阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦 Albert Einstein 英文生平简介。

This PDF file contains most of the text of the Web exhibit "Einstein – Image and Impact" at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9118216206.html,/history/einstein. NOT included are many secondary pages reached by clicking on the illustrations, which contain some additional information and photo credits. You must also visit the Web exhibit to explore hyperlinks within the exhibit and to other exhibits, and to hear voice clips, for which the text is supplied here.
Brought to you by The Center for History of Physics Copyright 1996-2004 - American Institute of Physics Site created Nov. 1996, revised May 2004
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Table of Contents
Formative Years I Was Einstein's Brain Different? Formative Years II Formative Years III Formative Years IV The Great Works I Atoms in a Crystal… E=mc2 Einstein Explains the Equivalence of Energy and Matter The Great Works II World Fame I A Gravitational Lens… World Fame II Public Concerns I Public Concerns II Einstein Speaks on the Fate of the European Jews Public Concerns III The Quantum and the Cosmos I You're Looking at Quanta… The Quantum and the Cosmos II A Black Hole… The Quantum and the Cosmos: At Home The Nuclear Age I The Nuclear Age II Einstein Speaks on Nuclear Weapons and World Peace… Nuclear Age: At Home Science and Philosophy I Can the Laws of Physics be Unified? Science and Philosophy II The World As I See It, An Essay By Einstein Einstein's Third paradise, By Gerald Holton Einstein's Time, By Peter Galison How Did Einstein Discover Relativity? By John Stachel Einstein on the Photoelectric Effect, By David Cassidy Einstein on Brownian Motion, By David Cassidy An Albert Einstein Chronology Einstein Chronology for 1905 Off the Net: Books on Einstein More Einstein Info & Links Einstein Site Contents Exhibit Credits 3 4 5 7 8 9 11 12 14 15 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 27 30 31 32 33 34 36 38 39 41 42 44 45 47 54 65 75 78 81 83 85 90 92 93
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Einstein's parents, Hermann and Pauline, middle-class Germans. "I was the son of entirely irreligious (Jewish) parents," Einstein recalled. "There was this huge world out there, independent of us human beings and standing before us like a great, eternal riddle, at least partly accessible to our inspection and thought. The contemplation of that world beckoned like a liberation."
One story Einstein liked to tell about his childhood was of a "wonder" he saw when he was four or five years old: a magnetic compass. The needle's invariable northward swing, guided by an invisible force, profoundly impressed the child. The compass convinced him that there had to be "something behind things, something deeply hidden." Even as a small boy Einstein was self-sufficient and thoughtful. According to family legend he was a slow talker at first, pausing to consider what he would say. His sister remembered the concentration and perseverance with which he would build up houses of cards to many stories. The boy's The house where Einstein was born. thought was stimulated by his uncle, an engineer, and by a medical student who ate dinner once a week at the Einsteins'.
"At the age of 12, I experienced a wonder in a booklet dealing with Euclidean plane geometry, which came into my hands at the beginning of a school year. Here were assertions, as for example the intersection of the three altitudes of a triangle in one point, which -- though by no means evident -- could nevertheless be proved with such certainty that any doubt appeared to be out of the question. This lucidity and certainty made an indescribable impression on me."
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Although he got generally good grades (and was outstanding in mathematics), Einstein hated the academic high school he was sent to in Munich, where success depended on memorization and obedience to arbitrary authority. His real studies were done at home with books on mathematics, physics, and philosophy. A teacher suggested Einstein leave school, since his very presence destroyed the other students' respect for the teacher. The fifteen-year-old boy did quit school in mid-term to join his parents, who had moved to Italy. School class photograph in Munich, 1889. Einstein is in the front row, second from right.
Was Einstein's Brain Different?
Of course it was—people's brains are as different as their faces. In his lifetime many wondered if there was anything especially different in Einstein's. He insisted that on his death his brain be made available for research. When Einstein died in 1955, pathologist Thomas Harvey quickly preserved the brain and made samples and sections. He reported that he could see nothing unusual. The variations were within the range of normal human variations. There the matter rested until 1999. Inspecting samples that Harvey had carefully preserved, Sandra F. Witelson and colleagues discovered that Einstein's brain lacked a particular small wrinkle (the parietal operculum) that most people have. Perhaps in compensation, other regions on each side were a bit enlarged—the inferior parietal lobes. These regions are known to have something to do with visual imagery and mathematical thinking. Thus Einstein was apparently better equipped than most people for a certain type of thinking. Yet others of his day were probably at least as well equipped—Henri Poincar and David Hilbert, for example, were formidable visual and mathematical thinkers, both were on the trail of relativity, yet Einstein got far ahead of them. What he did with his brain depended on the nurturing of family and friends, a solid German and Swiss education, and his own bold personality. A late bloomer: Even at the age of nine Einstein spoke hesitantly, and his parents feared that he was below average intelligence. Did he have a learning or personality disability (such as "Asperger's syndrome," a mild form of autism)? There is not enough historical evidence to say. Probably Albert was simply a thoughtful and somewhat shy child. If he had some difficulties in school, the problem was probably resistance to the authoritarian German teachers, perhaps compounded by the awkward situation of a Jewish boy in a Catholic school.
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"It is almost a miracle that modern teaching methods have not yet entirely strangled the holy curiosity of inquiry; for what this delicate little plant needs more than anything, besides stimulation, is freedom."
Einstein's family had moved to Italy to try to establish a business, and he joined them for a glorious half year of freedom from work and anxiety. In 1895 he took the entrance examination for the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology -- and he failed. He was advised to study at a Swiss school in Aarau; here his teachers were humane and his ideas were set free. His thoughts turned to the theory of electromagnetism formulated by James Clerk Maxwell, seldom taught even in universities at the turn of the century.
Einstein with his sister.
From a classroom essay Einstein wrote in French at the age of 16, explaining why he would like to study theoretical mathematics or physics: "Above all it is my individual disposition for abstract and mathematical thought, my lack of imagination and practical talent. My inclinations have also led me to this resolve. That is quite natural; one always likes to do things for which one has talent. And then there is a certain independence in the scientific profession which greatly pleases me."
The Swiss Federal Institute of Technology ("ETH"), Zurich.
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Einstein graduated from the Aarau school and entered the Institute of Technology in Zurich. Around this time he recognized that physics was his true subject. Only there could he "seek out the paths that led to the depths." He also realized that he could never be an outstanding student. Fortunately his friend Marcel Grossmann had the conventional traits Einstein lacked. While Einstein worked in the library or the laboratory, Grossmann took excellent notes at the mathematics lectures, and gladly shared them with his friend before examinations. Einstein later wrote, "I would rather not speculate on what would have become of me without these notes."
Einstein with his friend Marcel Grossman (left).
Einstein grew familiar with the successes of past scientists who had tried to explain the world entirely through atoms or fluids, interacting like parts of a machine. But he learned that Maxwell's theory of electricity and magnetism was defying efforts to reduce it to mechanical processes. Through a new friend, the engineer Michele Besso, Einstein came to the writings of Ernst Mach -- a skeptical critic of accepted ideas in physics.
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"As a somewhat precocious young man, I was struck by the futility of the hopes and the endeavors that most men chase restlessly throughout life. And I soon realized the cruelty of that chase, which in those days was more carefully disguised with hypocrisy and glittering words than it is today."
The patent office in Bern. After Einstein graduated with an undistinguished record, he made a number of efforts to get a university job, and failed. He found only occasional jobs on the periphery of the academic world. He felt he was a burden on his none too prosperous family, and wondered if he had been mistaken in trying to become a physicist. Finally he got a position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. It was "a kind of salvation," he said. The regular salary and the stimulating work evaluating patent claims freed Einstein. He now had time to devote his thought to the most basic problems of physics of his time, and began to publish scientific papers.
