提供了良好的条件和机遇。一方面，国内模具市场将继续高速发展，另一方面，模具制造也逐渐向我国转移以及跨国集团到我国进行模具采购趋向也十分明显。因此，放眼未来，国际、国内的模具市场总体发展趋势前景看好，预计中国模具将在良好的市场环境下得到高速发展，我国不但会成为模具大国，而且一定逐步向模具制造强国的行列迈进。“十一五”期间，中国模具工业水平不仅在量和质的方面有很大提高，而且行业结构、产品水平、开
发创新能力、企业的体制与机制以及技术进步的方面也会取得较大发展。
模具技术集合了机械、电子、化学、光学、材料、计算机、精密监测和信息网络等诸多学科，是一个综合性多学科的系统工程。模具技术的发展趋势主要是模具产品向着更大型、更精密、更复杂及更经济的方向发展，模具产品的技术含量不断提高，模具制造周期不断缩短，模具生产朝着信息化、无图化、精细化、自动化的方向发展，模具企业向着技术集成化、设备精良化、产批品牌化、管理信息化、经营国际化的方向发展。
模具行业在“十一五”期间需要解决的重点关键技术应是模具信息化、数字化技术和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技术方面的突破，随着国民经济总量和工业产品技术的不断发展，各行各业对模具的需求量越来越大，技术要求也越来越高。虽然模具种类繁多，但其发展重点应该是既能满足大量需要，又有较高技术含量，特别是目前国内尚不能自给，需大量进口的模具和能代表发展方向的大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具。模具标准件的种类、数量、水平、生产集中度等对整个模具行业的发展有重大影响。因此，一些重要的模具标准件也必须重点发展，而且其发展速度应快于模具的发展速度，这样才能不断提高我国模具标准化水平，从而提高模具质量，缩短模具生产周期，降低成本。由于我国的模具产品在国际市场上占有较大的价格优势，因此对于出口前景好的模具产品也应作为重点来发展。根据上述需要量大、技术含量高、代表发展方向、口前景好的原则选择重点发展产品，而且所选产品必须目前已有一定技术基础，属于有条件、有可能发展起来的产品。
Die trend
1. Mold CAD / CAE / CAM being integrated, three-dimensional, intelligent and network direction
(1) Mold software features integrated
Die software features of integrated software modules required relatively complete, while the function module using the same data model, in order to achieve Syndicated news management and sharing of information to support the mold design, manufacture, assembly, inspection, testing and production management of the entire process to achieve optimal benefits. Series such as the UK Delcam's software will include a surface / solid geometric modeling, engineering drawing complex geometry,
advanced rendering industrial design, plastic mold design expert system, complex physical CAM, artistic design and sculpture automatic programming system, reverse engineering and complex systems physical line measurement systems. A higher degree of integration of the software includes: Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA, etc.. Shanghai Jiao tong University, China with finite element analysis of metal plastic forming systems and Die CAD / CAM systems; Beijing Beihang Haier Software Ltd. CAXA Series software; Jilin Gold Grid Engineering Research Center of the stamping die mold CAD / CAE / CAM systems .
(2) Mold design, analysis and manufacture of three-dimensional
Two-dimensional mold of traditional structural design can no longer meet modern technical requirements of production and integration. Mold design, analysis, manufacturing three-dimensional technology, paperless software required to mold a new generation of three-dimensional, intuitive sense to design the mold, using three-dimensional digital model can be easily used in the product structure of CAE analysis, tooling manufacturability evaluation and CNC machining, forming process simulation and information management and sharing. Such as Pro / ENGINEER, UG and CATIA software such as with parametric, feature-based, all relevant characteristics, so that mold concurrent engineering possible. In addition, Cimatran company Mold expert, Delcam's Ps-mold and Hitachi Shipbuilding of Space-E/mold are professional injection mold 3D design software, interactive 3D cavity, core design, mold base design configuration and typical structure . Australian company Moldflow realistic three-dimensional flow simulation software MoldflowAdvisers been widely praised by users and applications. China Huazhong University of Science have developed similar software HSC3D4.5F and Zhengzhou University, Z-mold software. For manufacturing, knowledge-based intelligent software function is a measure of die important sign of advanced and practical one. Such as injection molding experts Cimatron's software can automatically generate parting direction based parting line and parting surface, generate products corresponding to the core and cavity, implementation of all relevant parts mold, and for automatically generated BOM Form NC drilling process, and can intelligently process parameter setting,
calibration and other processing results.
