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如何写作Research Proposal(译文)

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/9214006704.html,/view/460a9c104431b90d6c85c717.html

许多学生和刚入门的研究者无法去充分理解研究计划的意义和重要性。坦率的说，一个人的研究不会比计划做得更好。所有构思拙劣的计划一开始就决定了研究的不好情况，即使能够通过学术委员会的。另一方面，一个高质量的论文计划不但可以保证研究计划的成功，还能给学术委员会留下你具有研究潜能的印象。

研究规划可以告诉别人你有一个有价值的研究工程并且你有能力和计划完成这个规划，一般而言，研究规划应该包括研究过程中的所有重点内容，并且有足够的信息让读者评判要进行的研究。

不管你选择什么样的研究领域和方法，所有的研究规划必须包括以下内容：计划做什么？为什么做此选择？还有如何去做？

规划应该包括足够的信息去说服读者，你有一个非常重要的研究规划。你对相关领域和主要课题的提出了解决方案，并且你的方法是合理的。规划质量不仅取决于规划的计划，还取决于规划的写作。因为拙劣的写作，一个好的研究规划可能会被否定掉。因此，把规划的写的连贯、清晰、有说服力就变得极有价值。

这篇文章专注于规划的写作，而不是研究方案的进展。

题目：

题目应当有说服力并且形象生动。比如：词组“对...的描述”可以省略，题目通常基于一种功能关系，因为这种题目清晰给出了自变量和因变量。可能的情况下，构思出信息性强同时琅琅上口的题目。一个好的题目不仅能激发起读者的兴趣，还能让他/她找到自己最感兴趣的部分。

摘要：

这是一段大约300字的简洁摘要，应当包括研究问题，问题的合理性，假设（如果可能的话），方法和主要的发现。方法的描述包括设计、过程、样品和任何用到的样品。

介绍：

介绍的目的是提供研究问题的必要背景和内容。如何定位问题可能是写作过程中最重要的部分。

如果研究的问题在普通杂乱的语境中列出的话，问题会显得琐碎、没有吸引人之处。同样的问题如果用集中紧凑的格式列出，他的意义就会很明显。

不幸的是没有硬性快速的规则告诉你如何构思研究课题，因为没有关于如何写出有趣并且信息开放的段落。大部分要取决于你的创造能力，清晰思考的能力和你对问题的思考深度。

因此，尝试把你的课题圈定在比较“热”的领域，或者虽然比较老但仍然有变化的地方。第二，提供一个简洁但是合适的背景；第三，提供当前的背景，你的课题要与当前背景吻合；最后，辨明“核心人物”及最相关、最有代表性的出版物。简言之，尽量把你的课题放在一种规范化模板上，同时又能突出主题。

介绍部分通常通常以该领域的一个通用观点开头，聚焦于一个具体的研究问题，下面是一些合理、有据的预想。介绍部分通常包括：

1、提出研究的问题，同时也是研究的目的。

2、提供背景和阶段性的计划，这样可以表明必要性和重要性。

3、指出你研究计划的合理性，清楚表明课题研究的价值。

4、简洁描述主旨和你的研究提出的问题。

5、识别实验中主要的自变量和因变量，另一方面，具体你想研究的现象。

6、如果有的话，提出你的假说和理论。对于探索性和现象行的研究，不需要做假设（请不要混淆假说和统计性的空假说）

7、设定提出研究问题的限定或者边界，这样可以有一个清晰地研究重点。

8、提出主要概念的定义。（可选）

文献：

文献有时候要引入到介绍部分，但是许多教授还是喜欢将这部分独立开来，这样可以更全面的了解。

文献主要有以下功能：

1、保证你不是“闭门造车”。

2、向那些对你的研究做了铺垫的前人们以示敬意。

3、表明你在所研究领域的知识。

4、表明你对相关理论和课题研究的理解。

5、表明你评估相关文献的能力。

6、表明你整合现存文献的能力。

7、为你研究的概念模型提供新的理论视角或发展新的模型。

8、向读者证明你的研究将会为现存的理论提供显著富有实质性的意义。

许多学生的文献存在以下问题：

缺少组织架构

缺少重点，统一性和一致性

过于重复冗长

没有引用有影响力的论文

没有跟踪到最新的学术进展

没有重点评估引用过的论文

引用不相关或者琐碎的论文

引用过多的二手资料

出现上述问题的话，你的奖学金和研究的竞争力将会面临挑战。

用不同的方法可以组织你的文献。利用副标题使问下统一、一致，比如，已经强调了你所研究问题的重要和和目前的发展状况，你可以把几个副段落放在以下部分：理论模型，测量仪器，跨文化和性别差异等。