Einstein's closest friend, with whom he walked home from the Patent Office every day, was Michele Besso. Einstein thought him "the best sounding board in Europe" for scientific ideas. With other friends in Bern, all unknown to the academic world, Einstein met regularly to read and discuss books on science and philosophy. They called themselves the Olympia Academy, mocking the official bodies that dominated science. Einstein's began to attract respect with his published papers (described in the next section), and in 1909 he was appointed associate professor at the University of Zurich. He was also invited to present his theories before the annual convention of German scientists. He met many people he had known only through their writings, such as the physicist Max Planck of Berlin. Soon Einstein was invited to the German University in Prague as full professor. Here he met a visiting Austrian physicist, Paul Ehrenfest. "Within a few hours we were true friends," Einstein recalled, "as though our dreams and aspirations were made for each other."
Michele Besso
"Academy" members Konrad Habricht, Maurice Solovine, and Einstein. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9118216206.html,/history/einstein/
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At the Zurich Polytechnic a romance had arisen between the handsome and witty would-be science teacher and a young Serbian woman, Mileva Maric, the only woman in Albert's physics class. Einstein's family opposed any talk of marriage, even after Mileva gave birth to a daughter (who was apparently given up for adoption). The pair finally married in 1903 after Einstein got his job at the Patent Office. Einstein discussed physics with Mileva, but there is no solid evidence that she made any significant contribution to his work. In 1904 a son was born, and a second in 1910.
Einstein, his wife Mileva, and their son.
Through letters, visits, and science meetings, Einstein came to know most of the major physicists of Europe (there were not many in those days). In 1912 Einstein was invited back to the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology as professor. Here he rejoined his old friend Marcel Grossmann, now professor of mathematics. With Grossmann's aid, Einstein studied the mathematical theories and techniques which he found necessary for his work toward a new theory of gravitation. Meanwhile, Einstein was being introduced to a different sort of world by another friend, Friedrich Adler: the world of the Second International and its attempt to halt the growth of international rivalries in Europe.
Einstein in 1912 In 1914, the German government gave Einstein a senior research appointment in Berlin, along with a membership in the prestigious Prussian Academy of Sciences. When Einstein had left his native land as a youth, he had renounced German citizenship and all of the militarist German society. But Berlin -- with no teaching duties and a galaxy of top scientists for colleagues -- could not be resisted. It was the highest level a scientific career could ordinarily reach. "With such fame, not much time remains for his wife," Mileva complained. "I am very starved for love." Einstein felt suffocated in the increasingly strained and gloomy relationship. He found solace in a love affair with his cousin, Elsa Lwenthal. Mileva and Albert separated in 1914, after bitter arguments, and divorced in 1919. That same year he married Elsa, and settled in with her and her two grown daughters by a previous marriage. "The Lord has put into him so much that's beautiful, and I find him wonderful," Elsa later wrote, "even though life at his side is enervating and difficult." (Click here for more on Einstein at home.) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9118216206.html,/history/einstein/
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"A storm broke loose in my mind."
Einstein sent to the Annalen der Physik, the leading German physics journal, a paper with a new understanding of the structure of light. He argued that light can act as though it consists of discrete, independent particles of energy, in some ways like the particles of a gas. A few years before, Max Planck's work had contained the first suggestion of a discreteness in energy, but Einstein went far beyond this. His revolutionary proposal seemed to contradict the universally accepted theory that light consists of smoothly oscillating electromagnetic waves. But Einstein showed that light quanta, as he called the particles of energy, could help to explain phenomena being studied by experimental physicists. For example, he made clear how light ejects electrons from metals. Einstein in the patent office. Einstein discovered light quanta by pondering experiments on particles discovered only a few years earlier. See our Web exhibit, The Discovery of the Electron.
The Annalen der Physik received another paper from Einstein. The wellknown kinetic energy theory explained heat as an effect of the ceaseless agitated motion of atoms; Einstein proposed a way to put the theory to a new and crucial experimental test. If tiny but visible particles were suspended in a liquid, he said, the irregular bombardment by the liquid's invisible atoms should cause the suspended particles to carry out a random jittering dance. Just such a random dance of microscopic particles had long since been observed by biologists (It was called "Brownian motion," an unsolved mystery). Now Einstein had explained the motion in detail. He had reinforced the kinetic theory, and he had created a powerful new tool for studying the movement of atoms.
"When the Special Theory of Relativity began to germinate in me, I was visited by all sorts of nervous conflicts... I used to go away for weeks in a state of confusion."
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Einstein sent the Annalen der Physik a paper on electromagnetism and motion. Since the time of Galileo and Newton, physicists had known that laboratory measurements of mechanical processes could never show any difference between an apparatus at rest and an apparatus moving at constant speed in a straight line. Objects behave the same way on a uniformly moving ship as on a ship at the dock; this is called the Principle of Relativity. But according to the electromagnetic theory, developed by Maxwell and refined by Lorentz, light should not obey this principle. Their electromagnetic theory predicted that measurements on the velocity of light would show the effects of motion. Yet no such effect had been detected in any of the ingenious and delicate experiments that physicists had devised: the velocity of light did not vary. Einstein had long been convinced that the Principle of Relativity must apply to all phenomena, mechanical or not. Now he found a way to show that this principle was compatible with electromagnetic theory after all. As Einstein later remarked, reconciling these seemingly incompatible ideas required "only" a new and more careful consideration of the concept of time. His new theory, later called the special theory of relativity, was based on a novel analysis of space and time -- an analysis so clear and revealing that it can be understood by beginning science students. Time and motion: the old clock tower and an electrified trolley in Bern.
Einstein reported a remarkable consequence of his special theory of relativity: if a body emits a certain amount of energy, then the mass of that body must decrease by a proportionate amount. Meanwhile he wrote a friend, "The relativity principle in connection with the Maxwell equations demands that the mass is a direct measure for the energy contained in bodies; light transfers mass... This thought is amusing and infectious, but I cannot possibly know whether the good Lord does not laugh at it and has led me up the garden path." Einstein and many others were soon convinced of its truth. The relationship is expressed as an equation: E=mc2.
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Atoms in a Crystal...
This is an image of silicon atoms arranged on a face of a crystal. It is impossible to "see" atoms this way using ordinary light. The image was made by a Scanning Tunneling Microscope, a device that "feels" the cloud of electrons that form the outer surface of atoms, rather as a phonograph needle feels the grooves in a record. It had long been suspected that crystals are made of atoms lined up in neat arrays. But at the start of the 20th century there was no way to actually see them. Some scientists thought the "atom" in physics theories might be merely a sort of abstract device useful for computations. Einstein's paper gave one of the first convincing proofs that atoms do exist as real objects.
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"In light of knowledge attained, the happy achievement seems almost a matter of course, and any intelligent student can grasp it without too much trouble. But the years of anxious searching in the dark, with their intense longing, their alterations of confidence and exhaustion and the final emergence into the light -- only those who have experienced it can understand it."