(3) Mold software applications, networking trend
With the mold in the enterprise competition, cooperation, production and management, globalization, internationalization, and the rapid development of computer hardware and software technology, the Internet has made in the mold industry, virtual design, agile manufacturing technology both necessary and possible. The United States in its "21st Century Manufacturing Enterprise Strategy" that the auto industry by 2006 to achieve agile manufacturing / virtual engineering solutions to automotive development cycle shortened from 40 months to 4 months.
2. mold testing, processing equipment to the precise, efficient, and multi-direction (1) mold testing equipment more sophisticated, efficient
Sophisticated, complex, large-scale mold development, testing equipment have become increasingly demand ing. Precision Mould precision now reached 2 ~ 3μm, more domestic manufacturers have to use Italy, the United States, Japan and other countries in the high-precision coordinate measuring machine, and with digital scanning. Such as Dongfeng Motor Mould Factory not only has the capacity 3250mm ×3250mm Italian coordinate measuring machine, also has a digital photography optical scanner, the first in the domestic use of digital photography, optical scanning as a means of spatial three-dimensional access to information, enabling the establishment from the measurement of physical →model output of engineering drawings →→the whole process of mold making, reverse engineering a successful technology development and applications. This equipment include: second-generation British Renishaw high-speed scanners (CYCLON SERIES2) can be realized and contact laser probe complementary probe, laser scanner accuracy of 0.05mm, scanning probe contact accuracy of 0.02 mm. Another German company GOM ATOS portable scanners, Japan Roland's PIX-30, PIX-4 desktop scanner and the United Kingdom Taylor Hopson's TALYSCAN150 multi-sensor, respectively Three-dimensional scanner with high speed, low-cost and functional composite and so on.
(2) CNC EDM
Japan Sodick linear motor servo drive using the company's AQ325L, AQ550LLS-WEDM have driven fast response, transmission and high positioning accuracy, the advantages of small thermal deformation. Switzerland Chanmier company NCEDM with P-E3 adaptive control, PCE energy control and automatic programming expert systems. Others also used the powder mixed EDM machining technology, micro-finishing pulse power and fuzzy control (FC) technologies.
(3) high-speed milling machine (HSM)
Milling is an important means of cavity mold. The low-temperature high-speed milling with the workpiece, cutting force is small, smooth processing, processing quality, processing efficiency (for the general milling process 5 to 10 times) and can process hard materials (<60HRC) and many other advantages. Thus in the mold processing more and more attention. Ruishikelang company UCP710-type five-axis machining center, machine tool positioning accuracy up to 8μm, home-made closed-loop vector control spindle with a maximum speed 42000r/min. Italy RAMBAUDI's high-speed milling, the processing range of up to 2500mm × 5000mm × 1800mm, speed up 20500r/min, cutting feed speed of 20m/min. HSM generally used large, medium-sized mold, such as motor cover mold, die casting mold, large plastic surface machining, the surface precision up to 0.01mm.
