wind turbine 英语作文

Horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines

Wind power systems have achieved significant improvement in operating efficiencies, making them more economically competitive with other energy generation techniques.

Along with the need for increased sustainability in the energy sector, wind energy systems are increasing their market share faster than any other renewable energy system [1]. Horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs) have emerged as the dominant technology in modern wind energy technologies. In comparison to a vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT), a HAWT can achieve higher energy efficiencies, thereby increasing the power production and reducing system expense per kW of power generated. But as the opportunity to expand wind capacity increases, it is important that all aspects of this sustainable and environmentally benign technology are fully developed. VAWTs have demonstrated an ability to fulfill certain energy generation requirements that cannot be fulfilled by HAWTs. A HAWT can achieve higher efficiencies, but only if the energy quality of the wind is high. High wind turbulence, wind fluctuations, and high directional variability can cause significant problems for a HAWT, whereas VAWTs can operate well.

Local or distributed power generation has attracted significant attention in recent years. The resurgence of this old technology is partly attributed to the need for environmentally benign and sustainable energy systems in smaller communities. This includes diversifying the generation techniques and increasing the system efficiencies, while minimizing the environmental impact. Onsite power generation can overcome transmission losses and land costs. However, densely populated locations and urban centers generally coincide with a low quality of wind source, including high turbulence, fluctuations in intensity, and highly variable direction of the flow streams [2]. Variable pitch blades can improve turbine performance by varying the angle of attack to coincide with the various wind conditions, but this approach is generally not economically practical for small installations [3]. Fluctuating winds can greatly reduce a HAWT's performance as long as idling periods are experienced at start-up when the rotor accelerates slowly. For a small HAWT, a past study reported it to be 50 s at a wind speed of 8 m/s [4]. Certain VAWT designs have the ability to operate in these harsh operating conditions. However, there is no clear method to compare these different turbine designs in various wind conditions that are inherent to the different operating regions.

Typical design methodologies employ the first law of thermodynamics for wind power system analysis and design. Empirical tests and experience must often

be used to improve system performance and implementation. The process irreversibilities are not represented in the analysis [5]. A theoretical maximum efficiency can be predicted, but irreversibilities are not identified. With a first law methodology, the designer includes a predetermined design factor to account for the irreversibilities. Past experimental data reported that actual flow across a wind turbine rotor is about 20% slower than the ideal flow [6]. Predicting turbine performance with complicated variations in operating demands and design configurations reveal the deficiencies with this

strategy [7]. In contrast, the second law defines a quality of energy and quantity of irreversibility or loss associated with the thermodynamic process. In this paper, the concept of entropy generation will be used to describe the magnitude of energy dissipation. Higher levels of entropy generation are associated with a lower level of useful energy. The second law requires that the amount of entropy in an isolated system will always increase [8]. This principle can be applied to a variety of engineering applications.

Entropy-based design and exergy analysis have been shown to identify the maximum theoretical capability of energy system performance in various applications. For example, it can provide component-level energy management to improve diffuser performance [9] and reduce voltage losses within a fuel cell [10]. Exergy analysis has been used to diagnose inefficiencies of power plants [11], minimize the carryover leakage irreversibilities in a power plant regenerative air heater [12], and many other power plant associated applications. These studies have shown exergy analysis to be very useful for improving a wide range of thermo fluid systems. Exergy analysis also provides a design tool for increased accuracy and more efficient performance. However, there are few examples in past literature that pertain to wind exergy. Through an energy and exergy analysis of the characteristics of wind energy, it was found that differences between energy and exergy efficiencies are approximately 20–24% at low wind speeds and approximately 10–15% at high wind speeds [13]. Sahin et al. [14]developed a useful exergetic analysis technique for determining the exergetic efficiency of a wind turbine. The technique utilizes the wind chill temperature associated with wind velocity to predict the entropy generation of the process. Better turbine design and location selection can be achieved with the aid of such exergy analysis.

In this paper, a comparison of second law efficiencies for four different wind power systems will be presented. The analysis is intended to compare turbines that have different performance advantages in various operating conditions. A parametric study investigates the selection and associated predictions of key

variables for each system. This paper will develop a second law analysis of wind power for potentially valuable utility in the wind energy industry. References

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第二节书面表达（满分25分） (written by Dajun ) 你校正在组织英语作文比赛。请以身边值得尊敬和爱戴的人为题，写一篇短文参赛，内容包括： 1. 人物简介； 2. 尊敬和爱戴的原因。 注意： 1. 词数100左右； 2. 短文题目和首句已为你写好。

Of all the most admirable and respectable people, I was deeply moved by a medical specialist whose name is ZhongNanshan. He was born in a family of doctors and admitted to Peking university because of his hard study. After graduating,he was not only devoted his time to doing research on medicine but also he gained the chances to study abroad in order to serve people better . He is one of our Chinese heroes that volunteered to the frontier many times where the disease was breaking out. What impressed me most is the picture that he was on the train to WuHan sleeping against the seat. Besides, he gives us inspiration and confidence when necessary, appearing on the critical conditions in time. Moreover,his deeds and spirit have made a great difference to me. His contributions to our country have been inspiring younger generations.

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