牢记你在对观众讲故事同样重要，尝试用一种可激发兴趣和迷人的方式进行。不要让他们不耐烦，那样会让你有价值的规划被否定掉。（记住：教授和科学家也是人）

方法：

方法部分非常重要，因为这部分告诉学术委员会你将如何去解决自己的研究问题。这为你提供工作计划和完成计划所必需的活动。

方法部分撰写的原则是应当包括足够的信息告诉读者方法是否可以用。有些人甚至认为一个好的规划应当包括充分的细节以让其他授权的研究者补充课题。

要表明你有可替换方法的知识，表明你的方法是解决问题最有效、最可用的方式。

请指明你的研究最好是用定性的研究方法。但是，因为主流的心理学家还是非常反对定性研究方法，特别是依靠现象的变化，你应该去慎重判断自己的定性化分析。

另外，由于没有建立完善的可以被广泛接受的定性分析规则，你的方法部分应该比传统的定量化方法更加精确。更重要的是，相对于定量化的研究方法，数据收集过程在定性化的研究研究过程中会对结果产生更深刻的影响。这也是你要格外认真描写数据收集过程的一个重要原因。（定性分析的方法部分如何写是另一个论文讨论的课题）

对于定量化的研究，方法包括以下典型部分：

1、设计---是一个问卷研究还是一个实验设计？你选择了哪个设计？

2、课题和参与者---谁会参加你的研究？你将采用何种抽样过程？

3、仪器---你将采用何种测量仪器和和抽样方法？为什么选择他们？他们是不是可用并且可靠？

4、过程---你计划如何开展自己的研究？涉及到哪些活动？将会持续多长时间？

结果：

显然在构思阶段是没有结果的，但是你得知道自己需要采集哪些数据，哪些统计过程将被采用来回答你的问题或者检验你的假设。

讨论：

让读者感到你构思的课题非常有潜力是很重要的，你应该向读者传达一种乐观、自信的意识，而不是夸大这种构思的优点。这也是为什么你要提及构思课题的局限和缺点，这些都会因为时间和财政限制或者因为课题处于初始阶段而得到调整。

构思写作过程中的常见错误：

1、不能提供恰当的背景去定位研究的问题。

2、不能界定研究的边界情况。

3、引用项目意义重大的研究。

4、不能准确的给出其他研究者的理论和实证贡献。

5、不能将重点集中于研究的问题。

6、不能给提出的构思一个统一并且有说服力的论点。

7、小主题上有过多细节，大课题方面的细节太少。

8、太杂乱---漫步“整个地图”没有一个清晰地方向。（好的构思毫无阻力的前行，就像一条无缝的河流）

9、太多引用失误和不正确的参考。

10、太长或太短。

11、没有按照APA风格。

12、不认真的写作。

下面是一些学术从业者关于如何写proposal的意见：

*研究构思写作，作家描绘大学的在线资源

*研究构思写作指导，悉尼科技大学（构思写作对一个人进入计划是必需的）

*研究构思入门指导，健康进展卡尔加里中心

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英语四级作文模板讨论观点类 Nowadays more and more ______are commonly and widely used in everyday life, ranging from __________to_____________. The popularity of _______will have a great influence on the one hand, _________. On the other hand, __________. To conclude, ____________are just like a double-edged sword. With them we may ________. However, one point should be kept in mind that we should make sensible use, always being a master instead of slaving of them. 解决办法类 With the rapid growth of national economy, more and more _________, which causes a serious problem of _________. Urgent measures are needed to tackle the above-mentioned problem. On the one hand, _________so that ____________ is at hand. On the other hand, importantly, ____________. All in all, only when______can we solve the problem of _____________so as to meet everyone’s need .Ultimately,_____________. 英语四级作文经典范文第一篇： 1. 选择职业是一个人要面对的众多难题之一。 2. 需要花时间去选择职业。 3. 选择职业时可以向多人寻求建议和帮助。 Choosing an Occupation One of the most important problems a young person faces is deciding what to do. There are some people, of course, who from the time they are six years old “know” that they want to be doctors or pilots or fire fighters, but the majority of us do not get around to making a decision about an occupation or career until somebody or something forces us to face the problem. Choosing an occupation takes time, and there are a lot of things you have to think about as you try to decide what you would like to do. You may find that you will have to take special courses to qualify for a particular kind of work, or you may find out that you will need to get actual work experience to gain enough knowledge to qualify for a particular job. Fortunately, there are a lot of people you can turn to for advice and help in making your decision. At most schools, there are teachers who are professionally qualified to give you detailed information about job qualifications. And you can talk over your ideas with family members and friends who are always ready to listen and to offer suggestions. 第二篇： Advantage and Disadvantages of Being an Only Child My father used to talk to me about his five siblings. He used to say that I was unfortunate that I had none. And I used to envy him and wonder how nice it would be to have a houseful of brothers and sisters. I also used to wonder what would happen to me if I were to lose my parents. Frankly speaking, I do not have to share anything with anybody. I own all my parents' love. I can ask for anything I want. I always wear new clothes and eat the