模具的发展趋势
1.模具CAD/CAE/CAM正向集成化、三维化、智能化和网络化方向发展
（1）模具软件功能集成化
模具软件功能的集成化要求软件的功能模块比较齐全，同时各功能模块采用同一数据模型，以实现信息的综合管理与共享，从而支持模具设计、制造、装配、检验、测试及生产管理的全过程，达到实现最佳效益的目的。如英国Delcam 公司的系列化软件就包括了曲面/实体几何造型、复杂形体工程制图、工业设计高级渲染、塑料模设计专家系统、复杂形体CAM、艺术造型及雕刻自动编程系统、逆向工程系统及复杂形体在线测量系统等。集成化程度较高的软件还包括：Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等。国内有上海交通大学金属塑性成型有限元分析系统和冲裁模CAD/CAM系统；北京北航海尔软件有限公司的CAXA系列软
件；吉林金网格模具工程研究中心的冲压模CAD/CAE/CAM系统等。
（2）模具设计、分析及制造的三维化
传统的二维模具结构设计已越来越不适应现代化生产和集成化技术要求。模具设计、分析、制造的三维化、无纸化要求新一代模具软件以立体的、直观的感觉来设计模具，所采用的三维数字化模型能方便地用于产品结构的CAE分析、模具可制造性评价和数控加工、成形过程模拟及信息的管理与共享。如Pro/ENGINEER、UG和CATIA等软件具备参数化、基于特征、全相关等特点，从而使模具并行工程成为可能。另外，Cimatran公司的Moldexpert，Delcam公司的Ps-mold及日立造船的Space-E/mold均是3D专业注塑模设计软件，可进行交互式3D型腔、型芯设计、模架配置及典型结构设计。澳大利亚Moldflow公司的三维真实感流动模拟软件MoldflowAdvisers已经受到用户广泛的好评和应用。国内有华中理工大学研制的同类软件HSC3D4.5F及郑州工业大学的Z-mold 软件。面向制造、基于知识的智能化功能是衡量模具软件先进性和实用性的重要标志之一。如Cimatron公司的注塑模专家软件能根据脱模方向自动产生分型线和分型面，生成与制品相对应的型芯和型腔，实现模架零件的全相关，自动产生材料明细表和供NC加工的钻孔表格，并能进行智能化加工参数设定、加工结果校验等。
（3）模具软件应用的网络化趋势
随着模具在企业竞争、合作、生产和管理等方面的全球化、国际化，以及计算机软硬件技术的迅速发展，网络使得在模具行业应用虚拟设计、敏捷制造技术既有必要，也有可能。美国在其《21世纪制造企业战略》中指出，到2006年要实现汽车工业敏捷生产/虚拟工程方案，使汽车开发周期从40个月缩短到4个月。
2. 模具检测、加工设备向精密、高效和多功能方向发展
（1）模具检测设备的日益精密、高效
精密、复杂、大型模具的发展，对检测设备的要求越来越高。现在精密模具的精度已达2～3μm，目前国内厂家使用较多的有意大利、美国、日本等国的高精度三坐标测量机，并具有数字化扫描功能。如东风汽车模具厂不仅拥有意大利产3250mm×3250mm三坐标测量机，还拥有数码摄影光学扫描仪，率先在国
内采用数码摄影、光学扫描作为空间三维信息的获得手段，从而实现了从测量实物→建立数学模型→输出工程图纸→模具制造全过程，成功实现了逆向工程技术的开发和应用。这方面的设备还包括：英国雷尼绍公司第二代高速扫描仪(CYCLON SERIES2)可实现激光测头和接触式测头优势互补，激光扫描精度为0.05mm，接触式测头扫描精度达0.02mm。另外德国GOM公司的ATOS便携式扫描仪，日本罗兰公司的PIX-30、PIX-4台式扫描仪和英国泰勒?霍普森公司TALYSCAN150多传感三维扫描仪分别具有高速化、廉价化和功能复合化等特点。
（2）数控电火花加工机床
日本沙迪克公司采用直线电机伺服驱动的AQ325L、AQ550LLS-WEDM具有驱动反应快、传动及定位精度高、热变形小等优点。瑞士夏米尔公司的NCEDM 具有P-E3自适应控制、PCE能量控制及自动编程专家系统。另外有些EDM还采用了混粉加工工艺、微精加工脉冲电源及模糊控制(FC)等技术。
（3）高速铣削机床(HSM)
铣削加工是型腔模具加工的重要手段。而高速铣削具有工件温升低、切削力小、加工平稳、加工质量好、加工效率高(为普通铣削加工的5～10倍)及可加工硬材料(<60HRC)等诸多优点。因而在模具加工中日益受到重视。瑞士克朗公司UCP710型五轴联动加工中心，其机床定位精度可达8μm，自制的具有矢量闭环控制电主轴，最大转速为42000r/min。意大利RAMBAUDI公司的高速铣床，其加工范围达2500mm×5000mm×1800mm，转速达20500r/min，切削进给速度达20m/min。HSM一般主要用于大、中型模具加工，如汽车覆盖件模具、压铸模、大型塑料等曲面加工，其曲面加工精度可达0.01mm。
The mold designing and manufacturing
The mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three
investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly.
Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .
The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .
The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.
模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)
Injection Molding The basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated. Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit); 2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls. The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzle The part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Moving
概率论毕业论文外文翻译
Statistical hypothesis testing Adriana Albu，Loredana Ungureanu Politehnica University Timisoara,adrianaa@aut.utt.ro Politehnica University Timisoara,loredanau@aut.utt.ro Abstract In this article,we present a Bayesian statistical hypothesis testing inspection, testing theory and the process Mentioned hypothesis testing in the real world and the importance of, and successful test of the Notes. Key words Bayesian hypothesis testing; Bayesian inference;Test of significance Introduction A statistical hypothesis test is a method of making decisions using data, whether from a controlled experiment or an observational study (not controlled). In statistics, a result is called statistically significant if it is unlikely to have occurred by chance alone, according to a pre-determined threshold probability, the significance level. The phrase "test of significance" was coined by Ronald Fisher: "Critical tests of this kind may be called tests of significance, and when such tests are available we may discover whether a second sample is or is not significantly different from the first."[1] Hypothesis testing is sometimes called confirmatory data analysis, in contrast to exploratory data analysis. In frequency probability,these decisions are almost always made using null-hypothesis tests. These are tests that answer the question Assuming that the null hypothesis is true, what is the probability of observing a value for the test statistic that is at [] least as extreme as the value that was actually observed?) 2 More formally, they represent answers to the question, posed before undertaking an experiment,of what outcomes of the experiment would lead to rejection of the null hypothesis for a pre-specified probability of an incorrect rejection. One use of hypothesis testing is deciding whether experimental results contain enough information to cast doubt on conventional wisdom. Statistical hypothesis testing is a key technique of frequentist statistical inference. The Bayesian approach to hypothesis testing is to base rejection of the hypothesis on the posterior probability.[3][4]Other approaches to reaching a decision based on data are available via decision theory and optimal decisions. The critical region of a hypothesis test is the set of all outcomes which cause the null hypothesis to be rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis. The critical region is usually denoted by the letter C. One-sample tests are appropriate when a sample is being compared to the population from a hypothesis. The population characteristics are known from theory or are calculated from the population.
机械专业毕业论文外文翻译