Einstein's theories sprang from a ground of ideas prepared by decades of experiments. One of the most striking, in retrospect, was done in Cleveland, Ohio, by Albert Michelson and Edward Morley in 1887. Their apparatus, shown above, was a massive stone block with mirrors and crisscrossing light beams, giving an accurate measurement of any change in the velocity of light. Michelson and Morley expected to see their light beams shifted by the swift motion of the earth in space. To their surprise, they could not detect any change. It is debatable whether Einstein paid heed to this particular experiment, but his work provided an explanation of the unexpected result through a new analysis of space and time. As noted on the previous page, when Einstein used his equations to study the motion of a body, they pointed him to a startling insight about the body's mass and energy.
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The deep connection Einstein discovered between energy and mass is expressed in the equation E=mc2. Here E represents energy, m represents mass, and c2 is a very large number, the square of the speed of light. Full confirmation was slow in coming. In Paris in 1933, Irène and Frédéric Joliot-Curie took a photograph showing the conversion of energy into mass. A quantum of light, invisible here, carries energy up from beneath. In the middle it changes into mass -- two freshly created particles which curve away from each other.
Conversion of energy into mass
Meanwhile in Cambridge, England, the reverse process was seen: the conversion of mass into pure energy. With their apparatus John Cockcroft and E.T.S. Walton broke apart an atom. The fragments had slightly less mass in total than the original atom, but they flew apart with great energy.
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Einstein Explains the Equivalence of Energy and Matter
"It followed from the special theory of relativity that mass and energy are both but different manifestations of the same thing -- a somewhat unfamiliar conception for the average mind. Furthermore, the equation E is equal to m c-squared, in which energy is put equal to mass, multiplied by the square of the velocity of light, showed that very small amounts of mass may be converted into a very large amount of energy and vice versa. The mass and energy were in fact equivalent, according to the formula mentioned before. This was demonstrated by Cockcroft and Walton in 1932, experimentally."
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"The four men who laid the foundations of physics on which I have been able to construct my theory... "
Galileo
Isaac Newton
James Clerk Maxwell
Hendrik Antoon Lorentz
As early as 1907, while Einstein and others explored the implications of his special theory of relativity, he was already thinking about a more general theory. The special theory had shown how to relate the measurements https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9118216206.html,/history/einstein/
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made in one laboratory to the measurements made in another laboratory moving in a uniform way with respect to the first laboratory. Could he extend the theory to deal with laboratories moving in arbitrary ways, speeding up, slowing down, changing direction? Einstein saw a possible link between such accelerated motion and the familiar force of gravity. He was impressed by a fact known to Galileo and Newton but not fully appreciated before Einstein puzzled over it. All bodies, however different, if released from the same height will fall with exactly the same constant acceleration (in the absence of air resistance). Like the invariant velocity of light on which Einstein had founded his special theory of relativity, here was an invariance that could be the starting point for a theory.
"The physicist cannot simply surrender to the philosopher the critical contemplation of the theoretical foundations; for he himself knows best and feels most surely where the shoe pinches.... he must try to make clear in his own mind just how far the concepts which he uses are justified... The whole of science is nothing more than a refinement of everyday thinking."
As he often did in his work, Einstein used a "thought experiment." Suppose that a scientist is enclosed in a large box somewhere, and that he releases a stone. The scientist sees the stone fall to the floor of the box with a constant acceleration. He might conclude that his box is in a place where there is a force of gravity pulling downward. But this might not be true. The entire box could be free from gravity, but accelerating upward in empty space on a rocket: the stone could be stationary and the floor rising to meet it. The physicist in the box cannot, Einstein noted, tell the difference between the two cases. Therefore there must be some profound connection between accelerated motion and the force of gravity. It remained to work out this connection. Einstein began to search for particular equations -- ones that would relate the measurements made by two observers who are moving in an arbitrary way with respect to one another. The search was arduous, with entire years spent in blind alleys. Einstein had to master more elaborate mathematical techniques than he had ever expected to need, and to work at a higher level of abstraction than ever before. His friend Michele Besso gave crucial help here. Meanwhile his life was unsettled. He separated from his wife. And he began to participate in politics after the First World War broke out.
"I have just completed the most splendid work of my life..." --to his son Hans Albert, 1915
Success in his theoretical work was sealed in 1915. The new equations of gravitation had an essential logical simplicity, despite their unfamiliar mathematical form. To describe the action of gravity, the equations showed how the presence of matter warped the very framework of space and time. This warping would determine how an object moved. Einstein tested his theory by correctly calculating a small discrepancy in the motion of the planet Mercury, a discrepancy that astronomers had long been at a loss to explain.
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"Dear Mother, -- Good news today. H.A. Lorentz has wired me that the British expeditions have actually proved the light deflection near the sun."
Einstein's new general theory of relativity predicted a remarkable effect: when a ray of light passes near a massive body, the ray should be bent. For example, starlight passing near the sun should be slightly deflected by gravity. This deflection could be measured when the sun's own light was blocked during an eclipse. Einstein predicted a specific amount of deflection, and the prediction spurred British astronomers to try to observe a total eclipse in May 1919. Feverish preparations began as the war ended. Two expeditions, one to an island off West Africa and the other to Brazil, succeeded in photographing stars near the eclipsed sun. The starlight had been deflected just as Einstein had predicted.
In a letter to an astronomer in 1913, Einstein included a sketch (right) that showed how gravity should deflect light near the sun, making stars appear to shift their positions. A photograph (below) from one of the expeditions shows the eclipsed sun. Some stars are circled and artificially enhanced in this reproduction. These apparent positions deviated from the positions of the stars photographed when the sun was elsewhere in the sky. As a ripple a pane of in glass is detected when objects seen through the glass are distorted, so we detect here a warping of space itself.
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A Gravitational Lens...
This photo taken with the Hubble Space Telescope shows a cluster of galaxies. Each of the bright rounded objects contains billions of stars. The huge concentrated mass of the cluster warps space around it, bending the light that comes through from galaxies lying far beyond the cluster. Each of the streaks and arcs in the photo is a smeared-out image of one of those distant galaxies.
Measuring the streaks and applying Einstein's equations, physicists can calculate the distribution of matter in this cluster of galaxies. Astronomers are also using the cluster itself as a sort of telescope. This powerful "gravitational lens" gathers light from galaxies so remote that we could not see them by other means. Some of the light you see here originated when the universe was barely a quarter of its present age.
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"Since that deluge of newspaper articles I have been so flooded with questions, invitations, suggestions, that I keep dreaming I am roasting in Hell, and the mailman is the devil eternally yelling at me, showering me with more bundles of letters at my head because I have not answered the old ones."
Cartoon
Announcement of the eclipse results caused a sensation, and not only among scientists. It brought home to the public a transformation of physics, by Einstein and others, that was overturning established views of time, space, matter, and energy. Einstein became the world's symbol of the new physics. Some journalists took a perverse delight in exaggerating the incomprehensibility of his theory, claiming that only a genius could understand it. More serious thinkers -philosophers, artists, ordinary educated and curious people -- took the trouble to study the new concepts. These people too chose Einstein as a symbol for thought at its highest.
"I have become rather like King Midas, except that everything turns not into gold but into a circus."
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With his second wife, Elsa, Einstein toured the US in 1921 like a celebrity. His name and face became familiar even in cartoons and advertisements.
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爱因斯坦介绍(英语)