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六级高分写作和翻译解题策略 Company number：【0089WT-8898YT-W8CCB-BUUT-202108】

六级高分写作和翻译解题策略六级高分写作解题策略？一、解题技巧写作解题时间为30分钟，分为三步：5分钟审题和构思，20分钟写作，5分钟检查可能犯的错误。下面分步骤说明。（一）审题和构思事实上提供给写作的时间不止30分钟。一般来说，各考场会提前5分钟左右将答题卡一发到学生手里，大一点的考场甚至可能提前10分钟发卷。这5到10分钟不允许学生作答，但考生完全可以用来做作文部分的审题和构思工作。注意审题一定要仔细，按要求写作，不得擅自改动题目，给定的提纲不得有遗漏，否则会按比例扣分。尤其注意，不要因为事先自己背过或练过哪篇相似的文章而死搬硬套。否则后果很严重。如，2008年12月六级写作真题题目是College Students’ Mental Health，提纲为 1. 心理健康对于大学生很重要 2. 鉴于此，学校可以…… 3. 我们自己应该……” 而在考试之前我出过一道类似的模拟题，题目为“Psychological Problems Among College Students”, 提纲为 1. 很多大学生有严重的心理问题 2. 产生这些问题的原因 3. 如何解决这些问题” 可以看出，我给的提纲是按照比较规矩的三段论来的，即“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”。但真题的提纲并未要求考生分析问题，反倒有两段要写解决问题。有的考生因为看过或背过模拟题的范文，就直接照搬，导致了失分。另外，构思不是打草稿。并不建议学生练习写作时养成打草稿的习惯。因为考场上时间有限，打完草稿再誊写很可能来不及。另外，更重要的原因是考场上不发草稿纸，一般也不允许往里带纸，难以找到打草稿的地方。考生只要花三五分钟做一下构思即可，即想象一下每段大致写什么，可以记几个关键词（比如在准考证空白的地方）提示自己，在接下来的二十分钟里面按照这几个关键词提示的内容扩展就行。一般来说，要求不少于150词的文章最好写到180到200词，就句子数目来说，如果分三段，每段也就三到五句话，平均四句一段。那么整篇文章大约10个关键词就可以做好构思。以2009年6月六级写作真题为例。 Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled On the Importance of a Name. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.

英语四级作文模板及开头结尾

(一)首句章段首句 It’s well-known that 众所周知 As far as we know 据我们所知 As everybody knows 众所周知 As far as sb. be concerned 就……而论 Frankly speaking 坦白地说 Generally speaking 一般来说 I am of the opinion that …我认为 In my opinion 我认为 It has been shown that…现已表明 It has been found that …已经发现 It’s believed that…有人相信 It’s expected that…有人盼望 It’s hoped that …人们希望 It’s thought that …有人认为 Until recently …直到最近 Faced with …, quite a few people argue that …. But other people conceive differently. There is a general discussion today about the issue of…. Those who object to … argue that…. They believe that …. But people who favor …, on the other hand, argue that…. Currently there is a widespread concern that … More and more people are realizing / have come to realize… There is no denying / doubt that …. (二)结尾句Above all 最重要的是 After all 毕竟 All in all 总的来说 In a word 总而言之 As a result 结果 In fact / As a matter of fact 事实上 In short / In brief 简而言之 In conclusion 总之 In general /summary 总之 In the end / Finally Last of all 最后 On the whole 总的来看 It may be confirmed that… 可以肯定 It’s clear that … 很清楚 To sum up 概括地说 Personally, I prefer to … As far as… be concerned, I think / believe that… In my opinion, I am in favor of …. （三）写作中常用到的过渡词： 1.时间顺序：first, second, then, finally, now, before, afterwards, earlier, later, immediately, suddenly, soon, gradually 2.空间顺序：in front of, behind, at the back of, to the left, to the right, above, below, on one side, on the other side, next (to), far (from), beside , outside, around 3.因果关系：because, since, as, thanks to, as a result (of), so,