附录一英文科技文献翻译 英文原文： Experimental investigation of laser surface textured parallel thrust bearings Performance enhancements by laser surface texturing (LST) of parallel-thrust bearings is experimentally investigated. Test results are compared with a theoretical model and good correlation is found over the relevant operating conditions. A compari- son of the performance of unidirectional and bi-directional partial-LST bearings with that of a baseline, untextured bearing is presented showing the bene?ts of LST in terms of increased clearance and reduced friction. KEY WORDS: ?uid ?lm bearings, slider bearings, surface texturing 1. Introduction The classical theory of hydrodynamic lubrication yields linear (Couette) velocity distribution with zero pressure gradients between smooth parallel surfaces under steady-state sliding. This results in an unstable hydrodynamic ?lm that would collapse under any external force acting normal to the surfaces. However, experience shows that stable lubricating ?lms can develop between parallel sliding surfaces, generally because of some mechanism that relaxes one or more of the assumptions of the classical theory. A stable ?uid ?lm with su?cient load-carrying capacity in parallel sliding surfaces can be obtained, for example, with macro or micro surface structure of di?erent types. These include waviness [1] and protruding microasperities [2–4]. A good literature review on the subject can be found in Ref. [5]. More recently, laser surface texturing (LST) [6–8], as well as inlet roughening by longitudinal or transverse grooves [9] were suggested to provide load capacity in parallel sliding. The inlet roughness concept of Tonder [9] is based on ??e?ective clearance‘‘ reduction in the sliding direction and in this respect it is identical to the par- tial-LST concept described in ref. [10] for generating hydrostatic e?ect in high-pressure mechanical seals. Very recently Wang et al. [11] demonstrated experimentally a doubling of the load-carrying capacity for the surface- texture design by reactive ion etching of SiC
毕业论文外文翻译模版
吉林化工学院理学院 毕业论文外文翻译English Title（Times New Roman ，三号） 学生学号：08810219 学生姓名：袁庚文 专业班级：信息与计算科学0802 指导教师：赵瑛 职称副教授 起止日期：2012.2.27～2012.3.14 吉林化工学院 Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology
1 外文翻译的基本内容 应选择与本课题密切相关的外文文献（学术期刊网上的），译成中文，与原文装订在一起并独立成册。在毕业答辩前，同论文一起上交。译文字数不应少于3000个汉字。 2 书写规范 2.1 外文翻译的正文格式 正文版心设置为：上边距：3.5厘米，下边距：2.5厘米，左边距：3.5厘米，右边距：2厘米，页眉：2.5厘米，页脚：2厘米。 中文部分正文选用模板中的样式所定义的“正文”，每段落首行缩进2字；或者手动设置成每段落首行缩进2字，字体：宋体，字号：小四，行距：多倍行距1.3，间距：前段、后段均为0行。 这部分工作模板中已经自动设置为缺省值。 2.2标题格式 特别注意：各级标题的具体形式可参照外文原文确定。 1．第一级标题（如：第1章绪论）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题1”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：三号，1.5倍行距，段后11磅，段前为11磅。 2．第二级标题（如：1.2 摘要与关键词）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题2”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：四号，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 3．第三级标题（如：1.2.1 摘要）选用模板中的样式所定义的“标题3”，居左；或者手动设置成字体：黑体，居左，字号：小四，1.5倍行距，段后为0，段前0.5行。 标题和后面文字之间空一格（半角）。 3 图表及公式等的格式说明 图表、公式、参考文献等的格式详见《吉林化工学院本科学生毕业设计说明书（论文）撰写规范及标准模版》中相关的说明。
塑料注塑模具中英文对照外文翻译文献
外文翻译及原文 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 【原文一】 CONCURRENT DESIGN OF PLASTICS INJECTION MOULDS Abstract The plastic product manufacturing industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most popular processes for making plastic parts is injection moulding. The design of injection mould is critically important to product quality and efficient product processing. Mould-making companies, who wish to maintain the competitive edge, desire to shorten both design and manufacturing leading times of the by applying a systematic mould design process. The mould industry is an important support industry during the product development process, serving as an important link between the product designer and manufacturer. Product development has changed from the traditional serial process of design, followed by manufacture, to a more organized concurrent process where design and manufacture are considered at a very early stage of design. The concept of concurrent engineering (CE) is no longer new and yet it is still applicable and relevant in today’s manuf acturing environment. Team working spirit, management involvement, total design process and integration of IT tools are still the essence of CE. The application of The CE process to the design of an injection process involves the simultaneous consideration of plastic part design, mould design and injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling and cost as early as possible in the design stage.