Albert Einstein ( /??lb?rt ?a?nsta?n/; German: [?alb?t ?a?n?ta?n] ( listen); 14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who developed the theory of general relativity, effecting a revolution in physics. For this achievement, Einstein is often regarded as the father of modern physics and one of the most prolific（多产的）intellects in human history.[2][3] While best known for his mass–energy equivalence formula E = mc2, he received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect".[4] The latter was pivotal （关键的）in establishing quantum theory （量子论）within physics. Near the beginning of his career, Einstein thought that Newtonian mechanics was no longer enough to reconcile the laws of classical mechanics with the laws of the electromagnetic field. This led to the development of his special theory of relativity. He realized, however, that the principle of relativity could also be extended to gravitational（重力场）fields, and with his subsequent（后来的）theory of gravitation in 1916, he published a paper on the general theory of relativity. He continued to deal with problems of statistical mechanics and quantum theory, which led to his explanations of particle theory（微粒说）and the motion of molecules. He also investigated the thermal properties（热力性质）of light which laid the foundation of the photon theory of light. In 1917, Einstein applied the general theory of relativity to model the structure of the universe as a whole.[5] He was visiting the United States when Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and did not go back to Germany, where he had been a professor at the Berlin Academy of Sciences. He settled in the U.S., becoming a citizen in 1940.[6] On the eve of World War II, he helped alert President Franklin D. Roosevelt that Germany might be developing an atomic weapon, and recommended that the U.S. begin similar research; this eventually led to what would become the Manhattan Project. Einstein was in support of defending the Allied forces, but largely denounced using the new discovery of nuclear fission as a weapon. Later, together with Bertrand Russell, Einstein signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto（罗素爱因斯坦宣言）, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. Einstein was affiliated with（交往）the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, until his death in 1955. Einstein published more than 300 scientific papers along with over 150 non-scientific（反科学的）works.[5][7] His great intelligence and originality（创造力）have made the word "Einstein" synonymous（同义词）with genius.[8]