四级英语作文万能模板

英语四级作文万能模版 ? 英语四级作文万能模板和常用句型-段首句、中间句、结尾句段首句 1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people sug gest that ____. 2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。 There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，how ever，it is correct in many cases even today. 3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。 Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, _ ___ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______. 中间段落句 1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。 On the contrary，there are some people in favor of ___.At the same tim e，they say____. 2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。 But I don"t think it is a very good way to solve ____.For example，____. Worst of all，___. 3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，（也是）非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是…… ______is necessary and important to our country"s development and con struction. First，______.What"s more, _____.Most important of all,______. 4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。 There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can______ 5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一

翻译写作指南- 欧洲委员会翻译写作手册Fight the Fog

Directorate-General for Translation European Commission

HOW TO WRITE CLEARLY This booklet is intended for all writers of English at the European Commission. Whether your job is drafting or translating, here are some hints – not rules – that will help you to write clearly and make sure your message ends up in your readers’ brains, not in their bins. Put the reader first page 2 Use verbs, not nouns page 3 page 4 abstract not Concrete, passive 5 page not Active, Whodunnit? Name the agent page 6 Making sense – managing stress page 7 KISS: Keep It Short…. page 8 page Simple 9 … and False friends … page 10 pitfalls page 11 other and … References page 12

Put the reader first There are three groups of people likely to read Commission documents: 1. EU insiders (colleagues in the Commission or other institutions) 2. outside specialists 3. the general public. The third group is by far the largest and most important. As more Commission documents are made accessible to the general public, criticism of FOG will increase. Always bear in mind the people you're writing for: not your committee, your boss, or the reviser of your translations, but the end users. They are in a hurry. Don't overestimate their knowledge, interest or patience. Whatever the type of document - legislation, a technical report, minutes, a press release or speech - you can enhance its impact by writing clearly. Try to see your subject matter from your readers' point of view; try to involve them ("you" is an under-used word in Commission documents); and try not to bore them. You can avoid irritating half your readers by replacing gender-specific words (replace "layman" by "lay person"; "salesgirl" by "sales assistant"; "workman" by "worker"). Avoid "he, she/ his, her" by using "they/ their" instead.

英语六级作文真题范文及翻译6

洛基英语，中国在线英语教育领导品牌 Directions: 图表作文，关于一个美国大学图书馆的图书流动量(pop fiction, general nonfiction, science,art等)，给出他们的流动比例对比，说明原因，并说明你自己喜欢阅读什么样的书。范文： From the table based on a survey we made of the reading preferences of students in an American university in 2002, we learnt that, of all kinds of bookds, contemporary university students like fictions best, which has 65.9 percent of book circulation in library while other kinds of books have low percentage: general nonfiction ——18.2, science/technology/education-10.8,art/literature/poetry——5.1. It suggests that contemporary students are much more easily influenced by the fashion than ever before. It's a reasonable and good phenomenon because it reveals that university students like to keep up with the development of society. Thus they will easily adapt themselves into the new life after they graduate from school. Generally, I like reading nonfictions, for it is tightly connected with the reality. To some degree, it's no use reading too much fictions which sometimes will take you into fancy fantasy. Fast life pace also don't allow me to read books on art or poetry. To me, nonfiction is even helpful in analyzing society and humanity. 参考翻译：通过2002年在美国一所大学的调查，得出了以上有关学生阅读偏好的图表。从中可以看出，在各式各样的书中，当代大学生最喜欢小说，小说占了图书馆图书流动量的65.9%。而其他类型的书占了很小的比例，一般非小说18。2%，科学技术教育占10.8%，艺术文学诗歌占501%。从中可以看出当代大学生比以前更容易受到潮流的影响。这是一个合理的很好的现象，因为这说明大学生喜欢跟随社会前进的步伐。因此毕业后他们能够很容易的融入新的生活。