模具毕业设计外文翻译7081204
(此文档为word格式，下载后您可任意编辑修改！) 冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策 冲压模具概述 冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料(金属或非金属)加工成零件(或半成品)的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具(俗称冷冲模)。冲压--是在室温下，利用安装在压力机上的模具对材料施加压力，使其产生分离或塑性变形，从而获得所需零件的一种压力加工方法。 冲压模具的形式很多，一般可按以下几个主要特征分类： 1?根据工艺性质分类 (1)冲裁模沿封闭或敞开的轮廓线使材料产生分离的模具。如落料模、冲孔模、切断模、切口模、切边模、剖切模等。 (2)弯曲模使板料毛坯或其他坯料沿着直线(弯曲线)产生弯曲变形，从而获得一定角度和形状的工件的模具。 (3)拉深模是把板料毛坯制成开口空心件，或使空心件进一步改变形状和尺寸的模具。 (4)成形模是将毛坯或半成品工件按图凸、凹模的形状直接复制成形，而材料本身仅产生局部塑性变形的模具。如胀形模、缩口模、扩口模、起伏成形模、翻边模、整形模等。2?根据工序组合程度分类 (1)单工序模在压力机的一次行程中，只完成一道冲压工序的模具。 (2)复合模只有一个工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在同一工位上同时完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 (3)级进模(也称连续模) 在毛坯的送进方向上，具有两个或更多的工位，在压力机的一次行程中，在不同的工位上逐次完成两道或两道以上冲压工序的模具。 冲冷冲模全称为冷冲压模具。 冷冲压模具是一种应用于模具行业冷冲压模具及其配件所需高性能结构陶瓷材料的制备方法，高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料由氧化锆、氧化钇粉中加铝、错元素构成，制备工艺是将氧化锆溶液、氧化钇溶液、氧化错溶液、氧化铝溶液按一定比例混合配成母液，滴入碳酸氢铵，采用共沉淀方法合成模具及其配件陶瓷材料所需的原材料，反应生成的沉淀经滤水、干燥，煅烧得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料超微粉，再经过成型、烧结、精加工，便得到高性能陶瓷模具及其配件材料。本发明的优点是本发明制成的冷冲压模具及其配件使用寿命长，在冲压过程中未出现模具及其配件与冲压件产生粘结现象，冲压件表面光滑、无毛刺，完全可以替代传统高速钢、钨钢材料。 冷冲模具主要零件冷冲模具是冲压加工的主要工艺装备，冲压制件就是靠上、下模具的相对运动来完成的。 加工时由于上、下模具之间不断地分合，如果操作工人的手指不断进入或停留在模具闭合区，便会对其人身安全带来严重威胁。 1
机械类毕业设计外文翻译
本科毕业论文(设计) 外文翻译 学院：机电工程学院 专业：机械工程及自动化 姓名：高峰 指导教师：李延胜 2011年05 月10日 教育部办公厅 Failure Analysis，Dimensional Determination And
Analysis，Applications Of Cams INTRODUCTION It is absolutely essential that a design engineer know how and why parts fail so that reliable machines that require minimum maintenance can be designed．Sometimes a failure can be serious，such as when a tire blows out on an automobile traveling at high speed．On the other hand，a failure may be no more than a nuisance．An example is the loosening of the radiator hose in an automobile cooling system．The consequence of this latter failure is usually the loss of some radiator coolant，a condition that is readily detected and corrected．The type of load a part absorbs is just as significant as the magnitude．Generally speaking，dynamic loads with direction reversals cause greater difficulty than static loads，and therefore，fatigue strength must be considered．Another concern is whether the material is ductile or brittle．For example，brittle materials are considered to be unacceptable where fatigue is involved． Many people mistakingly interpret the word failure to mean the actual breakage of a part．However，a design engineer must consider a broader understanding of what appreciable deformation occurs．A ductile material，however will deform a large amount prior to rupture．Excessive deformation，without fracture，may cause a machine to fail because the deformed part interferes with a moving second part．Therefore，a part fails(even if it has not physically broken)whenever it no longer fulfills its required function．Sometimes failure may be due to abnormal friction or vibration between two mating parts．Failure also may be due to a phenomenon called creep，which is the plastic flow of a material under load at elevated temperatures．In addition，the actual shape of a part may be responsible for failure．For example，stress concentrations due to sudden changes in contour must be taken into account．Evaluation of stress considerations is especially important when there are dynamic loads with direction reversals and the material is not very ductile． In general，the design engineer must consider all possible modes of failure，which include the following． ——Stress ——Deformation ——Wear ——Corrosion ——Vibration ——Environmental damage ——Loosening of fastening devices