爱因斯坦的名言英语

爱因斯坦的名言英语 1、人生价值，应该看他贡献什么，而不是取得什么。 The value of life should depend on what he contributes, not what he obtains. 2、你要知道科学方法的实质，不要去听一个科学家对你说些什么，而要仔细看他在做什么。 You need to know the essence of scientific methods. Don't listen to what a scientist says to you, but watch carefully what he is doing. 3、简单淳朴的生活，无论在身体上，还是精神上，对每个人都是有益的。 Simple and simple life, both physically and spiritually, is good for everyone. 4、唤起独创性的表现与求知之乐，是为人师者至高无比的秘方。 To arouse the expression of originality and the joy of seeking knowledge is the supreme secret recipe for teachers. 5、世间最美好的东西，莫过于几个有头脑和心地都很正直的的严正的朋友。 The best thing in the world is a few honest and upright friends who have brains and hearts. 6、知学校的目标应是培养有独立行动和独立思考的人。 The goal of knowing a school should be to train people who act independently and think independently. 7、不要努力成为一个成功者，要努力成为一个有价值的人。 Don't try to be a success, try to be a valuable person. 8、一个人的价值，应该看他贡献什么，而不应当看他取得什么。 A person's value should depend on what he contributes, not on what he obtains. 9、不是每件可以算数的事都可以计算，不是每件可以计算的事都可以算数。 Not everything that can be counted can be counted, not everything that can be counted can be counted. 10、学习知识要善于思考，思考，再思考，我就是靠这个方法成为科学家的。 Learning knowledge needs to be good at thinking, thinking and rethinking. That's how I became a scientist. 11、真正的快乐，是对生活的乐观，对工作的愉快，对事业的热心。 Real happiness is optimism about life, happiness about work and enthusiasm for career. 12、真实只是一种幻觉，尽管是一种挥之不去的幻觉。 Truth is only an illusion, albeit a lingering one. 13、对真理的追求要比对真理的占有更可贵。 The pursuit of truth is more valuable than the possession of truth. 14、书读得太多，而脑筋用得太少的人，都会落入懒得思考的习惯。 People who read too much and use too little brains fall into the habit of thinking too little. 15、人只能有献身社会，才能找出那实际上是短暂而有风险的生命的意义。

爱因斯坦简介和英语学习

爱因斯坦（Albert Einstein，1879-1955），举世闻名的德裔美国科学家，现代物理学的开创者和奠基人。 爱因斯坦1900年毕业于苏黎世工业大学，1909年开始在大学任教，1914年任威廉皇家物理研究所所长兼柏林大学教授。后被迫移居美国，1940年入美国国籍。 十九世纪末期是物理学的变革时期，爱因斯坦从实验事实出发，从新考查了物理学的基本概念，在理论上作出了根本性的突破。他的一些成就大大推动了天文学的发展。他的量子理论对天体物理学、特别是理论天体物理学都有很大的影响。理论天体物理学的第一个成熟的方面——恒星大气理论，就是在量子理论和辐射理论的基础上建立起来的。爱因斯坦的狭义相对论成功地揭示了能量与质量之间的关系，解决了长期存在的恒星能源来源的难题。近年来发现越来越多的高能物理现象，狭义相对论已成为解释这种现象的一种最基本的理论工具。其广义相对论也解决了一个天文学上多年的不解之谜，并推断出后来被验证了的光线弯曲现象，还成为后来许多天文概念的理论基础。 爱因斯坦对天文学最大的贡献莫过于他的宇宙学理论。他创立了相对论宇宙学，建立了静态有限无边的自洽的动力学宇宙模型，并引进了宇宙学原理、弯曲空间等新概念，大大推动了现代天文学的发展。 生平简述 1879年出生于德国乌尔姆一个经营电器作坊的小业主家庭。一年后，随全家迁居慕尼黑。1894年，他的家迁到意大利米兰。1895年他转学到瑞士阿劳市的州立中学。1896年进苏黎世工业大学师范系学习物理学，1900年毕业。1901年取得瑞士国籍。1902年大学毕业后无法进入学术机构，只在瑞士伯尔尼专利局找到一份做审查员的临时工作，被伯尔尼瑞士专利局录用为技术员，从事发明专利申请的技术鉴定工作。但在那里，爱因斯坦被正规教育扼杀的科学激情终于重新迸发出来，轻松的工作让爱因斯坦得以继续致力于科学研究。他利用业余时间开展科学研究，在1905年，年近26岁的爱因斯坦连续发表了三篇论文（《光量子》、《布朗运动》和《狭义相对论》），在物理学三个不同领域中取得了历史性成就，特别是狭义相对论的建立和光量子论的提出，推动了物理学理论的革命。同年，以论文《分子大小的新测定法》，取得苏黎世大学的博士学位。爱因斯坦1908年兼任伯尔尼大学的编外讲师。1909年离开专利局任苏黎世大学理论物理学副教授。1911年任布拉格德语大学理论物理学教授，1912年任母校苏黎世联邦工业大学教授。1914年，应马克斯·普朗克和瓦尔特·能斯脱的邀请，回德国任威廉皇家物理研究所所长兼柏林大学教授，直到1933年。1920年应亨德里克·安东·洛伦兹和保耳·埃伦菲斯特的邀请，兼任荷兰莱顿大学特邀教授。第一次世界大战爆发后，他投入公开和地下的反战活动。1915年爱因斯坦发表了广义相对论。他所作的光线经过太阳引力场要弯曲的预言，于1919年由英国天文学家亚瑟·斯坦利·爱丁顿的日全食观测结果所证实。1916年他预言的引力波在1978年也得到了证实。爱因斯坦和相对论在西方成了家喻户晓的名词，同时也