大学毕业论文---软件专业外文文献中英文翻译
软件专业毕业论文外文文献中英文翻译 Object landscapes and lifetimes Tech nically, OOP is just about abstract data typing, in herita nee, and polymorphism, but other issues can be at least as importa nt. The rema in der of this sect ion will cover these issues. One of the most importa nt factors is the way objects are created and destroyed. Where is the data for an object and how is the lifetime of the object con trolled? There are differe nt philosophies at work here. C++ takes the approach that con trol of efficie ncy is the most importa nt issue, so it gives the programmer a choice. For maximum run-time speed, the storage and lifetime can be determined while the program is being written, by placing the objects on the stack (these are sometimes called automatic or scoped variables) or in the static storage area. This places a priority on the speed of storage allocatio n and release, and con trol of these can be very valuable in some situati ons. However, you sacrifice flexibility because you must know the exact qua ntity, lifetime, and type of objects while you're writing the program. If you are trying to solve a more general problem such as computer-aided desig n, warehouse man ageme nt, or air-traffic con trol, this is too restrictive. The sec ond approach is to create objects dyn amically in a pool of memory called the heap. In this approach, you don't know un til run-time how many objects you n eed, what their lifetime is, or what their exact type is. Those are determined at the spur of the moment while the program is runnin g. If you n eed a new object, you simply make it on the heap at the point that you n eed it. Because the storage is man aged dyn amically, at run-time, the amount of time required to allocate storage on the heap is sig ni fica ntly Ion ger tha n the time to create storage on the stack. (Creat ing storage on the stack is ofte n a si ngle assembly in structio n to move the stack poin ter dow n, and ano ther to move it back up.) The dyn amic approach makes the gen erally logical assumpti on that objects tend to be complicated, so the extra overhead of finding storage and releas ing that storage will not have an importa nt impact on the creati on of an object .In additi on, the greater flexibility is esse ntial to solve the gen eral program ming problem. Java uses the sec ond approach, exclusive". Every time you want to create an object, you use the new keyword to build a dyn amic in sta nee of that object. There's ano ther issue, however, and that's the lifetime of an object. With Ian guages that allow objects to be created on the stack, the compiler determines how long the object lasts and can automatically destroy it. However, if you create it on the heap the compiler has no kno wledge of its lifetime. In a Ianguage like C++, you must determine programmatically when to destroy the
文献综述和外文翻译撰写要求与格式规范
本科毕业论文（设计）文献综述和外文翻译 撰写要求与格式规范 一、毕业论文（设计）文献综述 （一）毕业论文（设计）文献综述的内容要求 1．封面：由学院统一设计，普通A4纸打印即可。 2.正文 综述正文部分需要阐述所选课题在相应学科领域中的发展进程和研究方向，特别是近年来的发展趋势和最新成果。通过与中外研究成果的比较和评论，说明自己的选题是符合当前的研究方向并有所进展，或采用了当前的最新技术并有所改进，目的是使读者进一步了解本课题的意义。文中的用语、图纸、表格、插图应规范、准确，量和单位的使用必须符合国家标准规定，引用他人资料要有标注。 文献综述字数在5000字以上。 正文前须附500字左右中文摘要，末尾须附参考文献。 参考文献的著录按在文献综述中出现的先后顺序编号。 期刊类文献书写方法:[序号]作者（不超过3人，多者用等表示）.题（篇）名[J].刊名,出版年,卷次（期次）:起止页次.