爱因斯坦的名言50句

爱因斯坦的名言50句 2018-01-171、情感和愿望是人类一切努力和创造背后的动力，不管呈现在我们面前的这种努力和创造外表上是多么高超。 ——爱因斯坦2、追求真理比占有真理更加难能可贵。 ——爱因斯坦3、我评定一个人的真正的价值只有一个标准，即：看他在多大程度上摆脱了自我，他摆脱了自我，又是为什么。 ——爱因斯坦4、由百折不挠的信念所支持的人的意志，比那些似乎是无敌的物质力量具有更大的威力。 ——爱因斯坦5、它(指学校教育)应当发展青年人中那些有益于公共福利的品质和才能。 ……学校的目标应当培养有独立行动和独立思考的个人，不过他们要把为社会服务看作是自已人生的最高目的。 ——爱因斯坦6、学习知识要善于思考、思考、再思考，我就是靠这个学习方法成为科学家的。 ——爱因斯坦7、成功＝艰苦的劳动＋正确的方法＋少谈空话。 ——爱因斯坦8、想像力比知识更重要，因为知识是有限的，而想像力概括着世界上的一切，推动着进步，并且是知识进化的源泉。 严肃地说，想像力是科学研究中的实在因素。 ——爱因斯坦9、灵感并不是在逻辑思考的延长线上产生，而是在破除逻辑或常识的地方才有灵感。 ——爱因斯坦10、决不要把你们的学习看成是任务，而是一个令

人羡慕的机会。 为了你们自己的欢乐和今后工作所属社会的利益，去学习。 ——爱因斯坦11、不是每件可以算数的事都可以计算，不是每件可以计算的事都可以算数。 ——爱因斯坦12、要记住，你们在学校里所学到的那些奇妙的东西，都是多少代人的工作成绩，都是由世界上各个国家里的热忱的努力和无尽的劳动所产生的。 这一切都作为遗产交到你们手里，使你们可以领受它，尊重它，增进它，并且有朝一日又忠实地转交给你们的孩子们。 这样。 我们这些总要死的人，就在我们共同创造的不朽事物中得到了永生。 ——爱因斯坦13、人们努力追求的庸欲的目标——爱因斯坦14、要是没有独立思考和独立判断的有创造能力的个人，社会的向上发展就不可想象。 ——爱因斯坦15、把时间花费在阅读他人的著述吧。 你可借他人辛苦的东西，轻易改善自己。 ——爱因斯坦16、一个人对社会的价值首先取决于他的感情思想和行动对增进人类利益有多大的作用。 ——爱因斯坦17、好奇心的存在，自有它的道理。 ——爱因斯坦18、自信是向成功迈出的第一步。

爱因斯坦英语名言

爱因斯坦英语名言 一个从不犯错误的人，一定从来没有尝试过任何新鲜事物。 2. Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them. 智者解决问题，天才预防问题。 3. Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one’s living at it. 科学是个美妙的东西——如果无须靠它维生的话。 4. The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. 世界上最让人难以理解的东西就是个人所得税。 5. I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice. 我确信上帝不玩赌博游戏。 6. Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. 现实不过是幻象，尽管这幻象挥之不去。 7. I never think of the future. It comes soon enough. 我从不去想未来。因为它来得已经够快的了。 8. The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. 妨碍我学习的唯一障碍就是我的教育。

9. Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I’m not sure abo ut the universe. 宇宙中唯有两件事物是无限的：宇宙的大小与人的愚蠢。我不能确定的是宇宙的大小。 10. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. 我不知道第三次世界大战会用哪些武器，但第四次世界大战中人们肯定用的是木棍和石块。 爱因斯坦英语名言 [篇2] 1、有时候一个人为不花钱得到的东西付出的代价最高。 sometimes one pays most for the things one gets for nothing. 2、人类一切和平合作的基础首先是相互信任，其次才是法庭和警-察一类的机构。 every kind of peaceful cooperation among men is primarily based on mutual trust and only secondly on institutions such as courts of justice and police. 3. 掰开人身上的偏见比掰开一个原子难的多。 it is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom. 4. 精神错乱：一遍又一遍地重复同一件事而期待不同的结果。

爱因斯坦生平事迹

爱因斯坦生平事迹 爱因斯坦是当代最伟大的物理学家。他热爱物理学，把毕生献给了物理学的理论研究。人们称他为20世纪的哥白尼、20世纪的牛顿。 爱因斯坦生长在物理学急剧变革的时期，通过以他为代表的一代物理学家的努力，物理学的发展进入了一个新的历史时期。由伽利略和牛顿建立的古典物理学理论体系，经历了将近200年的发展，到19世纪中叶，由于能量守恒和转化定律的发现，热力学和统计物理学的建立，特别是由于法拉第和麦克斯韦在电磁学上的发现，取得了辉煌的成就。这些成就，使得当时不少物理学家认为，物理学领域中原则性的理论问题都已经解决了，留给后人的，只是在细节方面的补充和发展。可是，历史的进程恰恰相反，接踵而来的却是一系列古典物理学无法解释的新现象：以太漂移实验、元素的放射性、电子运动、黑体辐射、光电效应等等。在这个新形势面前，物理学家一般企图以在旧理论框架内部进行修补的办法来解决矛盾，但是，年轻的爱因斯坦则不为旧传统所束缚，在洛伦兹等人研究工作的基础上，对空间和时间这样一些基本概念作了本质上的变革。这一理论上的根本性突破，开辟了物理学的新纪元。 爱因斯坦一生中最重要的贡献是相对论。1905年他发表了题为《论动体的电动力学》的论文，提出了狭义相对性原理和光速不变原理，建立了狭义相对论。这一理论把牛顿力学作为低速运动理论的特殊情形包括在内。它揭示了作为物质存在形式的空间和时间在本质上的统一性，深刻揭露了力学运动和电磁运动在运动学上的统一性，而且还进一步揭示了物质和运动的统一性（质量和能量的相当性），发展了物质和运动不可分割原理，并且为原子能的利用奠定了理论基础。随后，经过多年的艰苦努力，1915年他又建立了广义相对论，进一步揭示了四维空时同物质的统一关系，指出空时不可能离开物质而独立存在，空间的结构和性质取决于物质的分布，它并不是平坦的欧几里得空间，而是弯曲的黎曼空间。根据广义相对论的引力论，他推断光在引力场中不沿着直线而会沿着曲线传播。这一理论预见，在1919年由英国天文学家在日蚀观察中得到证实，当时全世界都为之轰动。1938年，他在广义相对论的运动问题上取得重大进展，即从场方程推导出物体运动方程，由此更深一步地揭示了空时、物质、运动和引力之间的统一性。广义相对论和引力论的研究，60年代以来，由于实验技术和天文学的巨大发展受到重视。另外，爱因斯坦对宇宙学、用引力和电磁的统一场论、量子论的研究都为物理学的发展作出了贡献。 爱因斯坦不仅是一个伟大的科学家，一个富有哲学探索精神的杰出的思想家，同时又是一个有高度社会责任感的正直的人。他先后生活在西方政治漩涡中心的德国和美国，经历过两次世界大战。他深刻体会到一个科学工作者的劳动成果对社会会产生怎样的影响，一个知识分子要对社会负怎样的责任。 爱因斯坦一心希望科学造福于人类，但他却目睹了科学技术在两次世界大战中所造成的巨大破坏，因此，他认为战争与和平的问题是当代的首要问题，他一生中发表得最多的也是这方面的言论。他对政治问题第一次公开表态，就是1914年签署的一个反对第一次世界大战的声明。他对政治问题的最后一次发言，即1955年4月签署的“罗素—爱因斯坦宣言”，也仍然是呼吁人们团结起来，防止新的世界大战的爆发。 在20世纪思想家的画廊中，爱因斯坦，就是公正、善良、真理的化身。他的品格与天地日月相争辉，他的科学贡献，人类将万世景仰。 本书不仅以翔实的史实勾勒出爱因斯坦伟大的一生，而且也从人类文化的源头上探寻着爱因斯坦思想、人格的精神底蕴。在书中，玄奥的物理学理论、传奇般的故事，在读者理喻20世纪历史文化进程的视野中，或许会形成一个既有深度、又有趣味的立体画面。同时，我们将在历史氛围中去理解爱因斯坦，也将在现实情境中去悄然接受爱因斯坦的精神感召。 爱因斯坦曾以理性之剑为当代物理学辟出一条新路，也曾以理性之剑挥斩人间的妖魔鬼怪，而今天，这把理性之剑在哪里？我们是否该去寻找这把理性之剑？这是爱因斯坦留下的一个硕大问号。每一个走向21世纪的人都该在这个问号面前沉思默想，都应该接过爱因斯坦的理性之剑，为和谐、公正的21世纪而努力。

爱因斯坦的读书名言警句摘抄合集英文

爱因斯坦的读书名言警句摘抄合集英文 1. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new. 一个从不犯错误的人，一定从来没有尝试过任何新鲜事物。 2. Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them. 智者解决问题，天才预防问题。 3. Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it. 科学是个美妙的东西如果无须靠它维生的话。 4. The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. 世界上最让人难以理解的东西就是个人所得税。 5. I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice. 我确信上帝不玩赌博游戏。 6. Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. 现实不过是幻象，尽管这幻象挥之不去。 7. I never think of the future. It comes soon enough. 我从不去想未来。因为它来得已经够快的了。 8. The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education.

妨碍我学习的唯一障碍就是我的教育。 9. Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe. 宇宙中唯有两件事物是无限的：宇宙的大小与人的愚蠢。我不能确定的是宇宙的大小。 10. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. 原文：I think that only daring speculation can lead us further and not accumulation of facts. 如果A代表一个人的成功，那么A等于x加y加z。勤奋工作是x;y是玩耍，而z是把嘴闭上。 原文：If A is a success in life, then A equals x plus y plus z. Work is x; y is play; and z is keeping your mouth shut. 有一个现象的明显程度已经让我毛骨悚然，这便是我们的人性已经远远落后我们的科学技术了。 原文:It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity. 要打破人的偏见比崩解一个原子还难。 原文:It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom. 法律本身并不能保证言论自由;要做到这一点，必需要所有的人都有着包容的心。 原文:Laws alone can not secure freedom of expression;

英语演讲————爱因斯坦

Albert Einstein's life Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, Germany in 1879. Einstein's father is a businessman, he has a production of electrical equipment factory. When children, Einstein is very quiet, he often alone to kill time. His language is slow and difficult to read. However, the things he was especially interested in the theory, and it often puts forward many problems. When Einstein was 5 years old, his father gave him a compass. He was surprised to find that the compass needle always points to the north, he is very curious, so he asked his father and his uncle is what causes the pointer to move. However, their answers to the magnetic and gravity are too difficult for the child, but Einstein still spends a lot of time thinking about the problem. Einstein won the Nobel prize for physics in 1921. His winning is not due to the relative theory, but because he found the law of the photoelectric effect. This discovery has driven the development of modern electronics, including radio and television. Einstein became a celebrity, but he felt very lonely, he almost no close friends. He wrote: the strange is that so many people know, but so lonely. I see in the nature of things and the profound, we understand only one or two of it. Einstein put his life in the last 25 years in the "unified field theory".

爱因斯坦十大名言-英汉对照

爱因斯坦十大名言 Albert Einstein's theory about how fast the universe is expanding has been proved correct by British scientists who praised his "incredible accuracy". He was known for words and phrases and here are 10 of his best quotes. 爱因斯坦关于宇宙飞速扩展的理论已经得到了英国科学家的证实，他那“不可思议的准确”令人赞叹。让我们一起看看这位人类历史上最伟大的科学家给我们留下的十大经典名言吧。 1. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new. 一个从不犯错误的人，一定从来没有尝试过任何新鲜事物。 2. Intellectuals solve problems; geniuses prevent them. 智者解决问题，天才预防问题。 3. Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it. 科学是个美妙的东西——如果无须靠它维生的话。 4. The hardest thing in the world to understand is the income tax. 世界上最让人难以理解的东西就是个人所得税。 5. I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice. 我确信上帝不玩赌博游戏。 6. Reality is merely an illusion, albeit a very persistent one. 现实不过是幻象，尽管这幻象挥之不去。 7. I never think of the future. It comes soon enough. 我从不去想未来。因为它来得已经够快的了。 8. The only thing that interferes with my learning is my education. 妨碍我学习的唯一障碍就是我的教育。 9. Two things are infinite: the universe and human stupidity; and I'm not sure about the universe. 宇宙中唯有两件事物是无限的：宇宙的大小与人的愚蠢。我不能确定的是宇宙的大小。10. I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones. 我不知道第三次世界大战会用哪些武器，但第四次世界大战中人们肯定用的是木棍和石块。