图书类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.书名[M].版本.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 论文集类文献书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[C].论文集名.出版地:出版者,出版年:起止页次. 学位论文类书写方法:[序号]作者.篇名[D].出版地:单位名称,年份. 电子文献类书写方法:[序号]主要责任者. 题名:其他题名信息[文献类型标志/文献载体标志 ]出版地:出版者,出版年（更新或修改日期）[引用日期].获取和访问途径. 参考文献篇数应符合学院毕业论文（设计）工作的要求。 （二）毕业论文（设计）文献综述撰写与装订的格式规范 第一部分：封面 1.封面：由学院统一设计，“本科生毕业论文（设计）”根据作业实际明确为“论文”或“设计”，其它文本、表格遇此类情况同样处理。 第二部分：文献综述主题 1.中文摘要与关键词 摘要标题（五号，宋体，顶格，加粗）
注塑模外文翻译
注塑成型智能模具设计工具 摘要 注塑成型是一个生产热塑性塑料制品最流行的制造工艺，而模具设计是这个过程的一个重要方面。模具设计需要专业的知识、技能，最重要的是拥有该领域的经验。三者缺一不可。生产塑料组件需要选择恰当的模具，如果缺乏其中之一，这种选择就得在反复试验的基础上进行。这会增加生产成本，并造成设计上的不一致。本文介绍了智能模具设计工具的发展。该工具捕获模具设计过程的知识，并且以符合逻辑的方式将这些知识反映出来。所获得的知识将是确定性的，但模具设计过程中的信息是非确定的。一旦开发了模具设计工具，它将指导使用者根据不同客户的要求，为其塑料零件选择合适的模具。 导言 注塑成型工艺过程需要专业的知识、技能，最重要的是需要它成功的实践经验。通常是工艺参数控制过程的效率。在制造过程中，有效地控制和优化这些参数能实现一致性，这种一致性会在零件质量和零件成本上表现出来的问题。 1 智能化工程模块注塑成型工艺（IKEM） 基于知识的智能化工程模块的注塑成型工艺（IKEM）是一种软件技术，它领先于并行工程和 CAD / CAM 系统。它集成工程的设计和制造工艺的最新知识，给用户各种设计方面的指示，通过减少在产品开发设计阶段的工程变更，有助于减少一些工时。该系统将用于注塑设计，设计迭代和流程整合。目前的过程由许多手工计算、CAD 图形结构和从以前项目取得的经验三部分组成。一旦工程师完成设计，这将是性能评估。该 IKEM 项目已分为三大模块。 1 费用估算模块 2 模具设计模块 3 生产模块 IKEM 系统有两种形式输入。在一个 CAD 模型的形式（Pro/E 文件）下输入，和在给出的用户界面形式下输入。制造商的经验水平将决定如何有效地控制工艺参数。有时这就导致人为错误引起的不一致性。还有经验不足，时间、资源短缺和创新的空间不大的情况。通过创造所谓的“智能模型”的问题，工程学知识提供了一个可行的方案去解决所有这样用户输入形式模架设计制造用户输出形式语法分析程 CAD 模型成本估计 2 智能模具设计工具 在它的基本形式中模具设计工具是一个从文本文件中提取输入的 Visual Basic 应用程序，这种文本文件包含关于零件和用户输入程序。该文本文件包含来自 Pro/E 的一个信息文件的零件的几何解析。输入是用来估测模具得尺寸和其它各种特性。 2.1 文献回顾 模具设计的是另一种注塑成型过程的阶段，有经验的工程师在很大程度上有助于自动化进程，提高其效率。这个问题需要注意的是深入研究设计模具的时间。通常情况下，当设计工程师设计模具时，他们会参阅表格和标准手册，这会消耗大量的时间。另外，在标准的CAD 软件中需要大量的时间去考虑模具的建模组件。不同的研究人员已经解决了缩短用不同的方式来设计模具所花费的时间的问题。凯尔奇和詹姆斯采用成组技术来减少模具设计时间。聚合一类注塑成型件的独特的编码系统和在注射模具中所需的工具已开发，它可以适用于其它产品生产线。实施编码系统的软件系统也已经被开发。通过获取在这方面领域的工程师的经验和知识，尝试直接使模具设计过程的自动化。并行模具设计系统的研究开发就是这样的一个过程，在并行工程环境中试图制定一个系统的注塑模具设计流程。他们的研究目标是研制一个有利于并行工程实践的模具开发的进程，和研制开发一个以知识为基础的为注塑模具设计提供工艺问题和产品要求的辅助设计。通过各种方式获取关于模具设计过程的确定信息和
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济南大学泉城学院 毕业设计外文资料翻译 题目现代快速经济制造模具技术 专业机械制造及其自动化 班级专升本1302班 学生刘计良 学号2013040156 指导教师刘彦 二〇一五年三月十六日
Int J Adv Manuf Technol ,(2011) 53:1–10DOI 10.1007/s00170-010-2796-y Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds Ming-Shyan Huang & Ming-Kai Hsu Received: 16 March 2010 / Accepted: 15 June 2010 / Published online: 25 June 2010 # Springer-Verlag London Limited 2010 Modular design applied to beverage-container injection molds The Abstract: This work applies modular design concepts to designating beverage-container injection molds. This study aims to develop a method of controlling costs and time in relation to mold development, and also to improve product design. This investigation comprises two parts: functional-ity coding, and establishing a standard operation procedure, specifically designed for beverage-container injection mold design and manufacturing. First, the injection mold is divided into several modules, each with a specific function. Each module is further divided into several structural units possessing sub-function or sub-sub-function. Next, dimen-sions and specifications of each unit are standardized and a compatible interface is constructed linking relevant units. This work employs a cup-shaped beverage container to experimentally assess the performance of the modular design approach. The experimental results indicate that the modular design approach to manufacturing injection molds shortens development time by 36% and reduces costs by 19 23% compared with the conventional ap-proach. Meanwhile, the information on