Unit4-Albert-Einstein

Albert Einstein German-born American Physicist and Nobel Laureate 1879～1955 “Imagination is more important than knowledge. ” ---- Albert Einstein A Brief Introduction to Albert Einstein Albert Einstein, whose Special Theory of Relativity and General Theory of Relativity revolutionized scientific perceptions of the universe, is acknowledged, along with Newton, as one of history’s greatest physicists. Son of free-thinking, cultured Jews, Einstein was unable to speak until he was three and displayed no special promise. Anti-Semitism also hampered his talent when it began to emerge. He became a Swiss citizen in 1901, obtaining a doctorate from the University of Bern in 1905. His research, which ended in the famous equation E=mc2, was published in the same year. After World War I, Einstein’s fame extended beyond the scientific community and in 1921 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics. During the 1920s he regarded the rise of the Nazis in Germany with horror, eventually emigrating to the U.S. where, in 1933, he took up a post at Princeton University. In 1939 his early warnings of German scientific attempts to make an atomic bomb prompted the start of the Manhattan Project. ?Einstein’s Chronology

爱因斯坦名言英文

爱因斯坦名言英文 导读：本文是关于爱因斯坦名言英文，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享！ 1、Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile。只有无私的生命才值得活。 2、Subtle is the Lord，but malicious He is not。我们的主很狡猾，好在他不怀歹意。 3、It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom。要打破人的偏见比崩解一个原子还难。 4、I am convinced that He (God) does not play dice。我确信上帝不玩**游戏。 5、Truth is what stands the test of experience。真理就是在实践面前站得住脚的东西。 6、Intellectuals solve problems；geniuses prevent them。智者解决问题，天才预防问题。 7、I never think of the future。It comes soon enough。我从不展望未来。它来得够快的了。 8、Only a life lived for others is a life worthwhile。只有利他的生活才是值得过的生活。 9、I love to travel，but hate to arrive。我喜欢旅行，但我不喜欢到达。

10、Science without religion is lame，religion without science is blind。科学没有宗教是瘸子，宗教没有科学是瞎子。 11、Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new。一个人从未犯错是因为他不曾尝试新鲜事物。 12、The value of a man resides in what he gives and not in what he is capable of receiving。一个人的价值，在于他贡献了什么，而不在于他能得到什么。 13、It's not that I'm so smart，it's just that I stay with problems longer。并不是我很聪明，而只是我和问题相处得比较久一点。 14、Education is what remains after one has forgotten everything he learned in school。教育就是当一个人把在学校所学全部忘光之后剩下的东西。(爱氏自言引述某前人的话) 15、Equations are more important to me，because politics is for the present，but an equation is something for eternity。方程式对我更重要，因为**只看眼前，而方程式是永恒的。 16、It is harder to crack a prejudice than an atom。掰开人身上的偏见比掰开一个原子难的多。 17、If we knew what we were doing，it wouldn't be called research，would it？如果我们知道我们在做什么，那么这就不叫科学研究了；不是吗？ 18、I never think of the future。It comes soon enough。

英语名人名言大全英语名人名言大全(中英对照)

英语名人名言大全-英语名人名言大 全(中英对照) 由线话英语提供 英语名人名言大全如下： IDEAL 理想篇 Do not , for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist) 不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家莎士比亚.W.) Don’t part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain ,

American writer) 不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家马克·吐温) I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man . I don’t know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world .(Thomas Edison , American inventor) 我想揭示大自然的秘密，用来造福人类。我认为，在我们的短暂一生中，最好的贡献莫过于此了。(美国发明家爱迪生. T.) Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal , there is no secure direction ; without direction , there is no life .( Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer) 理想是指路明灯。没有理想，就没有坚定的方向;没有方向，就没有生活。 (俄国作家托尔斯泰. L .) If winter comes , can spring be far

Albert Einstein(爱因斯坦介绍

Albert Einstein Who is the greatest person in the 20th century?Time selected from 100 people.Of the 100 chosen, Albert Einstein was chosen as the Person of the Century, on the grounds that he was the preeminent scientist in a century dominated by science.While Franklin D. Roosevelt and Mahatma Gandhi are runners-up. The editors of Time believed the 20th century "will be remembered foremost for its science and technology", and Einstein "serves as a symbol of all the scientists—such as Heisenberg, Bohr, Richard Feynman, ...who built upon his work". This year, Albert Einstein has gone for 60 years.But we will always remember him, for he started a new era of modern science,change our views of time and space. Early Life and Education Albert Einstein was born in the German Empire on 14 March 1879.The Einsteins were non-observant Ashkenazi Jews. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of 5 for three years. At the age of 8, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium), where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later.In 1895, at the age of 16, Einstein sat the entrance examinations for the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zürich (later the Eidgen?ssische Technische Hochschule ETH). He failed to reach the required standard in the general part of the examination, but obtained exceptional grades in physics and mathematics. On the advice of the principal of the Polytechnic, he attended the Argovian cantonal school (gymnasium) in Aarau, Switzerland, in 1895–96 to complete his secondary schooling. In January 1896, with his father's approval, he renounced his citizenship in the German Kingdom of Württemberg to avoid military service.In September 1896, he passed the Swiss Matura with mostly good grades, including a top grade of 6 in physics and mathematical subjects, on a scale of 1–6. Though only 17, he enrolled in the four-year mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Zürich Polytechnic. Theory of relativity and E = mc2 Einstein's "Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K?rper" ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") was received on 30 June 1905 and published 26 September of that same year. It reconciles Maxwell's equations for electricity and magnetism with the laws of mechanics, by introducing major changes to mechanics close to the speed of light. This later became known as Einstein's special theory of relativity. Consequences of this include the time-space frame of a moving body appearing to slow down and contract (in the direction of motion) when measured in the frame of the observer. This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether—one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time—was superfluous. In his paper on mass–energy equivalence, Einstein produced E = mc2 from his special relativity equations.Einstein's 1905 work on relativity remained controversial for many years, but was accepted by leading physicists, starting with Max Planck. general relativity